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Keratin () is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. Alpha-keratin (Ξ±-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin among vertebrates | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The mesothelium is a membrane composed of simple squamous epithelial cells of mesodermal origin, which forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (pleural cavity around the lungs), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity including the mesentery, omenta, falciform ligament and the perimetrium) and pericardium (around the heart).
Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male testis (as the tunica vaginalis) and occasionally the spermatic cord (in a patent processus vaginalis). Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium, while one that covers the surrounding body walls is called the parietal mesothelium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muscle hypertrophy or muscle building involves a hypertrophy or increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells. Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage; and myofibrillar hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size. It is the primary focus of bodybuilding-related activities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls body functions and activity. It consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A neurovascular bundle is a structure that binds nerves and veins (and in some cases arteries and lymphatics) with connective tissue so that they travel in tandem through the body.
Structure
There are two types of neurovascular bundles: superficial bundles and deep bundles. As arteries do not travel within the superficial fascia (loose connective tissue under the skin), superficial neurovascular bundles differ from deep neurovascular bundles in both composition and function | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nodular parenchyma is a small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized functions of the gland or organ.
External links
Nodular parenchyma entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The orgasmic platform is the tissues of the outer third of the vagina, labeled by Masters and Johnson. They swell considerably, and the pubococcygeus muscle tightens, reducing the diameter of the opening of the vagina. During orgasm, women experience rhythmic contractions of the orgasmic platform | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A paraganglion (pl. paraganglia) is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Preflexes are the latent capacities in the musculoskeletal system that auto-stabilize movements through the use of the nonlinear visco-elastic properties of muscles when they contract. The term "preflex" for such a zero-delay, intrinsic feedback loop was coined by Loeb. Unlike stabilization methods using neurons, such as reflexes and higher brain control, a preflex happens with minimal time delay; however, it only stabilizes the main movements of the musculoskeletal system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pulp is the connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and odontoblasts that comprise the innermost layer of a tooth. The pulp's activity and signalling processes regulate its behaviour.
Anatomy
The pulp is the neurovascular bundle central to each tooth, permanent or primary | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In anatomy, rugae are a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. Most commonly rugae refers to the gastric rugae of the internal surface of the stomach.
Function
A purpose of the gastric rugae is to allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term scavenger endothelial cell (SEC) was initially coined to describe a specialized sub-group of endothelial cells in vertebrates that express a remarkably high blood clearance activity. The term SEC has now been adopted by several scientists.
In vertebrates
The term "scavenger endothelial cell", first appearing in the scientific literature in 1999, was coined to distinguish a highly specialized subclass of endothelium in vertebrates that was observed to express a remarkably avid blood clearance activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants. The presence of numerous sclereids form the cores of apples and produce the gritty texture of guavas.
Although sclereids are variable in shape, the cells are generally isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked, or elaborately branched | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate, and gives rise to primary tissue. Secondary growth occurs in most seed plants, but monocots usually lack secondary growth. If they do have secondary growth, it differs from the typical pattern of other seed plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces. The serous membrane that covers internal organs is called a visceral membrane; while the one that covers the cavity wall is called the parietal membrane. Between the two opposing serosal surfaces is often a potential space, mostly empty except for the small amount of serous fluid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sieve elements are specialized cells that are important for the function of phloem, which is a highly organized tissue that transports organic compounds made during photosynthesis. Sieve elements are the major conducting cells in phloem. Conducting cells aid in transport of molecules especially for long-distance signaling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thrombosis prevention or thromboprophylaxis is medical treatment to prevent the development of thrombosis (blood clots inside blood vessels) in those considered at risk for developing thrombosis. Some people are at a higher risk for the formation of blood clots than others, such as those with cancer undergoing a surgical procedure. Prevention measures or interventions are usually begun after surgery as the associated immobility will increase a person's risk | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, tissue is a historically derived biological organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is therefore often thought of as an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tissue microarrays (also TMAs) consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000 separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological analysis.
History
The major limitations in molecular clinical analysis of tissues include the cumbersome nature of procedures, limited availability of diagnostic reagents and limited patient sample size. The technique of tissue microarray was developed to address these issues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, cementum, and dental pulp | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A trabecula (PL: trabeculae, from Latin for 'small beam') is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ. A trabecula generally has a mechanical function, and is usually composed of dense collagenous tissue (such as the trabecula of the spleen). It can be composed of other material such as muscle and bone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants. The transport itself happens in the stem, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem. Both these tissues are present in a vascular bundle, which in addition will include supporting and protective tissues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The abdominal aortic plexus (not to be confused with the thoracic aortic plexus) is formed by branches derived, on either side, from the celiac plexus and ganglia, and receives filaments from some of the lumbar ganglia.
It is situated upon the sides and front of the aorta, between the origins of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
From this plexus arise part of the spermatic, the inferior mesenteric, and the hypogastric plexuses; it also distributes filaments to the inferior vena cava | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The abdominal external oblique muscle (also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen.
Structure
The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen. It is broad, thin, and irregularly quadrilateral, its muscular portion occupying the side, its aponeurosis the anterior wall of the abdomen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The abductor digiti minimi (abductor minimi digiti, abductor digiti quinti) is a muscle which lies along the lateral (outer) border of the foot, and is in relation by its medial margin with the lateral plantar artery, vein and nerves.
Its homolog in the arm is the abductor digiti minimi muscle in the hand.
Origin and insertion
It arises, by a broad origin, from the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the under surface of the calcaneus between the two processes of the tuberosity, from the forepart of the medial process, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the flexor digitorum brevis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that functions as an abductor of the thumb.
Structure
The abductor pollicis brevis is a flat, thin muscle located just under the skin. It is a thenar muscle, and therefore contributes to the bulk of the palm's thenar eminence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases.
It is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves. Recent evidence support that this nerve arises from Dorsal divisions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The acetabular notch is a deep notch in the inferior portion of the rim of the acetabulum. :β1354β It is bridged by the transverse acetabular ligament, converting it into a foramen (through which nerves and vessels (including the acetabular notch of obturator artery:β1250β) pass into the hip joint cavity). :β1368β It is continuous with space of the acetabular fossa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The acetabulum (), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.
Structure
There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The acoustic tubercle is a nucleus on the end of the cochlear nerve.
The cochlear nerve is lateral to the root of the vestibular nerve. Its fibers end in two nuclei: one, the accessory nucleus, lies immediately in front of the inferior peduncle; the other, the acoustic tubercle, somewhat lateral to it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The acromioclavicular ligament is part of the acromioclavicular joint. It is divided into two parts: superior and inferior.
Superior acromioclavicular ligament
This ligament is a quadrilateral band, covering the superior part of the articulation, and extending between the upper part of the lateral end of the clavicle and the adjoining part of the upper surface of the acromion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The adductor canal (also known as the subsartorial canal, or Hunterβs canal) is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh giving passage to parts of the femoral artery, vein, and nerve. It extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus.
Structure
The adductor canal extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh.
It consists of two parts. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the pubofemoral portion, adductor portion, or adductor minimus, and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the ischiocondylar portion, extensor portion, or "hamstring portion" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The adductor tubercle is a tubercle on the lower extremity of the femur. It is formed where the medial lips of the linea aspera end below at the summit of the medial condyle. It is the insertion point of the tendon of the vertical fibers of the adductor magnus muscle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In anatomy, the alar ligaments are ligaments which connect the dens (a bony protrusion on the second cervical vertebra) to tubercles on the medial side of the occipital condyle.
They are short, tough, fibrous cords that attach on the skull and on the axis, and function to check side-to-side movements of the head when it is turned. Because of their function, the alar ligaments are also known as the "check ligaments of the odontoid" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The amnion (PL: amnions or amnia) is a membrane that closely covers the human and various other embryos when first formed. It fills with amniotic fluid, which causes the amnion to expand and become the amniotic sac that provides a protective environment for the developing embryo. The amnion, along with the chorion, the yolk sac and the allantois protect the embryo | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint. Most amphiarthroses are held together by cartilage, as a result of which limited movements between the bones is made possible. An example is the joints of the vertebral column only allow for small movements between adjacent vertebrae, but when added together, these movements provide the flexibility that allows the body to twist, or bend to the front, back, or side | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ampullary cupula, or cupula, is a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation.
The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. Part of the crista ampullaris, the cupula has embedded within it hair cells that have several stereocilia associated with each kinocilium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anal fascia is the inferior layer of the diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia, which covers both surfaces of the levatores ani. It is attached above to the obturator fascia along the line of origin of the levator ani, while below it is continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and with the fascia on the sphincter ani internus.
The layer covering the upper surface of the pelvic diaphragm follows, above, the line of origin of the levator ani and is therefore somewhat variable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anatomical neck of the humerus is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body of the humerus. It represents the fused epiphyseal plate.
Structure
The anatomical neck divides the head of the humerus from the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus It gives attachment to the capsular ligament of the shoulder joint except at the upper inferior-medial aspects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anatomical terminology is used to uniquely describe aspects of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle such as their actions, structure, size, and location.
Types
There are three types of muscle tissue in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle, or "voluntary muscle", is a striated muscle tissue that primarily joins to bone with tendons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Angioblasts (or vasoformative cells) are embryonic cells from which the endothelium of blood vessels arises. They are derived from embryonic mesoderm. Blood vessels first make their appearance in several scattered vascular areas (blood islands) that are developed simultaneously between the endoderm and the mesoderm of the yolk-sac, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The angle of the mandible (gonial angle) is located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible.
The angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted, is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the masseter laterally, and the pterygoideus internus (medial pterygoid muscle) medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles.
The forensic term for the midpoint of the mandibular angle is the gonion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The angular artery is an artery of the face. It is the terminal part of the facial artery. It ascends to the medial angle of the eye's orbit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The angular vein is a vein of the face. It is the upper part of the facial vein, above its junction with the superior labial vein. It is formed by the junction of the supratrochlear vein and supraorbital vein, and joins with the superior labial vein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The annular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers that encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna. Per Terminologia Anatomica 1998, the spelling is "anular", but the spelling "annular" is frequently encountered. Indeed, the most recent version of Terminologia Anatomica (2019) uses "annular" as the preferred English spelling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The antebrachial fascia (antibrachial fascia or deep fascia of forearm) continuous above with the brachial fascia, is a dense, membranous investment, which forms a general sheath for the muscles in this region; it is attached, behind, to the olecranon and dorsal border of the ulna, and gives off from its deep surface numerous intermuscular septa, which enclose each muscle separately.
Over the flexor muscles tendons as they approach the wrist it is especially thickened, and forms the volar carpal ligament.
This is continuous with the transverse carpal ligament, and forms a sheath for the tendon of the palmaris longus which passes over the transverse carpal ligament to be inserted into the palmar aponeurosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is a strong membrane, fixed above the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas; below, to the front of the body of the axis.
It is strengthened in the middle line by a rounded cord, which connects the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas to the body of the axis. It is a continuation upward of the anterior longitudinal ligament | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior atlantooccipital membrane (anterior atlantooccipital ligament) is a broad, dense membrane extending between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum (superiorly), and (the superior margin of) the anterior arch of atlas (inferiorly).
The membrane helps limit excessive movement at the atlanto-occipital joints.
Anatomy
Structure
It is composed of broad, densely woven fibers; especially towards the midline where the membrane is continuous medially with the anterior longitudinal ligament | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery are distributed to the anterior portion of the auricula, the lobule, and part of the external meatus, anastomosing with the posterior auricular. They supply the external acoustic meatus and the visible part of the ear.
Arterial Vascular Pattern of the Auricle:
"The superior and the inferior anterior auricular artery provided the vascular supply to the helical rim, forming an arcade, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior auricular muscle, the smallest of the three auricular muscles, is thin and fan-shaped, and its fibers are pale and indistinct. It arises from the lateral edge of the epicranial aponeurosis, and its fibers converge to be inserted into a projection on the front of the helix.
Structure
The anterior auricular muscle arises from the lateral edge of the epicranial aponeurosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior branch of the obturator nerve is a branch of the obturator nerve found in the pelvis and leg. It leaves the pelvis in front of the obturator externus and descends anterior to the adductor brevis, and posterior to the pectineus and adductor longus; at the lower border of the latter muscle it communicates with the anterior cutaneous and saphenous branches of the femoral nerve, forming a kind of plexus.
It then descends upon the femoral artery, to which it is finally distributed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior clinoid process is a bilaterally paired posterior projection of the sphenoid bone at the junction of the medial end of either lesser wing of sphenoid bone with the body of sphenoid bone. The two anterior clinoid processes flank the pituitary fossa anteriorly. The free border of the tentorium cerebelli attaches onto the anterior clinoid processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), auditory nerve fibers enter the brain via the nerve root in the VCN. The ventral cochlear nucleus is divided into the anterior ventral (anteroventral) cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the posterior ventral (posteroventral) cochlear nucleus (PVCN). In the VCN, auditory nerve fibers bifurcate, the ascending branch innervates the AVCN and the descending branch innervates the PVCN and then continue to the dorsal cochlear nucleus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a white matter tract (a bundle of axons) connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. In most existing mammals, the great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries.
Anatomy
The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal fissure. Sometimes this vessel is wanting, the two arteries joining to form a single trunk, which afterward divides; or it may be wholly, or partially, divided into two | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, "Bundle of Turck", medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Descending tracts are pathways by which motor signals are sent from upper motor neurons in the brain to lower motor neurons which then directly innervate muscle to produce movement. The anterior corticospinal tract is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve consist of the following nerves: intermediate cutaneous nerve and medial cutaneous nerve.
Intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh
The intermediate cutaneous nerve (middle cutaneous nerve) pierces the fascia lata (and generally the sartorius) about 7. 5 cm below the inguinal ligament, and divides into two branches which descend in immediate proximity along the forepart of the thigh, to supply the skin as low as the front of the knee | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior external arcuate fibers (ventral external arcuate fibers) vary as to their prominence: in some cases they form an almost continuous layer covering the medullary pyramids and olivary body, while in other cases they are barely visible on the surface.
Most of them reach the surface by way of the anterior median fissure, and arch backward over the pyramid.
Reinforced by others which emerge between the pyramid and olive, they pass backward over the olive and lateral district of the medulla oblongata, and enter the inferior peduncle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior grey column (also called the anterior cornu, anterior horn of spinal cord, motor horn or ventral horn) is the front column of grey matter in the spinal cord. It is one of the three grey columns. The anterior grey column contains motor neurons that affect the skeletal muscles while the posterior grey column receives information regarding touch and sensation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior humeral circumflex artery (anterior circumflex artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery) is an artery in the arm. It is one of two circumflexing arteries that branch from the axillary artery, the other being the posterior humeral circumflex artery. The anterior humeral circumflex artery is considerably smaller than the posterior and arises nearly opposite to it, from the lateral side of the axillary artery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of three pairs of arteries that supplies blood to the cerebellum.
It arises from the basilar artery on each side at the level of the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brainstem. It has a variable course, passing backward to be distributed to the anterior part of the undersurface of the cerebellum, anastomosing with both the posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA) branch of the vertebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior interosseous artery (volar interosseous artery) is an artery in the forearm. It is a branch of the common interosseous artery.
Course
It passes down the forearm on the palmar surface of the interosseous membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior interosseous nerve (volar interosseous nerve) is a branch of the median nerve that supplies the deep muscles on the anterior of the forearm, except the ulnar (medial) half of the flexor digitorum profundus. Its nerve roots come from C8 and T1.
It accompanies the anterior interosseous artery along the anterior of the interosseous membrane of the forearm, in the interval between the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus, supplying the whole of the former and (most commonly) the radial half of the latter, and ending below in the pronator quadratus and wrist joint | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior jugular vein is a vein in the neck.
Structure
The anterior jugular vein lies lateral to the cricothyroid ligament.
It begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submandibular region | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior lacrimal crest is a bony projection on the frontal process of the maxilla. It creates the lateral margin of the lacrimal sac fossa and is continuous with the orbital margin. The medial palpebral ligament is attached to anterior lacrimal crest | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior lateral malleolar artery (lateral anterior malleolar artery, external malleolar artery) is an artery in the ankle.
The anterior lateral malleolar artery is a branch of the anterior tibial artery. It passes beneath the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius and supplies the lateral side of the ankle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior ligament of the elbow is a broad and thin fibrous layer covering the anterior surface of the joint.
It is attached to the front of the medial epicondyle and to the front of the humerus immediately above the coronoid and radial fossae below, to the anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna and to the annular ligament, being continuous on either side with the collateral ligaments.
Its superficial fibers pass obliquely from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior medial malleolar artery (medial anterior malleolar artery, internal malleolar artery) is an artery in the ankle. It arises about 5 cm. above the ankle-joint from the anterior tibial artery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord. :β486β It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two. :β487β The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior nasal spine, or anterior nasal spine of maxilla, is a bony projection in the skull that serves as a cephalometric landmark. The anterior nasal spine is the projection formed by the fusion of the two maxillary bones at the intermaxillary suture. It is placed at the level of the nostrils, at the uppermost part of the philtrum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior perforated substance is a part of the brain. It is bilateral. It is irregular and quadrilateral | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the artery that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. It is reinforced by several contributory arteries, especially the artery of Adamkiewicz | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior talofibular ligament is a ligament in the ankle.
It passes from the anterior margin of the fibular malleolus, passing anteromedially to insert at the lateral aspect of the talus at the talar neck , in front of its lateral articular facet. It is one of the lateral ligaments of the ankle and prevents the foot from sliding forward in relation to the shin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Agroforestry refers to any of a broad range of land use practices where pasture or crops are integrated with trees and shrubs. This intentional combination of agriculture and forestry has multiple benefits, such as greatly enhanced yields from staple food crops, enhanced farmer livelihoods from income generation, increased biodiversity, improved soil structure and health, reduced erosion, and carbon sequestration. Trees in agroforestry systems can also produce wood, fruits, nuts, and other useful products with economic and practical value | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Nutrecul Agroforestry Project is a project which promotes the use of the indigenous multipurpose tree species Treculia africana. This project was initiated by Belgian agronomists and missionaries in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and later entrusted to the Belgian horticulturist Jean Kiala-Inkisi. The project promotes Forestry combined with alternative food provision through agro-forestry techniques | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ECHO, Inc (originally Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization) is a non-profit agro-ecological organization whose mission is to support small-scale farmers through the dissemination of information and seeds. The group operate a bank which preserves and distributes. ECHO also offers training courses and workshops on many topics, including tropical agriculture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Farm Forestry Toolbox is a collection of computer programs, referred to as 'Tools', intended to be used by farm forest owners and managers to aid decision making. The Toolbox includes a set of simple 'Hand Tools'; conversion of measurements and map co-ordinates; measuring the volume of stacked logs, slope, basal area; and a survey tool. A second set of more complex tools or 'Power Tools'; can be used to estimate site productivity (growth rate), volume and value of wood grown for individual trees, at the coupe or stand level and forest estate level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Forest farming is the cultivation of high-value specialty crops under a forest canopy that is intentionally modified or maintained to provide shade levels and habitat that favor growth and enhance production levels. Forest farming encompasses a range of cultivated systems from introducing plants into the understory of a timber stand to modifying forest stands to enhance the marketability and sustainable production of existing plants. Forest farming is a type of agroforestry practice characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive and interactive | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Inga alley cropping is the planting agricultural crops between rows of Inga trees. It has been promoted by Mike Hands. Using the Inga tree for alley cropping has been proposed as an alternative to the much more ecologically destructive slash and burn cultivation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.
Methods
The degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat, but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mycoforestry is an ecological forest management system implemented to enhance forest ecosystems and plant communities through the introduction of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. Mycoforestry is considered a type of permaculture and can be implemented as a beneficial component of an agroforestry system. Mycoforestry can enhance the yields of tree crops and produce edible mushrooms, an economically valuable product | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In agriculture, polyculture is the practice of growing more than one crop species in the same space, at the same time. In doing this, polyculture attempts to mimic the diversity of natural ecosystems. Polyculture is the opposite of monoculture, in which only one plant or animal species is cultivated together | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A riparian buffer or stream buffer is a vegetated area (a "buffer strip") near a stream, usually forested, which helps shade and partially protect the stream from the impact of adjacent land uses. It plays a key role in increasing water quality in associated streams, rivers, and lakes, thus providing environmental benefits. With the decline of many aquatic ecosystems due to agriculture, riparian buffers have become a very common conservation practice aimed at increasing water quality and reducing pollution | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Silvopasture (silva is forest in Latin) is the practice of integrating trees, forage, and the grazing of domesticated animals in a mutually beneficial way. It utilizes the principles of managed grazing, and it is one of several distinct forms of agroforestry. Properly managed silvopasture (grazed woodland) can increase overall productivity and long-term income due to the simultaneous production of tree crops, forage, and livestock, and can provide environmental benefits and has been practiced in many parts of the world for centuries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. They are commonly planted in hedgerows around the edges of fields on farms. If designed properly, windbreaks around a home can reduce the cost of heating and cooling and save energy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production.
Types
Bioeffectors have a direct or indirect effect on plant performance by influencing the functional implementation or activation of biological mechanisms, particularly those interfering with soil-plant-microbe interactions.
In contrast to conventional fertilizers and pesticides, the effectiveness of bioeffectors is not based on a substantial direct input of mineral plant nutrients, either in inorganic or organic forms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Landsupport (spelling: LANDSUPPORT) is a pilot consulting project funded by the European Union for land use for the near-natural modeling of different types and methods of land use while at the same time protecting the environment.
Project goal
In the long term, sustainable use of the soil must be guaranteed in order to meet the needs of the world's population. The project brings together numerous universities, research institutions, companies and stakeholders with the aim of creating a web-based, free system to support practical agriculture and land users in making decisions about sustainable land use, environmental protection and agricultural use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Annual Biocontrol Industry Meeting (ABIM) in Basel is an annual conference of manufacturers of biological plant protection products worldwide. Every year since 2005, 700 β 800 delegates from 300 β 400 firms take part in this English-speaking meeting. The goal of the conference is the exchange of business and scientific experience and presentation of commercial and scientific advances on the subject of the protection of plants and pest control in plant crops by natural (biological) methods, with particular reference to Bioeffectors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ant followers are birds that feed by following swarms of army ants and take prey flushed by those ants. The best-known ant-followers are 18 species of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae, but other families of birds may follow ants, including thrushes, chats, ant-tanagers, cuckoos, motmots, and woodcreepers.
Ant followers may be obligate, meaning that they derive most of their diet by following ant swarms, or non-obligate, meaning they derive only some of their diet from this behaviour | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Antifeedants are organic compounds produced by plants to repel herbivores through distaste or toxicity. These chemical compounds are typically classified as secondary metabolites in that they are not essential for the metabolism of the plant, but instead confer longevity. Antifeedants exhibit a wide range of activities and chemical structures as biopesticides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar, and plantazolicin, an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis. It is used in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics to fight root pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium as well improve root tolerance to salt stress | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A nest box, also spelled nestbox, is a man-made enclosure provided for animals to nest in. Nest boxes are most frequently utilized for birds, in which case they are also called birdhouses or a birdbox/bird box, but some mammals such as bats may also use them. Placing nestboxes or roosting boxes may also be used to help maintain populations of particular species in an area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A beneficial weed is an invasive plant that has some companion plant effect, is edible, contributes to soil health, adds ornamental value, or is otherwise beneficial. These plants are normally not domesticated. However, some invasive plants, such as dandelions, are commercially cultivated in addition to growing in the wild | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A biocide is defined in the European legislation as a chemical substance or microorganism intended to destroy, deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses a slightly different definition for biocides as "a diverse group of poisonous substances including preservatives, insecticides, disinfectants, and pesticides used for the control of organisms that are harmful to human or animal health or that cause damage to natural or manufactured products". When compared, the two definitions roughly imply the same, although the US EPA definition includes plant protection products and some veterinary medicines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
They are obtained from organisms including plants, bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bodega cat (also referred to as a deli cat, store cat, or shop cat) is a type of working cat that inhabits a bodega, which in New York City English refers to a convenience store or deli. Much like farm cats, library cats, and ship cats, a bodega cat is typically a mixed breed cat kept as a form of biological pest control to manage or prevent rodent infestations. A bodega cat may be a domesticated cat that is kept by the bodega owner, or a semi-feral cat that the bodega owner attracts to the store through regular feeding | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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