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Brief (stylized BRIEF or B. R. I | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epsilon is a programmer's text editor modelled after Emacs. It resembles Emacs not only in its default keybindings and layout, but also in the fact that it has a Turing-complete extension language in which much of its functionality is implemented. Unlike Emacs, Epsilon's extension language, EEL (Epsilon Extension Language) is a dialect of C rather than a dialect of Lisp | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Freemacs is a small, programmable computer text editor for MS-DOS with some degree of compatibility with GNU Emacs. Written by Russ Nelson and later maintained by Jim Hall, Freemacs is currently distributed under the GPL-1. 0-only license in the FreeDOS project | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
JED is a text editor that makes extensive use of the S-Lang library. It is highly cross-platform compatible; JED runs on Windows and all flavors on Linux and Unix. Older versions are available for DOS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MinEd (pronounced min-ed) is a terminal-based text editor providing extensive Unicode and CJK support, available under the GPL.
Mined is available for Unix and Linux, Windows, DOS, and VMS systems.
Features
Mined is a modeless editor, with menus and mouse support, and key bindings optimized for intuitive and fast navigation (optionally using control key bindings or various editors) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MS-DOS Editor, commonly just called edit or edit. com, is a TUI text editor that comes with MS-DOS 5. 0 and later, as well as all "x86" SKUs of Windows, until Windows 11 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PC-Write was a computer word processor and was one of the first three widely popular software products sold via the marketing method that became known as shareware. It was originally written by Bob Wallace in early 1983.
Overview
PC-Write was a modeless editor, using control characters and special function keys to perform various editing operations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SemWare Editor (TSE) is a text editor computer program for MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows and Linux.
Starting in November 1985 as a shareware program called Qedit, it was later modified to run as a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program, and ported to OS/2 and eventually evolved (via rewrite) to TSE. TSE was eventually ported to Windows | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dillo is a minimalistic web browser particularly intended for older or slower computers and embedded systems. It supports only plain HTML/XHTML (with CSS rendering) and images over HTTP; scripting is ignored entirely. Current versions of Dillo can run on Linux, BSD, OS X, IRIX and Cygwin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lynx is a customizable text-based web browser for use on cursor-addressable character cell terminals. As of 2023, it is the oldest web browser still being maintained, having started in 1992.
History
Lynx was a product of the Distributed Computing Group within Academic Computing Services of the University of Kansas, and was initially developed in 1992 by a team of students and staff at the university (Lou Montulli, Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac) as a hypertext browser used solely to distribute campus information as part of a Campus-Wide Information Server and for browsing the Gopher space | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Links is a free software text and graphical web browser with a pull-down menu system. It renders complex pages, has partial HTML 4. 0 support (including tables and frames and support for multiple character sets such as UTF-8), supports color and monochrome terminals, and allows horizontal scrolling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hydrochronometer is a kind of water clock.
In 1867 Fr. Giovan Battista Embriaco, O | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pseudo-Archimedes is a name given to pseudo-anonymous authors writing under the name of 'Archimedes' as quoted by various sources of the Islamic Golden Age such as Al-Jazari for the construction of water clocks. Archimedes himself is not known to have written any such manuscript as almost all the manuscripts have been lost.
The only surviving manuscript from a Pseudo-Archimedes, the Book of Lemmas, is an Arabic treatise not listed among Archimedes' works | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fanged Noumena: Collected Writings 1987-2007 is a 2011 anthology of writings by English philosopher Nick Land, edited by English philosophers Robin Mackay and Ray Brassier. It was first published by Urbanomic—founded by Mackay prior—with Sequence Press and later republished by the MIT Press. The anthology collects essays and texts, initially published and previously unpublished, spanning various philosophical and aesthetic interests—as well as unorthodox writing styles that have been dubbed "theory-fictions"—explored and utilized by Land over the titular time period | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man is a 1962 book by Marshall McLuhan, in which he analyzes the effects of mass media, especially the printing press, on European culture and human consciousness. It popularized the term global village, which refers to the idea that mass communication allows a village-like mindset to apply to the entire world; and Gutenberg Galaxy, which we may regard today to refer to the accumulated body of recorded works of human art and knowledge, especially books.
McLuhan studies the emergence of what he calls the Gutenberg Man, the subject produced by the change of consciousness wrought by the advent of the printed book | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Human Condition, first published in 1958, is Hannah Arendt's account of how "human activities" should be and have been understood throughout Western history. Arendt is interested in the vita activa (active life) as contrasted with the vita contemplativa (contemplative life) and concerned that the debate over the relative status of the two has blinded us to important insights about the vita activa and the way in which it has changed since ancient times. She distinguishes three sorts of activity (labor, work, and action) and discusses how they have been affected by changes in Western history | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Myth of the Machine is a two-volume book by Lewis Mumford that takes an in-depth look at the forces that have shaped modern technology since prehistoric times. The first volume, Technics and Human Development, was published in 1967, followed by the second volume, The Pentagon of Power, in 1970. Mumford shows the parallel developments between human tools and social organization mainly through language and rituals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution is a 2002 book by Francis Fukuyama. In it, he discusses the potential threat to liberal democracy that use of new and emerging biotechnologies for transhumanist ends poses.
Human nature
Fukuyama defines human nature as "the sum of the behavior and characteristics that are typical of the human species, arising from genetics rather than environmental factors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and What It Means to Be Human (ISBN 0-385-50965-0) is a book published in 2005 by Joel Garreau.
Summary
The book is about the march toward a potentially posthuman future in which emerging technologies will allow humans to shape their bodies and minds, or possibly destroy life on earth, or even the universe. Garreau describes these as the "GRIN" technologies: genetics, robotics, information, and nanotechnology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is a 2014 book by the philosopher Nick Bostrom. It explores how superintelligence could be created, its features and motivations. It argues that superintelligence is surprisingly difficult to control, and that it could take over the world in order to better accomplish its goals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Technoromanticism: Digital Narrative, Holism, and the Romance of the Real is a philosophical book written by Richard Coyne, published in 1999.
In Technoromanticism, Coyne shows how narratives about the computer, and high technology in general, are grounded in Enlightenment and romantic traditions. Because of these narratives grounding, discourse about technology is subject to very similar critiques of the Enlightenment and romanticism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man is a 1964 book by Marshall McLuhan, in which the author proposes that the media, not the content that they carry, should be the focus of study. He suggests that the medium affects the society in which it plays a role mainly by the characteristics of the medium rather than the content. The book is considered a pioneering study in media theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991) is a book by Manuel DeLanda, in which he traces the history of warfare and the history of technology. It is influenced in part by Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1978) and also reinterprets the concepts of war machines and the machinic phylum, introduced in Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Deleuze and Guattari appreciated Foucault's definition of philosophy as a "tool box" that was to encourage thinking about new ideas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The philosophy of computer science is concerned with the philosophical questions that arise within the study of computer science. There is still no common understanding of the content, aim, focus, or topic of the philosophy of computer science, despite some attempts to develop a philosophy of computer science like the philosophy of physics or the philosophy of mathematics. Due to the abstract nature of computer programs and the technological ambitions of computer science, many of the conceptual questions of the philosophy of computer science are also comparable to the philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of technology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital humanities (DH) is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities. It includes the systematic use of digital resources in the humanities, as well as the analysis of their application. DH can be defined as new ways of doing scholarship that involve collaborative, transdisciplinary, and computationally engaged research, teaching, and publishing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Adversarial stylometry is the practice of altering writing style to reduce the potential for stylometry to discover the author's identity or their characteristics. This task is also known as authorship obfuscation or authorship anonymisation. Stylometry poses a significant privacy challenge in its ability to unmask anonymous authors or to link pseudonyms to an author's other identities, which, for example, creates difficulties for whistleblowers, activists, and hoaxers and fraudsters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) is the primary international professional society for digital humanities. ACH was founded in 1978. According to the official website, the organization "support[s] and disseminate[s] research and cultivate[s] a vibrant professional community through conferences, publications, and outreach activities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Buddhist Digital Resource Center (BDRC), formerly Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center (TBRC), is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to seeking out, preserving, organizing, and disseminating Buddhist literature. Joining digital technology with scholarship, BDRC ensures that the ancient wisdom and cultural treasures of the Buddhist literary tradition are not lost, but are made available for future generations. BDRC is committed to seeking out, preserving, organizing, and disseminating Buddhist literature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
COCOA (an acronym derived from COunt and COncordance Generation on Atlas) was an early text file utility and associated file format for digital humanities, then known as humanities computing. It was approximately 4000 punched cards of FORTRAN and created in the late 1960s and early 1970s at University College London and the Atlas Computer Laboratory in Harwell, Oxfordshire. Functionality included word-counting and concordance building | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Computers and writing is a sub-field of college English studies about how computers and digital technologies affect literacy and the writing process. The range of inquiry in this field is broad including discussions on ethics when using computers in writing programs, how discourse can be produced through technologies, software development, and computer-aided literacy instruction. Some topics include hypertext theory, visual rhetoric, multimedia authoring, distance learning, digital rhetoric, usability studies, the patterns of online communities, how various media change reading and writing practices, textual conventions, and genres | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cultural analytics refers to the use of computational, visualization, and big data methods for the exploration of contemporary and historical cultures. While digital humanities research has focused on text data, cultural analytics has a particular focus on massive cultural data sets of visual material – both digitized visual artifacts and contemporary visual and interactive media. Taking on the challenge of how to best explore large collections of rich cultural content, cultural analytics researchers developed new methods and intuitive visual techniques that rely on high-resolution visualization and digital image processing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Day of Archaeology is an annual, 24-hour, international online event in which archaeologists and those in related fields write blog posts about their work. It was inspired by the Day of Digital Humanities and, similarly, allows practitioners of many kinds, to document their work informally and 'provide a window into the daily lives of archaeologists from all over the world'. Though it encourages diversity rather than thematic posts, the project has some similarities to Blog Action Day | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dickinson College Commentaries is a digital project of Dickinson College, which is located in Carlisle, near Harrisburg, in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital archaeology is the application of information technology and digital media to archaeology. It includes the use of digital photography, 3D reconstruction, virtual reality, and geographical information systems, among other techniques. Computational archaeology, which covers computer-based analytical methods, can be considered a subfield of digital archaeology, as can virtual archaeology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Digital Classicist is a community of those interested in the application of digital humanities to the field of classics and to ancient world studies more generally. The project claims the twin aims of bringing together scholars and students with an interest in computing and the ancient world, and disseminating advice and experience to the classics discipline at large. The Digital Classicist was founded in 2005 as a collaborative project based at King's College London and the University of Kentucky, with editors and advisors from the classics discipline at large | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital classics is the application of the tools of digital humanities to the field of classics, or more broadly to the study of the ancient world.
History
Classics was one of the first of the humanities disciplines to adopt computing approaches; the first references to the use of computing in the classical humanities date to the early 1960s, which might be surprising considering the reputation of the discipline as old-fashioned and stuffily traditionalist. Major projects such as the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, founded in 1972, and the text collections of the Packard Humanities Institute set the trend, and there are still a significantly large number of ancient world projects among Humanities Computing projects today | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital history is the use of digital media to further historical analysis, presentation, and research. It is a branch of the digital humanities and an extension of quantitative history, cliometrics, and computing. Digital history is commonly digital public history, concerned primarily with engaging online audiences with historical content, or, digital research methods, that further academic research | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Digital Humanities conference is an academic conference for the field of digital humanities. It is hosted by Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations and has been held annually since 1989.
History
The first joint conference was held in 1989, at the University of Toronto—but that was the 16th annual meeting of ALLC, and the ninth annual meeting of the ACH-sponsored International Conference on Computers and the Humanities (ICCH) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital Humanities Quarterly is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all aspects of digital media in the humanities. The journal is also a community experiment in journal publication. The journal is funded and published by the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations and its editor-in-chief is Julia Flanders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital leisure studies is an academic interdisciplinary sub-discipline of leisure studies that focuses on the study of digital leisure cultures, including digital leisure practices, experiences, spaces, communities, institutions, and subjectivities. It is an area of scholarship aimed at making sense of the place of digital leisure “in understandings of embodiment, power relations, social inequalities, social structures and social institutions”. To do so, leisure scholars use theoretical and methodological approaches from within leisure studies as well as from other academic disciplines such as political science, history, communication studies, cultural studies, philosophy, sociology, geography, anthropology, and others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital religion is the practice of religion in the digital world, and the academic study of such religious practice.
History
Digital Religion is the practice of religion in the digital world, and the academic study of such religious practice. Now digital religion is a modern field sub-category stemming out of digital culture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital rhetoric can be generally defined as communication that exists in the digital sphere. As such, digital rhetoric can be expressed in many different forms, including text, images, videos, and software. Due to the increasingly mediated nature of our contemporary society, there are no longer clear distinctions between digital and non-digital environments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital scholarship is the use of digital evidence, methods of inquiry, research, publication and preservation to achieve scholarly and research goals. Digital scholarship can encompass both scholarly communication using digital media and research on digital media. An important aspect of digital scholarship is the effort to establish digital media and social media as credible, professional and legitimate means of research and communication | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital theology or cybertheology is the study of the relationship between theology and the digital technology.
Terminology
In Catholic discourse, the more dominant term has been cybertheology. There has also been the yearly Theocom symposium since 2012 at Santa Clara University, which has explored topics related to theology and digital communications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The European Association for Digital Humanities (EADH), formerly known as the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC), is a digital humanities organisation founded in London in 1973. Its purpose is to promote the advancement of education in the digital humanities through the development and use of computational methods in research and teaching in the Humanities and related disciplines, especially literary and linguistic computing. In 2005, the Association joined the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Ethnographic Video for Instruction and Analysis (EVIA) Digital Archive Project is a collaborative project that aims to create a digital registry of ethnographic field video for use by instructors and scholars. It is a collection of digitized, unedited videos which represent ethnographic research and its corresponding scholarly documentation. Collections gathered by EVIA Project include a diverse range of traditions from around the world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Feminist Digital Humanities is a more recent development in the field of Digital Humanities, a project incorporating digital and computational methods as part of its research methodology. Feminist Digital Humanities has risen partly because of recent criticism of the propensity of Digital Humanities to further patriarchal or hegemonic discourses in the Academy. Women are rapidly dominating social media in order to educate people about feminist growth and contributions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
H-Net ("Humanities & Social Sciences Online") is an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences. It is best known for hosting electronic mailing lists organized by academic disciplines; according to the organization's website, H-Net lists reach over 200,000 subscribers in more than 90 countries. The H-Net Network has grown until it is now endorsed by many academic professional organizations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
H-Soz-u-Kult (Humanities – Sozial und Kulturgeschichte) is an
online information and communication platform for historians which disseminates academic news and publications.
The project is committed to the principles of open access and community network. Since its founding in 1996 the central editorial office is located at the History Department of the Humboldt University of Berlin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HASTAC (/ˈhāˌstak/'), also known as the Humanities, Arts, Science and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory, is a virtual organization and platform of more than 18,000 individuals and 400+ affiliate-institutions dedicated to innovative new modes of learning and research. HASTAC network members contribute to the community by sharing work and ideas with others via the open-access website, by hosting HASTAC conferences and workshops online or in their region by initiating conversations, or by working collaboratively with others in the HASTAC network.
Until 2016, HASTAC administered the annual $2 million MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning Competition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Heidelberg Research Architecture (HRA) is the Digital Humanities unit of the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" at Heidelberg University.
It embraces digital resource development, project consultation and trainings for researchers and students. The HRA’s specialists work with researchers and students at the Cluster to form an integrated digital humanities environment for transcultural studies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
History Chip is a website dedicated to recreating history as a mosaic of individual recounts.
History
Story Chip was founded in 2009 by Jean Pamela McGavin and her brother Lee McGavin and later renamed History Chip. It is an archive of non-fiction, personal narratives for the expansion of contemporary history by including stories and experiences of all members of society | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
History News Network (HNN) at George Washington University is a platform for historians writing about current events.
History
History News Network (HNN) is a non-profit corporation registered in Washington DC. HNN was founded by Richard Shenkman, the author of Legends, Lies & Cherished Myths of World History | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Humanistic informatics is one of several names chosen for the study of the relationship between human culture and technology. The term is fairly common in Europe, but is little known in the English-speaking world, though digital humanities (also known as humanities computing) is in many cases roughly equivalent.
Humanistic informatics departments were generally started in the 1990s when universities rarely taught humanities-based approaches to the rapidly developing computerized society | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Library and Archival Exhibitions on the Web is an international database of online exhibitions which is a service of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
Overview
Two categories of online exhibitions are included in the database: exhibitions created by libraries, archives, historical societies, and other scholarly institutions; and museum exhibitions with major emphasis on library and archival materials.
Several of these online exhibitions were originally created to accompany exhibitions physically situated at their respective institutions, but a growing percentage exist solely in remotely accessible format | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Library of the Printed Web is a physical archive devoted to web-to-print artists’ books, zines and other printout matter. Founded by Paul Soulellis in 2013, the collection was acquired by The Museum of Modern Art Library in January 2017. The project has been described as "web culture articulated as printed artifact," an "archive of archives," characterized as an "accumulation of accumulations," much of it printed on demand | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) is an open-source effort to create a system for representation of musical documents in a machine-readable structure. MEI closely mirrors work done by text scholars in the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) and while the two encoding initiatives are not formally related, they share many common characteristics and development practices. The term "MEI", like "TEI", describes the governing organization and the markup language | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In markup languages and the digital humanities, overlap occurs when a document has two or more structures that interact in a non-hierarchical manner.
A document with overlapping markup cannot be represented as a tree.
This is also known as concurrent markup | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style, usually to written language. It has also been applied successfully to music, paintings, and chess. Recently, feature engineering is used to automatically capture what is specific to an author's style, based on vector space models | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains the TEI technical standard, a journal, a wiki, a GitHub repository and a toolchain.
TEI guidelines
The TEI Guidelines collectively define a type of XML format, and are the defining output of the community of practice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virtual heritage or cultural heritage and technology is the body of works dealing with information and communication technologies and their application to cultural heritage, such as virtual archaeology. It aims to restore ancient cultures as real (virtual) environments where users can immerse. Virtual heritage and cultural heritage have independent meanings: cultural heritage refers to sites, monuments, buildings and objects "with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value", whereas virtual heritage refers to instances of these within a technological domain, usually involving computer visualization of artefacts or virtual reality environments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against whooping cough (pertussis). There are two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines. The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are a number of rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. They can be used to prevent rabies before, and, for a period of time, after exposure to the rabies virus, which is commonly caused by a dog bite or a bat bite | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as WIBP-CorV, is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm. Peer-reviewed results show that the vaccine is 72. 8% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (26 cases in vaccinated group vs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyvalent influenza vaccine is a type of influenza vaccine that provides immunity against more than one type of antigen. IIn the second week after receiving the flu shot, the body's immune system is triggered by the antigens so the body starts producing antibodies. These antibodies help fight against influenza viruses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenza vaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spray | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued annual recommendations for influenza vaccine formulations. One reformulation of the influenza vaccine is for the Northern Hemisphere, and the other is for the Southern Hemisphere. Both recommendations are trivalent, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza. It is an attenuated vaccine, unlike most influenza vaccines, which are inactivated vaccines. LAIV is administered intranasally, while inactivated vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oculo-respiratory syndrome (ORS) is a usually transient condition characterized by bilateral conjunctivitis, facial edema, and upper respiratory symptoms following influenza immunization. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 24 hours after vaccination and resolve within 48 hours of onset.
References
Skowronski, Danuta M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Type A influenza vaccine is for the prevention of infection of influenza A virus and also the influenza-related complications. Different monovalent type A influenza vaccines have been developed for different subtypes of influenza A virus including H1N1 and H5N1. Both intramuscular injection or intranasal spray are available on market | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A universal flu vaccine is a flu vaccine that is effective against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type, antigenic drift or antigenic shift. Hence it should not require modification from year to year. As of 2021 no universal flu vaccine had been approved for general use, several were in development, and one was in clinical trial | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the virus (inactivated vaccine) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
COVI-VAC (codenamed CDX-005) is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Codagenix, Inc. In December 2020, COVI-VAC started a Phase I clinical trial, involving 48 participants. The trial was scheduled to complete in June 2021, with results to be reported by May 2022 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles. Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decrease | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine with the addition of the chickenpox vaccine or varicella vaccine (V stands for varicella). The MMRV vaccine is typically given to children between one and two years of age.
Several companies supply MMRV vaccines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mumps vaccines are vaccines which prevent mumps. When given to a majority of the population they decrease complications at the population level. Effectiveness when 90% of a population is vaccinated is estimated at 85% | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plague vaccine is a vaccine used against Yersinia pestis to prevent the plague. Inactivated bacterial vaccines have been used since 1890 but are less effective against the pneumonic plague, so live, attenuated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease.
Plague immunization
The first plague vaccine was developed by bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine in 1897 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. The vaccines prevent 15–34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37–96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. Immunizing babies decreases rates of disease among older people and those who have not been immunized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever. Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America. Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days of vaccination and 99% are protected within one month, and this appears to be lifelong | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Meningococcal vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis. Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, B, C, W-135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MenAfriVac is a vaccine developed for use in sub-Saharan Africa for children and adults between 9 months and 29 years of age against meningococcal bacterium Neisseria meningitidis group A. The vaccine costs less than US$0. 50 per dose | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 is the commercial name of the polysaccharide vaccine against the bacterium (specifically serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135) that causes meningococcal meningitis. The product, by JN-International Medical Corporation, is designed and formulated to be used in developing countries for protecting populations during meningitis disease epidemics.
Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false. The link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". The fraudulent research paper authored by Andrew Wakefield and published in The Lancet falsely claimed the vaccine was linked to colitis and autism spectrum disorders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure is a 2008 book by Paul Offit, a vaccine expert and chief of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The book focuses on the controversy surrounding the now discredited link between vaccines and autism. The scientific consensus is that no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims, and a 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response. DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response. DNA vaccines have theoretical advantages over conventional vaccines, including the "ability to induce a wider range of types of immune response" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A genetic vaccine (also gene-based vaccine) is a vaccine that contains nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA that lead to protein biosynthesis of antigens within a cell. Genetic vaccines thus include DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines.
Properties
Most vaccines other than live attenuated vaccines and genetic vaccines are not taken up by MHC-I-presenting cells, but act outside of these cells, producing only a strong humoral immune response via antibodies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In 1721, Boston experienced its worst outbreak of smallpox (also known as variola). 5,759 people out of around 10,600 in Boston were infected and 844 were recorded to have died between April 1721 and February 1722. The outbreak motivated Puritan minister Cotton Mather and physician Zabdiel Boylston to variolate hundreds of Bostonians as part of the Thirteen Colonies' earliest experiment with public inoculation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The bifurcated needle is a narrow steel rod, approximately 5 cm (2 in) long with two prongs at one end. It was designed to hold one dose of reconstituted freeze-dried smallpox vaccine between its prongs. Up to one hundred vaccinations can be given from one vial of the reconstituted vaccine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus (CPXV). It presents with large blisters in the skin, a fever and swollen glands, historically typically following contact with an infected cow, though in the last several decades more often (though overall rarely) from infected cats. The hands and face are most frequently affected and the spots are generally very painful | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rowland Hill A. M. (23 August 1745 – 11 April 1833) was a popular English preacher, enthusiastic evangelical and an influential advocate of smallpox vaccination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microbe or virus into a person or other organism. It is a method of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases. The term "inoculation" is also used more generally to refer to intentionally depositing microbes into any growth medium, as into a Petri dish used to culture the microbe, or into food ingredients for making cultured foods such as yoghurt and fermented beverages such as beer and wine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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