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Rails Across America is a railroad simulation game released in late 2001 by developer Flying Lab Software and publisher Strategy First. It received generally positive reviews. Though no official expansions have been released, a rudimentary map-editing tool was made available to the player community | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rally Championship Xtreme is a rally computer game which is part of the Rally Championship series and a sequel to Mobil 1 Rally Championship (1999). The game was released for Windows on 2 November 2001. It is developed by Warthog Games and published by Actualize (formerly known as Europress) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Raptor: Call of the Shadows is a vertically scrolling shooter developed by Cygnus Studios and published by Apogee Software. Its working title was "Mercenary 2029". It was released on April 1, 1994 for MS-DOS compatible systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Operation Body Count is a 1994 first-person shooter that uses the Wolfenstein 3D engine. It was developed and published by Capstone Software.
Plot
Terrorists have taken over the headquarters of the United Nations and have seized the government officials in the building | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Operation: Inner Space is an action game developed in 1992 and published in 1994 by Software Dynamics for Windows. The player's mission is to enter the computer (represented by "Inner Space") in a spaceship and recover the icons and resources that have been set loose by an invasion, and ultimately to destroy the "Inner Demon". The player interacts with other spacecraft along the way, and can compete in races for icons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rocko's Modern Life: Spunky's Dangerous Day is a puzzle-platform game released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). It is based on the Nickelodeon series Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996) and is the first project of Viacom New Media, the interactive entertainment software division of Viacom International, which owned Nickelodeon. In each of the game's sections, the player acts as the titular character guiding his dog Spunky to a golden fire hydrant | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sensible World of Soccer was designed and developed by Sensible Software as the 1994 sequel to their 1992 game Sensible Soccer which combined a 2D football game with a comprehensive manager mode. The game includes contemporary season data of professional football from around the world, with a total number of 1,500 teams and 27,000 players. Although the gameplay is simple (eight directions and one fire button) a large variety of context sensitive actions can be performed without any predefined keys | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shadows of Cairn is a side-scrolling platformer available for DOS and Windows 3. 1x, where the player assumes the role of Quinn, an apprentice thief in the land of Cairn.
Plot
Although Quinn is an apprentice thief, he is too honest to steal anything of value and prove himself to his guild | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shining Force CD (シャイニングフォースCD) is a 1994 strategy role-playing game developed by Sonic! Software Planning for the Sega CD, and a remake of the games Shining Force Gaiden and Shining Force Gaiden II that were originally for the Game Gear. Although the game went largely unnoticed upon release in 1995, it has gained a cult following and is considered to be one of the best titles released for the Sega CD platform.
Gameplay
The gameplay mechanics are identical to those of the Shining Force Gaiden games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gale is a strong wind; the word is typically used as a descriptor in nautical contexts. The U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gale warning is an alert issued by national weather forecasting agencies around the world in an event that maritime locations currently or imminently experiencing winds of gale force on the Beaufort scale. Gale warnings (and gale watches) allow mariners to take precautionary actions to ensure their safety at sea or to seek safe anchorage and ride out the storm on land. Though usually associated with deep low-pressure areas, winds strong enough to catalyze a gale warning can occur in other conditions too, including from anticyclones, or high-pressure systems, in the continental interior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wine-dark sea is a traditional English translation of oînops póntos (οἶνοψ πόντος, IPA: /ôi̯. nops pón. tos/), from oînos (οἶνος, "wine") + óps (ὄψ, "eye; face"), a Homeric epithet | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A marine ecoregion is an ecoregion, or ecological region, of the oceans and seas identified and defined based on biogeographic characteristics.
Introduction
A more complete definition describes them as “Areas of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent systems” dominated by “a small number of ecosystems and/or a distinct suite of oceanographic or topographic features”. Ecologically they “are strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2021 North-East England shellfish die-off was a series of occasions where a mass of shellfish were found on beaches on the Durham and Yorkshire Coasts in northern England, either dead, or in stages of dying.
These events first occurred in October 2021, with re-occurrences in February, and September 2022, with concerns being raised at the amount of crabs, lobsters and other marine animals found dead. An initial investigation by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) stated a large algal bloom had killed off the marine life | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In freshwater or marine systems apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) is the difference between oxygen gas solubility (i. e. the concentration at saturation) and the measured oxygen concentration in water with the same physical and chemical properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Atlantic Meridional Transect (abbreviated as AMT) is a multi-decadal oceanographic programme that undertakes biological, chemical and physical research during annual voyages between the UK and destinations in the South Atlantic. The ongoing AMT programme was begun in 1995 to assess biological processes in the Atlantic Ocean from the mesoscale through to basin-scale. An early activity of the programme was the calibration of measurements and products produced by the SeaWiFS (1997-2010) satellite-based sensor for ocean chlorophyll | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bacterioplankton counting is the estimation of the abundance of bacterioplankton in a specific body of water, which is useful information to marine microbiologists. Various counting methodologies have been developed over the years to determine the number present in the water being observed. Methods used for counting bacterioplankton include epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, measures of productivity through frequency of dividing cells (FDC), thymidine incorporation, and leucine incorporation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The biological pump (or ocean carbon biological pump or marine biological carbon pump) is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and land runoff to the ocean interior and seafloor sediments. In other words, it is a biologically mediated process which results in the sequestering of carbon in the deep ocean away from the atmosphere and the land. The biological pump is the biological component of the "marine carbon pump" which contains both a physical and biological component | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blue carbon is a term used in the climate change mitigation context that refers to "biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management. ": 2220 Most commonly, it refers to the role that tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses can play in carbon sequestration. : 2220 Such ecosystems can contribute to climate change mitigation and also to ecosystem-based adaptation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brown algae (SG: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions. They are dominant on rocky shores throughout cooler areas of the world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Center for Microbial Oceanography (C-MORE) is a research and education organization established in 2006 as a National Science Foundation funded Science and Technology Center.
Objectives
It has been said that more is known about the surface of the moon than about the Earth’s oceans. C-MORE was designed to explore the largely unknown world of microorganisms in the sea and to educate the public and other scientists about these organisms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean.
Overview
Originally formulated by Tsunogai et al. (1999), the pump is believed to occur where the solubility and biological pumps interact with a local hydrography that feeds dense water from the shelf floor into sub-surface (at least subthermocline) waters in the neighbouring deep ocean | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biological oceanography, critical depth is defined as a hypothetical surface mixing depth where phytoplankton growth is precisely matched by losses of phytoplankton biomass within the depth interval. This concept is useful for understanding the initiation of phytoplankton blooms.
History
Critical depth as an aspect of biological oceanography was introduced in 1935 by Gran and Braarud | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), also called the subsurface chlorophyll maximum, is the region below the surface of water with the maximum concentration of chlorophyll. The DCM generally exists at the same depth as the nutricline, the region of the ocean where the greatest change in the nutrient concentration occurs with depth. A DCM is not always present - sometimes there is more chlorophyll at the surface than at any greater depth - but it is a common feature of most aquatic ecosystems, especially in regions of strong thermal stratification | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium). The ratio was originally defined by Richard Eppley and Bruce Peterson in one of the first papers estimating global oceanic production. This fraction was originally believed significant because it appeared to directly relate to the sinking (export) flux of organic marine snow from the surface ocean by the biological pump | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data, featuring two major releases as of 2018. The central goal of GLODAP is to generate a global climatology of the World Ocean's carbon cycle for use in studies of both its natural and anthropogenically forced states. GLODAP is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as any algal bloom that can result in severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing organisms in marine or fresh waters. Blooms can last from a few days to many months | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jelly-falls are marine carbon cycling events whereby gelatinous zooplankton, primarily cnidarians, sink to the seafloor and enhance carbon and nitrogen fluxes via rapidly sinking particulate organic matter. These events provide nutrition to benthic megafauna and bacteria. Jelly-falls have been implicated as a major “gelatinous pathway” for the sequestration of labile biogenic carbon through the biological pump | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international research programme on the fluxes of carbon between the atmosphere and ocean, and within the ocean interior. Initiated by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), the programme ran from 1987 through to 2003, and became one of the early core projects of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP).
The overarching goal of JGOFS was to advance the understanding of, as well as improve the measurement of, the biogeochemical processes underlying the exchange of carbon across the air—sea interface and within the ocean | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marine biology is the scientific study of the biology of marine life, organisms in the sea. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy.
A large proportion of all life on Earth lives in the ocean | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A marine habitat is a habitat that supports marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marine botany is the study of flowering vascular plant species and marine algae that live in shallow seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone and coastal wetlands, even in low-salinity brackish water of estuaries.
It is a branch of marine biology and botany.
Marine Plant Classifications
There are five kingdoms that present-day classifications group organisms into: the Monera, Protist, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the deep ocean, marine snow (also known as "ocean dandruff") is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below, which is referred to as the biological pump. Export production is the amount of organic matter produced in the ocean by primary production that is not recycled (remineralised) before it sinks into the aphotic zone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marine vertebrates are vertebrates that live in marine environments. These are the marine fish and the marine tetrapods (primarily seabirds, marine reptiles, and marine mammals). Vertebrates are a subphylum of chordates that have a vertebral column (backbone) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is characterized as an oxygen-deficient layer in the world's oceans. Typically found between 200m to 1500m deep below regions of high productivity, such as the western coasts of continents. OMZs can be seasonal following the spring-summer upwelling season | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Milky seas (Somali: Kaluunka iftiima; English: Milky seas), also called mareel, is a luminous phenomenon in the ocean in which large areas of seawater (up to 6,000 sq mi or 16,000 km2) appear to glow translucently (in varying shades of blue). Such occurrences glow brightly enough at night to be visible from satellites orbiting Earth.
Mariners and other seafarers have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow which extends for miles at night | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The minimum depth of occurrence (MDO) is the shallowest depth in the ocean at which a species is observed. Because some aberrant individuals often can be found far outside their typical depth range, the MDO is sometimes defined as the depth below which 90% of individuals are observed or captured. In practice, observations of pelagic organisms are limited to trawling at a known depth, scuba diving observations, or use of underwater vehicles such as ROVs or AUVs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mooring in oceanography is a collection of devices connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor. It is the Eulerian way of measuring ocean currents, since a mooring is stationary at a fixed location. In contrast to that, the Lagrangian way measures the motion of an oceanographic drifter, the Lagrangian drifter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Net ecosystem production (NEP) in ecology, limnology, and oceanography, is the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem respiration. Net ecosystem production represents all the carbon produced by plants in water through photosynthesis that does not get respired by animals, other heterotrophs, or the plants themselves.
Overview
Net ecosystem production describes the total carbon in an ecosystem that can be stored, exported, or oxidized back into carbon dioxide gas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biological oceanography, new production is supported by nutrient inputs from outside the euphotic zone, especially upwelling of nutrients from deep water, but also from terrestrial and atmosphere sources (as opposite to regenerated production, which is supported by recycling of nutrients in the euphotic zone). New production depends on mixing and vertical advective processes associated with the circulation.
New and regenerated production
Bio-available nitrogen occurs in the ocean in several forms, including simple ionic forms such as nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−) and ammonium (NH4+), and more complex organic forms such as urea ((NH2)2CO) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8. 15 to 8 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ocean color is the branch of ocean optics that specifically studies the color of the water and information that can be gained from looking at variations in color. The color of the ocean, while mainly blue, actually varies from blue to green or even yellow, brown or red in some cases. This field of study developed alongside water remote sensing, so it is focused mainly on how color is measured by instruments (like the sensors on satellites and airplanes) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ocean optics is the study of how light interacts with water and the materials in water. Although research often focuses on the sea, the field broadly includes rivers, lakes, inland waters, coastal waters, and large ocean basins. How light acts in water is critical to how ecosystems function underwater | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 m (700–4,900 ft), depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an interplay of physical and biological processes concurrently lower the oxygen concentration (biological processes) and restrict the water from mixing with surrounding waters (physical processes), creating a "pool" of water where oxygen concentrations fall from the normal range of 4–6 mg/L to below 2 mg/L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polar seas is a collective term for the Arctic Ocean (about 4-5 percent of Earth's oceans) and the southern part of the Southern Ocean (south of Antarctic Convergence, about 10 percent of Earth's oceans). In the coldest years, sea ice can cover around 13 percent of the Earth's total surface at its maximum, but out of phase in the two hemispheres. The polar seas contain a huge biome with many organisms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Red Sea and its extensions of the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba contain the largest recorded concentration of deep sea brine pools on the planet. These pools have many features that make them un-inhabitable to almost all organisms on the planet, yet, certain communities of microbes thrive within these extreme environments that have temperature ranging from 2. 0 °C all the way up to the high of 75 °C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marine mucilage, also referenced as sea snot or sea saliva, is thick, gelatinous organic matter found around the world's oceans, lately observed in the Mediterranean Sea.
Marine mucilage carries diverse microorganisms. Triggers that cause it to form include increased phosphorus, drought conditions, and climate change | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
C-MORE: SUPER HI-CAT (Center for Microbial Oceanography- Research and Education: Survey of Underwater Plastic Ecosystem Response Hawaii to California Transit)
The SUPER HI-CAT research cruise was the first effort to study the microbial communities and the biogeochemistry associated with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. [1] The study was conducted aboard the RV Kilo Moana (T-AGOR-26) between August 25, 2008 and September 5, 2008 by researchers from University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Oregon State University, and the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Previous research on the Plastic Patch had mostly focused on the effects of the plastic pieces on jellyfish, fish, sea turtles, and seabirds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Van Veen grab sampler is an instrument to sample sediment in water environments. Usually it is a clamshell bucket made of stainless steel. Up to 20 cm deep samples of roughly 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Whale feces, the excrement of whales, has a significant role in the ecology of the oceans, and whales have been referred to as "marine ecosystem engineers". Nitrogen released by cetacean species and iron chelate is a significant benefit to the marine food chain in addition to sequestering carbon for long periods. Whale feces can give information on a number of aspects of the health, natural history and ecology of an animal or group as it contains DNA, hormones, toxins, and other chemicals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Young grab, or the Young modified Van Veen grab sampler is an instrument to sample sediment in the ocean. It is a modified version of the Van Veen grab sampler, with a clamshell bucket made out of stainless steel mounted to a supporting frame. The sampling area extracted with this instrument can vary depending on its size | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Alkalinity (from Arabic: القلوي, romanized: al-qaly, lit. 'ashes of the saltwort') is the capacity of water to resist acidification. It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oceanic anoxic events or anoxic events (anoxia conditions) describe periods wherein large expanses of Earth's oceans were depleted of dissolved oxygen (O2), creating toxic, euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters. Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geologic record shows that they happened many times in the past. Anoxic events coincided with several mass extinctions and may have contributed to them | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anoxic waters are areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. The US Geological Survey defines anoxic groundwater as those with dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 0. 5 milligrams per litre | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BIM-1 (GF 109203X) and the related compounds BIM-2, BIM-3, and BIM-8 are bisindolylmaleimide-based protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. These inhibitors also inhibit PDK1 explaining the higher inhibitory potential of LY33331 compared to the other BIM compounds a bisindolylmaleimide inhibitor toward PDK1.
Function
The protein kinase C inhibitor bis(indolyl)maleimide inhibitor BIM1 is clearly seen in the structure of PKCiota (residue 574-turn motif), need to be phosphorylated towards a PKCbeta-specific inhibitor site-directed mutagenesis of the compound for its full activation and co-crystallized as an asymmetric pair which is mediated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) are downstream characteristics of PKCs and PKB/AKT | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ephrins (also known as ephrin ligands or Eph family receptor interacting proteins) are a family of proteins that serve as the ligands of the Eph receptor. Eph receptors in turn compose the largest known subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs).
Since ephrin ligands (ephrins) and Eph receptors (Ephs) are both membrane-bound proteins, binding and activation of Eph/ephrin intracellular signaling pathways can only occur via direct cell–cell interaction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A protein–ligand complex is a complex of a protein bound with a ligand that is formed following molecular recognition between proteins that interact with each other or with other molecules. Formation of a protein-ligand complex is based on molecular recognition between biological macromolecules and ligands, where ligand means any molecule that binds the protein with high affinity and specificity. Molecular recognition is not a process by itself since it is part of a functionally important mechanism involving the essential elements of life like in self-replication, metabolism, and information processing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Smart ligands are affinity ligands selected with pre-defined equilibrium (
K
d
{\displaystyle K_{d}}
), kinetic (
k
o
f
f
{\displaystyle k_{off}}
,
k
o
n
{\displaystyle k_{on}}
) and thermodynamic (ΔH, ΔS) parameters of biomolecular interaction.
Ligands with desired parameters can be selected from large combinatorial libraries of biopolymers using instrumental separation techniques with well-described kinetic behaviour, such as kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), microscale thermophoresis (MST), etc. Known examples of smart ligands include DNA smart aptamers; however, RNA and peptide smart aptamers can also be developed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is encoded for by the SHH gene. The protein is named after the character Sonic the Hedgehog.
This signaling molecule is key in regulating embryonic morphogenesis in all animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases, usually a receptor tyrosine kinase. In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Artemin, also known as enovin or neublastin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARTN gene.
Function
Artemin is a neurotrophic factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands which are a group of ligands within the TGF-beta superfamily of signaling molecules. GDNFs are unique in having neurotrophic properties and have potential use for gene therapy in neurodegenerative disease | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cenegermin, sold under the brand name Oxervate, also known as recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF), is a recombinant form of human nerve growth factor (NGF). In July 2017, it was approved in the European Union as an eye drop formulation for the treatment of moderate or severe neurotrophic keratitis in adults. As a recombinant form of NGF, cenegermin is a peripherally selective agonist of the TrkA and LNGFR (p75NTR) which must be administered parenterally | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The GDNF family of ligands (GFL) consists of four neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). GFLs have been shown to play a role in a number of biological processes including cell survival, neurite outgrowth, cell differentiation and cell migration. In particular signalling by GDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glia maturation factor is a neurotrophic factor implicated in nervous system development, angiogenesis and immune function. In humans, the glia maturation factor beta and glia maturation factor gamma proteins are encoded by the GMFB and GMFG genes, respectively.
The structures of mouse glia maturation factors beta and gamma, solved by both crystallography and NMR, reveal similarities and critical differences with ADF-H (actin depolymerization factor homology) domains and suggest new means of experimentally addressing the function of this protein family | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults.
IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. IGF-1 consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. In addition, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including: cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, some aspects of neuronal development, as well as the formation of neuromuscular synapses. Included in the family are heregulin; neu differentiation factor; acetylcholine receptor synthesis stimulator; glial growth factor; and sensory and motor-neuron derived factor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene, NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor which has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), also known as neurotrophin-5 (NT-5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF4 gene. It is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase.
See also
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B § Agonists
References
Further reading
External links
neurotrophin+4 at the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.
They belong to a class of growth factors, secreted proteins that can signal particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow. Growth factors such as neurotrophins that promote the survival of neurons are known as neurotrophic factors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subfamily along with its homologs persephin, artemin, and GDNF | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phenserine (also known as (-)-phenserine or (-)-eseroline phenylcarbamate) is a synthetic drug which has been investigated as a medication to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the drug exhibits neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects.
The research of phenserine, initially patented by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), has been suspended since phase III of clinical trials in 2006, conducted right after the drug licenses were issued. The abandonment of the clinical trials led to disapproval by FDA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, ), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis (the de novo formation of the embryonic circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ∆-opioid receptor, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR or DOP, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands. The regions of the brain where the ∆-opioid receptor is largely expressed vary from species model to species model. In humans, the ∆-opioid receptor is most heavily expressed in the basal ganglia and neocortical regions of the brain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene. The KOR is coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and is one of four related receptors that bind opioid-like compounds in the brain and are responsible for mediating the effects of these compounds. These effects include altering nociception, consciousness, motor control, and mood | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) describes the off-label, experimental use of the medication naltrexone at low doses for diseases such as Crohn's disease, Hashimoto's and multiple sclerosis, but evidence for recommending such use is lacking. Naltrexone is typically prescribed for opioid dependence or alcohol dependence, as it is a strong opioid antagonist. It has been hypothesized that low-dose naltrexone might operate as an anti-inflammatory agent and therefore could be used to treat some chronic conditions involving immune system dysregulation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typically have omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA integrated as part of the phospholipid molecule. The phosphate group can be modified with simple organic molecules such as choline, ethanolamine or serine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycerophospholipids of biochemical relevance are divided into three subclasses based on the substitution present at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone: acyl, alkyl and alkenyl. Of these, the alkyl and alkenyl moiety in each case form an ether bond, which makes for two types of ether phospholipids, plasmanyl (alkyl moiety at sn-1), and plasmenyl (alkenyl moiety with vinyl ether linkage at sn-1). Plasmalogens are plasmenyls with an ester (acyl group) linked lipid at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, chemically designated 1-0(1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-glycerophospholipids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines are a class of phospholipids that are intermediates in the metabolism of lipids. Because they result from the hydrolysis of an acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine, they are also called 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (or 1-lysoPC, in short). The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines with specific fatty acids occurs through the synthesis of 1-lysoPC | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) (EC 1. 14. 16 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dinogunellins are unusual toxic phospholipids found in the roe of some fishes, and is one of the best studied ichthyotoxin. These phospholipids could be found as a complex with non-toxic proteins like in the cabezon toxin or in the lipostichaerin.
Occurrence
Dinogunellins were detected in the mature roe of four fishes: the cabezon or marbled sculpin Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, the blennies Stichaeus grigorjewi and Stichaeus nozawae, and the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid (and a lecithin) consisting of two C16 palmitic acid groups attached to a phosphatidylcholine head-group.
It is the main constituent of pulmonary surfactants, which reduces the work of breathing and prevents alveolar collapse during breathing. It also plays an important role in the study of liposomes and human bilayers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Endothelial lipase (LIPG) is a form of lipase secreted by vascular endothelial cells in tissues with high metabolic rates and vascularization, such as the liver, lung, kidney, and thyroid gland. The LIPG enzyme is a vital component to many biological processes. These processes include lipoprotein metabolism, cytokine expression, and lipid composition in cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The presence of ethanol can lead to the formations of non-lamellar phases also known as non-bilayer phases. Ethanol has been recognized as being an excellent solvent in an aqueous solution for inducing non-lamellar phases in phospholipids. The formation of non-lamellar phases in phospholipids is not completely understood, but it is significant that this amphiphilic molecule is capable of doing so | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hydroxylated lecithin is chemically modified lecithin. It is made by treating lecithin with hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid such as acetic or lactic acid. In the process, some of the organic acid becomes peroxy acid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid derivative that can act as a signaling molecule.
Function
LPA acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of three high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors called LPAR1, LPAR2, and LPAR3 (also known as EDG2, EDG4, and EDG7). Additional, newly identified LPA receptors include LPAR4 (P2RY9, GPR23), LPAR5 (GPR92) and LPAR6 (P2RY5, GPR87) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is a chemical compound derived from a phosphatidylethanolamine, which is typical of cell membranes. LPE results from partial hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The hydrolysis is generally the result of the enzymatic action of phospholipase A2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) is an inositol phosphate, a pyrophosphate, a drug candidate, and a putative performance-enhancing substance, which exerts its biological effects by increasing tissue oxygenation.
Chemistry
ITPP is a pyrophosphate derivative of phytic acid with the molecular formula C6H12O21P6.
Biological effects
ITPP is a membrane-permeant allosteric regulator of hemoglobin that mildly reduces its oxygen-binding affinity, which shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right and thereby increases oxygen release from the blood into tissue | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Perifosine (also KRX-0401) is a former drug candidate that was under development for a variety of cancer indications. It is an alkyl-phospholipid structurally related to miltefosine. Perifosine interrupts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by acting as an allosteric AKT inhibitor targeting the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup.
They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources, such as egg yolk or soybeans, from which they are mechanically or chemically extracted using hexane. They are also a member of the lecithin group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate. S-Adenosyl methionine can subsequently methylate the amine of phosphatidylethanolamines to yield phosphatidylcholines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels.
The general structure of phosphatidylglycerol consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. The head group substituent glycerol is bonded through a phosphomonoester | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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