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Mixcraft is a digital audio workstation for Windows, developed by Acoustica since its release in April 2004. Mixcraft functions as a digital audio workstation, MIDI sequencer, virtual instrument host, non-linear video arranger, and music loop recording program.
Versions
Acoustica has developed two versions of Mixcraft:
Mixcraft Recording Studio: The default version of the music software and currently download-only | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital music technology encompasses digital instruments, computers, electronic effects units, software, or digital audio equipment by a performer, composer, sound engineer, DJ, or record producer to produce, perform or record music. The term refers to electronic devices, instruments, computer hardware, and software used in performance, playback, recording, composition, mixing, analysis, and editing of music.
Education
Professional training
Courses in music technology are offered at many different Universities as part of degree programs focusing on performance, composition, music research at the undergraduate and graduate level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
openSMILE is source-available software for automatic extraction of features from audio signals and for classification of speech and music signals. "SMILE" stands for "Speech & Music Interpretation by Large-space Extraction". The software is mainly applied in the area of automatic emotion recognition and is widely used in the affective computing research community | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SoundFont is a brand name that collectively refers to a file format and associated technology that uses sample-based synthesis to play MIDI files. It was first used on the Sound Blaster AWE32 sound card for its General MIDI support.
SoundFont is a registered trademark of Creative Technology, Ltd | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SynthFont is a commercial MIDI editor and "MIDI to Waveform" converter, developed by European software developer Kenneth Rundt.
Description
SynthFont is a program for editing and playing MIDI files using various sound source files like soundfonts, GigaSampler files, SFZ files and more. VST (Virtual Studio Technology) instruments can also be used instead of a sound source file | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tomahawk is a free, open-source cross-platform music player for Windows, macOS and Linux. An Android beta client version was launch in June 2016. It focuses on the conglomeration of the user's music library across local and network collections as well as streaming services | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TuneSat is an online audio recognition service launched in 2009 which enables music copyright holders to detect where their work is being used. Rights owners upload their audio files, and TuneSat begins to search and track results of matches.
Founders Chris Woods and Scott Schreer began by pitching their services to US television networks as an alternative to the cue sheet tracking which has been standard for many years from ASCAP and BMI | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virtual Audio Cable is a software product based on WDM multimedia driver that allows a user to transfer audio streams from one application to another. Any application is able to send an audio stream to the input side of a "virtual cable" while a corresponding application can receive this stream from the output side. Since all transfers are made digitally, there is no loss in sound quality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Voicemeeter is a virtual mixing console and sound card running on the Windows operating system. It allows the processing of any audio signal – whether its source is physical (microphone) or virtual (application) – and its transmission to physical audio devices and/or applications.
Voicemeeter offers many useful features for audio activities: VoIP users, video gamers, users of audio software such as VLC media player, Audacity, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CX is a noise reduction system for recorded analog audio. It was developed by CBS Laboratories (a division of CBS) in the late 1970s as a low-cost competitor to other noise reduction (NR) systems such as dbx disc and High-Com II, and was officially introduced in 1981. The name CX was derived from "Compatible eXpansion", a feature of the technique | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Birdsong has played a role in Western classical music since at least the 14th century, when composers such as Jean Vaillant quoted birdsong in some of their compositions. Among the birds whose song is most often used in music are the nightingale and the cuckoo.
Composers and musicians have made use of birdsong in their music in different ways: they can be inspired by the sounds; they can intentionally imitate birdsong in a composition; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as Ottorino Respighi first did; or, like the cellist Beatrice Harrison in 1924 and more recently the jazz musician David Rothenberg, they can duet with birds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Conet Project: Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations is a four (later five) CD set of recordings of numbers stations and noise stations released by Irdial-Discs beginning in 1997. Numbers stations are shortwave radio stations believed to be operated by government agencies to communicate with deployed spies. The collection of recordings is primarily the work of Irdial-Discs founder Akin Fernandez, who began recording the transmissions of numbers stations in 1992 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Field recording is the term used for an audio recording produced outside a recording studio, and the term applies to recordings of both natural and human-produced sounds. It also applies to sound recordings like electromagnetic fields or vibrations using different microphones like a passive magnetic antenna for electromagnetic recordings or contact microphones. For underwater field recordings, a field recordist uses hydrophones to capture the sounds and/or movements of whales, or other aquatic organisms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Folkways Records was a record label founded by Moses Asch that documented folk, world, and children's music. It was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1987 and is now part of Smithsonian Folkways.
History
The Folkways Records & Service Co | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In Another Room is an EP by English musician Paul Weller, released in January 2020 by electronic label Ghost Box. The label approached Weller to record a release for them, the musician having already taken influence from the label's music on previous releases. Recorded with longtime engineer Charles Rees, the project allowed Weller to create more outré music and explore his passions for tape music and electronics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shut Up, Little Man! is the title of audio vérité recordings of two argumentative and violent alcoholics, Peter J. Haskett and Raymond Huffman in San Francisco. Bananafish magazine arranged for a commercial release of the tapes in 1992 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Smithsonian Folkways is the nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a part of the Smithsonian's Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, located at Capital Gallery in downtown Washington, D. C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biometrics are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics. Biometric authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Handwritten biometric recognition is the process of identifying the author of a given text from the handwriting style. Handwritten biometric recognition belongs to behavioural biometric systems because it is based on something that the user has learned to do.
Static and dynamic recognition
Handwritten biometrics can be split into two main categories:
Static: In this mode, users writes on paper, digitize it through an optical scanner or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the text analyzing its shape | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Automated border control systems (ABC) or eGates are automated self-service barriers which use data stored in a chip in biometric passports along with a photo or fingerprint taken at the time of entering the eGates to verify the passport holder's identity. Travellers undergo biometric verification using facial or iris recognition, fingerprints, or a combination of modalities. After the identification process is complete and the passport holder's identity is verified, a physical barrier such as a gate or turnstile opens to permit passage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Automated fingerprint identification is the process of using a computer to match fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system. Automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) are primarily used by law enforcement agencies for criminal identification purposes, the most important of which is the identification of a person suspected of committing a crime or linking a suspect to other unsolved crimes.
Automated fingerprint verification is a closely related technique used in applications such as attendance and access control systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Biometric Consortium is a US government sponsored consortium created by the National Security Agency (NSA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It serves as the US government focal point for the research, development, testing, evaluation and application of biometric-based personal authentication technology. Both NSA and NIST co-chair the BC | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biometrics are used by the South African government to combat fraud and corruption and to increase the efficiency of service delivery to the public. The South African government started biometric identification systems in the departments of agriculture, correctional services, home affairs, police services, and social assistance.
Department of Agriculture
The Department of Agriculture Head Office in Pretoria identified a need to implement more stringent system control mechanisms, including the financial system, logging onto secure applications and logging onto staff members' personal workstations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Body identification is a subfield of forensic science that uses a variety of scientific and non-scientific methods to identify a body. Forensic purposes are served by rigorous scientific forensic identification techniques, but these are generally preceded by formal identification. This involves requesting a family member or friend of the victim to visually identify the body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Contactless fingerprinting technology (CFP) was described in a government-funded report as an attempt to gather and add fingerprints to those gathered via wet-ink process and then, in a "touchless" scan, verify claimed identify and, a bigger challenge, identify their owners without additional clues.
Although an early source of this technology, which worked with phone cameras (and not needing additional hardware), opened in 2003 and closed in 2011, others in this space are still, several years later, using the words "one of the first. "Contactless fingerprint technology is the third generation: Wet-ink was followed by an option for "optics-based | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their biological and behavioral characteristics, not to be confused with statistical biometrics; which is used to analyse data in the biological sciences. Biometrics for the purposes of identification may involve DNA matching, facial recognition, fingerprints, retina and iris scanning, voice analysis, handwriting, gait, and even body odor. There are multiple countries applying biometrics for multiple reasons, from voting to ePassports | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ear print analysis is used as a means of forensic identification intended as an identification tool similar to fingerprinting. An ear print is a two-dimensional reproduction of the parts of the outer ear that have touched a specific surface (most commonly the helix, antihelix, tragus and antitragus). Ear prints and their use for identification were first discovered by Fritz Hirschi in 1965 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An electronic signature, or e-signature, is data that is logically associated with other data and which is used by the signatory to sign the associated data. This type of signature has the same legal standing as a handwritten signature as long as it adheres to the requirements of the specific regulation under which it was created (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An electropherogram, or electrophoregram, can also be referred to as an EPG or e-gram. It is a record or chart produced when electrophoresis is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of forensic biology, molecular biology and biochemistry. The method utilizes data points that correspond with a specific time and fluorescence intensity at various wavelengths of light to represent a DNA profile | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Expected progeny differences (EPD) are an evaluation of an animal’s genetic worth as a parent. They are based on animal models which combine all information known about an individual and its relatives to create a genetic profile of the animal’s merits. These profiles are then compared to other individuals of the same breed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extended Access Control (EAC) is a set of advanced security features for electronic passports that protects and restricts access to sensitive personal data contained in the RFID chip. In contrast to common personal data (like the bearer's photograph, names, date of birth, etc. ) which can be protected by basic mechanisms, more sensitive data (like fingerprints or iris images) must be protected further for preventing unauthorized access and skimming | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Face Animation Parameter (FAP) is a component of the MPEG-4 Face and Body Animation (FBA) International Standard (ISO/IEC 14496-1 & -2) developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group. It describes a standard for virtually representing humans and humanoids in a way that adequately achieves visual speech intelligibility as well as the mood and gesture of the speaker, and allows for very low bitrate compression and transmission of animation parameters. FAPs control key feature points on a face model mesh that are used to produce animated visemes and facial expressions, as well as head and eye movement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) was conducted from May 2004 until March 2006 in an effort to promote and advance face recognition technology. It was the successor of the Face Recognition Vendor Test.
Overview
The primary goal of the FRGC was to promote and advance face recognition technology designed to support existing face recognition efforts in the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) was a series of large scale independent evaluations for face recognition systems realized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2000, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2017. Previous evaluations in the series were the Face Recognition Technology (FERET) evaluations in 1994, 1995 and 1996. The project is now in an Ongoing status with periodic reports, and continues to grow in scope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Facial Recognition Technology (FERET) program was a government-sponsored project that aimed to create a large, automatic face-recognition system for intelligence, security, and law enforcement purposes. The program began in 1993 under the combined leadership of Dr. Harry Wechsler at George Mason University (GMU) and Dr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The FIDO ("Fast IDentity Online") Alliance is an open industry association launched in February 2013 whose stated mission is to develop and promote authentication standards that "help reduce the world’s over-reliance on passwords". FIDO addresses the lack of interoperability among devices that use strong authentication and reduces the problems users face creating and remembering multiple usernames and passwords.
FIDO supports a full range of authentication technologies, including biometrics such as fingerprint and iris scanners, voice and facial recognition, as well as existing solutions and communications standards, such as Trusted Platform Modules (TPM), USB security tokens, embedded Secure Elements (eSE), smart cards, and near-field communication (NFC) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fingerprint scanners are security systems of biometrics. They are used in police stations, security industries, smartphones, and other mobile devices.
Fingerprints
People have patterns of friction ridges on their fingers, these patterns are called the fingerprints | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC) is an international competition for fingerprint verification algorithms organized in 2000 by the Biometric System Laboratory (University of Bologna), the U. S. National Biometric Test Center (San Jose State University) and the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Laboratory (Michigan State University) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fuzzy extractors are a method that allows biometric data to be used as inputs to standard cryptographic techniques, to enhance computer security. "Fuzzy", in this context, refers to the fact that the fixed values required for cryptography will be extracted from values close to but not identical to the original key, without compromising the security required. One application is to encrypt and authenticate users records, using the biometric inputs of the user as a key | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gait analysis is the systematic study of animal locomotion, more specifically the study of human motion, using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movements, body mechanics, and the activity of the muscles. Gait analysis is used to assess and treat individuals with conditions affecting their ability to walk. It is also commonly used in sports biomechanics to help athletes run more efficiently and to identify posture-related or movement-related problems in people with injuries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glove prints, also sometimes described as gloveprints or glove marks, are latent, fingerprint-like impressions that are transferred to a surface or object by an individual who is wearing gloves.
Many criminals often wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints, which makes the crime investigation more difficult. Although the gloves act as a protective covering for the wearer's prints, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are sometimes unique like human fingerprints, thus betraying the wearer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Graphology is the analysis of handwriting with attempt to determine someone's personality traits. No scientific evidence exists to support graphology, and it is generally considered a pseudoscience or scientifically questionable practice. However, it has historically been considered legitimate for use in some court cases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hand geometry is a biometric that identifies users from the shape of their hands. Hand geometry readers measure a user's palm and fingers along many dimensions including length, width, deviation, and angle and compare those measurements to measurements stored in a file.
History
Viable hand geometry devices have been manufactured since the early 1970s, making hand geometry the first biometric to find widespread computerized use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) were a series of events conducted and managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for projects on technology development and evaluation for iris recognition. Industry, academia, and research institutions from both in and outside the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology—Biometric data interchange formats—Part 5: Face image data, or ISO/IEC 19794-5 for short, is the fifth of 8 parts of the ISO/IEC standard ISO/IEC 19794, published in 2005, which describes interchange formats for several types of biometric data. ISO/IEC 19794-5 defines specifically a standard scheme for codifying data describing human faces within a CBEFF-compliant data structure, for use in facial recognition systems. Modern biometric passport photos should comply with this standard | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Keystroke dynamics, keystroke biometrics, typing dynamics and typing biometrics refer to the detailed timing information that describes each key press related event that occurs when a user is typing on a keyboard.
Science
The behavioural biometric of Keystroke Dynamics uses the manner and rhythm in which an individual types characters on a keyboard or keypad. The keystroke rhythms of a user are measured to develop a unique biometric template of the user's typing pattern for future authentication | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MALINTENT is a technological system that was developed by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security to be implemented for detection of potential terrorist suspects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge (MBGC) is a biometric project. Its primary goal is to improve performance of face and iris recognition technology on both still and video imagery with a series of challenge problems and evaluation.
Background
Over the last decade, numerous government and industry organizations have moved or are moving toward deploying automated biometric technologies to provide increased security for their systems and facilities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A muzzle print or nose print can be used as a distinguishing pattern for animal identification. The muzzle print is a primary animal biometric characteristic for the recognition of individual cattle. It is a unique animal identifier that is similar to human fingerprints | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A palm print refers to an image acquired of the palm region of the hand. It can be either an online image (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Private biometrics is a form of encrypted biometrics, also called privacy-preserving biometric authentication methods, in which the biometric payload is a one-way, homomorphically encrypted feature vector that is 0. 05% the size of the original biometric template and can be searched with full accuracy, speed and privacy. The feature vector's homomorphic encryption allows search and match to be conducted in polynomial time on an encrypted dataset and the search result is returned as an encrypted match | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Retinal birefringence scanning (RBS) is a method for detection the central fixation of the eye. The method can be used in pediatric ophthalmology for screening purposes. By simultaneously measuring the central fixation of both eyes, small- and large-angle strabismus can be detected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A retinal scan is a biometric technique that uses unique patterns on a person's retina blood vessels. It is not to be confused with other ocular-based technologies: iris recognition, commonly called an "iris scan", and eye vein verification that uses scleral veins.
Introduction
The human retina is a thin tissue made up of neural cells that is located in the posterior portion of the eye | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Return of results is a concept in research ethics which describes the extent of the duty of a researcher to reveal and explain the results of research to a research participant.
Return of results is particularly discussed in the field of biobanks, where a typical case would be that many members of a community donate biobank specimens for medical research. In the course of the research, especially in human genomics research, scientists may discover personal health information which could influence the behavior of specimen donors if they had this information | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RFdump is a software created by Lukas Grunwald and Christian Bottger for security auditing RFID tags. It is periodically updated to support emerging RFID standards such as e-passport and Mifare encryption that are currently found on many pay-as-you-go systems.
RFDump is a back-end GPL tool to directly inter-operate with any RFID reader to make the contents stored on RFID tags accessible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biometrics in schools refers to the use of biometric data such as fingerprints and facial recognition to identify students. This may be for daily transactions in the library or canteen or for monitoring absenteeism and behavior control. In 2002, Privacy International raised concerns that tens of thousands of UK school children were being fingerprinted by schools, often without the knowledge or consent of their parents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Second Generation Multiplex Plus (SGM Plus), is a DNA profiling system developed by Applied Biosystems. It is an updated version of Second Generation Multiplex. SGM Plus has been used by the UK National DNA Database since 1998 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A signature (; from Latin: signare, "to sign") is a handwritten (and often stylized) depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent. The writer of a signature is a signatory or signer. Similar to a handwritten signature, a signature work describes the work as readily identifying its creator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Signature recognition is an example of behavioral biometrics that identifies a person based on their handwriting. It can be operated in two different ways:
Static: In this mode, users write their signature on paper, and after the writing is complete, it is digitized through an optical scanner or a camera to turn the signature image into bits. The biometric system then recognizes the signature analyzing its shape | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A smart gun, also called a smart-gun, or smartgun, is a firearm that can detect its authorized user(s) or something that is normally only possessed by its authorized user(s). The term is also used in science fiction to refer to various types of semi-automatic firearms.
Smart guns have one or more systems that allow them to fire only when activated by an authorized user | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A centenarian is a person who has reached the age of 100 years. The term is invariably associated with longevity. The United Nations in 2012 estimated that there were 316,600 living centenarians worldwide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bloom syndrome (often abbreviated as BS in literature) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by short stature, predisposition to the development of cancer, and genomic instability. BS is caused by mutations in the BLM gene which is a member of the RecQ DNA helicase family. Mutations in other members of this family, namely WRN and RECQL4, are associated with the clinical entities Werner syndrome and Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bloom syndrome protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BLM gene and is not expressed in Bloom syndrome. The Bloom syndrome gene product is related to the RecQ subset of DExH box-containing DNA helicases and has both DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP-dependent DNA helicase activities. Mutations causing Bloom syndrome delete or alter helicase motifs and may disable the 3' → 5' helicase activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called Neill-Dingwall syndrome, is a rare and fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging. Failure to thrive and neurological disorders are criteria for diagnosis, while photosensitivity, hearing loss, eye abnormalities, and cavities are other very common features. Problems with any or all of the internal organs are possible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, is a rare progressive congenital disorder with a highly variable phenotype. The entity was classically defined by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, and MDS/AML, but these components do not always occur. DKC is characterized by short telomeres | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare, AR, genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage in the FA/BRCA pathway. Although it is a very rare disorder, study of this and other bone marrow failure syndromes has improved scientific understanding of the mechanisms of normal bone marrow function and development of cancer. Among those affected, the majority develop cancer, most often acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), MDS, and liver tumors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that is associated with a high risk of colon cancer as well as other cancers including endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. The increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited genetic mutations that impair DNA mismatch repair. It is a type of cancer syndrome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mismatch repair cancer syndrome (MMRCS) is a cancer syndrome associated with biallelic DNA mismatch repair mutations. It is also known as Turcot syndrome (after Jacques Turcot, who described the condition in 1959) and by several other names. In MMRCS, neoplasia typically occurs in both the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muir–Torre syndrome is a rare hereditary, autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: 663 that is thought to be a subtype of HNPCC (Lynch syndrome). Individuals are prone to develop cancers of the colon, genitourinary tract, and skin lesions, such as keratoacanthomas and sebaceous tumors. The genes affected are MLH1, MSH2, and more recently, MSH6, and are involved in DNA mismatch repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder causing chromosomal instability, probably as a result of a defect in the double Holliday junction DNA repair mechanism and/or the synthesis dependent strand annealing mechanism for repairing double strand breaks in DNA (see Homologous recombination). NBS1 codes for a protein (nibrin) that has two major functions: (1) to stop the cell cycle in the S phase, when there are errors in the cell DNA (2) to interact with FANCD2 that can activate the BRCA1/BRCA2 pathway of DNA repair. This explains why mutations in the NBS1 gene lead to higher levels of cancer (see Fanconi anemia, Cockayne syndrome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pyrimidine dimers are molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions, commonly associated with direct DNA damage. Ultraviolet light (UV; particularly UVC) induces the formation of covalent linkages between consecutive bases along the nucleotide chain in the vicinity of their carbon–carbon double bonds. The photo-coupled dimers are fluorescent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive skin condition.
There have been several reported cases associated with osteosarcoma. A hereditary basis, mutations in the DNA helicase RECQL4 gene, causing problems during initiation of DNA replication has been implicated in the syndrome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), also known as Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in differing clinical presentations. SCID involves defective antibody response due to either direct involvement with B lymphocytes or through improper B lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells. Consequently, both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by brittle hair and intellectual impairment. The word breaks down into tricho – "hair", thio – "sulphur", and dystrophy – "wasting away" or literally "bad nourishment". TTD is associated with a range of symptoms connected with organs of the ectoderm and neuroectoderm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. Symptoms may include a severe sunburn after only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun-exposed areas, dry skin and changes in skin pigmentation. Nervous system problems, such as hearing loss, poor coordination, loss of intellectual function and seizures, may also occur | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Human hair color is the pigmentation of human hair follicles due to two types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more melanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less melanin is present, the hair is lighter. The tone of the hair is dependent on the ratio of black or brown eumelanin to yellow or red pheomelanin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kyphosis is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. Abnormal inward concave lordotic curving of the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine is called lordosis. It can result from degenerative disc disease; developmental abnormalities, most commonly Scheuermann's disease; Copenhagen disease, osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebra; multiple myeloma; or trauma | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Liver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo, "lentigo senilis",: 686 "old age spot", "senile freckle") are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald.
The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass. It can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness and causes disability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that show signs of infection or inflammation may require medical assistance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A melanocytic nevus (also known as nevocytic nevus, nevus-cell nevus and commonly as a mole) is usually a noncancerous condition of pigment-producing skin cells. It is a type of melanocytic tumor that contains nevus cells. Some sources equate the term mole with "melanocytic nevus", but there are also sources that equate the term mole with any nevus form | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue guarding muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals' skin, and it is very similar to pig skin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Varicose veins, also known as varicoses, are a medical condition in which superficial veins become enlarged and twisted. These veins typically develop in the legs, just under the skin. Varicose veins usually cause few symptoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Weight gain is an increase in body weight. This can involve an increase in muscle mass, fat deposits, excess fluids such as water or other factors. Weight gain can be a symptom of a serious medical condition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The disposable soma theory of aging states that organisms age due to an evolutionary trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA repair maintenance. Formulated by Thomas Kirkwood, the disposable soma theory explains that an organism only has a limited amount of resources that it can allocate to its various cellular processes. Therefore, a greater investment in growth and reproduction would result in reduced investment in DNA repair maintenance, leading to increased cellular damage, shortened telomeres, accumulation of mutations, compromised stem cells, and ultimately, senescence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, the amino radical, ·NH2, also known as the aminyl radical or azanyl radical, is the neutral form of the amide ion (NH−2). Aminyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived, like most radicals; however, they form an important part of nitrogen chemistry. In sufficiently high concentration, amino radicals dimerise to form hydrazine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aminoxyl denotes a radical functional group with general structure R2N–O•. It is commonly known as a nitroxyl radical or a nitroxide, however IUPAC discourages the use of these terms, as they erroneously suggest the presence of a nitro group. Aminoxyls are structurally related to hydroxylamines and N-oxoammonium salts, with which they can interconvert via a series of redox steps | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bromine monoxide is a binary inorganic compound of bromine and oxygen with the chemical formula BrO. A free radical, this compound is the simplest of many bromine oxides. The compound is capable of influencing atmospheric chemical processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The captodative effect is the stabilization of radicals by a synergistic effect of an electron-withdrawing substituent and an electron-donating substituent. The name originates as the electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is sometimes called the "captor" group, whilst the electron-donating group (EDG) is the "dative" substituent. Olefins with this substituent pattern are sometime described as captodative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose structure consists of an electrically neutral carbon atom connected by a single covalent bond and has three non-bonded electrons. The carbon atom has either one or three unpaired electrons, depending on its excitation state; making it a radical. The chemical formula can be written R−C· or R−C3· (also written as ⫶C−R), or just CH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. It is commonly used as a bleach | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chlorine monoxide is a chemical radical with the chemical formula ClO•. It plays an important role in the process of ozone depletion. In the stratosphere, chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cyano radical (or cyanido radical) is a radical with molecular formula CN, sometimes written •CN. The cyano radical was one of the first detected molecules in the interstellar medium, in 1938. Its detection and analysis was influential in astrochemistry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dihydroxymethylidene or carbonous acid is a chemical compound with formula C(OH)2. It is an unstable tautomer of formic acid. There is no evidence that this compound exists in solution, but the molecule has been detected in the gas phase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Distonic ions are chemical species that contain two ionic charges on the same molecule, separated by two or more carbon or heteroatoms. A feature of distonic radical ions is that their charges and radical sites are in different locations (on separate atoms), unlike regular radicals where the formal charge and unpaired electron are in the same location. These molecular species are created by ionization of either zwitterions or diradicals; ultimately, a neutral molecule loses an electron | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Disufenton sodium (Cerovive, OKN-007, NXY-059, HPN-07) is a free radical trapping nitrone-based antioxidant compound that has been under development for several medical conditions.
Chemistry
Disufenton sodium is the disulfonyl derivative of the neuroprotective nitrone spin trap phenylbutylnitrone or "PBN". PBN and its derivatives hydrolyze and oxidize in vitro to form respectively MNP-OH (AKA, NtBHA) and its parent spin-trap MNP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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