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Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is the process of determining the degree to which a substance of interest negatively impacts the normal biological functions of an organism, given a certain exposure duration, route of exposure, and substance concentration. Toxicology testing is often conducted by researchers who follow established toxicology test protocol for a certain substance, mode of exposure, exposure environment, duration of exposure, or for a particular organism of interest, or for a particular developmental stage of interest. Toxicology testing is commonly conducted during preclinical development for a substance intended for human exposure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
World Day For Animals In Laboratories (WDAIL; also known as World Lab Animal Day) is observed every year on 24 April. The surrounding week has come to be known as "World Week for Animals In Laboratories". The National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) describes the day as an "international day of commemoration" for animals in laboratories | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ZebraBox is an automated analysis chamber for the non-intrusive video observation of different types of freshwater marine indicator species, such as Dania rerio and Pimephales promelas. It is a type of Larval Photomoter Response (LPR) assay, which is used to monitor the swimming behaviour of larvae. The ZebraBox contains a controlled enclosed system of 96-well plates containing a high-resolution camera fitted with an infrared light and a fixed-angle lens | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal welfare is the well-being of non-human animals. Formal standards of animal welfare vary between contexts, but are debated mostly by animal welfare groups, legislators, and academics. Animal welfare science uses measures such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and reproduction, although there is debate about which of these best indicate animal welfare | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Abnormal behavior of birds in captivity has been found to occur among both domesticated and wild birds. Abnormal behavior can be defined in several ways. Statistically, 'abnormal' is when the occurrence, frequency or intensity of a behaviour varies statistically significantly, either more or less, from the normal value | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal (De)liberation: Should the Consumption of Animal Products Be Banned? is a 2016 book, written by Jan Deckers and published by Ubiquity Press. The book engages with the work of many scholars who have written on the subject, including Carol Adams, Alasdair Cochrane, Gary Francione, Melanie Joy, Martha Nussbaum, and Peter Singer, as well as with the views of non-specialists, including slaughterhouse workers involved with the film Slaughterhouse: The Task of Blood, released by Century Films in 2005.
Basic idea
The key question dealt with in the book is whether the consumption of products derived from the bodies of animals should be banned | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology; the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within a animal, or of being aware of an external object or something within itself. In humans, consciousness has been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, qualia, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An animal pound is a place where stray livestock were impounded. Animals were kept in a dedicated enclosure, until claimed by their owners, or sold to cover the costs of impounding.
Etymology
The terms "pinfold" and "pound" are Saxon in origin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An animal product is any material derived from the body of an animal. Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, and lesser known products, such as isinglass and rennet. Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in non-human animals.
Historically, there has been an anthropocentric tendency to emphasize the study of animal psychopathologies as models for human mental illnesses. But animal psychopathologies can, from an evolutionary point of view, be more properly regarded as non-adaptive behaviors due to some sort of a cognitive disability, emotional impairment or distress | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal rights vary greatly among countries and territories. Such laws range from the legal recognition of non-human animal sentience to the absolute lack of any anti-cruelty laws, with no regard for animal welfare.
As of November 2019, 32 countries have formally recognized non-human animal sentience | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and to be protected for the rest of their lives. Pattrice Jones, co-founder of VINE Sanctuary defines an animal sanctuary as "a safe-enough place or relationship within the continuing hazards that menace everybody". In addition, sanctuaries are an experimental staging ground for transformative human–animal relations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal Welfare is a quarterly, peer-reviewed scientific journal covering studies on the welfare of animals, whether in captivity (e. g. on farms, in laboratories, zoos and as companions) or in the wild | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal Welfare Labelling is intended to provide consumer information on welfare standards applied in the production of food of animal origin.
Consumer response and trust concerns
Welfare products are attracting a growing number of welfare-conscious consumers. However, there is potential for consumers to be misled by false, exaggerated or unsubstantiated statements about the welfare standards observed in the rearing of farm animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The usage of animals in professional wrestling has varied through the profession's history. Animals that have been used as opponents to humans in matches include bears, tigers, cheetahs and orangutans.
Species used as wrestlers
Bears
Bears have long been a part of professional wrestling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Artificial daylight supplementation is the use of artificially generated lighting in the living areas of animals such as poultry, to extend the egg laying season of the birds. It is used commonly in commercial farms for chickens, ducks, and other birds, and the opposite, light deprivation, is used in most breeds geese who have opposite laying seasons.
History
The first recorded successful use of artificial lighting to increase egg production was in 1895, by Dr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blinders, also known as peepers, are devices fitted to, or through, the beaks of poultry to block their forward vision and assist in the control of feather pecking, cannibalism and sometimes egg-eating. A patent for the devices was filed as early as 1935.
They are used primarily for game birds, pheasant and quail, but also for turkeys and laying hens | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A blood sport or bloodsport is a category of sport or entertainment that involves bloodshed. Common examples of the former include combat sports such as cockfighting and dog fighting, and some forms of hunting and fishing. Activities characterized as blood sports, but involving only human participants, include the ancient Roman gladiatorial games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre is a wildlife conservation and research centre for improving animal welfare and rehabilitation of the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). It also aims to raise public awareness about the plight of the sun bears and to raise conservation awareness about this species.
The BSBCC was established as a non-profit organisation in Sabah in 2008 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands. Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (usually "rBST"), is a synthetic version of the bovine growth hormone given to dairy cattle by injection to increase milk production | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cannibalism in poultry is the act of one individual of a poultry species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. It commonly occurs in flocks of domestic hens reared for egg production, although it can also occur in domestic turkeys, pheasants and other poultry species. Poultry create a social order of dominance known as pecking order | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carnism is a concept used in discussions of humanity's relation to other animals, defined as a prevailing ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products, especially meat. Carnism is presented as a dominant belief system supported by a variety of defense mechanisms and mostly unchallenged assumptions. The term carnism was coined by social psychologist and author Melanie Joy in 2001 and popularized by her book Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cat exercise wheel is a large wheel that a cat either runs on or walks on for exercise or play. A cat wheel looks like a large hamster wheel: the wheel turns from the weight of the cat. A wheel can be used for enrichment or to exercise high energy indoor cats | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The health of domestic cats is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.
Topics include infectious and genetic diseases, diet and nutrition and non-therapeutic surgical procedures such as neutering and declawing.
Diseases
Infectious diseases
An infectious disease is caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cat predation on wildlife is the result of the natural instincts and behavior of both feral and owned house cats to hunt small prey, including wildlife. Some people view this as a desirable phenomenon, such as in the case of barn cats and other cats kept for the intended purpose of pest control; but scientific evidence does not support the popular use of cats to control urban rat populations, and ecologists oppose their use for this purpose because of the disproportionate harm they do to beneficial native wildlife. As an invasive species and superpredator, they do considerable ecological damage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
There are different systems of feeding cattle in animal husbandry. For pastured animals, grass is usually the forage that composes the majority of their diet. Cattle reared in feedlots are fed hay supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients to increase the energy density of the feed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chicken eyeglasses, also known as chicken specs, chicken goggles, generically as pick guards, and under other names, were small eyeglasses made for chickens intended to prevent feather pecking and cannibalism. They differ from blinders in that they allow the bird to see forward, whereas blinders do not. One variety used rose-colored lenses, as the coloring was thought to prevent a chicken wearing them from recognizing blood on other chickens, which may increase the tendency for abnormal injurious behavior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cognitive bias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information or emotional states. It is sometimes said that animals create their own "subjective social reality" from their perception of the input. In humans, for example, an optimistic or pessimistic bias might affect one's answer to the question "Is the glass half empty or half full?"
To explore cognitive bias, one might train an animal to expect that a positive event follows one stimulus and that a negative event follows another stimulus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cold-stunning, also known as hypothermic stunning, is a hypothermic reaction experienced by marine reptiles, notably sea turtles, when exposed to cold water for prolonged periods, which causes them to become weak and inactive. Cold-stunned sea turtles may float to the surface and be further exposed to cold temperatures, which can cause them to drown. A water temperature threshold of 8–10 °C has been associated with mass turtle stunning events | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Compassionate conservation is a discipline which aims to combine the fields of conservation and animal welfare. Historically, these two fields have been considered separate and sometimes contradictory to each other. The foundational principles of compassionate conservation are: "Do No Harm; Individuals Matter; Inclusivity; Peaceful Coexistence" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Concordat on Openness on Animal Research is a UK initiative of scientific organizations, funders and providers who directly carry out, or whose members or beneficiaries carry out animal research. It is a pledge by signatory organizations to offer the public greater information about research that involves animals. The Concordat on Openness on Animal Research in the UK was established in 2014 to provide "measurable steps" for researchers that use animals in the UK, to talk openly about their work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Consumer demand tests for animals are studies designed to measure the relative strength of an animal's motivation to obtain resources such as different food items. Such demand tests quantify the strength of motivation animals have for resources whilst avoiding anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism. The test results are analogous to human patterns of purchasing resources with a limited income | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 is European Council legislation introduced in 2004 which relates to protecting the welfare of animals during transportation. The full title is Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97. It applies to the transport of live vertebrate animals carried out within the European Community | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cribbing is a form of stereotypy (equine oral stereotypic behaviour), otherwise known as wind sucking or crib-biting. Cribbing is considered to be an abnormal, compulsive behavior seen in some horses, and is often labelled a stable vice. The major factors that cause cribbing include stress, stable management, genetic and gastrointestinal irritability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cropping is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The CrustaStun is a device designed to administer a lethal electric shock to shellfish (such as lobsters, crabs, and crayfish) before cooking. This avoids boiling a live shellfish which may be able to experience pain in a way similar to vertebrates. The CrustaStun comprises a stainless-steel box approximately the size of a domestic microwave oven containing a tray with a wet sponge and an electrode | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics. In animal breeding, it is the process of removing or segregating animals from a breeding stock based on a specific trait. This is done to exaggerate desirable characteristics, or to remove undesirable characteristics by altering the genetic diversity of the population | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Declawing of crabs is the process whereby one or both claws of a crab are manually detached before the return of the live crab to the water, as practiced in the fishing industry worldwide. Crabs commonly have the ability to regenerate lost limbs after a period of time, and thus declawing is viewed as a potentially more sustainable method of fishing. Due to the time it takes for a crab to regrow lost limbs, however, whether or not the practice represents truly sustainable fishing is still a point of scientific inquiry, and the ethics of declawing are also subject to debates over pain in crustaceans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Devocalization (also known as ventriculocordectomy or vocal cordectomy; when performed on a dog debarking or bark softening; when performed on a cat demeowing or meow softening) is a surgical procedure where tissue is removed from the vocal cords.
Indications and contraindications
Devocalization is usually performed at the request of an animal owner (where the procedure is legally permitted). The procedure may be forcefully requested as a result of a court order | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discover Animals is an online animal resource created by the National Animal Interest Alliance in 2016. This program was created to help provide accurate, useful and reliable information about animals in wild and domestic setting and responsible pet ownership.
Animal Kingdom
Through this program, Discover Animals provides an ever-expanding guide to the world's animals for people seeking scientific information as well as personal appreciation and enjoyment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Docking is the intentional removal of part of an animal's tail or, sometimes, ears. The term cropping is more commonly used in reference to the cropping of ears, while docking more commonly—but not exclusively—refers to the tail; the term tailing is used, also. The term has its origins in the living flesh of the tail, commonly known as the dock, from which the animal's tail hairs grow | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Docking is the removal of portions of an animal's tail. While docking and bobbing are more commonly used to refer to removal of the tail, the term cropping is used in reference to the ears. Tail docking occurs in one of two ways | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dolphinarium is an aquarium for dolphins. The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such as marine mammal parks, zoos or theme parks, with other animals and attractions as well | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dubbing is the procedure of removing the comb, wattles and sometimes earlobes of poultry. Removing the wattles is sometimes called "dewattling".
Procedure
To perform dubbing, the tissues are first disinfected and, if available, an anesthetic is applied to limit pain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An earmark is a cut or mark in the ear of livestock animals such as cattle, deer, pigs, goats, camels or sheep, made to show ownership, year of birth or sex.
The term dates to the 16th century in England. For example, in a case of defamation in King's Bench in 1541, the defamatory statement included "George Butteler hath eremarked a mare of one Robert Hawk | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An electro-mat, sometimes referred to as an anti-moose mat, is an electrical mat used to keep large wildlife such as moose or bears away from certain areas where their presence could cause issues. The mats give off a mild shock at a low electric current when stepped on, deterring animals from crossing over them.
In October 2005, the municipal airport in Wasilla, Alaska, a town about 40 miles (65 km) north of Anchorage, installed mats around the airfield to prevent moose from walking onto the runway and colliding with aircraft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ethical omnivorism, omnivorism or compassionate carnivorism, (as opposed to obligatory carnivorism, the view that it is obligatory for people to eat animals) is a human diet involving the consumption of meat, eggs, dairy and produce that can be traced back to an organic farm. Ocean fish consumption is limited to sustainably farm-raised and/or ethically and wild caught, without contributing to illegal poaching.
Ethical omnivorism could be considered similar to locavorism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eyestalk ablation is the removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyestalks from a crustacean. It is routinely practiced on female shrimps (or female prawns) in almost every marine shrimp maturation or reproduction facility in the world, both research and commercial. The aim of ablation under these circumstances is to stimulate the female shrimp to develop mature ovaries and spawn | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Feather pecking is a behavioural problem that occurs most frequently amongst domestic hens reared for egg production, although it does occur in other poultry such as pheasants, turkeys, ducks, broiler chickens and is sometimes seen in farmed ostriches. Feather pecking occurs when one bird repeatedly pecks at the feathers of another. The levels of severity may be recognized as mild and severe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fish slaughter is the process of killing fish, typically after harvesting at sea or from fish farms. At least one trillion fish are slaughtered each year for human consumption. Some relatively humane slaughter methods have been developed, including percussive and electric stunning | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Forced molting, sometimes known as induced molting, is the practice by some poultry industries of artificially provoking a flock to molt simultaneously, typically by withdrawing food for 7–14 days and sometimes also withdrawing water for an extended period. Forced molting is usually implemented when egg-production is naturally decreasing toward the end of the first egg-laying phase. During the forced molt, the birds cease producing eggs for at least two weeks, which allows the bird's reproductive tracts to regress and rejuvenate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Free range denotes a method of farming husbandry where the animals, for at least part of the day, can roam freely outdoors, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24 hours each day.
On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, thereby technically making this an enclosure, however, free range systems usually offer the opportunity for the extensive locomotion and sunlight that is otherwise prevented by indoor housing systems. Free range may apply to meat, eggs or dairy farming | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Free-range eggs are eggs produced from birds that may be permitted outdoors. The term "free-range" may be used differently depending on the country and the relevant laws, and is not regulated in many areas.
Eggs from hens that are only indoors might also be labelled cage-free, barn, barn-roaming or aviary, following the animal happiness certification policies, also known as "happy chickens" or "happy eggs" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A furnished cage, sometimes called enriched cage, colony cage or modified cage, is a type of cage used in poultry farming for egg laying hens. Furnished cages have been designed to overcome some of the welfare concerns of battery cages (also called 'conventional' or 'traditional cages') whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages over non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have been incorporated because research in animal welfare science has shown them to be of benefit to the hens | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Manjam was a social networking website that used GPS technology and social discovery to connect mutually attracted gay and bisexual men. With a large proportion of Manjam users based in Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, the website was translated into 28 different languages. In order to support users from these locations, Manjam had focused on translating the site into right-to-left languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, and Urdu | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mathomatic is a free, portable, general-purpose computer algebra system (CAS) that can symbolically solve, simplify, combine, and compare algebraic equations, and can perform complex number, modular, and polynomial arithmetic, along with standard arithmetic. It does some symbolic calculus (derivative, extrema, Taylor series, and polynomial integration and Laplace transforms), numerical integration, and handles all elementary algebra except logarithms. Trigonometric functions can be entered and manipulated using complex exponentials, with the GNU m4 preprocessor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Meatspace Chat is a web-based online chat system created by Edna Piranha where users submit 250 character messages, combined with instantly created animated GIFs of themselves taken by a webcam. Meatspace differentiates itself from other chat systems by eschewing usernames, user registration and chat channels, and instead embracing ephemerality
by limiting the exposure of a single message to a limited number of minutes, after which it does not appear again. Ephemeral content is an increasingly important form of Internet communication because it allows people to communicate spontaneously, without concern for whether that communication will be recorded | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Meporter was a citizen journalist mobile phone application that used geolocation and multimedia to create hyperlocal, real-time news. The name is a combination of Me and Reporter. Users posted news with headlines, text, videos, and images using their smartphones to the Meporter database and to the Meporter website; users could have the story pinpointed on a map using GPS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MessageMe was a messaging app and platform for the iPhone and Android. It launched in March 2013 and grew to 5 million users within 3 months. The app allowed users to send and receive videos, photos, stickers, and voice messages in addition to text | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MetroHero is a semi-defunct real-time transit tracking and performance analysis application for the Washington Metro rapid transit system. Originally available on iOS, Android, and the web, it allows users to view live maps of all trains on a specific line, summary statistics relating to real-time system performance, and user feedback on current Metro conditions.
The app launched in 2015, followed by ARIES for Transit, a related project from the same developers, and continued functioning until its original developers shut it down in 2023 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Minds is an open-source and distributed social network. Users can earn money or cryptocurrency for using Minds, and tokens can be used to boost their posts or crowdfund other users. Minds has been described as more privacy-focused than mainstream social media networks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Moozone. com was a cloud-based online music storage (aka digital locker) service and digital music store. It was owned by Multimedia Online Services, Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muzzley is an app to control Internet of Things devices. The app, available for iOS, Android and Windows 10 allows to control these devices. They provide third party devices integrations through their API's and SDK's for manufacturers to directly embed into their microcontrollers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NaviFon is a free mobile navigation application, designed specifically for mobile devices, and has all the functions of the portable device. Works on all mobile platforms: Windows Mobile, iPhone, Java, Symbian S60 ed. 3 and S60 ed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nimbuzz is a proprietary cross-platform instant messaging and social media and mobile payment developed by Kuraakani Online Private Limited, with the origins of its technology dating back to the early 2000s. As of March 2013, Nimbuzz had 150 million users in 200 countries. By April 2014, Nimbuzz was growing by more than 210,000 new registrations per day | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Notion is a freemium productivity and note-taking web application developed by Notion Labs Inc. It offers organizational tools including task management, project tracking, to-do lists, bookmarking, and more. Additional offline features are offered by desktop and mobile applications available for Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NumberGuru is a website and smartphone application that allows users to look up the owner of an entered telephone number. Developed by BeenVerified, it can be accessed through its website and smartphone applications for iPhone, Windows Mobile, and Android. It aggregates 99% of landline phones and approximately 50% of domestic cell phones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OkCupid (often abbreviated as OKC, but officially OkC) is a U. S. -based, internationally operating online dating, friendship, and formerly also a social networking website and application | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Onshape is a computer-aided design (CAD) software system, delivered over the Internet via a software as a service (SAAS) model. It makes extensive use of cloud computing, with compute-intensive processing and rendering performed on Internet-based servers, and users are able to interact with the system via a web browser or the iOS and Android apps. As a SAAS system, Onshape upgrades are released directly to the web interface, and the software does not require maintenance work from the user | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
oSIP is a free software library for VoIP applications implementing lower layers of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The library includes the minimal codebase required by any SIP application and offers enough flexibility to implement any SIP extension or behavior. Started in September 2000 and published in April 2001, oSIP is among the oldest SIP open source stack still being developed and maintained | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Paltalk is a proprietary video group chat service that enables users to communicate by video, Internet chat, or voice. It offers chat rooms and the ability for users to create their own public virtual chat room. Paltalk Desktop is available on macOS and Windows, and Paltalk Video Chat App is available for Android and iOS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ORYX is an encryption algorithm used in cellular communications in order to protect data traffic. It is a stream cipher designed to have a very strong 96-bit key strength with a way to reduce the strength to 32-bits for export. However, due to mistakes the actual strength is a trivial 16-bits and any signal can be cracked after the first 25–27 bytes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
P-384 is the elliptic curve currently specified in Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite for the ECDSA and ECDH algorithms. It is a 384 bit curve with characteristic approximately
394
⋅
10
113
{\displaystyle 394\cdot 10^{113}}
. In binary, this mod is given by 111 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, partitioning cryptanalysis is a form of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. Developed by Carlo Harpes in 1995, the attack is a generalization of linear cryptanalysis. Harpes originally replaced the bit sums (affine transformations) of linear cryptanalysis with more general balanced Boolean functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
pass is a password manager inspired by the Unix philosophy. It has a command-line interface, and uses GnuPG for encryption and decryption of stored passwords. The passwords are encrypted and stored in separate files, and can be organized via the operating system's filesystem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A passive attack on a cryptosystem is one in which the cryptanalyst cannot interact with any of the parties involved, attempting to break the system solely based upon observed data (i. e. the ciphertext) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Password Hashing Competition was an open competition announced in 2013 to select one or more password hash functions that can be recognized as a recommended standard. It was modeled after the successful Advanced Encryption Standard process and NIST hash function competition, but directly organized by cryptographers and security practitioners. On 20 July 2015, Argon2 was selected as the final PHC winner, with special recognition given to four other password hashing schemes: Catena, Lyra2, yescrypt and Makwa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Petname systems are naming systems that claim to possess all three naming properties of Zooko's triangle - global, secure, and memorable. Software that uses such a system can satisfy all three requirements. Such systems can be used to enhance security, such as preventing phishing attacks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PGP Virtual Disk is a disk encryption system that allows one to create a virtual encrypted disk within a file.
Older versions for Windows NT were freeware (for example, bundled with PGP v6. 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PGPfone was a secure voice telephony system developed by Philip Zimmermann in 1995. The PGPfone protocol had little in common with Zimmermann's popular PGP email encryption package, except for the use of the name. It used ephemeral Diffie-Hellman protocol to establish a session key, which was then used to encrypt the stream of voice packets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pike stream cipher was invented by Ross Anderson to be a "leaner and meaner" version of FISH after he broke FISH in 1994. Its name is supposed to be a humorous allusion to the pike fish.
The cipher combines ideas from A5 with the lagged Fibonacci generators used in FISH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, a pinwheel was a device for producing a short pseudorandom sequence of bits (determined by the machine's initial settings), as a component in a cipher machine. A pinwheel consisted of a rotating wheel with a certain number of positions on its periphery. Each position had a "pin", "cam" or "lug" which could be either "set" or "unset" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, "PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax" (a. k. a | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, PKCS #8 is a standard syntax for storing private key information. PKCS #8 is one of the family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) created by RSA Laboratories. The latest version, 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, PKCS #12 defines an archive file format for storing many cryptography objects as a single file. It is commonly used to bundle a private key with its X. 509 certificate or to bundle all the members of a chain of trust | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PMAC, which stands for parallelizable MAC, is a message authentication code algorithm. It was created by Phillip Rogaway.
PMAC is a method of taking a block cipher and creating an efficient message authentication code that is reducible in security to the underlying block cipher | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyinstantiation in computer science is the concept of type (class, database row or otherwise) being instantiated into multiple independent instances (objects, copies). It may also indicate, such as in the case of database polyinstantiation, that two different instances have the same name (identifier, primary key).
Operating system security
In Operating system security, polyinstantiation is the concept of creating a user or process specific view of a shared resource | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Private set intersection is a secure multiparty computation cryptographic technique that allows two parties holding sets to compare encrypted versions of these sets in order to compute the intersection. In this scenario, neither party reveals anything to the counterparty except for the elements in the intersection.
Other variants of this exist, such as the server-client scenario, in which only the client learns the intersection of her set with the set of the server, without the server learning intersection of his set with the clients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant to cryptanalysis. The product cipher combines a sequence of simple transformations such as substitution (S-box), permutation (P-box), and modular arithmetic. The concept of product ciphers is due to Claude Shannon, who presented the idea in his foundational paper, Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pseudo-Hadamard transform is a reversible transformation of a bit string that provides cryptographic diffusion. See Hadamard transform.
The bit string must be of even length so that it can be split into two bit strings a and b of equal lengths, each of n bits | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Replayable CCA security (RCCA security) is a security notion in cryptography that relaxes the older notion of Security against Chosen-Ciphertext Attack (CCA, more precisely adaptive security notion CCA2): all CCA-secure systems are RCCA secure but the converse is not true. The claim is that for a lot of use cases, CCA is too strong and RCCA suffices. Nowadays a certain amount of cryptographic scheme are proved RCCA-secure instead of CCA secure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The red/black concept, sometimes called the red–black architecture
or red/black engineering,
refers to the careful segregation in cryptographic systems of signals that contain sensitive or classified plaintext information (red signals) from those that carry encrypted information, or ciphertext (black signals). Therefore, the red side is usually considered the internal side, and the black side the more public side, with often some sort of guard, firewall or data-diode between the two.
In NSA jargon, encryption devices are often called blackers, because they convert red signals to black | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, REDOC II and REDOC III are block ciphers designed by Michael Wood (cryptographer) for Cryptech Inc and are optimised for use in software. Both REDOC ciphers are patented. REDOC II (Cusick and Wood, 1990) operates on 80-bit blocks with a 160-bit key | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Reeds–Sloane algorithm, named after James Reeds and Neil Sloane, is an extension of the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm, an algorithm for finding the shortest linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given output sequence, for use on sequences that take their values from the integers mod n.
References
Reeds, J. A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A reflector, in cryptology, is a component of some rotor cipher machines, such as the Enigma machine, that sends electrical impulses that have reached it from the machine's rotors, back in reverse order through those rotors. The reflector simplified using the same machine setup for encryption and decryption, but it creates a weakness in the encryption: with a reflector the encrypted version of a given letter can never be that letter itself. That limitation aided World War II code breakers in cracking Enigma encryption | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cryptography, rekeying refers to the process of changing the session key—the encryption key of an ongoing communication—in order to limit the amount of data encrypted with the same key.
Roughly equivalent to the classical procedure of changing codes on a daily basis, the key is changed after a pre-set volume of data has been transmitted or a given period of time has passed.
In contemporary systems, rekeying is implemented by forcing a new key exchange, typically through a separate protocol like Internet key exchange (IKE) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In Authentication, risk-based authentication is a non-static authentication system which takes into account the profile (IP address, User-Agent HTTP header, time of access, and so on) of the agent requesting access to the system to determine the risk profile associated with that transaction. The risk profile is then used to determine the complexity of the challenge. Higher risk profiles leads to stronger challenges, whereas a static username/password may suffice for lower-risk profiles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Riverbank Publications is a series of pamphlets written by the people who worked for millionaire George Fabyan in the multi-discipline research facility he built in the early 20th century near Chicago. They were published by Fabyan, often without author credit. The publications on cryptanalysis, mostly written by William Friedman, with contributions from Elizebeth Smith Friedman and others, are considered seminal in the field | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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