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Translational drift also known as melty brain or tornado drive is a form of locomotion, notably found in certain combat robots.
Principle
The principle is applied to spinning robots, where the driving wheels are normally on for the whole revolution, resulting in an increased rotational energy, which is stored for destructive effect, but, given perfect symmetry, no net translational acceleration.
The drive works by modulating the power to the wheel or wheels that spin the robot | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous" for humans, and by the twenty-first, they had become essential assets to most militaries. As control technologies improved and costs fell, their use expanded to many non-military applications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vaimos (Voilier Autonome Instrumenté pour Mesures Océanographiques de Surface) is an autonomous sailing boat with embedded instrumentation for ocean surface measurements.
Its goal is to collect measurements at the surface of the ocean. This robot is the result of a collaboration between ENSTA Bretagne and IFREMER | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A vocoder (, a portmanteau of voice and encoder) is a category of speech coding that analyzes and synthesizes the human voice signal for audio data compression, multiplexing, voice encryption or voice transformation.
The vocoder was invented in 1938 by Homer Dudley at Bell Labs as a means of synthesizing human speech. This work was developed into the channel vocoder which was used as a voice codec for telecommunications for speech coding to conserve bandwidth in transmission | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Workplace robotics safety is an aspect of occupational safety and health when robots are used in the workplace. This includes traditional industrial robots as well as emerging technologies such as drone aircraft and wearable robotic exoskeletons. Types of accidents include collisions, crushing, and injuries from mechanical parts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
P2PTV refers to peer-to-peer (P2P) software applications designed to redistribute video streams in real time on a P2P network; the distributed video streams are typically TV channels from all over the world but may also come from other sources. The draw to these applications is significant because they have the potential to make any TV channel globally available by any individual feeding the stream into the network where each peer joining to watch the video is a relay to other peer viewers, allowing a scalable distribution among a large audience with no incremental cost for the source.
Technology and use
In a P2PTV system, each user, while downloading a video stream, is simultaneously also uploading that stream to other users, thus contributing to the overall available bandwidth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PokerGO is an over-the-top content platform based in Las Vegas, Nevada. PokerGO was launched in 2017 as a subscription-based streaming service offering poker centric online streaming. The content offered on PokerGO includes poker tournaments, along with cash game-orientated shows | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Porn Time was an online streaming application formed from Popcorn Time, for the purpose of viewing pornographic content. It was released on June 6, 2015 and has since acquired a large user base. The desktop app was downloaded by 450,000 users in the first week after it launched, overloading the download servers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A smart TV, also known as a connected TV (CTV), is a traditional television set with integrated Internet and interactive Web 2. 0 features, which allows users to stream music and videos, browse the internet, and view photos. Smart TVs are a technological convergence of computers, televisions, and digital media players | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A stick PC or PC on a stick is a single-board computer in a small elongated casing resembling a stick, that can usually be plugged directly (without an HDMI cable) into an HDMI video port. A stick PC is a device which has independent CPUs or processing chips and which does not rely on another computer. It should not be confused with passive storage devices such as thumb drives | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Streaming media is multimedia that is delivered and consumed in a continuous manner from a source, with little or no intermediate storage in network elements. Streaming refers to the delivery method of content, rather than the content itself.
Distinguishing delivery method from the media applies specifically to telecommunications networks, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Timed comments are a feature offered by some audio and video players and websites where people can add comments associated with specific times in an audio or video. These comments are then displayed in the player when that time is reached while playing the audio or video.
Timed comments differ from annotations, captions, and subtitles in an important respect: they can be added by viewers, not just video creators, and they include the identity of the person adding the comment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A TV gateway (also called network TV tuner) is a television headend to a network UPnP router that receives live digital video broadcast (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and converts them into IP streams for distribution over an IP network. TV gateways allow users to stream broadcast live TV content to connected devices on the IP network, including tablets, smartphones, computers, gaming consoles and smart tvs. They also allow multiple users to watch and record different channels at the same time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
vMix is a software vision mixer available for the Windows operating system. The software is developed by StudioCoast PTY LTD. Like most vision mixing software, it allows users to switch inputs, mix audio, record outputs, and live stream cameras, videos files, audio, and more, in resolutions of up to 4K | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wirecast is a live video streaming production tool by Telestream. It allows users to create live or on-demand broadcasts for the web.
Wirecast is a software video switcher, controlling real-time switching between multiple live video cameras, while dynamically mixing in other source media, such as QuickTime movies, music, audio and slides to create professional broadcast productions for live or on-demand distribution on the web | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Iria: Zeiram the Animation (イ・リ・ア ゼイラム ジ アニメーション, I. R. I | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
General game playing (GGP) is the design of artificial intelligence programs to be able to play more than one game successfully. For many games like chess, computers are programmed to play these games using a specially designed algorithm, which cannot be transferred to another context. For instance, a chess-playing computer program cannot play checkers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The UK Games Fund is a government funded support programme for the UK's independent games development sector. Grants from the fund provide production finance by way of a contribution towards the employee and contractor costs for prototype game development. The UK Government Department that provides the UK Games Fund funding is the Department for Culture Media and Sport | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Art of Computer Game Design by Chris Crawford is the first book devoted to the theory of computer and video games. The book attempts to categorize computer games and talks about design precepts that serve as guidelines for game designers. It was originally published in Berkeley, California by McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media in 1984 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, an avatar is a graphical representation of a user or the user's character or persona. Avatars can be two-dimensional icons in Internet forums and other online communities, where they are also known as profile pictures, userpics, or formerly picons (personal icons, or possibly "picture icons"). Alternatively, an avatar can take the form of a three-dimensional model, as used in online worlds and video games, or an imaginary character with no graphical appearance, as in text-based games or worlds such as MUDs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BrainHex is a neurobiology-based typology of gamer personality. It is formed in the early 2010s, by combining several then commonly used player personality typology. According to BrainHex, a gamer could be classified into these categories, based on their motivation to play video games:
Seekers enjoy exploring a game world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In video gaming, camping is a tactic where a player obtains an advantageous static position, which may be a discreet place which is unlikely to be searched. The tactic is employed both in single-player games and online multiplayer games, but is usually more effective in an online multiplayer game, as AI opponents in single-player games may be aware of the player's position, even if they are visually hidden. The tactic varies depending on the type of game (online text adventure, graphical MMO, first-person shooter, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Can You Pet the Dog? is a Twitter account created by Tristan Cooper in March 2019 which documents whether dogs or other creatures within selected video games can be petted by the player character.
Concept and history
Cooper found that the stray dogs in Tom Clancy's The Division 2 could not be petted by players. He stated he "was frustrated that [the game] purposely put dogs in a poor situation, meant to evoke empathy from the player, but there was no way to comfort or care for these hungry, frightened creatures" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted since it was signed. The process employs the use of a cryptographic hash to validate authenticity and integrity. Code signing was invented in 1995 by Michael Doyle, as part of the Eolas WebWish browser plug-in, which enabled the use of public-key cryptography to sign downloadable Web app program code using a secret key, so the plug-in code interpreter could then use the corresponding public key to authenticate the code before allowing it access to the code interpreter’s APIs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A computer widow (or widower) is a term for those who have a relationship with a computer user who plays video games (on a console or on the computer), uses the Internet, or creates his/her own programs, paying far more attention to the computer or game than to his/her partner. It is similar in concept and may in some cases have replaced the football widow, which in the UK is often replaced by the "golf widow". The term was in use as early as 1983, with use of bulletin board systems and programming a concern | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discord is an instant messaging and VoIP social platform. Users have the ability to communicate with voice calls, video calls, text messaging, media and files in private chats or as part of communities called "servers". A server is a collection of persistent chat rooms and voice channels which can be accessed via invite links | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Don't Copy That Floppy was an anti-copyright infringement campaign run by the Software Publishers Association (SPA) beginning in 1992. The video for the campaign, starring M. E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dragon kill points or DKP are a semi-formal score-keeping system (loot system) used by guilds in massively multiplayer online games. Players in these games are faced with large scale challenges, or raids, which may only be surmounted through the concerted effort of dozens of players at a time. While many players may be involved in defeating a boss, the boss will reward the group with only a small number of items desired by the players | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The fighting game community, often abbreviated to FGC, is a collective of video gamers who play fighting games such as Marvel vs. Capcom, Mortal Kombat, Soulcalibur, Street Fighter, Guilty Gear, The King of Fighters, Blazblue, Super Smash Bros. , Tekken, Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
"Game over" is a message in video games which signals to the player that the game and an attempt of playing the level has ended. It is usually received negatively in a situation where continued play is disallowed, such as losing all of one's lives or failing a critical objective. However, it sometimes also appears after the successful completion of a game, usually ones designed for arcades | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Games + Learning + Society Conference (GLS Conference) is an academic conference. The conference is now held annually at the University of California Irvine. From 2003 to 2016, the conference was held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gaming chair is a type of chair marketed towards gamers. They differ from most office chairs in having high backrest designed to support the upper back and shoulders. They are also more customizable: the armrests, back, lumbar support and headrest can all be adjusted for comfort and efficiency | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gaymer and gay gamer are umbrella terms used to refer to the group of people who are identified as homosexual and have an active interest in video games or tabletop games, also known as gamers. Lesbian, bisexual, and transgender gamers are often categorized under this term.
This demographic has been the subject of two large surveys that attracted press coverage: by Jason Rockwood in 2006, who noted the level of prejudice that gaymers endure, and by Paul Nowak in 2009 focusing on what gaymers expect of video games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glitching is an activity in which a person finds and exploits flaws or glitches in video games to achieve something that was not intended by the game designers. Players who engage in this practice are known as glitchers. Some glitches can be easily achieved, while others are either very difficult or unperformable by humans and can only be achieved with tool-assisted input | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gold farming is the practice of playing a massively multiplayer online game (MMO) to acquire in-game currency, later selling it for real-world money. Gold farming is distinct from other practices in online multiplayer games, such as power leveling, as gold farming refers specifically to harvesting in-game currency, not rank or experience points. The actual labor mechanics of these practices may be similar, and those who hold employment as gold farmers may also work as power levelers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A guild hosting or clan hosting service is a specialized type of web hosting service designed to support online gaming communities, generally referred to as guilds or clans. They vary from game server hosting in that the focus of such companies is to provide applications and communication tools outside the gaming environments themselves.
Guild hosting services address a guild's basic need to have an online presence and allow guild members to communicate with each other outside of the game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Guitar Hero is a series of rhythm video games published by Activision in which players use guitar-shaped controllers to mimic the playing of numerous rock music songs in a score attack gameplay; later games in the series have included support for drums and vocals and playing as a full band. With over $2 billion in total sales worldwide, the game series has made a significant cultural impact, becoming a cultural phenomenon and recognizable in the popular culture. The series has been found to influence younger players into learning real instruments and has found application within the health care industry to help recovering patients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In video gaming and BDSM culture, a healslut (a combination of the words "heal" and "slut") is a player who selects a healer-class character to provide healing to another player as part of a dominant–submissive role-playing dynamic.
An online "healslutting" community has sprung up around the dynamic, in which players engage with one another both in-game and through external avenues.
Definition and history of term
A healslut dynamic often consists of one player assuming the healer role, submitting to the player who has selected an offensive- or tank-class character | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The HYDRA Game Development Kit launched in September 2006, and was developed by André LaMothe who designed the prior XGameStation series of consoles. Like the XGameStation, HYDRA is an open system, allowing anyone to create games for it. However, while still designed to teach electronics and programming, the system places greater focus on homebrew games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetic algorithms (GA), or more general, evolutionary algorithms (EA), a chromosome (also sometimes called a genotype) is a set of parameters which define a proposed solution of the problem that the evolutionary algorithm is trying to solve. The set of all solutions, also called individuals according to the biological model, is known as the population. The genome of an individual consists of one, more rarely of several, chromosomes and corresponds to the genetic representation of the task to be solved | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetic algorithms and evolutionary computation, crossover, also called recombination, is a genetic operator used to combine the genetic information of two parents to generate new offspring. It is one way to stochastically generate new solutions from an existing population, and is analogous to the crossover that happens during sexual reproduction in biology. Solutions can also be generated by cloning an existing solution, which is analogous to asexual reproduction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cultural algorithms (CA) are a branch of evolutionary computation where there is a knowledge component that is called the belief space in addition to the population component. In this sense, cultural algorithms can be seen as an extension to a conventional genetic algorithm. Cultural algorithms were introduced by Reynolds (see references) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetic algorithms and genetic programming defining length L(H) is the maximum distance between two defining symbols (that is symbols that have a fixed value as opposed to symbols that can take any value, commonly denoted as # or *) in schema H. In tree GP schemata, L(H) is the number of links in the minimum tree fragment including all the non-= symbols within a schema H.
Example
Schemata "00##0", "1###1", "01###", and "##0##" have defining lengths of 4, 4, 1, and 0, respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The edge recombination operator (ERO) is an operator that creates a path that is similar to a set of existing paths (parents) by looking at the edges rather than the vertices. The main application of this is for crossover in genetic algorithms when a genotype with non-repeating gene sequences is needed such as for the travelling salesman problem. It was described by Darrell Whitley and others in 1989 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Evolver is a software package that allows users to solve a wide variety of optimization problems using a genetic algorithm. Launched in 1989, it was the first commercially available genetic algorithm package for personal computers, and is part of the permanent collection at the Computer History Museum. The program was originally developed by Matthew Jensen at Axcelis, Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that is used to summarise, as a single figure of merit, how close a given design solution is to achieving the set aims. Fitness functions are used in evolutionary algorithms (EA), such as genetic programming and genetic algorithms to guide simulations towards optimal design solutions. In the field of EAs, each design solution is commonly represented as a string of numbers (referred to as a chromosome) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fitness proportionate selection, also known as roulette wheel selection, is a genetic operator used in genetic algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for recombination.
In fitness proportionate selection, as in all selection methods, the fitness function assigns a fitness to possible solutions or chromosomes. This fitness level is used to associate a probability of selection with each individual chromosome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== History ==
The Fly Algorithm is a type of cooperative coevolution based on the Parisian approach. The Fly Algorithm has first been developed in 1999 in the scope of the application of Evolutionary algorithms to computer stereo vision. Unlike the classical image-based approach to stereovision, which extracts image primitives then matches them in order to obtain 3-D information, the Fly Agorithm is based on the direct exploration of the 3-D space of the scene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. Some examples of GA applications include optimizing decision trees for better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, causal inference, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer programming, gene expression programming (GEP) is an evolutionary algorithm that creates computer programs or models. These computer programs are complex tree structures that learn and adapt by changing their sizes, shapes, and composition, much like a living organism. And like living organisms, the computer programs of GEP are also encoded in simple linear chromosomes of fixed length | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The genetic algorithm is an operational research method that may be used to solve scheduling problems in production planning.
Importance of production scheduling
To be competitive, corporations must minimize inefficiencies and maximize productivity. In manufacturing, productivity is inherently linked to how well the firm can optimize the available resources, reduce waste and increase efficiency | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genetic algorithms have increasingly been applied to economics since the pioneering work by John H. Miller in 1986. It has been used to characterize a variety of models including the cobweb model, the overlapping generations model, game theory, schedule optimization and asset pricing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science and operations research, Genetic fuzzy systems are fuzzy systems constructed by using genetic algorithms or genetic programming, which mimic the process of natural evolution, to identify its structure and parameter.
When it comes to automatically identifying and building a fuzzy system, given the high degree of nonlinearity of the output, traditional linear optimization tools have several limitations. Therefore, in the framework of soft computing, genetic algorithms (GAs) and genetic programming (GP) methods have been used successfully to identify structure and parameters of fuzzy systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A genetic operator is an operator used in genetic algorithms to guide the algorithm towards a solution to a given problem. There are three main types of operators (mutation, crossover and selection), which must work in conjunction with one another in order for the algorithm to be successful. Genetic operators are used to create and maintain genetic diversity (mutation operator), combine existing solutions (also known as chromosomes) into new solutions (crossover) and select between solutions (selection) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP) is a technique of evolving programs, starting from a population of unfit (usually random) programs, fit for a particular task by applying operations analogous to natural genetic processes to the population of programs.
The operations are: selection of the fittest programs for reproduction (crossover), replication and/or mutation according to a predefined fitness measure, usually proficiency at the desired task. The crossover operation involves swapping specified parts of selected pairs (parents) to produce new and different offspring that become part of the new generation of programs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics. The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations. The theorem was proposed by John Holland in the 1970s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hypercube-based NEAT, or HyperNEAT, is a generative encoding that evolves artificial neural networks (ANNs) with the principles of the widely used NeuroEvolution of Augmented Topologies (NEAT) algorithm developed by Kenneth Stanley. It is a novel technique for evolving large-scale neural networks using the geometric regularities of the task domain. It uses Compositional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPNs), which are used to generate the images for Picbreeder | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetic algorithms, inheritance is the ability of modeled objects to mate, mutate (similar to biological mutation), and propagate their problem solving genes to the next generation, in order to produce an evolved solution to a particular problem. The selection of objects that will be inherited from in each successive generation is determined by a fitness function, which varies depending upon the problem being addressed. The traits of these objects are passed on through chromosomes by a means similar to biological reproduction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In statistical genetics, linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSR or LDSC) is a technique that aims to quantify the separate contributions of polygenic effects and various confounding factors, such as population stratification, based on summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The approach involves using regression analysis to examine the relationship between linkage disequilibrium scores and the test statistics of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the GWAS. Here, the "linkage disequilibrium score" for a SNP "is the sum of LD r2 measured with all other SNPs" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mating pool is a concept used in evolutionary computation, which refers to a family of algorithms used to solve optimization and search problems. The mating pool is formed by candidate solutions that the selection operators deem to have the highest fitness in the current population. Solutions that are included in the mating pool are referred to as parents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Parallel metaheuristic is a class of techniques that are capable of reducing both the numerical effort and the run time of a metaheuristic. To this end, concepts and technologies from the field of parallelism in computer science are used to enhance and even completely modify the behavior of existing metaheuristics. Just as it exists a long list of metaheuristics like evolutionary algorithms, particle swarm, ant colony optimization, simulated annealing, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science and machine learning, population-based incremental learning (PBIL) is an optimization algorithm, and an estimation of distribution algorithm. This is a type of genetic algorithm where the genotype of an entire population (probability vector) is evolved rather than individual members. The algorithm is proposed by Shumeet Baluja in 1994 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The combination of quality control and genetic algorithms led to novel solutions of complex quality control design and optimization problems. Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an entity fulfils a need or expectation that is stated, general implied or obligatory. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Santa Fe Trail problem is a genetic programming exercise in which artificial ants search for food pellets according to a programmed set of instructions. The layout of food pellets in the Santa Fe Trail problem has become a standard for comparing different genetic programming algorithms and solutions.
One method for programming and testing algorithms on the Santa Fe Trail problem is by using the NetLogo application | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A schema (PL: schemata) is a template in computer science used in the field of genetic algorithms that identifies a subset of strings with similarities at certain string positions. Schemata are a special case of cylinder sets, forming a basis for a product topology on strings. In other words, schemata can be used to generate a topology on a space of strings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stochastic universal sampling (SUS) is a technique used in genetic algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for recombination. It was introduced by James Baker. SUS is a development of fitness proportionate selection (FPS) which exhibits no bias and minimal spread | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tournament selection is a method of selecting an individual from a population of individuals in a genetic algorithm. Tournament selection involves running several "tournaments" among a few individuals (or "chromosomes") chosen at random from the population. The winner of each tournament (the one with the best fitness) is selected for crossover | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In animal and plant breeding, truncation selection is a standard method in selective breeding in selecting animals to be bred for the next generation. Animals are ranked by their phenotypic value on some trait such as milk production, and the top percentage is reproduced. The effects of truncation selection for a continuous trait can be modeled by the standard breeder's equation by using heritability and truncated normal distributions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The weasel program or Dawkins' weasel is a thought experiment and a variety of computer simulations illustrating it. Their aim is to demonstrate that the process that drives evolutionary systems—random variation combined with non-random cumulative selection—is different from pure chance.
The thought experiment was formulated by Richard Dawkins, and the first simulation written by him; various other implementations of the program have been written by others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno's hypothesis, first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, is a hypothesis that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent two complete genome duplications, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect paleopolyploidy. The name derives from the 2 rounds of duplication originally hypothesized by Ohno, but refined in a 1994 version, and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999. Variations in the number and timings of genome duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ANNOVAR (ANNOtate VARiation) is a bioinformatics software tool for the interpretation and prioritization of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variants (CNVs) of a given genome. It has the ability to annotate human genomes hg18, hg19, hg38, and model organisms genomes such as: mouse (Mus musculus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and many others. The annotations could be used to determine the functional consequences of the mutations on the genes and organisms, infer cytogenetic bands, report functional importance scores, and/or find variants in conserved regions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) contains the origin of replication in the yeast genome. It contains four regions (A, B1, B2, and B3), named in order of their effect on plasmid stability. The A-Domain is highly conserved, any mutation abolishes origin function | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids after bacterial cell division | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of cytosine residues of the dinucleotide CpG, and is implicated in repression of transcriptional activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CG suppression is a term for the phenomenon that CG dinucleotides are very uncommon in most portions of vertebrate genomes.
In adult somatic tissues, cytosine residues may be methylated, and this occurs almost exclusively within a symmetric CpG context. Methylated C residues spontaneously deaminate to form T residues; hence CpG dinucleotides steadily mutate to TpG dinucleotides, which gives rise to the under-representation of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome (they occur at only 21% of the expected frequency) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation ('ChIP') with DNA microarray ("chip"). Like regular ChIP, ChIP-on-chip is used to investigate interactions between proteins and DNA in vivo. Specifically, it allows the identification of the cistrome, the sum of binding sites, for DNA-binding proteins on a genome-wide basis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to a dramatic decline of genome sequencing costs and to an astonishingly rapid accumulation of genomic data. These technologies are enabling ambitious genome sequencing endeavours, such as the 1000 Genomes Project and 1001 (Arabidopsis thaliana) Genomes Project. The storage and transfer of the tremendous amount of genomic data have become a mainstream problem, motivating the development of high-performance compression tools designed specifically for genomic data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cosegregation is the transmission to the next generation, of two or more genes in proximity on the same chromosome. Their closeness means that they are genetically linked. It may also represent an interaction estimation probability between any number of loci | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA nanoball sequencing is a high throughput sequencing technology that is used to determine the entire genomic sequence of an organism. The method uses rolling circle replication to amplify small fragments of genomic DNA into DNA nanoballs. Fluorescent nucleotides bind to complementary nucleotides and are then polymerized to anchor sequences bound to known sequences on the DNA template | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fosmids are similar to cosmids but are based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The cloning vector is limited, as a host (usually E. coli) can only contain one fosmid molecule | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genome sequencing of endangered species is the application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in the field of conservation biology, with the aim of generating life history, demographic and phylogenetic data of relevance to the management of endangered wildlife.
Background
In the context of conservation biology, genomic technologies such as the production of large-scale sequencing data sets via DNA sequencing can be used to highlight the relevant aspects of the biology of wildlife species for which management actions may be required. This may involve the estimation of recent demographic events, genetic variations, divergence between species and population structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genome-based peptide fingerprint scanning (GFS) is a system in bioinformatics analysis that attempts to identify the genomic origin (that is, what species they come from) of sample proteins by scanning their peptide-mass fingerprint against the theoretical translation and proteolytic digest of an entire genome. This method is an improvement from previous methods because it compares the peptide fingerprints to an entire genome instead of comparing it to an already annotated genome. This improvement has the potential to improve genome annotation and identify proteins with incorrect or missing annotations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A genomic library is a collection of overlapping DNA fragments that together make up the total genomic DNA of a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. In order to construct a genomic library, the organism's DNA is extracted from cells and then digested with a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments of a specific size | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hi-C (or standard Hi-C) is a high-throughput genomic and epigenomic technique first described in 2009 by Lieberman-Aiden et al. to capture chromatin conformation. In general, Hi-C is considered as a derivative of a series of chromosome conformation capture technologies, including but not limited to 3C (chromosome conformation capture), 4C (chromosome conformation capture-on-chip/circular chromosome conformation capture), and 5C (chromosome conformation capture carbon copy) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Long-range restriction mapping is an alternative genomic mapping technique to short-range, also called fine-scale mapping. Both forms utilize restriction enzymes in order to decipher the previously unknown order of DNA segments; the main difference between the two being the amount of DNA that comprises the final map. The unknown DNA is broken into many smaller fragments by these restriction enzymes at specific sites on the molecule, and then the fragments can later be analyzed by their individual sizes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Optical mapping is a technique for constructing ordered, genome-wide, high-resolution restriction maps from single, stained molecules of DNA, called "optical maps". By mapping the location of restriction enzyme sites along the unknown DNA of an organism, the spectrum of resulting DNA fragments collectively serves as a unique "fingerprint" or "barcode" for that sequence. Originally developed by Dr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms, populations, or species or to pinpoint the locations of genes within a sequence. The term may refer to a polymorphism itself, as detected through the differing locations of restriction enzyme sites, or to a related laboratory technique by which such differences can be illustrated. In RFLP analysis, a DNA sample is digested into fragments by one or more restriction enzymes, and the resulting restriction fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis according to their size | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ribosome profiling, or Ribo-Seq (also named ribosome footprinting), is an adaptation of a technique developed by Joan Steitz and Marilyn Kozak almost 50 years ago that Nicholas Ingolia and Jonathan Weissman adapted to work with next generation sequencing that uses specialized messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing to determine which mRNAs are being actively translated. A related technique that can also be used to determine which mRNAs are being actively translated is the Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) methodology, which was developed by Nathaniel Heintz at Rockefeller University (in collaboration with Paul Greengard and Myriam Heiman). TRAP does not involve ribosome footprinting but provides cell type-specific information | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or Strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell's parental template strands.
This technique offers a wide variety of applications, including the identification of sister chromatid exchanges in the parental cell prior to segregation, the assessment of non-random segregation of sister chromatids, the identification of misoriented contigs in genome assemblies, de novo genome assembly of both haplotypes in diploid organisms including humans, whole-chromosome haplotyping, and the identification of germline and somatic genomic structural variation, the latter of which can be detected robustly even in single cells.
Background
Strand-seq (single-cell and single-strand sequencing) was one of the first single-cell sequencing protocols described in 2012 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Boom method (aka Boom nucleic acid extraction method) is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acid from a biological sample. This method is characterized by "absorbing the nucleic acids (NA) to the silica beads".
Overview
Boom method (Boom nucleic acid extraction method)
is a solid phase extraction method for "isolating nucleic acid (NA)
from biological samples | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
COLD-PCR (co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature PCR) is a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that enriches variant alleles from a mixture of wildtype and mutation-containing DNA. The ability to preferentially amplify and identify minority alleles and low-level somatic DNA mutations in the presence of excess wildtype alleles is useful for the detection of mutations. Detection of mutations is important in the case of early cancer detection from tissue biopsies and body fluids such as blood plasma or serum, assessment of residual disease after surgery or chemotherapy, disease staging and molecular profiling for prognosis or tailoring therapy to individual patients, and monitoring of therapy outcome and cancer remission or relapse | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA, or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR, though also more prone to error in the hands of inexperienced users. A "digital" measurement quantitatively and discretely measures a certain variable, whereas an “analog” measurement extrapolates certain measurements based on measured patterns | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The first isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was done in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher. DNA extraction is the process of isolating DNA from the cells of an organism isolated from a sample, typically a biological sample such as blood, saliva, or tissue . It involves breaking open the cells, removing proteins and other contaminants, and purifying the DNA so that it is free of other cellular components | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc. ) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
(This article assumes familiarity with the terms and components used in the PCR process. )The history of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has variously been described as a classic "Eureka!" moment, or as an example of cooperative teamwork between disparate researchers. Following is a list of events before, during, and after its development:
Prelude
On April 25, 1953 James D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hot start PCR is a modified form of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that reduces the presence of undesired products and primer dimers due to non-specific DNA amplification at room (or colder) temperatures. Many variations and modifications of the PCR procedure have been developed in order to achieve higher yields; hot start PCR is one of them. Hot start PCR follows the same principles as the conventional PCR - in that it uses DNA polymerase to synthesise DNA from a single stranded template | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MassTag PCR is a modification of PCR based on mass-spectrometric detection of an end product. This technology was pioneered by a scientist from Center for Infection and Immunity (CII) of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, USA.
Principles
Like conventional PCR, MassTag-PCR uses primer pairs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines are a set of protocols for conducting and reporting quantitative real-time PCR experiments and data, as devised by Bustin et al. in 2009. They were devised after a paper was published in 2002 that claimed to detect measles virus in children with autism through the use of RT-qPCR, but the results proved to be completely unreproducible by other scientists | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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