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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COX6A1 gene. Cytochrome c oxidase 6A1 is a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, also known as Complex IV, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. A mutation of the COX6A1 gene is associated with a recessive axonal or mixed form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX6B1 gene. Cytochrome c oxidase 6B1 is a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, also known as Complex IV, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mutations of the COX6B1 gene are associated with severe infantile encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COX14 gene. This gene encodes a small single-pass transmembrane protein that localizes to mitochondria. This protein may play a role in coordinating the early steps of cytochrome c oxidase (COX; also known as complex IV) subunit assembly and, in particular, the synthesis and assembly of the COX I subunit of the holoenzyme | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COX20 gene. This gene encodes a protein that plays a role in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase, an important component of the respiratory pathway. Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial complex IV deficiency | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CRACD-like protein. previously known as KIAA1211L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRACDL gene. It is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex of the brain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm as a monomer and can phosphorylate a variety of proteins, including itself | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromosome X open reading frame 36 (CXorf36) is a gene that in humans encodes a protein “hypothetical protein LOC79742”. This protein has a function that is not currently very well understood. Other known aliases are “FLJ14103, DKFZp313K0825, FLJ55198, PRO3743, FLJ55198, hCG1981635, bA435K1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromosome X Open Reading Frame 38 (CXorf38) is a protein which, in humans, is encoded by the CXorf38 gene. CXorf38 appears in multiple studies regarding the escape of X chromosome inactivation (see Clinical Significance).
Gene
The CXorf38 gene is located on chromosome X at p11 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Uncharacterized protein CXorf67 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXorf67 gene. The Accession Number for the human gene is NM_203407. Aliases include MGC47837 and LOC340602 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial (CYC1), also known as UQCR4, MC3DN6, Complex III subunit 4, Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 4, or Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex cytochrome c1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYC1 gene. CYC1 is a respiratory subunit of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (complex III), which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is part of the electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene may cause mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear, type 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cyclin D/Cdk4 complex is a multi-protein structure consisting of the proteins Cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 4, or Cdk4, a serine-threonine kinase. This complex is one of many cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes that are the "hearts of the cell-cycle control system" and govern the cell cycle and its progression. As its name would suggest, the cyclin-dependent kinase is only active and able to phosphorylate its substrates when it is bound by the corresponding cyclin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromosome 16p12. 2-p11. 2 deletion syndrome is a gene deletion syndrome in the position 16p12 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Delta-sarcoglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SGCD gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of the four known components of the sarcoglycan complex, which is a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). DGC forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DGLUCY (D-glutamate cyclase) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGLUCY gene.
Orthologs
The human gene, DGLUCY, is highly conserved in mammals and birds. Orthologs gathered from BLAST and BLAT searches reveal that the human DGLUCY mRNA sequence is conserved with a sequence identity of 98% in chimpanzees, 88% in mice, and 81% in platypus and chicken | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 1, also known as Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 19C member 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHRS1 gene located on chromosome 14.
Structure
The DHRS1 gene is located on the chromosome 14q21. 3 region and contains 9 exons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DIP2 disco-interacting protein 2 homolog B (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIP2B gene. A member of the disco-interacting protein homolog 2 protein family, it contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator DNA methyltransferase 1 associated protein 1, as well as AMP-binding sites. The presence of these sites suggests that DIP2B may participate in DNA methylation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 7 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the DNAH7 gene.
DNAH7 is a component of the inner dynein arm of ciliary axonemes (Zhang et al. , 2002 [PubMed 11877439]) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC12 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of a subclass of the HSP40/DnaJ protein family. Members of this family of proteins are associated with complex assembly, protein folding, and export | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dolichol phosphate-mannose biosynthesis regulatory protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DPM2 gene.
Function
Dolichol-phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) serves as a donor of mannosyl residues on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Lack of Dol-P-Man results in defective surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins, defective N-linked glycosylation and deficient O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Double homeobox, 4 also known as DUX4 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DUX4 gene. Its misexpression is the cause of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).
Gene
This gene is located within a D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial (ECSIT), also known as SITPEC, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ECSIT gene. ECSIT is a cytosolic adaptor protein involved in inflammatory responses, embryonic development, and the assembly and stabilization of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).
Structure
ECSIT is located on the p arm of chromosome 19 in position 13 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eps15 homology domain-containing protein 3, abbreviated as EHD3 and also known as PAST3, is a protein encoded by the EHD3 gene. It has been observed in humans, mice and rats. It belongs to the EHD protein family, a group of four membrane remodeling proteins related to the Dynamin superfamily of large GTPases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The eukaryotic initiation factor-4A (eIF4A) family consists of 3 closely related proteins EIF4A1, EIF4A2, and EIF4A3. These factors are required for the binding of mRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits. In addition these proteins are helicases that function to unwind double-stranded RNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eleidin is clear intracellular protein which is present in the stratum lucidum of the skin.
Eleidin is a transformation product of the amino acid complex keratohyalin, the lifeless matter deposited in the form of minute granules within the protoplasm of living cells. Eleidin is then converted to keratin in the stratum corneum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Endostatin is a naturally occurring, 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin.
Endostatin is a broad-spectrum angiogenesis inhibitor and may interfere with the pro-angiogenic action of growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ERCC4 is a protein designated as DNA repair endonuclease XPF that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene. Together with ERCC1, ERCC4 forms the ERCC1-XPF enzyme complex that participates in DNA repair and DNA recombination. The nuclease enzyme ERCC1-XPF cuts specific structures of DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA repair protein complementing XP-G cells is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC5 gene.
Function
Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 5 (xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G) is involved in excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Mutations cause Cockayne syndrome, which is characterized by severe growth defects, mental retardation, and cachexia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Protein ETHE1, mitochondrial, also known as "ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein" and "per sulfide dioxygenase", is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETHE1 gene located on chromosome 19.
Structure
The human ETHE1 gene consists of 7 exons and encodes for a protein that is approximately 27 kDa in size.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is expressed mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, but also in several other tissues such as the liver and the thyroid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1, also known as FLJ36880 protein, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAHD1 gene on chromosome 16.
Structure
The FAHD1 gene encodes for a 24-kDa protein that is localized to the mitochondrion and belongs to the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase family of proteins. The structure of FAHD1 has been resolved using X-ray crystallography at 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FAM20A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM20A gene.
Function
FAM20A belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in many tissues. This locus encodes a protein that is likely secreted and may function in hematopoiesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
getmail is a simple mail retrieval agent intended as a replacement for fetchmail, implemented in Python. It can retrieve mail from POP3, IMAP4, and Standard Dial-up POP3 Service servers, with or without SSL. It supports simple and domain (multidrop) mailboxes, mail filtering via any arbitrary program, and supports a wide variety of mail destination types, including mboxrd, maildir, and external arbitrary mail delivery agents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hey is a premium email service launched by Basecamp in June 2020. The service may be accessed through the Hey website and through apps for macOS, Windows, Linux, Android and iOS. Due to the service's vertical integration, a Hey mailbox cannot be incorporated into other email services or stand-alone email clients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Internet Messaging Program or IMP is a webmail client. It can be used to access e-mail stored on an IMAP server. IMP is written in PHP and a component of the collaborative software suite Horde | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lavabit is an open-source encrypted webmail service, founded in 2004. The service suspended its operations on August 8, 2013 after the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mailbird is a desktop email client (email management application) for Windows 7, 8, 10, and 11 for sending and receiving emails, managing calendar events and contacts from different email providers, including Outlook, Gmail, Yahoo Mail, etc. Social media, task management, file share, and video-conferencing integrations are also included.
History
The first version of the Mailbird email software was created in January 2012 by Danish co-founders and serial entrepreneurs Michael Olsen and Michael Bodekaer,
inspired by the lightweight Sparrow email client for OS X
as an alternative to other existing email clients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mailbox was a freeware email management application for iOS and Android, developed by Orchestra, Inc. It drew the attention of numerous technology blogs for its usability and innovative features, such as swipe-based email sorting, snoozing and filtering. Weeks before its launch, a pre-registration period resulted in a waiting list of over 380,000 reservations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mailpile is a free and open-source email client with the main focus of privacy and usability. It is a webmail client, albeit one run from the user's computer, as a downloaded program launched as a local website.
Features
In the default setup of the program, the user is given a public and a private PGP key, for the purpose of (respectively) receiving encrypted email and then decrypting it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MailTime is a mobile messenger application for iOS and Android devices, developed by MailTime Technology Inc. in 2013. The application is known as "email messenger" which integrates the feature of email and text messages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
myMail is a mobile app for managing multiple email accounts created by My. com, a subsidiary of Mail. Ru Group | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Newton is an email management application for iOS, Android, MacOS, Windows and ChromeOS developed by CloudMagic, Inc. The application is known for its searching capabilities, cross-platform abilities and user interface. It has been referred to as an email client better than Gmail's native app | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polymail is an email application for macOS, iOS, Windows, and web browsers known for its clean interface and additional features atop the Gmail platform. It publicly released in July 2016.
Features
Polymail adds several new features atop those associated with standard email | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Postbox is a desktop email client, news client and feed reader for Windows and macOS. Written and sold by Postbox, Inc. , it was launched at the TechCrunch 50 conference in 2008 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SquirrelMail is a project that aims to provide both a web-based email client and a proxy server for the IMAP protocol.
The latest stable version 1. 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A text-based email client is an email client with its user interface being text-based, occupying a whole terminal screen. Other kind of email clients are GUI-based (cf. email client) or Web-based, see Webmail | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Titan is a business email service founded by Bhavin Turakhia in 2018. The service may be accessed through the Titan website and through the web, Android, and iOS.
History
Titan was founded by Bhavin Turakhia, founder of Flock, CodeChef and Zeta, in 2018 to provide a suite of professional email services for small and medium businesses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Trojitá ([trɔjɪtaː]) is a free software IMAP and SMTP email client developed using the Qt C++ library. The design goals of the maintainers are to develop a fast e-mail client which respects open standards, is cross-platform and uses the available resources very efficiently. Trojitá offers to manage contacts in the abook format, as introduced by the text-based user interface abook addressbook program | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Many email clients now offer some support for Unicode. Some clients will automatically choose between a legacy encoding and Unicode depending on the mail's content, either automatically or when the user requests it. Technical requirements for sending of messages containing non-ASCII characters by email include
encoding of certain header fields (subject, sender's and recipient's names, sender's organization and reply-to name) and, optionally, body in a content-transfer encoding
encoding of non-ASCII characters in one of the Unicode transforms
negotiating the use of UTF-8 encoding in email addresses and reply codes (SMTPUTF8)
sending the information about the content-transfer encoding and the Unicode transform used so that the message can be correctly displayed by the recipient (see Mojibake) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF), also known as OpenDocument, is an open file format for word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics and using ZIP-compressed XML files. It was developed with the aim of providing an open, XML-based file format specification for office applications. The standard is developed and maintained by a technical committee in the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OpenOffice. org XML is an open XML-based file format developed as an open community effort by Sun Microsystems in 2000–2002. The open-source software application suite OpenOffice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Office Open XML format (OOXML), is an open and free document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books), spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. The following tables list applications supporting a version of the Office Open XML standard (ECMA-376 and ISO/IEC 29500:2008).
Text documents
Word processors
Word processors listed on a light purple background are discontinued | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of office suites:
General information
Office Suite names that are on a light purple background are discontinued.
OS support
The operating systems the office suites were designed to run on without emulation; for the given office suite/OS combination, there are five possibilities:
No indicates that it does not exist or was never released.
Partial indicates that while the office suite works, it lacks important functionality compared to versions for other OSs; it is still being developed however | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The OpenDocument format (ODF), an abbreviation for the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications, is an open and free (excluding maintenance and support) document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books), spreadsheets, databases, charts, and presentations. This standard was developed by the OASIS industry consortium, based upon the XML-based file format originally created by OpenOffice. org, and ODF was approved as an OASIS standard on May 1, 2005 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ability Plus is an integrated software package written for DOS in the early 1980s. Development ceased in 1995 with the last build made in November 1997. It was succeeded by Ability Office on Windows, described below | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Calligra Suite is a graphic art and office suite by KDE. It is available for desktop PCs, tablet computers, and smartphones. It contains applications for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, databases, vector graphics, and digital painting | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Documents To Go is BlackBerry's cross-platform office suite for Palm OS, Windows Mobile, Maemo, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, Android, and iOS. Also, a larger-screen version would have been included with the Palm Foleo, but Palm, Inc. cancelled the device before its release | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Go-oo (also Go-Open Office; previously called ooo-build) is a discontinued free office suite which started as a set of patches for OpenOffice. org, then later became an independent fork of OpenOffice. org with a number of enhancements, sponsored by Novell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
KOffice is a free and open source office and graphics suite developed by KDE for Unix-like and Windows systems. KOffice contains a word processor (KWord), a spreadsheet (KSpread), a presentation program (KPresenter), and a number of other components that varied over the course of its development.
KOffice was superseded by Calligra Suite in KDE | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lotus Jazz is an integrated suite of word processor, spreadsheet, database, graphics, and communication software designed for the Macintosh 512K. The name evokes a group of musicians who together create something larger than each of the individual players. It was released in 1985 and retailed for US$595 (equivalent to $1,619 in 2022) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NeoOffice is an office suite for the macOS operating system developed by Planamesa Inc. It is a commercial fork of the free and open source LibreOffice office suite, including a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program and graphics program, it adds some features not present in the macOS versions of LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice. Current versions are based on LibreOffice 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This is an overview of software support for the OpenDocument format, an open document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents.
Current support
A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications; listed alphabetically they include:
Word processors
AbiWord 2. 4+ (import from 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OpenOffice. org (OOo), commonly known as OpenOffice, is a discontinued open-source office suite. Active successor projects include LibreOffice (the most actively developed), Apache OpenOffice, Collabora Online (enterprise ready LibreOffice) and NeoOffice (commercial, and available only for macOS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Siag Office is a tightly integrated free software office package for Unix-like operating systems. It consists of the spreadsheet SIAG ("Scheme In A Grid"), the word processor Pathetic Writer (PW), the animation program Egon Animator, the text editor XedPlus, the file manager Xfiler and the previewer Gvu. Siag Office is known to be extremely light-weight, hence able to run on very old systems reasonably well, such as on i486 computers with 16MB RAM | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
StarOffice is a discontinued proprietary office suite. Its source code continues today in derived open-source office suites Collabora Online and LibreOffice. StarOffice supported the OpenOffice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, a presentation program (also called presentation software) is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. It has three major functions:
an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted
a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and media clips
a slide-show system to display the contentPresentation software can be viewed as enabling a functionally-specific category of electronic media, with its own distinct culture and practices as compared to traditional presentation media (such as blackboards, whiteboards and flip charts).
Presentations in this mode of delivery have become pervasive in many aspects of business communication, especially in business planning, as well as in academic-conference and professional conference settings, and in the knowledge economy generally, where ideas are a primary work output | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Acorn RISC OS character set was used in the Acorn Archimedes series and subsequent computers from 1987 onwards. It is an extension of ISO/IEC 8859-1, similar to the Windows CP1252 in that many of the added characters are typographical punctuation marks.
Code page layout (standard)
At 0x83 is a box with another box inside it on the top left-hand corner, meaning "resize window" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Text-based semigraphics, pseudographics, or character graphics is a primitive method used in early text mode video hardware to emulate raster graphics without having to implement the logic for such a display mode.
There are two different ways to accomplish the emulation of raster graphics. The first one is to create a low-resolution all points addressable mode using a set of special characters with all binary combinations of a certain subdivision matrix of the text mode character size; this method is referred to as block graphics, or sometimes mosaic graphics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
YUSCII is an informal name for several JUS standards for 7-bit character encoding. These include:
JUS I. B1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tamil All Character Encoding (TACE16) is a 16-bit Unicode-based character encoding scheme for Tamil language. This encoding isn't used on the web, some encodings have been used for Tamil, but Unicode, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This article covers technical details of the character encoding system defined by ETS 300 706, a standard for World System Teletext, and used for the Viewdata and Teletext variants of Videotex in Europe.
Character sets
The following tables show various Teletext character sets. Each character is shown with a potential Unicode equivalent if available | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The TRS-80 computer manufacturered by Tandy / Radio Shack contains an 8-bit character set. It is partially derived from ASCII, and shares the code points from 32 - 95 on the standard model. Code points 96 - 127 are supported on models that have been fitted with a lower-case upgrade | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ventura International (or VENTURA_INT) is an 8-bit character encoding created by Ventura Software for use with Ventura Publisher. Ventura International is based on the GEM character set, but ¢ and ø are swapped and ¥ and Ø are swapped so that it is more similar to code page 437 (on which GEM was based, but GEM is more similar to code page 865 because the placement of Ø and ø in GEM match the placement in code page 865). There is also the PCL Ventura International, which is used for communication with PCL printers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The character sets used by Videotex are based, to greater or lesser extents, on ISO/IEC 2022. Three Data Syntax systems are defined by ITU T. 101, corresponding to the Videotex systems of different countries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ZX81 character set is the character encoding used by the Sinclair Research ZX81 family of microcomputers including the Timex Sinclair 1000 and Timex Sinclair 1500. The encoding uses one byte per character for 256 code points. It has no relationship with previously established ones like ASCII or EBCDIC, but it is related though not identical to the character set of the predecessor ZX80 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing and telecommunication, a control character or non-printing character (NPC) is a code point in a character set that does not represent a written character or symbol. They are used as in-band signaling to cause effects other than the addition of a symbol to the text. All other characters are mainly graphic characters, also known as printing characters (or printable characters), except perhaps for "space" characters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Arabic letter mark (ALM) is a non-printing character used in the computerized typesetting of bi-directional text containing mixed left-to-right scripts (such as Latin and Cyrillic) and right-to-left scripts (such as Persian, Arabic, Syriac and Hebrew).
Similar to the right-to-left mark (RLM), it is used to change the way adjacent characters are grouped with respect to text direction, with some difference on how it affects the bidirectional level resolutions for nearby characters.
Unicode
In Unicode, the ALM character is encoded at U+061C ARABIC LETTER MARK | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ASA control characters are simple printing command characters used to control the movement of paper through line printers. These commands are presented as special characters in the first column of each text line to be printed, and affect how the paper is advanced before the line is printed. The remainder of the line is printed starting in the first printable position | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The C0 and C1 control code or control character sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use ASCII and derivatives of ASCII. The codes represent additional information about the text, such as the position of a cursor, an instruction to start a new line, or a message that the text has been received.
C0 codes are the range 00HEX–1FHEX and the default C0 set was originally defined in ISO 646 (ASCII) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Backspace (← Backspace) is the keyboard key that originally pushed the typewriter carriage one position backwards and in modern computer systems moves the display cursor one position backwards, removes the character at that position, and shifts back the cursor back by one position.
Typewriter
In some typewriters, a typist would, for example, type a lowercase letter A with acute accent (á) by typing a lowercase letter A, backspace, and then the acute accent key. This technique (also known as overstrike) is the basis for such spacing modifiers in computer character sets such as the ASCII caret (^, for the circumflex accent) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bell character (sometimes bell code) is a device control code originally sent to ring a small electromechanical bell on tickers and other teleprinters and teletypewriters to alert operators at the other end of the line, often of an incoming message. Though tickers punched the bell codes into their tapes, printers generally do not print a character when the bell code is received. Bell codes are usually represented by the label "BEL" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In telecommunication, the term cancel character has the following meanings:
A control character ("CAN", "Cancel", U+0018, or ^X) used to indicate that the data with which it is associated are in error or are to be disregarded. Exact meaning can depend on protocol. For example:
In some journalistic text transmission formats, it signifies that the preceding word should be deleted; it is sometimes called "Kill Word" ("KW") in this context | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A carriage return, sometimes known as a cartridge return and often shortened to CR, <CR> or return, is a control character or mechanism used to reset a device's position to the beginning of a line of text. It is closely associated with the line feed and newline concepts, although it can be considered separately in its own right.
Typewriters
Originally, the term "carriage return" referred to a mechanism or lever on a typewriter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The combining grapheme joiner (CGJ), U+034F ͏ COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER is a Unicode character that has no visible glyph and is "default ignorable" by applications. Its name is a misnomer and does not describe its function: the character does not join graphemes. Its purpose is to semantically separate characters that should not be considered digraphs as well as to block canonical reordering of combining marks during normalization | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The delete control character (also called DEL or rubout) is the last character in the ASCII repertoire, with the code 127. It is supposed to do nothing and was designed to erase incorrect characters on paper tape. It is denoted as ^? in caret notation and is U+007F in Unicode | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF).
As a control code
Eight Ones, as an EBCDIC control code, is used for synchronisation purposes, such as a time and media filler. In Advanced Function Presentation code page definition resource headers, setting at least the first two bytes of the field for the eight-byte code page resource name (which is encoded in code page 500) to Eight Ones (0xFF) constitutes a "null name", which is treated as unset | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
End-of-Transmission-Block (ETB) is a communications control character used to indicate the end of a block of data for communications purposes. ETB is used for segmenting data into blocks when the block structure is not necessarily related to the processing function.
In ASCII, ETB is code point 23 (0x17, or ^W in caret notation) in the C0 control code set | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The End-of-Text character (ETX) is a control character used to inform the receiving computer that the end of a record has been reached. This may or may not be an indication that all of the data in a record have been received. In ASCII and in EBCDIC, ETX is code point 0x03, often displayed as ^C) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In telecommunication, an End-of-Transmission character (EOT) is a transmission control character. Its intended use is to indicate the conclusion of a transmission that may have included one or more texts and any associated message headings. An EOT is often used to initiate other functions, such as releasing circuits, disconnecting terminals, or placing receive terminals in a standby condition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer communications, enquiry is a transmission-control character that requests a response from the receiving station with which a connection has been set up. It represents a signal intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see whether it is still present. The response, an answer-back code to the terminal that transmitted the WRU (who are you) signal, may include station identification, the type of equipment in service, and the status of the remote station | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science, an escape sequence is a combination of characters that has a meaning other than the literal characters contained therein; it is marked by one or more preceding (and possibly terminating) characters.
Examples
In C and many derivative programming languages, a string escape sequence is a series of two or more characters, starting with a backslash \. Note that in C a backslash immediately followed by a newline does not constitute an escape sequence, but splices physical source lines into logical ones in the second translation phase, whereas string escape sequences are converted in the fifth translation phase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C++, and their design was copied in many other languages such as Java, PHP, C#, etc. An escape sequence is a sequence of characters that does not represent itself when used inside a character or string literal, but is translated into another character or a sequence of characters that may be difficult or impossible to represent directly.
In C, all escape sequences consist of two or more characters, the first of which is the backslash, \ (called the "Escape character"); the remaining characters determine the interpretation of the escape sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A figure space or numeric space is a typographic unit equal to the size of a single numerical digit. Its size can fluctuate somewhat depending on which font is being used. This is the preferred space to use in numbers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A page break is a marker in an electronic document that tells the document interpreter that the content which follows is part of a new page. A page break causes a form feed to be sent to the printer during spooling of the document to the printer. Thus it is one of the elements that contributes to pagination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), next line (NEL) or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in character encoding specifications such as ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, etc. This character, or a sequence of characters, is used to signify the end of a line of text and the start of a new one.
History
In the mid-1800s, long before the advent of teleprinters and teletype machines, Morse code operators or telegraphists invented and used Morse code prosigns to encode white space text formatting in formal written text messages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A line starve describes the feeding of paper in a line printer back one line or moving the cursor on a character terminal up one line. It is the opposite of a line feed. Most printers do not support this operation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In word processing and digital typesetting, a nonbreaking space ( ), also called NBSP, required space, hard space, or fixed space (it is not of fixed width), is a space character that prevents an automatic line break at its position. In some formats, including HTML, it also prevents consecutive whitespace characters from collapsing into a single space. Nonbreaking space characters with other widths also exist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The null character (also null terminator) is a control character with the value zero.
It is present in many character sets, including those defined by the Baudot and ITA2 codes, ISO/IEC 646 (or ASCII), the C0 control code, the Universal Coded Character Set (or Unicode), and EBCDIC. It is available in nearly all mainstream programming languages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The right-to-left mark (RLM) is a non-printing character used in the computerized typesetting of bi-directional text containing a mix of left-to-right scripts (such as Latin and Cyrillic) and right-to-left scripts (such as Arabic, Syriac, and Hebrew).
RLM is used to change the way adjacent characters are grouped with respect to text direction. However, for Arabic script, Arabic letter mark may be a better choice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shift Out (SO) and Shift In (SI) are ASCII control characters 14 and 15, respectively (0x0E and 0x0F). These are sometimes also called "Control-N" and "Control-O".
The original purpose of these characters was to provide a way to shift a coloured ribbon, split longitudinally usually with red and black, up and down to the other colour in an electro-mechanical typewriter or teleprinter, such as the Teletype Model 38, to automate the same function of manual typewriters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing and typesetting, a soft hyphen (ISO 8859: 0xAD, Unicode U+00AD SOFT HYPHEN, HTML: ­ or ­ or ­) or syllable hyphen (EBCDIC: 0xCA), abbreviated SHY, is a code point reserved in some coded character sets for the purpose of breaking words across lines by inserting visible hyphens if they are fall on the line end but remain invisible within the line.
Two alternative ways of using the soft hyphen character for this purpose have emerged, depending on whether the encoded text will be broken into lines by its recipient, or has already been preformatted by its originator.
Text to be formatted by the recipient
The use of SHY characters in text that will be broken into lines by the recipient is the application context considered by the post-1999 HTML and Unicode specifications, as well as some word-processing file formats | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In writing, a space ( ) is a blank area that separates words, sentences, syllables (in syllabification) and other written or printed glyphs (characters). Conventions for spacing vary among languages, and in some languages the spacing rules are complex. Inter-word spaces ease the reader's task of identifying words, and avoid outright ambiguities such as "now here" vs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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