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A laryngeal mask airway (LMA), also known as laryngeal mask, is a medical device that keeps a patient's airway open during anaesthesia or while they are unconscious. It is a type of supraglottic airway device. They are most commonly used by anaesthetists to channel oxygen or inhalational anaesthetic to the lungs during surgery and in the pre-hospital setting (for instance by paramedics and emergency medical technicians) for unconscious patients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pin Index Safety System (PISS) is a means of connecting high pressure cylinders containing medical gases to a regulator or other utilization equipment. It uses geometric features on the valve and yoke to prevent mistaken use of the wrong gas. This system is widely used worldwide for anesthesia machines, portable oxygen administration sets, and inflation gases used in surgery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Schimmelbusch mask is an open breathing system for delivering an anesthetic. The device was invented by Curt Schimmelbusch in 1889, and was used until the 1950s (though it is still applied in some developing countries). The device consists of a wire frame which is covered with several beds of gauze and applied to the patient's face over the mouth and nose | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Soda lime is a mixture of NaOH and CaO chemicals, used in granular form in closed breathing environments, such as general anaesthesia, submarines, rebreathers and recompression chambers, to remove carbon dioxide from breathing gases to prevent CO2 retention and carbon dioxide poisoning. It is made by treating slaked lime with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.
Chemical components
The main components of soda lime are
Calcium oxide, CaO (about 75%)
Water, H2O (about 20%)
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH (about 3%)
Potassium hydroxide, KOH (about 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF), also called delayed sidetone, is a type of altered auditory feedback that consists of extending the time between speech and auditory perception. It can consist of a device that enables a user to speak into a microphone and then hear their voice in headphones a fraction of a second later. Some DAF devices are hardware; DAF computer software is also available | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Electronic fluency devices (also known as assistive devices, electronic aids, altered auditory feedback devices and altered feedback devices) are electronic devices intended to improve the fluency of persons who stutter. Most electronic fluency devices change the sound of the user's voice in his or her ear.
Types
Electronic fluency devices can be divided into two basic categories:
Computerized feedback devices provide feedback on the physiological control of respiration and phonation, including loudness, vocal intensity and breathing patterns | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicine, a catheter (/ˈkæθətər/) is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are manufactured for specific applications, such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular and ophthalmic procedures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An arterial line (also art-line or a-line) is a thin catheter inserted into an artery.
Use
Arterial lines are most commonly used in intensive care medicine and anesthesia to monitor blood pressure directly and in real-time (rather than by intermittent and indirect measurement) and to obtain samples for arterial blood gas analysis. Arterial lines are generally not used to administer medication, since many injectable drugs may lead to serious tissue damage and even require amputation of the limb if administered into an artery rather than a vein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A balloon catheter is a type of "soft" catheter with an inflatable "balloon" at its tip which is used during a catheterization procedure to enlarge a narrow opening or passage within the body. The deflated balloon catheter is positioned, then inflated to perform the necessary procedure, and deflated again in order to be removed.
Some common uses include:
angioplasty or balloon septostomy, via cardiac catheterization (heart cath)
tuboplasty via uterine catheterization
pyeloplasty using a detachable inflatable balloon stent positioned via a cystoscopic transvesicular approach | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A central venous catheter (CVC), also known as a central line (c-line), central venous line, or central venous access catheter, is a catheter placed into a large vein. It is a form of venous access. Placement of larger catheters in more centrally located veins is often needed in critically ill patients, or in those requiring prolonged intravenous therapies, for more reliable vascular access | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dialysis catheter is a catheter used for exchanging blood to and from a hemodialysis machine and a patient.
The dialysis catheter contains two lumens: venous and arterial. Although both lumens are in the vein, the "arterial" lumen, like natural arteries, carries blood away from the heart, while the "venous" lumen returns blood towards the heart | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cardiac electrophysiology study (EP test or EP study) is a minimally invasive procedure using catheters introduced through a vein or artery to record electrical activity from within the heart. This electrical activity is recorded when the heart is in a normal rhythm (sinus rhythm) to assess the conduction system of the heart and to look for additional electrical connections (accessory pathways), and during any abnormal heart rhythms that can be induced. EP studies are used to investigate the cause, location of origin, and best treatment for various abnormal heart rhythms, and are often followed by a catheter ablation during the same procedure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter is a device developed in 1961 by Dr. Thomas J. Fogarty to remove fresh emboli in the arterial system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Groshong line is a type of intravenous catheter used for central venous access. It can be tunneled or non-tunneled.
Application
Groshongs may be left in place for extended periods and are used when long-term intravenous therapy is needed, such as for chemotherapy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An insulin port functions as a medication delivery channel directly into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer located just beneath the skin). When applying the injection port, an insertion needle guides a soft cannula (a small, flexible tube) under the skin. Once applied, the insertion needle is removed and only the soft cannula remains below the skin, acting as the gateway into the subcutaneous tissue | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intermittent catheterization is a medical technique used in conditions where patients need either short-term catheter-based management of the urinary bladder or as a daily habit for life. Intermittent catheterization is considered the "gold standard" for medical bladder emptying. Intermittent catheterization can be done by the patient or a caregiver in a home environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Murphy drip is a rectal infusion apparatus to administer the medical procedure of proctoclysis, also known as rectoclysis. During the procedure, an end of the Murphy drip is inserted into the rectum and large quantities of liquid are infused into the rectum drop by drop. Prior to fluids or medicines being given intravenously, the Murphy drip and hypodermoclysis were the prime routes to administer fluids such as for replacement when patients could not be fed by mouth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, membrane-free probe with macroscopic openings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicine, a peripheral venous catheter, peripheral venous line, peripheral venous access catheter, or peripheral intravenous catheter, is a catheter (small, flexible tube) placed into a peripheral vein for venous access to administer intravenous therapy such as medication fluids.
Use
The catheter is introduced into the vein by a needle (similar to blood drawing), which is subsequently removed while the small plastic cannula remains in place. The catheter is then fixed by taping it to the patient's skin or using an adhesive dressing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC or PIC line), less commonly called a percutaneous indwelling central catheter, is a form of intravenous access that can be used for a prolonged period of time (e. g. , for long chemotherapy regimens, extended antibiotic therapy, or total parenteral nutrition) or for administration of substances that should not be done peripherally (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicine, a port is a small medical appliance that is installed beneath the skin. A catheter (plastic tube) connects the port to a vein. Under the skin, the port has a septum (a silicone membrane) through which drugs can be injected and blood samples can be drawn many times, usually with less discomfort for the patient (and clinician) than a more typical "needle stick" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Quinton catheters are non-tunneled central line catheters, which are often used for acute (i. e. temporary) access for hemodialysis or infusion of medicine when peripheral IV access is not possible (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A urine collection device or UCD is a device that allows the collection of urine for analysis (as in medical or forensic urinalysis) or for purposes of simple elimination (as in vehicles engaged in long voyages and not equipped with toilets, particularly aircraft and spacecraft). UCDs of the latter type are sometimes called piddle packs. Similar devices are used, primarily by men, to manage urinary incontinence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A suprapubic cystostomy or suprapubic catheter (SPC) (also known as a vesicostomy or epicystostomy) is a surgically created connection between the urinary bladder and the skin used to drain urine from the bladder in individuals with obstruction of normal urinary flow. The connection does not go through the abdominal cavity.
Urinary flow may be blocked by swelling of the prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy), traumatic disruption of the urethra, congenital defects of the urinary tract, or by obstructions such as kidney stones passed into the urethra, and cancer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A ureteric balloon catheter is a balloon catheter intended for treating strictures of the ureter. In fact it is a double J stent on which a balloon is mounted. It is connected to a delivery device (pusher) to introduce it from the bladder into the ureter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In urinary catheterization a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to allow urine to drain from the bladder for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions. A clinician, often a nurse, usually performs the procedure, but self-catheterization is also possible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An Akers' clasp is the classic direct retainer for removable partial dentures. Named after its inventor, Polk E. Akers, this suprabulge clasp consists of a rest, a guide plate, a retentive arm and a reciprocal arm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Articaine is a dental amide-type local anesthetic. It is the most widely used local anesthetic in a number of European countries and is available in many countries. It is the only local anaesthetic to contain a thiophene ring, meaning it can be described as 'thiophenic'; this conveys lipid solubility | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An articulator is a mechanical hinged device used in dentistry to which plaster casts of the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) jaw are fixed, reproducing some or all the movements of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. The human maxilla is fixed and the scope of movement of the mandible (and therefore the dentition) is dictated by the position and movements of the bilateral temperomandibular joints, which sit in the glenoid fossae in the base of the skull. The temperomandibular joints are not a simple hinge but rotate and translate forward when the mouth is opened | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clear aligners are orthodontic devices that are a transparent, plastic form of dental braces used to adjust teeth. Clear aligners have undergone changes, making assessment of effectiveness difficult. A 2014 systematic review concluded that published studies were of insufficient quality to determine effectiveness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coupland's elevators (also known as chisels) are instruments commonly used for dental extraction. They are used in sets of three each of increasing size and are used to split multi-rooted teeth and are inserted between the bone and tooth roots and rotated to elevate them out of the sockets.
The instruments were designed by Doctor Douglas C W Coupland who qualified as a dental surgeon in Toronto in 1922 and spent most of his career practising dentistry in Ottawa where he specialised in dental extraction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dental braces (also known as braces, orthodontic cases, or cases) are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health. They are often used to correct underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bites, gaps, deep bites, cross bites, crooked teeth, and various other flaws of the teeth and jaw. Braces can be either cosmetic or structural | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dental curing light is a piece of dental equipment that is used for polymerization of light-cure resin-based composites. It can be used on several different dental materials that are curable by light. The light used falls under the visible blue light spectrum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dental drill or handpiece is a hand-held, mechanical instrument used to perform a variety of common dental procedures, including removing decay, polishing fillings, performing cosmetic dentistry, and altering prostheses.
The handpiece itself consists of internal mechanical components which initiate a rotational force and provide power to the cutting instrument, usually a dental burr. The type of apparatus used clinically will vary depending on the required function dictated by the dental procedure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dental explorers, also known as sickle probes, are tools found in the dental arsenal that are frequently utilised. The explorer is designed with a sharp tip at the end to improve tactile perception.
In the past it was usual for dentists to use the explorer to probe teeth for the presence of cavities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dental floss is a cord of thin filaments used in interdental cleaning to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth or places a toothbrush has difficulty reaching or is unable to reach. Its regular use as part of oral cleaning is designed to maintain oral health.
Use of floss is recommended to prevent gingivitis and the build-up of plaque | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a prosthesis that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, or facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor. The basis for modern dental implants is a biological process called osseointegration, in which materials such as titanium or zirconia form an intimate bond to the bone. The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dental instruments are tools that dental professionals use to provide dental treatment. They include tools to examine, manipulate, treat, restore, and remove teeth and surrounding oral structures.
Examination instruments
These tools allow dental professionals to manipulate tissues for better visual access during treatment or during dental examination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The dental key is an instrument that was used in dentistry to extract diseased teeth. Before the era of antibiotics, dental extraction was often the method of choice to treat dental infections, and extraction instruments date back several centuries.
History
The dental key, (also known as Clef de Garengeot, Fothergill-Key, English-Key, Dimppel Extractor or Tooth Key) was first mentioned in Alexander Monro's Medical Essays and Observations in 1742, but had probably been in use since around 1730 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dental torque wrench or restorative torque wrench is a torque wrench used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener bolt for fixation of an abutment, dentures or prosthetics on a dental implant.
Manual mechanical torque wrench
Toggle torque wrenches (friction-style) and beam wrenches (spring-style) are the most common types in dentistry as manual mechanical torque-limiting devices. Beam type wrenches in general are more consistent to its calibration than toggle types | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dental vibration appliances are devices that aim to speed up the process of straightening teeth or correcting a person's bite during orthodontic treatment. The goal is to reduce the time it often takes to move teeth safely and also reduce the risk of side effects such as problems with normal tooth mineralization and inflammatory root resorption. These devices also aim to improve compliance by shortening the time needed for orthodontic care | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital dentistry refers to the use of dental technologies or devices that incorporates digital or computer-controlled components to carry out dental procedures rather than using mechanical or electrical tools. The use of digital dentistry can make carrying out dental procedures more efficient than using mechanical tools, both for restorative as diagnostic purposes. Used as a way to facilitate dental treatments and propose new ways to meet rising patient demands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An electric toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria is the first expansion pack for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game The Lord of the Rings Online released on November 18, 2008. It added the new game regions of Moria and Lothlórien, two new character classes and a new Legendary Items system. Level cap was raised to 60 and the main storyline was extended by six books of the new Epic Volume II | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mafia Wars is a defunct freemium multiplayer social network game created by Zynga. Players assume the roles of gangsters while building their own Mafia-type organization. The players fight and "rob" other players online - completing jobs, missions, and operations to gain rewards and strength in an endless game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Majesty of Colors (also known as (I Fell In Love With) The Majesty of Colors) is a 2008 Flash browser game by Gregory Weir. Weir has described the game as "pixel-horror".
Gameplay
The user is a tentacled sea creature and they interact with humans, creatures, and objects in and around an area of sea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MazeFinger is a game developed and published by ngmoco for the iOS platform. It is available for download on the iPhone and iPod Touch on the App Store or iTunes.
Gameplay
In MazeFinger, players have to complete mazes by dragging their finger along the path of the maze without touching the sides, slowing the player down | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monster Trucks Nitro is a series of platform racing video games developed by Ubisoft RedLynx. The first game in the series, Monster Trucks Nitro was released on December 19, 2008 for the Flash, Windows and Mac OS X platforms and on March 27, 2009 for the iOS platform. A sequel, entitled Monster Trucks Nitro 2, was released on April 5, 2010 exclusively for the iOS platform | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
My Game About Me: Olympic Challenge is a free Flash sports game parody, designed by Klint Honeychurch with art by Nathan Stapley. The game was published by Double Fine Productions, and was originally playable on their website.
Like the webcomic it was based on, My Comic About Me, the game is centered on the semi-fictional life of Nathan Stapley | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battle of Britain II: Wings of Victory is a Windows-based World War II combat flight simulator created by Shockwave Productions (currently known as A2A Simulations) and released in 2005. It is a remake of Rowan's Battle of Britain. A cut-down version without the campaign was released in 2007, titled Air Battles: Sky Defender | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battle of the Immortals was a free-to-play massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) by Perfect World Entertainment. Beta began on April 14, 2010, and is open to all users with a Perfect World account. On April 30, 2010, the closed beta ended and the open beta began on May 4, 2010 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battleground 2: Gettysburg is a 1995 turn-based computer wargame developed and published by TalonSoft. It the second game in the Battleground series.
Gameplay
It simulated combat at the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battleground 4: Shiloh is a turn-based computer wargame developed by TalonSoft in 1996 and the fourth issue in the Battleground series.
Gameplay
It simulated combat at the 1862 Battle of Shiloh, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming. Terrain hex maps are 3D or 2D with various scales and sizes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battleground 7: Bull Run is a 1997 computer wargame developed and published by TalonSoft. It is the seventh entry in the Battleground series.
Gameplay
Bull Run is a computer wargame that simulates combat at the 1861 First Battle of Bull Run and the 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Battlerite is a free-to-play team-based action game based on multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) gameplay developed and published by Stunlock Studios. The game is considered a spiritual successor to Bloodline Champions and is created by the same developers. An early access version of the game was released in September 2016, selling over 440,000 copies within three months, and was officially released on November 7, 2017 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Beach Head 2002 is a war game in which the player controls the defenses in a bunker to hold off an enemy assault, and a sequel to Beach Head 2000.
Gameplay
Taking control of the defenses of a bunker during an assault, the player utilises a variety of weapons to defeat their enemies, including airstrikes and other military equipment. Enemies arrive in stages to surround the player | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Beam Breakers is a racing game released in 2002. It was published by JoWooD Productions and developed by Similis. The game takes place in the year 2173 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Days of Memories is a series of dating sims from SNK for cell phones, beginning in 2005. SNK released a compilation of the first three games for the Nintendo DS in 2007, with new graphics and an extra viewing mode.
Summary
The games are dating sims starring SNK and ADK characters that take place in a parallel world to their own | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Derek Jeter Pro Baseball 2008 (full title: Derek Jeter Pro Baseball 2008 3D) is the fourth in a series of baseball video games developed and published by Gameloft for mobile phones. It was released on March 8, 2008.
The game can be run in full 3D on wireless phones that can handle the graphic upgrade, and features a 58-game season, with playoffs and league stats included, as well as baseball tips offered by Jeter mid-game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Driver: L. A. Undercover is a mobile game developed by Gameloft Montreal and published by Gameloft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Espgaluda is a 2003 manic shooter by Cave and published by AMI. It is the spiritual successor to ESP Ra. De | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fancade is a PC and mobile game app developed by Martin Magni.
Gameplay
Fancade is a game that contains multiple mini-games inside of it. Players can create and share their own games using the level editor and a visual scripting language | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fish Tycoon is a casual game created and developed by Last Day of Work. One of the top-selling downloadable games of 2004, 2005, and 2006, Fish Tycoon was later ported to cell phone, retail, and Nintendo DS.
Gameplay
Players take on the role of a fish store owner who must breed and care for hundreds of different kinds of exotic fish, all the while attempting to keep the fish store economically viable long enough to achieve the ultimate objective: breeding the Seven Magic Fish of Isola | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hypervelocity is very high velocity, approximately over 3,000 meters per second (6,700 mph, 11,000 km/h, 10,000 ft/s, or Mach 8. 8). In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) involves the integration of experimental results, design models, simulations, and other computational data related to a variety of materials used in multiscale engineering and design. Central to the achievement of ICME goals has been the creation of a cyberinfrastructure, a Web-based, collaborative platform which provides the ability to accumulate, organize and disseminate knowledge pertaining to materials science and engineering to facilitate this information being broadly utilized, enhanced, and expanded.
The ICME cyberinfrastructure provides storage, access, and computational capabilities for an extensive network of manufacturing, design, and life-cycle simulation software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The impulse excitation technique (IET) is a non-destructive material characterization technique to determine the elastic properties and internal friction of a material of interest. It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Incipient wetness impregnation (IW or IWI), also called capillary impregnation or dry impregnation, is a commonly used technique for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. Typically, the active metal precursor is dissolved in an aqueous or organic solution. Then the metal-containing solution is added to a catalyst support containing the same pore volume as the volume of the solution that was added | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Incongruent melting occurs when a solid substance does not melt uniformly, so that the chemical composition of the resulting liquid is not the same as that of the original solid. During incongruent melting a new solid of different composition forms. For example, melting of orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) produces leucite (KAlSi2O6) in addition to a melt | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The indentation size effect (ISE) is the observation that hardness tends to increase as the indent size decreases at small scales. When an indent (any small mark, but usually made with a special tool) is created during material testing, the hardness of the material is not constant. At the small scale, materials will actually be harder than at the macro-scale | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
With this assumption, the equations of continuum mechanics are considerably simplified. This approach may also be called small deformation theory, small displacement theory, or small displacement-gradient theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Active thermography is an advanced nondestructive testing procedure, which uses a thermography measurement of a tested material thermal response after its external excitation. This principle can be used also for non-contact infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT) of materials.
The IRNDT method is based on an excitation of a tested material by an external source, which brings some energy to the material | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is an approach to design products, the materials that comprise them, and their associated materials processing methods by linking materials models at multiple length scales. Key words are "Integrated", involving integrating models at multiple length scales, and "Engineering", signifying industrial utility. The focus is on the materials, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Interatomic potentials are mathematical functions to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms with given positions in space. Interatomic potentials are widely used as the physical basis of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in computational chemistry, computational physics and computational materials science to explain and predict materials properties. Examples of quantitative properties and qualitative phenomena that are explored with interatomic potentials include lattice parameters, surface energies, interfacial energies, adsorption, cohesion, thermal expansion, and elastic and plastic material behavior, as well as chemical reactions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small atoms in some crystals may occupy interstitial sites, such as hydrogen in palladium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In crystallography, interstitial sites, holes or voids are the empty space that exists between the packing of atoms (spheres) in the crystal structure. The holes are easy to see if you try to pack circles together; no matter how close you get them or how you arrange them, you will have empty space in between. The same is true in a unit cell; no matter how the atoms are arranged, there will be interstitial sites present between the atoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ion beam analysis (IBA) is an important family of modern analytical techniques involving the use of MeV ion beams to probe the composition and obtain elemental depth profiles in the near-surface layer of solids. All IBA methods are highly sensitive and allow the detection of elements in the sub-monolayer range. The depth resolution is typically in the range of a few
nanometers to a few ten nanometers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation is a technique for creating nanometer-sized particles for use in electronics.
Ion implantation
Ion Implantation is a technique extensively used in the field of materials science for material modification. The effect it has on nanomaterials allows manipulation of mechanical, electronic, morphological and optical properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Kaiser effect is a phenomenon observed in geology and material science that describes a pattern of acoustic emission (AE) or seismicity in a body of rock or other material subjected to repeated cycles of mechanical stress.
In material that exhibits an initial seismic response under a certain load, the Kaiser effect describes the absence of acoustic emission or seismic events until that load is exceeded. The Kaiser effect results from discontinuities (fractures) created in material during previous steps that do not move, expand, or propagate until the former stress is exceeded | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lamé's stress ellipsoid is an alternative to Mohr's circle for the graphical representation of the stress state at a point. The surface of the ellipsoid represents the locus of the endpoints of all stress vectors acting on all planes passing through a given point in the continuum body. In other words, the endpoints of all stress vectors at a given point in the continuum body lie on the stress ellipsoid surface, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A lamella (PL lamellae) is a small plate or flake, from the Latin, and may also be used to refer to collections of fine sheets of material held adjacent to one another, in a gill-shaped structure, often with fluid in between though sometimes simply a set of 'welded' plates. The term is used in biological contexts to describe thin membranes of plates of tissue. In context of materials science, the microscopic structures in bone and nacre are called lamellae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Landolt–Börnstein is a collection of property data in materials science and the closely related fields of chemistry, physics and engineering published by Springer Nature.
History
On July 28, 1882, Dr. Hans Heinrich Landolt and Dr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal conditions. According to the model, adsorption and desorption are reversible processes. This model even explains the effect of pressure i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The interface between lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a notable materials interface because it exhibits properties not found in its constituent materials. Individually, LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 are non-magnetic insulators, yet LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces can exhibit electrical metallic conductivity, superconductivity, ferromagnetism, large negative in-plane magnetoresistance, and giant persistent photoconductivity. The study of how these properties emerge at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is a growing area of research in condensed matter physics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) or laser floating zone (LFZ) is a crystal growth technique. A narrow region of a crystal is melted with a powerful CO2 or YAG laser. The laser and hence the floating zone, is moved along the crystal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lightweighting is a concept in the auto industry about building cars and trucks that are less heavy as a way to achieve better fuel efficiency and handling. Carmakers make parts from carbon fiber, windshields from plastic, and bumpers out of aluminum foam, as ways to lessen vehicle load. Replacing car parts with lighter materials does not lessen overall safety for drivers, according to one view, since many plastics have a high strength-to-weight ratio | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The liquidus temperature, TL or Tliq, specifies the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is mostly used for impure substances (mixtures) such as glasses, alloys and rocks.
Above the liquidus temperature the material is homogeneous and liquid at equilibrium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low-energy electrons (30–200 eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen.
LEED may be used in one of two ways:
Qualitatively, where the diffraction pattern is recorded and analysis of the spot positions gives information on the symmetry of the surface structure. In the presence of an adsorbate the qualitative analysis may reveal information about the size and rotational alignment of the adsorbate unit cell with respect to the substrate unit cell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), sometimes referred to simply as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used to characterize the chemical and structural makeup of materials. LEIS involves directing a stream of charged particles known as ions at a surface and making observations of the positions, velocities, and energies of the ions that have interacted with the surface. Data that is thus collected can be used to deduce information about the material such as the relative positions of atoms in a surface lattice and the elemental identity of those atoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In semiconductor manufacturing, a low-κ is a material with a small relative dielectric constant (κ, kappa) relative to silicon dioxide. Low-κ dielectric material implementation is one of several strategies used to allow continued scaling of microelectronic devices, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law. In digital circuits, insulating dielectrics separate the conducting parts (wire interconnects and transistors) from one another | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Beginning in the 1990s, researchers have employed machine learning programs to construct interatomic potentials, mapping atomic structures to their potential energies. Such machine learning potentials promised to fill the gap between density functional theory, a highly-accurate but computationally-intensive simulation program, and empirically derived or intuitively-approximated potentials, which were far computationally lighter but substantially less accurate. Improvements in artificial intelligence technology have served to heighten the accuracy of MLPs while lowering their computational cost, increasing machine learning's role in fitting potentials | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A macrograph or photomacrograph is an image taken at a scale that is visible to the naked eye, as opposed to a micrographic image, taken with a microscope. It is sometimes defined more precisely as an image at a scale of less than ten times magnification.
Materials science
This term is often applied to a three-dimensional image taken of a material using a low-power stereomicroscope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnetic 2D materials or magnetic van der Waals materials are two-dimensional materials that display ordered magnetic properties such as antiferromagnetism or ferromagnetism. After the discovery of graphene in 2004, the family of 2D materials has grown rapidly. There have since been reports of several related materials, all except for magnetic materials | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In its most general form, the magnetoelectric effect (ME) denotes any coupling between the magnetic and the electric properties of a material. The first example of such an effect was described by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1888, who found that a dielectric material moving through an electric field would become magnetized. A material where such a coupling is intrinsically present is called a magnetoelectric | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) (also called magnetosensitive elastomers) are a class of solids that consist of polymeric matrix with embedded micro- or nano-sized ferromagnetic particles such as carbonyl iron. As a result of this composite microstructure, the mechanical properties of these materials can be controlled by the application of magnetic field.
Fabrication
MREs are typically prepared by curing process for polymers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Martian regolith simulant (or Martian soil simulant) is a terrestrial material that is used to simulate the chemical and mechanical properties of Martian regolith for research, experiments and prototype testing of activities related to Martian regolith such as dust mitigation of transportation equipment, advanced life support systems and in-situ resource utilization.
Variations
JSC Mars-1 and JSC Mars-1A
After the Viking landers and the Mars Pathfinder's rover landed on Mars, the onboard instruments were used to determine the properties of the Martian soil at the landing sites. The studies of the Martian soil properties led to the development of JSC Mars-1 Martian regolith simulant at NASA's Johnson Space Center in 1998 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Material failure theory is an interdisciplinary field of materials science and solid mechanics which attempts to predict the conditions under which solid materials fail under the action of external loads. The failure of a material is usually classified into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield). Depending on the conditions (such as temperature, state of stress, loading rate) most materials can fail in a brittle or ductile manner or both | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Materials informatics is a field of study that applies the principles of informatics to materials science and engineering to improve the understanding, use, selection, development, and discovery of materials. This is an emerging field, with a goal to achieve high-speed and robust acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of diverse materials data with the goal of greatly reducing the time and risk required to develop, produce, and deploy a new materials, which generally takes longer than 20 years.
This field of endeavor is not limited to some traditional understandings of the relationship between materials and information | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Materials Project is an open-access database offering material properties to accelerate the development of technology by predicting how new materials–both real and hypothetical–can be used. The project was established in 2011 with an emphasis on battery research, but includes property calculations for many areas of clean energy systems such as photovoltaics, thermoelectric materials, and catalysts. Most of the known 35,000 molecules and over 130,000 inorganic compounds are included in the database | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Materials science has shaped the development of civilizations since the dawn of mankind. Better materials for tools and weapons has allowed mankind to spread and conquer, and advancements in material processing like steel and aluminum production continue to impact society today. Historians have regarded materials as such an important aspect of civilizations such that entire periods of time have defined by the predominant material used (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Materials science in science fiction is the study of how materials science is portrayed in works of science fiction. The accuracy of the materials science portrayed spans a wide range – sometimes it is an extrapolation of existing technology, sometimes it is a physically realistic portrayal of a far-out technology, and sometimes it is simply a plot device that looks scientific, but has no basis in science. Examples are:
Realistic: In 1944, the science fiction story "Deadline" by Cleve Cartmill depicted the atomic bomb | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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