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Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial insects, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity. Companion planting is a form of polyculture.
Companion planting is used by farmers and gardeners in both industrialized and developing countries for many reasons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Copper tape refers to a thin strip of copper, often backed with adhesive. Copper tape can be found at most hardware and gardening stores, and sometimes electronic stores. Copper tape is used to keep slugs and snails out of certain areas in gardens, potted plants, and trunks of fruit trees, and other trees and shrubs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An entomovector is a pollinating insect used as a vector to spread a substance used in the biocontrol of plant pests and diseases. The insect is typically a honey bee, bumblebee, or mason bee, but may be any variety of insect that spreads pollen among plants. The choice of vector species is decided by a combination of native species in the area to be pollinated, the plant species to be treated, and the ease of care of the vector species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Inherited sterility in insects is induced by substerilizing doses of ionizing radiation. When partially sterile males mate with wild females, the radiation-induced deleterious effects are inherited by the F1 generation. As a result, egg hatch is reduced and the resulting offspring are both highly sterile and predominately male | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An insect hotel, also known as a bug hotel or insect house, is a manmade structure created to provide shelter for insects. They can come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the specific purpose or specific insect it is catered to. Most consist of several different sections that provide insects with nesting facilities – particularly during winter, offering shelter or refuge for many types of insects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), is an organization, affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), organised to promote and study biological pest control, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production.
Introduction
The IOBC serves as a resource for international organizations, for example: the European Commission on sustainable use of pesticides and the status of IPM in Europe, the EC Regulation of Biological Control Agents with regard to invertebrate biological control agents, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research on IPM, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization on biological control agents and the Food and Agriculture Organization with respect to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
History and structure
A complete history of the IOBC was published in 1988 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Isaria is a genus of fungi mostly in the order Hypocreales and family Clavicipitaceae, or by some authorities the Cordycipitaceae. It includes a large number of entomopathogenic species, some of them exploited as biopesticides (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Isaria fumosorosea is an entomopathogenic fungus, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. It shows promise as a biological pesticide with an extensive host range.
Life cycle
When a conidium or blastospore of Isaria fumosorosea lands on a suitable host, it produces enzymes to penetrate the insect's cuticle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A larvicide (alternatively larvacide) is an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of an insect. Their most common use is against mosquitoes. Larvicides may be contact poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly) biological control agents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metarhizium pinghaense is a species of entomopathogenic fungus in the family Clavicipitaceae. Some authorities have it as a synonym of Metarhizium anisopliae. DNA studies show that it is a good species, with strong bootstrap support | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Orange oil is an essential oil produced by cells within the rind of an orange fruit (Citrus sinensis fruit). In contrast to most essential oils, it is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation, producing a cold-pressed oil. It is composed of mostly (greater than 90%) d-limonene, and is often used in place of pure d-limonene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure, as the red rubber septa in the picture, is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, Delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense occurs when endophytic fungi, which live symbiotically with the majority of plants by entering their cells, are utilized as an indirect defense against herbivores. In exchange for carbohydrate energy resources, the fungus provides benefits to the plant which can include increased water or nutrient uptake and protection from phytophagous insects, birds or mammals. Once associated, the fungi alter nutrient content of the plant and enhance or begin production of secondary metabolites | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually). It is distinct from scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge; it overlaps with herbivory, as seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Push–pull technology is an intercropping strategy for controlling agricultural pests by using repellent "push" plants and trap "pull" plants. For example, cereal crops like maize or sorghum are often infested by stem borers. Grasses planted around the perimeter of the crop attract and trap the pests, whereas other plants, like Desmodium, planted between the rows of maize, repel the pests and control the parasitic plant Striga | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. Pyrethrin naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers and is often considered an organic insecticide when it is not combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic adjuvants. Their insecticidal and insect-repellent properties have been known and used for thousands of years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spinosad is an insecticide based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species Saccharopolyspora spinosa. The genus Saccharopolyspora was discovered in 1985 in isolates from crushed sugarcane. The bacteria produce yellowish-pink aerial hyphae, with bead-like chains of spores enclosed in a characteristic hairy sheath | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant in the genus Tanacetum in the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, and in some areas has become invasive. It is also known as common tansy, bitter buttons, cow bitter, or golden buttons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tobacco water, tobacco juice, tobacco dust juice, or tobacco lime is a traditional organic insecticide used in domestic gardening. In The English Physician Enlarged of 1681, Nicholas Culpeper recommended tobacco juice to kill lice on children's heads, referencing it as an insecticide poison. Farmers have been using nicotine sulfate insecticide since the early 19th century | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. It can be distinguished from T. viride by molecular and phenotypic characteristics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tritrophic interactions in plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies. They may also be called multitrophic interactions when further trophic levels, such as soil microbes, endophytes, or hyperparasitoids (higher-order predators) are considered. Tritrophic interactions join pollination and seed dispersal as vital biological functions which plants perform via cooperation with animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A working cat is type of domestic cat that "works" for its keep by hunting vermin, such as rodents. They are commonly employed where pest control is needed, such as barns, farms, factories, warehouses, stores, churchyards, and private property. Types of working cats include the bodega cat, farm cat, ship's cat, and library cat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carbon farming is a name for a variety of agricultural methods aimed at sequestering atmospheric carbon into the soil and in crop roots, wood and leaves. The aim of carbon farming is to increase the rate at which carbon is sequestered into soil and plant material with the goal of creating a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere. Increasing a soil's organic matter content can aid plant growth, increase total carbon content, improve soil water retention capacity and reduce fertilizer use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Traditional farming (of many particular kinds in different eras and places) was the original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. All traditional farming is now considered to be "organic farming" although at the time there were no known inorganic methods. For example, forest gardening, a fully organic food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic gardening and farming:
Organic farming – alternative agricultural system that relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards, in general, are intended to enable the use of naturally occurring compounds while restricting or strongly limiting the use of manufactured substances | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Agricultural biodiversity or agrobiodiversity is a subset of general biodiversity pertaining to agriculture. It can be defined as "the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels that sustain the ecosystem structures, functions and processes in and around production systems, and that provide food and non-food agricultural products. ” It is managed by farmers, pastoralists, fishers and forest dwellers, agrobiodiversity provides stability, adaptability and resilience and constitutes a key element of the livelihood strategies of rural communities throughout the world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. Agrichemical refers to biocides (pesticides including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and nematicides) and synthetic fertilizers. It may also include hormones and other chemical growth agents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An animal repellent consists of any object or method made with the intention of keeping animals away from personal items as well as food, plants or yourself. Plants and other living organisms naturally possess a special ability to emit chemicals known as semiochemicals as a way to defend themselves from predators. Humans purposely make use of some of those and create a way to repel animals through various forms of protection | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture based on pseudo-scientific and esoteric concepts initially developed in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). It was the first of the organic farming movements. It treats soil fertility, plant growth, and livestock care as ecologically interrelated tasks, emphasizing spiritual and mystical perspectives | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biointensive agriculture is an organic agricultural system that focuses on achieving maximum yields from a minimum area of land, while simultaneously increasing biodiversity and sustaining the soil fertility. The goal of the method is long term sustainability on a closed system basis. It is particularly effective for backyard gardeners and smallholder farmers in developing countries, and also has been used successfully on small-scale commercial farms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Development-supported agriculture is a nascent movement in real estate development that preserves and invests in agricultural land use. As farmland is lost due to the challenging economics of farming and the pressures of the real estate industry, DSA attempts to reconcile the need for development with the need to preserve agricultural land. The overall goal of DSA is to incubate small-scale organic farms that co-exist with residential land development, providing benefits to farmers, residents, the local community, and the environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Effective microorganisms (EM) are various blends of common predominantly anaerobic microorganisms in a carbohydrate-rich liquid carrier substrate (molasses nutrient solution) of EM Research Organization, Inc. ,Many of the so-called "pit additives" used for improving the performance of sanitation systems, namely pit latrines, septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants, are also based on EM. Despite the claims made by manufacturers, available studies which have used scientific methods to investigate these additives have come to the conclusion that long-term beneficial effects are not proven | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Integrated mangrove-shrimp (IMS) aquaculture is a sustainable farming system used as one of the measures for mangrove rehabilitation and can be described as a method of organic aquaculture. Silvoaquaculture or silvofisheries are also terms used to define this farming practice where mangrove trees are planted alongside shrimp ponds allowing for profitable net income from shrimp farming, as it replicates a more natural habitat. One of the main causes of mangrove forest depletion is the expansion of shrimp aquaculture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discoceras is an extinct marine cephalopod mollusk, a member of the Trocholitidae in the Tarphycerida. It is distinct from Discosorus, It is characterized by closely coiled, gradually expanding shells with a subquadrate cross section, that may be ribbed or smooth. The sides are broadly rounded; the venter is wide and slightly rounded | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Charnockite, St. Thomas Mount, located to the south of the Chennai city, in Pallavaram suburb, Tamil Nadu, is a characteristically profuse exposure of quartz–feldspar–hypersthene rock, illustrated by occurrence of two pyroxene facies metamorphism. The name "Charnockite, St | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Chhota Shigri Glacier lies on the northern slope of the main ridge of the Pir Panjal Range of the inner Himalayas, east of the Rohtang Pass (H. P. ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Haflong Thrust is the most persistent of the thrusts in the 400 km long Belt of Schuppen (BoS) in the western part of Nagaland. The Belt of Schuppen forms the outermost fringe of the mobile belt of the Assam–Arakan basin and forms the most prominent morphotectonic unit of the Naga Hills, where these overthrusts form a complex pattern (in places, higher ones override the lower ones). The frontal thrust, conventionally known as the Naga thrust, is seen to be composed of four different thrusts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), also known as the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), is a geological fault in the Himalayas that defines the boundary between the Himalayan foothills and Indo-Gangetic Plain. The fault is well expressed on the surface thus could be seen via satellite imagery. It is the youngest and southernmost thrust structure in the Himalaya deformation front | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Masai Plateau, also known as the Masai Pathar or Masai Sadas, is a plateau situated 30 kilometers west from Kolhapur city in Maharashtra.
It is known for scenic beauty and various types of seasonal wildflowers that bloom in the months of August and September. The plateau is situated at an altitude of 900 AMSL and is approximately 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Red soil is a type of soil that typically develops in warm, temperate, and humid climates and comprise approximately 13% of Earth's soils. It contains thin organic and organic-mineral layers of highly leached soil resting on a red layer of alluvium. Red soils contain large amounts of clay and are generally derived from the weathering of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Maharajadhiraj Mirza Maharao Sri Sir Vijayarajaji Khengarji Sawai Bahadur, GBE (2 September 1885 – 26 February 1948) was the ruling Rao of Kutch from 1942 to his death in 1948. As Yuvraj, Sir Vijayrajaji worked closely with his father, Khengarji III, and often was left to administer the state during his father's frequent journeys abroad. He was married on 6 March 1907 to HH Maharani Shri Padmakunwar Ba Sahiba, daughter of HH Maharao Kesari Singhji Bahadur of Sirohi and had several issues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2016–2017 Drought in Tamil Nadu is a natural disaster that happened among the farmers of Tamil Nadu. This drought occurred due to the worst rainfall season of the last 140 years in Tamil Nadu. The rain bringing season of Northeast monsoon had left the farmers subdued with little rainfall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Unbound: Worlds Apart is a puzzle-platform game developed and published by Alien Pixel Studios. The game was released for Windows, macOS, Linux, and Nintendo Switch on July 28, 2021. Digerati Distribution published the PlayStation and Xbox versions of the game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Touhou Kōryūdō ~ Unconnected Marketeers (東方虹龍洞 〜 Unconnected Marketeers. , lit. "Eastern Rainbow Dragon Cave") is the 18th game in the Touhou Project series of danmaku shoot 'em ups | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Unsighted (also stylized as UNSIGHTED) is a 2021 indie Metroidvania adventure game developed by Studio Pixel Punk and published by Humble Games. It released for Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox Series X/S, Xbox One and PS4.
Development
The game's developers, Tiani Pixel and Fernanda Dias, cited Pikmin, The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, and Dark Souls as influences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
What the Dub? is a 2021 multiplayer party game developed and published by Wide Right Interactive. It was released on April 8, 2021, to positive reviews. A follow-up, RiffTrax: The Game, based on and featuring cast members from RiffTrax, was released in May 2022 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Where's Samantha? is a physics-based 2D puzzle game. It was developed by ROKiT Games and Respect Studios. The game was released on 24 March 2021, and is available on PC and Mac (Steam), Nintendo Switch, Android and iOS devices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wordle is a web-based word game created and developed by Welsh software engineer Josh Wardle. Players have six attempts to guess a five-letter word, with feedback given for each guess in the form of colored tiles indicating when letters match or occupy the correct position. The mechanics are nearly identical to the 1955 pen-and-paper game Jotto and the television game show franchise Lingo | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wrestling Empire is a professional wrestling game by Mat Dickie. In 2019, the development of what is now known as Wrestling Empire began and was later released on January 11, 2021 for Nintendo Switch, iOS, Android, and Windows. This was the first MDickie game on Nintendo Switch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aperture Desk Job is a 2022 action game by Valve. A spin-off of the Portal series, it was released concurrently with the Steam Deck as a tech demo showcasing the platform's controller functions.
Gameplay
The gameplay consists of product inspection aided by Grady, an artificial intelligence "core" much like many others seen in the Portal franchise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Babbdi is a 2022 adventure game developed by Sirius and Léonard Lemaitre and published by Lemaitre Bros. It is freeware.
Gameplay
Players attempt to escape a city full of brutalist architecture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bayonetta 3 is a 2022 action-adventure game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It was directed by Yusuke Miyata and produced by Yuji Nakao, with the Bayonetta creator Hideki Kamiya as supervising director. It was announced in December 2017, and was released on October 28, 2022 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bus Simulator City Ride is a bus simulator game developed by Stillalive Studios and published by Astragon Entertainment. It is a spin-off to the Bus Simulator series. The game has been released on 13 October 2022 for Android, iOS and Nintendo Switch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Capcom Fighting Collection is a fighting game compilation by Capcom in celebration of the Street Fighter series' 35th anniversary. The collection includes arcade versions of ten fighting games originally released by Capcom between 1994 and 2003, including all five Darkstalkers games. It was released on June 24, 2022 on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cosmonious High is a virtual reality adventure game developed and published in 2022 by Owlchemy Labs for SteamVR, HTC Vive, and Oculus Quest 2 through Windows in which students attend a colorful and chaotic high school in space with a cast of quirky alien classmates. A port for PlayStation VR2 was released alongside the system's launch on February 22, 2023.
Plot
Upon starting the game, the player takes on the role of a "Prismi", the first of their species to attend Cosmonious High | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dual Universe is a first person based space simulation sandbox massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed by the Paris-based game development studio, Novaquark.
It is reported to combine elements of Eve Online and Star Citizen, as well as Minecraft, No Man's Sky, and Space Engineers. The game is set in a continuous single-shard universe, wherein players are able to fully edit the environment by building structures and altering terrain, as well as being given the ability to script the components within vehicles and other player-built objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Barrage is a military term covering a wide range of structures, devices, or measures for destroying something to constrain or impede the movement of troops and forces.
Military barrages may be set up on land, in the water, or in the air to damage enemy forces, to impede their movement, to delay or restrain their actions, or to force them to move in a favorable direction for friendly troops. Barrages can be erected both in advance and during an combat; they can be created in the support zone, on the approaches to defensive lines, in front of their front edge and in the depth of tactical and operational defense zones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. Compared with the medieval fortified towers they replaced, bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defence in the age of gunpowder artillery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A containment boom is a temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill. Booms are used to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, and to help make recovery easier. Booms help to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers so that skimmers, vacuums, or other collection methods can be used more effectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A caltrop (also known as caltrap, galtrop, cheval trap, galthrap, galtrap, calthrop, jackrock or crow's foot) is an area denial weapon made up of two or more sharp nails or spines arranged in such a manner that one of them always points upward from a stable base (for example, a tetrahedron). Historically, caltrops were part of defences that served to slow the advance of troops, especially horses, chariots, and war elephants, and were particularly effective against the soft feet of camels. In modern times, caltrops are effective when used against wheeled vehicles with pneumatic tires | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cheval de frise (plural: chevaux de frise [ʃə. vo də fʁiz], "Frisian horses") was a defensive obstacle, existing in a number of forms, principally as a static anti-cavalry obstacle but also quickly movable to close breaches. The term was also applied to underwater constructions used to prevent the passage of ships or other vessels on rivers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A citadel is the fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Concertina wire or Dannert wire is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a concertina. In conjunction with plain barbed wire (and/or razor wire/tape) and steel pickets, it is most often used to form military-style wire obstacles. It is also used in non-military settings, such as when used in prison barriers, detention camps, riot control, or at international borders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length. Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water, forming a moat) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fortification is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").
From very early history to modern times, defensive walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A log boom (sometimes called a log fence or log bag) is a barrier placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs timbered from nearby forests. The term is also used as a place where logs were collected into booms, as at the mouth of a river. With several firms driving on the same stream, it was necessary to direct the logs to their owner's respective booms, with each log identified by its own patented timber mark | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that is dug and surrounds a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices. In older fortifications, such as hillforts, they are usually referred to simply as ditches, although the function is similar | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall. Palisades can form a stockade.
Etymology
Palisade derives from pale, from the Latin word pālus, meaning stake, specifically when used side by side to create a wood defensive wall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In fortification architecture, a bank or rampart is a length of embankment or wall forming part of the defensive boundary of a castle, hillfort, settlement or other fortified site. It is usually broad-topped and made of excavated earth and/or masonry.
Early fortifications
Many types of early fortification, from prehistory through to the Early Middle Ages, employed earth ramparts usually in combination with external ditches to defend the outer perimeter of a fortified site or settlement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Barbed tape or razor wire is a mesh of metal strips with sharp edges whose purpose is to prevent trespassing by humans. The term "razor wire", through long usage, has generally been used to describe barbed tape products. Razor wire is much sharper than the standard barbed wire; it is named after its appearance but is not razor sharp | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A spike strip (spike belt, traffic spikes, tire shredders, stingers, stop sticks, Stinger or formally known as a tire deflation device) is a device or incident weapon used to impede or stop the movement of wheeled vehicles by puncturing their tires. Generally, the strip is composed of a collection of 35-to-75-millimetre-long (1+1⁄2 to 3 in) metal barbs, teeth or spikes pointing upward. The spikes are designed to puncture and flatten tires when a vehicle is driven over them; they may be portable, as a police weapon, or strongly secured to the ground, as those found at security checkpoint entrances in certain facilities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Citadel of Safed is an ancient fortress. Situated on the peak of the mountain on which sits the old town of Safed. Archaeological evidence of a Caananite settlement were found there | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Fortress Study Group is a charity registered in the UK with an international membership. Its purpose is advancing the study of post-medieval artillery fortifications throughout the World.
History
The Fortress Study Group was formed in June 1975 at Pembroke College, Oxford amongst the founders were Jock Hamilton-Baillie, who became chairman in 1976, the late Quentin Hughes was the founding editor of the annual journal, and his Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester remains as patron | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kotta mara is a type of floating battery or fortified raft from Borneo. It is used by native Bornean (Banjarese and Dayak) in warfare, its usage rose prominently during the Banjarmasin war (1859–1906). Kotta mara is used in riverine warfare, as an armed vessel or simply a blockhouse or fortification to prevent enemy advance in the river | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The terms landwehr ("land defence"), landgraben ("land ditch") and landhege ("land enclosure") refer to border demarcations or border defences and enclosures in Central Europe that were either built by settlements with the right of enclosure or to mark and defend entire territories. These measures, usually comprising earthworks or dykes as well as ditches and impenetrable lines of hedging, for protecting towns and villages date mainly to the High and Late Middle Ages and consist, in some cases, of systems over a hundred kilometres long. Comparable earthworks have been recorded since Antiquity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slighting is the deliberate damage of high-status buildings to reduce their value as military, administrative or social structures. This destruction of property sometimes extended to the contents of buildings and the surrounding landscape. It is a phenomenon with complex motivations and was often used as a tool of control | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A titulus is a detached segment of rampart, found at the gateways of Roman camps from the middle of the second century BCE. The earliest known example is at Renieblas near
Numantia. Examples from the Flavian and Antonine periods are common in Britain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Demining robot is a robotic land vehicle that is designed for detecting and clearing land mines. Demining robots are designed for spotting the exact location of land mines. Practicing demining without demining robot can be costly and dangerous for people, especially if the environment is dull or dirty, or otherwise dangerous to humans, it is then very well-suited for demining robots | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mine action is a combination of humanitarian aid and development studies that aims to remove landmines and reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of them and the explosive remnants of war (ERW).
Description
Mine action is commonly represented as comprising five complementary groups of activities:: 4
Humanitarian demining, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A minelayer is any warship, submarine or military aircraft deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controlled mines at predetermined positions in connection with coastal fortifications or harbor approaches that would be detonated by shore control when a ship was fixed as being within the mine's effective range | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MKE TAMGEÇ is a mine destruction system ( Mine-clearing line charge ) produced by MKEK, consisting of chain explosives attached to the back of a rocket. When the rocket is activated, it follows a parabola course and the explosives attached to its back follow this course with it. When the rocket falls to the ground, explosives also fall to the ground at the level of a rope and explode when they come into contact with the ground | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A parachute mine is a naval mine dropped from an aircraft by parachute. They were mostly used in the Second World War by the Luftwaffe and initially by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command.
Frequently, they were dropped on land targets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare. Some are immobile, constructed in place to attack enemy fortifications from a distance, while others have wheels to enable advancing up to the enemy fortification. There are many distinct types, such as siege towers that allow foot soldiers to scale walls and attack the defenders, battering rams that damage walls or gates, and large ranged weapons (such as ballistae, catapults/trebuchets and other similar constructions) that attack from a distance by launching projectiles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants – particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. A catapult uses the sudden release of stored potential energy to propel its payload. Most convert tension or torsion energy that was more slowly and manually built up within the device before release, via springs, bows, twisted rope, elastic, or any of numerous other materials and mechanisms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Escalade is the act of scaling defensive walls or ramparts with the aid of ladders. Escalade was a prominent feature of sieges in ancient and medieval warfare, and though it is no longer common in modern warfare, escalade technologies are still developed and used in certain tactical applications.
Overview
Escalade consists of attacking soldiers advancing to the base of a wall, setting ladders, and climbing to engage the defending forces | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Roman siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfry) is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders while approaching the defensive walls of a fortification. The tower was often rectangular with four wheels with its height roughly equal to that of the wall or sometimes higher to allow archers to stand on top of the tower and shoot arrows into the fortification. Because the towers were wooden and thus flammable, they had to have some non-flammable covering of iron or fresh animal skins | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tunnel warfare involves war being conducted in tunnels and other underground cavities. It often includes the construction of underground facilities (mining or undermining) in order to attack or defend, and the use of existing natural caves and artificial underground facilities for military purposes. Tunnels can be used to undermine fortifications and slip into enemy territory for a surprise attack, while it can strengthen a defense by creating the possibility of ambush, counterattack and the ability to transfer troops from one portion of the battleground to another unseen and protected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hamas, the governing authority in the Gaza Strip, has constructed a sophisticated network of military tunnels since it seized control of the Strip in 2007. The tunnel system branches beneath many Gazan towns and cities, such as Khan Yunis, Jabalia and the Shati refugee camp. The internal tunnels, running some dozens of kilometres within the Gaza Strip, have several functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aircraft repair ship is a naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to aircraft. Aircraft repair ships provide similar services to seaplane tenders, that also cared for the crew. Aircraft repair ships had their own stores of spare parts, like a depot ship | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Quest for Glory V: Dragon Fire is the fifth and final game in the Quest for Glory computer game series by Sierra FX, a former "sub brand" of Sierra On-Line. Unlike the first four games, Dragon Fire is primarily an action role-playing game with some elements of graphical adventure.
Gameplay
Dragon Fire retains its point-and-click graphical interface and introduces a new combat system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Quest of Dungeons is a roguelike indie game released on March 25, 2014 by Portuguese developer Upfall Studios. The game features 16-bit graphics to resemble games from the Super NES and Sega Genesis era. It was initially released for Windows, Mac and iOS and was later ported to Xbox One via ID@Xbox on September 7, 2015 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Race is a racing simulator computer game based on the World Touring Car Championship released in November 2006. The game was developed and published by SimBin Studios (later Sector3 Studios), who had earlier produced critically acclaimed racing simulators like GTR and GT Legends, and distributed by Eidos in Europe and by Valve across their Steam network. The first expansion pack, Caterham Expansion was released in June 2007 featuring new cars and tracks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Race 07 is a racing simulator computer game from SimBin Studios (later Sector3 Studios). The game is the sequel to the 2006 title Race – The Official WTCC Game. Like the original Race, the title is officially licensed by the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radio the Universe is an upcoming action role-playing game developed and published by 6E6E6E. The game was originally funded via Kickstarter in 2012. A demo of the game was released for the February 2023 Steam Next Fest, the first time the game was playable since it started development more than a decade earlier | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ragnorium is an indie planet recolonization simulation game developed by Vitali Kirpu and published by Devolver Digital. The game entered early access in 2020 and was officially released on Steam on April 25, 2022. The game is set in an alternative universe where space exploration has been privatized leading to clone colonists becoming a commodity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rail Simulator is a train simulation published by Electronic Arts (EA). It was produced by Kuju Entertainment. After release of the EU version, EA's support and further development of the title was taken over by Rail Simulator Developments Ltd, who continued to provide updates, fixes, official expansion packs and new content to players | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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