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FILE_ID. DIZ is a plain-text file containing a brief description of the content of archive to which it belongs.
Such files were originally used in archives distributed through bulletin board systems (BBSes) and is still used in the warez scene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fred the Computer was launched in 1987 by the Middlesex News in Framingham, Massachusetts. A single-line BBS system, it was used to preview the next day's edition with news headlines and weather information. It was sometimes called Fred the Middlesex News Computer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A free-net was originally a computer system or network that provided public access to digital resources and community information, including personal communications, through modem dialup via the public switched telephone network. The concept originated in the health sciences to provide online help for medical patients. With the development of the Internet free-net systems became the first to offer limited Internet access to the general public to support the non-profit community work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ISCABBS, also known as ISCA, is a bulletin board system ("BBS"), formerly based at the University of Iowa. Dave's own version of Citadel, an early branch of the Citadel/UX BBS software, was developed to run ISCA. Like most Citadels, the focus is almost entirely on conversation among users | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information, while the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the original digital information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monochrome BBS, known to users as "Mono," is a text-based multi-user bulletin board system featuring thousands of discussion files, along with games, user messaging, and a talker. As of April 2021 it is one of the few BBS's still in operation and actively used on a daily basis by its community. Monochrome runs on custom software, making the platform and user experience distinct from other bulletin board systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NIRVANAnet was a dial-up BBS network, started in 1989 in the San Francisco Bay Area, by Joe Russack (also known as Dr. Strangelove, the sysop of Just Say Yes, an early two node BBS), and Jeff Hunter (also known as Taipan Enigma, sysop of the & the Temple of the Screaming Electron), when they linked their existing systems using FidoNet protocol. Later, they were joined by Ratsnatcher (sysop of the East Bay based Rat Head Systems) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OSUNY (Ohio Scientific Users of New York) was a dial-up bulletin board that was run by two different sysops in the 1980s, "Sysop" while in Scarsdale, New York, and Frank Roberts in White Plains, New York. Named for the Ohio Scientific computer it originally ran on, it attracted a large group of hackers, phone phreaks, engineers, computer programmers, and other technophiles. It remained a haven almost exclusively for the hacker/phreaker community until gaining notoriety through mention in a Newsweek article, Hacking Through NASA: A threat- or only an embarrassment, and mention in the book The Hacker Crackdown as a favored hangout of the notorious hacker group The Legion of Doom, after which it was shuttered, and another board was brought up as a "replacement" known as The Crystal Palace, which was short-lived | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pagan's Night Out, or PNO, is a regularly scheduled social get-together, usually monthly, held in hundreds of Pagan and Neopagan communities around the world. It began in Houston, Texas, in 1992 as a way for users of the Brewers' Witch BBS to meet face to face, Pagan's Night Out has become a worldwide phenomena. Held in bars, pubs, coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and meeting halls, PNO is a social event for Wiccans, Asatruar, Thelemites, Druids, Setians and the hundreds of other Neopagan sects and sub-divisions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PicoSpan was a popular computer conferencing tool written by Marcus D. Watts for the Altos 68000. It was written in 1983 for M-Net, which was owned and operated by Mike Myers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
QWK is a file-based offline mail reader format that was popular among bulletin board system (BBS) users, especially users of FidoNet and other networks that generated large volumes of mail. QWK was originally developed by Mark "Sparky" Herring in 1987 for systems running the popular PCBoard bulletin board system, but it was later adapted for other platforms. Herring died of a heart attack in 2020 after being swatted | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Remote Imaging Protocol and its associated Remote Imaging Protocol Script language, RIPscrip, is a graphics language that provides a system for sending vector graphics over low-bandwidth links, notably modems. It was originally created by Jeff Reeder, Jim Bergman, and Mark Hayton of TeleGrafix Communications in Huntington Beach, California to enhance bulletin board systems and other applications.
RIPscrip was introduced in 1992 and consisted of ASCII-text descriptions of vector-drawn graphics and images, along with facilities to create menus and clickable buttons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Soulz at Zero (SAZ) was a lit group formed in 1994 by Jack Flack (Rob O'Hara) and The Stranger (Stephen Alba). SAZ released 25 monthly packs over a period of two years, beginning in September 1994 and ending in September 1996. The group took its name from a Souls at Zero poster Flack had in his bedroom at the time, with the trailing "s" in "Souls" changed to a "z" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sysop (; an abbreviation of system operator) is an administrator of a multi-user computer system, such as a bulletin board system (BBS) or an online service virtual community. The phrase may also be used to refer to administrators of other Internet-based network services. Sysops typically do not earn money, but donate their activity to the community | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL or, alternatively, The Well, was launched in 1985. It is one of the oldest continuously operating virtual communities. By 1993 it had 7,000 members, a staff of 12, and gross annual income of $2 million | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ZOOiD BBS ("the zoo of ids," or alternatively referencing zooid) was a Toronto area Bulletin board system in 1986 - 1993 that served a creative community. The sysop was David H. Mason, assisted by several others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and exchange files and messages in text, audio and/or video formats between different computers or users. This includes terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs, as well as similar functionality integrated within MUDs. The term is also applied to software operating a bulletin board system, but seldom to that operating a computer network or Stored Program Control exchange | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An automatic dialer (also spelled auto dialer, auto-dialer, and autodialer) is an electronic device or software that automatically dials telephone numbers. Once the call has been answered, the autodialer either plays a recorded message or connects the call to a live person.
When an autodialer plays a pre-recorded message, it is often called voice broadcasting, or robocalling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bicom Systems is a producer and vendor of Asterisk (PBX)-based unified communications devices for VoIP businesses. Bicom Systems uses open standards telephony. Products include all of the software and hardware components involved in building a VoIP business or ITSP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BigMarker is browser based online platform for learning and sharing through web conferences and webinars. It is an online meeting, webinar, desktop sharing, video and web conferencing software that allows online presenters to meet with other computer users, customers, clients, educators, organizations and businesses via the Internet. BigMarker allows users to record, store and download webinars and web conferences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BLAST (an acronym for "Blocked Asynchronous Transmission"), like XMODEM and Kermit, is a communications protocol designed for file transfer over asynchronous communication ports and dial-up modems that achieved a significant degree of popularity during the 1980s. Reflecting its status as a de facto standard for such transfers, BLAST, along with XMODEM, was briefly under official consideration by ANSI in the mid-80s as part of that organization's ultimately futile attempt to establish a single de jure standard.
Overview
BLAST grew out of the mission-critical experience of providing air pollution telemetry within the dial-up communications environment of the petroleum belt of southern Louisiana and Texas, with not only noisy telephone lines but also unexpected satellite hops to remote locations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Briar is an open-source software communication technology, intended to provide secure and resilient peer-to-peer communications with no centralized servers and minimal reliance on external infrastructure. Messages can be transmitted through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, over the internet via Tor or removable storage, such as USB sticks. All communication is end-to-end encrypted | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Brooklyn Bridge from White Crane Systems was a data transfer enabler. Although it came with some hardware, it was the software which was the basis of the product. It also could transform the data's format | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Call recording software records telephone conversations over PSTN or VoIP in a digital audio file format. Call recording is distinct from call logging and tracking, which record details about the call but not the conversation; however, software may include both recording and logging functionality.
Considerations
Call recording is becoming increasingly important, with technology changing and working habits becoming more mobile | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CapturaTalk was an assistive technology software developed by Mobispeech, a joint venture by Iansyst Ltd and Raspberry Software Ltd. When installed on a mobile phone or tablet device, CapturaTalk allowed the user to take a picture of a text heavy image to have it converted to speech and read aloud. The Mobispeech software was primarily designed to aid people who either required literacy support for disabilities such as dyslexia or for students learning English | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Click-to-call, also known as click-to-talk, click-to-dial, click-to-chat and click-to-text, is a form of Web-based communication in which a person clicks an object (e. g. , button, image or text) to request an immediate connection with another person in real-time either by phone call, Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP), or text | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A communications enabled application (CEA) is a set of information technology (IT) components and communication technology components that are integrated using a particular service-oriented architecture (SOA) to increase the productivity of an organization and/or improve the quality of users' experiences.
Communication enablement adds real-time networking functionality to an IT application. Providing communications capability to an IT application:
removes the human latency which exists when (i) making sense of information from many different sources, (ii) orchestrating suitable responses to events, and (iii) keeping track of actions carried out when responding to information received;
enables users to be part of the creative flow of content and processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crosstalk Mk. 4 was a commercially available PC telecommunications and terminal emulation software package originally produced by Atlanta-based Crosstalk Communications, from the late 1980s through 1990, and by Digital Communications Associates (DCA) until the mid-1990s. Crosstalk Mk | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
cu ("call Unix") is a Unix utility for establishing a connection between two computer systems via a serial port to another computer system. When cu was originally created, connections to remote systems were most often done by phone, and cu was used in conjunction with UUCP utilities to transfer data via a modem. Now that intersystem communications are much more easily and reliably handled via Internet connections, its more typical use is to establish a terminal connection to another system via a modem or direct cabling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dingtone is a US based telecommunications and VoIP app, which offers services like voice and text messaging, conference calling, Fax and second phone number.
Launched in 2012, It is available for IOS and Android devices.
Overview
Dingtone is a proprietary app, based on freeware model, used to make phone calls, send text messages, share multimedia content, set up conference calls, send and receive fax messages, and leaving voicemails for free or at low pricing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elastix is a unified communications server software that brings together IP PBX, email, IM, faxing and collaboration functionality. It has a Web interface and includes capabilities such as a call center software with predictive dialing.
The Elastix 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Email filtering is the processing of email to organize it according to specified criteria. The term can apply to the intervention of human intelligence, but most often refers to the automatic processing of messages at an SMTP server, possibly applying anti-spam techniques. Filtering can be applied to incoming emails as well as to outgoing ones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Faustino is a physical computing platform geared towards process monitoring and control. The faustino platform consists of a single-board microcontroller with embedded analog and digital I/O support, an input module with LCD, sensors and actuators in form of solid state relays. The development software is based on Eclipse and WinAVR, a variant of GCC for AVR microcontrollers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Filetopia is a free, multi-platform peer-to-peer file sharing client, and networking tool that allows users to share files, use chat, and send instant messages. Users can share files in public chat rooms or privately with contacts (by searching or using shared files list). As it is not a centralized system, users must connect to a network made of multiple servers in order to find each other | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Framework7 is an open source and free framework to develop mobile, desktop or web apps; Framework7 can also be used as a prototyping tool.
Features
Some features of Framework7 are given below:
support multiple platforms
usage of many tools (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GoTo Meeting (formerly GoToMeeting) is a web conferencing software by GoTo. It is an online meeting, desktop sharing, and video conferencing software package that enables the user to meet with other computer users, customers, clients, or colleagues via the Internet in real time. In late 2015, Citrix announced plans to spin off the GoTo Meeting business as a standalone subsidiary with a market value around $4 billion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Issabel is open-source Unified Communications PBX software, providing user-friendly web-based configuration, management, and reporting for telephony. Modules providing predictive dialing can be added. It is a fork of the open-source versions of Elastix, developed by the user/developer community when 3CX acquired Elastix, closed the community, halted distribution and development of the open-source versions, and released a proprietary version | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Palustrine wetlands include any inland wetland that contains ocean-derived salts in concentrations of less than 0. 5 parts per thousand, and is non-tidal. The word palustrine comes from the Latin word palus or marsh | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Perennial water body usually refers to mainly liquid fresh water, as opposed to sea and glaciers or other ice. Most frequently the term refers to running water (lotic ecosystems) as in perennial streams and large rivers, but the distinction between perennial and non-perennial water is of equal importance in lentic aquatic ecosystems, those that are associated with relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes and ponds. Simplistically a perennial water body is one that keeps full or flowing throughout the year for all or most years, but in practice there are degrees and kinds of distinction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A periglacial lake is a lake bordering a glacier, usually found along the fringes of large ice sheets.
Periglacial Zone
Periglaciation suggests an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. It has also been attributed to a climate with a tundra-like vegetation with a permanently frozen subsoil | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The phreatic zone, saturated zone, or zone of saturation, is the part of an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. Above the water table is the unsaturated or vadose zone.
The phreatic zone size, color, and depth may fluctuate with changes of season, and during wet and dry periods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Potamal is a technical geographical term of limnology and hydrology of the lower stretches of a stream or river. It describes the overall habitat, stability and ecology of the biomass.
Further reading
The FILION | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Platinum-Cobalt Scale (Pt/Co scale or Apha-Hazen Scale ) is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-tinted samples | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In hydrology, a rating curve is a graph of discharge versus stage for a given point on a stream, usually at gauging stations, where the stream discharge is measured across the stream channel with a flow meter. Numerous measurements of stream discharge are made over a range of stream stages. The rating curve is usually plotted as discharge on x-axis versus stage (surface elevation) on y-axis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shallow is an elevation of the bottom in the sea, river, lake, which impedes navigation. It is a type of an underwater relief where the depth of the water is low compared to that of the surrounding points.
Usually formed by sand or pebble deposits, can also be of volcanic origin or the result of human or animal activities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stratification in water is the formation in a body of water of relatively distinct and stable layers by density. It occurs in all water bodies where there is stable density variation with depth. Stratification is a barrier to the vertical mixing of water, which affects the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The capacity of a stream or river is the total amount of sediment a stream is able to transport. This measurement usually corresponds to the stream power and the width-integrated bed shear stress across section along a stream profile. Note that capacity is greater than the load, which is the amount of sediment carried by the stream | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A string bog or string mire is a bog consisting of slightly elevated ridges and islands, with woody plants, alternating with flat, wet sedge mat areas. String bogs occur on slightly sloping surfaces, with the ridges at right angles to the direction of water flow. They are an example of patterned vegetation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath earth's surface as part of the water cycle.
In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Surface-water hydrology is the sub-field of hydrology concerned with above-earth water (surface water), in contrast to groundwater hydrology that deals with water below the surface of the Earth. Its applications include rainfall and runoff, the routes that surface water takes (for example through rivers or reservoirs), and the occurrence of floods and droughts. Surface-water hydrology is used to predict the effects of water constructions such as dams and canals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An underground lake or subterranean lake is a lake underneath the surface of the Earth. Most naturally occurring underground lakes are found in areas of karst topography, where limestone or other soluble rock has been weathered away, leaving a cave where water can flow and accumulate.
Natural underground lakes are an uncommon hydrogeological feature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Visual MODFLOW (VMOD) is a graphical interface (GUI) for the open source groundwater modeling engine MODFLOW. VMOD was developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic and first released in 1994, the first commercially available GUI for MODFLOW. On May 2012 a | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term yield is used to describe the volume of water escaping from a spring over a certain period of time, the discharge quantity of which is measured in [l/s]. Measurement methods include volume–filling-time measurement and water level measurement.
The discharge of a spring can fluctuate to a greater or lesser extent depending on precipitation and evaporation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gerome Breen is a psychiatric geneticist who is Professor of Psychiatric Genetics in the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London. With Thalia C. Eley, he runs the Genetic Links to Anxiety and Depression (GLAD) study which seeks to recruit 40,000 people with experience of depression or anxiety, and serves as the leader of the NIHR Mental Health BioResource | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Panagiotis "Panos" Deloukas FMedSci is Professor of Cardiovascular Genomics and Dean for Life Sciences at the William Harvey Research Institute. This institute is a division of Queen Mary University of London (QMUL)'s Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry. He has been an ISI highly cited researcher since 2012 and was elected a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2018 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neva Haites OBE FRSE FMedSci is a scientist and physician who investigates molecular genetics and diseases in humans and specialises in cancer genetics; she has more than 90 publications in genetics concerning inherited predisposition to cancer, retinitis pigmentosa, hereditary motor neuropathy and sensory neuropathy.
Career
Haites is a Professor in Medical Genetics and the Head of College at the University of Aberdeen, College of Life Sciences and Medicine. In 2004, she was appointed as Vice Principal of the University of Aberdeen, representing the first female at the University to hold that position | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hermine H. M. Maes is a Belgian behavioral geneticist and Associate Professor in both the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glenna Shirleen Roeder is a geneticist known for identifying and characterizing the yeast genes that regulate the process of meiosis with particular emphasis on synapsis.
Education and career
Roeder has a B. Sc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently spaced marking that, when burned, indicates the passage of periods of time. While no longer used today, candle clocks provided an effective way to tell time indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day.
History
It is unknown where and when candle clocks were first used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property (discoloration or coloration) occurs after a predictable induction time due to the presence of clock species at a detectable amount.
In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, crossing a concentration threshold can lead to an abrupt color change after a reproducible time lapse.
Types
Clock reactions may be classified into three or four types:
Substrate-depletive clock reaction
The simplest clock reaction featuring two reactions:
A → C (rate k1)
B + C → products (rate k2, fast)When substrate (B) is present, the clock species (C) is quickly consumed in the second reaction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cifra 3 [ˈtʃiːfra ˈtre] is a digital flip clock manufactured by Solari di Udine, S. p. A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Climate Clock is a graphic to demonstrate how quickly the planet is approaching 1. 5 °C of global warming, given current emissions trends. It also shows the amount of CO2 already emitted, and the global warming to date | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding the angle between the hands of an analog clock.
Math problem
Clock angle problems relate two different measurements: angles and time. The angle is typically measured in degrees from the mark of number 12 clockwise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A clock chime is a melody or a set of melodies played at intervals upon a set of bells to mark the passage of time. It is also the name of the installed set of bells, when they are not part of a larger bell instrument such as a carillon.
Bells that play clock chimes are commonly placed in bell towers and elaborate floor clocks, but may be found any place where a large clock is installed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clock drift refers to several related phenomena where a clock does not run at exactly the same rate as a reference clock. That is, after some time the clock "drifts apart" or gradually desynchronizes from the other clock. All clocks are subject to drift, causing eventual divergence unless resynchronized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A clock position, or clock bearing, is the direction of an object observed from a vehicle, typically a vessel or an aircraft, relative to the orientation of the vehicle to the observer. The vehicle must be considered to have a front, a back, a left side and a right side. These quarters may have specialized names, such as bow and stern for a vessel, or nose and tail for an aircraft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clock synchronization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks. Even when initially set accurately, real clocks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift, caused by clocks counting time at slightly different rates. There are several problems that occur as a result of clock rate differences and several solutions, some being more acceptable than others in certain contexts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Clock is an art installation by video artist Christian Marclay. It is a looped 24-hour video supercut (montage of scenes from film and television) that feature clocks or timepieces. The artwork itself functions as a clock: its presentation is synchronized with the local time, resulting in the time shown in a scene being the actual time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A clockkeeper, sometimes seen as clock keeper, refers to a form of employment seen prevalently during Middle Age Europe involving the tracking of time and the maintaining of clocks and other timekeeping devices. However, the practice and its appearance throughout history fluctuated in centuries following the Middle Ages, and the necessity of an attendant to clockkeep remained long after the invention of the mechanical clock.
The clockkeeper was often paid considerable amounts of money to ensure the accuracy of a given clock or clocks, as the practice involved at least basic skills in mathematics and numbers in a time when education had not yet made a widespread appearance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function.
Background
The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The conservation and restoration of clocks refers to the care given to the physical and functional aspects of time measuring devices featuring "moving hands on a dial face" exclusive of watches. Care for clocks constitutes regulating the external environment, cleaning, winding, lubrication, pest-management, and repairing or replacing mechanical and aesthetic components to preserve or achieve the desired state as specified by the owner. Clocks are typically composed of multiple types of materials such as wood, metal, paint, plastic, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cuckoo clock, more than any other kind of timepiece, has often featured in literature, music, cinema, television, etc. , in the Western culture, as a metaphor or allegory of innocence, childhood, old age, past, fun, mental disorder, etc. It has apparently been viewed more as a symbol or a toy – a folksy musical apparatus with animated figures – fascinating and a bit mysterious rather than as a serious timekeeper | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Doomsday Clock is a symbol that represents the likelihood of a human-made global catastrophe, in the opinion of the members of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Maintained since 1947, the clock is a metaphor for threats to humanity from unchecked scientific and technological advances. A hypothetical global catastrophe is represented by midnight on the clock, with the Bulletin's opinion on how close the world is to one represented by a certain number of minutes or seconds to midnight, assessed in January of each year | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The échappement naturel was the invention of Abraham-Louis Breguet, one of the most eminent watchmakers of all time. Following the introduction of the detent chronometer escapement with a temperature compensated balance, very close rates could be achieved in marine chronometers and to a lesser degree in pocket chronometers. This achievement was due, other things being equal, to the minimal interference with the balance during unlocking and impulse | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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An equation clock is a mechanical clock which includes a mechanism that simulates the equation of time, so that the user can read or calculate solar time, as would be shown by a sundial. The first accurate clocks, controlled by pendulums, were patented by Christiaan Huyghens in 1657. For the next few decades, people were still accustomed to using sundials, and wanted to be able to use clocks to find solar time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is an approximate harmonic oscillator: It swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on its length, and resists swinging at other rates. From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens, inspired by Galileo Galilei, until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most precise timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. When first developed in the 18th century, it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage was vital for effective navigation, lacking electronic or communications aids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A master clock is a precision clock that provides timing signals to synchronise slave clocks as part of a clock network. Networks of electric clocks connected by wires to a precision master pendulum clock began to be used in institutions like factories, offices, and schools around 1900. Modern radio clocks are synchronised by radio signals or Internet connections to a worldwide time system called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is governed by primary reference atomic clocks in many countries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A matter wave clock is a type of clock whose principle of operation makes use of the apparent wavelike properties of matter.
Matter waves were first proposed by Louis de Broglie and are sometimes called de Broglie waves. They form a key aspect of wave–particle duality and experiments have since supported the idea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The modified Allan variance (MVAR), also known as mod σy2(τ), is a variable bandwidth modified variant of Allan variance, a measurement of frequency stability in clocks, oscillators and amplifiers. Its main advantage relative to Allan variance is its ability to separate white phase noise from flicker phase noise.
The modified Allan deviation (MDEV), also known as mod σy(τ), is the deviation variant of the modified Allan variance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Moondials are time pieces similar to a sundial. The most basic moondial, which is identical to a sundial, is only accurate on the night of the full moon. Every night after it becomes an additional (on average) 48 minutes slow, while every night preceding the full moon it is (again on average) 49 minutes fast, assuming there is even enough light to take a reading by | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An observatory chronometer is a timepiece that has passed stringent testing and a slate of accuracy tests. Thus, the "observatory trial" developed as the standard process for determining accuracy of timepiece movements. If the chronometer passed the stringent testing, it would be certified | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oil-lamp clocks are clocks consisting of a graduated glass reservoir to hold oil - usually whale oil, which burned cleanly and evenly - supplying the fuel for a built-in lamp. As the level in the reservoir dropped, it provided a rough measure of the passage of time.
The principle behind such a time-keeping device is that it measure a quantity that either decreases or increases at a constant rate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A photo-lab timer, photo interval timer, or darkroom timer is a device used in photography for timing the processes of enlarging negatives on paper,making them at any scale. It is a device to which the photo lab enlarger is attached to ensure that the duration of photo exposures on sensitive paper can be carried out accurately. When the selected time has elapsed, the enlarger is switched off or an alarm is sounded, for the photographer to turn it off | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A projection clock (also called ceiling clock) is an analog or digital clock equipped with a projector that creates an enlarged image of the clock face or display on any surface usable as a projection screen, most often the ceiling. The clock can be placed almost anywhere, if only the projected image must be seen. The image generated by most projection clocks is large enough that a nearsighted person can see it from a distance without glasses or contact lenses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A radio clock or radio-controlled clock (RCC), and often (incorrectly and colloquially) referred to as an "atomic clock", is a type of quartz clock or watch that is automatically synchronized to a time code transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock. Such a clock may be synchronized to the time sent by a single transmitter, such as many national or regional time transmitters, or may use the multiple transmitters used by satellite navigation systems such as Global Positioning System. Such systems may be used to automatically set clocks or for any purpose where accurate time is needed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A real-time clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that measures the passage of time.
Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day.
Terminology
The term real-time clock is used to avoid confusion with ordinary hardware clocks which are only signals that govern digital electronics, and do not count time in human units | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Reference Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization (RBIS) protocol is a master/slave synchronization protocol. RBIS, as the Reference Broadcast Time Synchronization (RBS), is a receiver/receiver synchronization protocol, as a consequence timestamps used for clock regulation are acquired only on the receiving of synchronization events. RBIS is specifically tailored to be used in IEEE 802 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A schema for horizontal dials is a set of instructions used to construct horizontal sundials using compass and straightedge construction techniques, which were widely used in Europe from the late fifteenth century to the late nineteenth century. The common horizontal sundial is a geometric projection of an equatorial sundial onto a horizontal plane.
The special properties of the polar-pointing gnomon (axial gnomon) were first known to the Moorish astronomer Abdul Hassan Ali in the early thirteenth century and this led the way to the dial-plates, with which we are familiar, dial plates where the style and hour lines have a common root | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A skeleton clock is any clock or wristwatch, though typically mechanical in nature, in which the parts that usually conceal the inner workings of the mechanism have been removed or significantly modified so as to display these inner parts.
It is considered to be a showcase design and intentionally exposes to plain view the various gears, wheels and springs within the movement itself. There is no official definition of a skeleton clock per se, but a major portion of the main parts of the timepiece should be openly visible from the front of the clock and most often from the back as well in order for it to be considered and accepted as a skeleton clock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In telecommunication and horology, a slave clock is a clock that depends on another clock, the master clock. Modern clocks are synchronized through the Internet or by radio time signals, to Coordinated Universal Time. UTC is based on a network of atomic clocks in many countries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A solar dial is a type of time switch used primarily for controlling lighting. The benefit of a solar dial over a conventional 'on-off' time switch is the ability to 'track' the sunrise and sunset times for a particular latitude (which is specified when the unit is purchased). The solar dial 'adjusts' itself by a fractional amount each day, thereby ensuring that street lighting is switched on and off when required throughout the year | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A station clock is a clock at a railway station that provides a standard indication of time to both passengers and railway staff.
A railway station will often have several station clocks. They can be found in a clock tower, in the booking hall or office, on the concourse, inside a train shed, on or facing the station platforms, or elsewhere | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A striking clock is a clock that sounds the hours audibly on a bell, gong, or other audible device. In 12-hour striking, used most commonly in striking clocks today, the clock strikes once at 1:00 am, twice at 2:00 am, continuing in this way up to twelve times at 12:00 mid-day, then starts again, striking once at 1:00pm, twice at 2:00 pm, up to twelve times at 12:00 midnight.
The striking feature of clocks was originally more important than their clock faces; the earliest clocks struck the hours, but had no dials to enable the time to be read | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a flat plate (the dial) and a gnomon, which casts a shadow onto the dial. As the Sun appears to move through the sky, the shadow aligns with different hour-lines, which are marked on the dial to indicate the time of day | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Swiss railway clock was designed in 1944 by Hans Hilfiker, a Swiss engineer and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) employee, together with Moser-Baer, a Swiss clock manufacturer, for use by the SBB as a station clock. In 1953, Hilfiker added a red second hand in the shape of the baton used by train dispatch staff. , giving the clock its current appearance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A talking clock (also called a speaking clock and an auditory clock) is a timekeeping device that presents the time as sounds. It may present the time solely as sounds, such as a phone-based time service (see "Speaking clock") or a clock for the visually impaired, or may have a sound feature in addition to an analog or digital face.
History
Although they would not be considered to be speaking, clocks have incorporated noisemakers such as clangs, chimes, gongs, melodies, and the sounds of cuckoos or roosters from almost the beginning of the mechanical clock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thirteenth stroke of the clock or "thirteen strikes of the clock" is a phrase, saying, and proverb to indicate that the previous events or "strokes to the clock" must be called into question. This is illustrated in the fictional case of "Rex vs Haddock" in which a remark by one of the parties is compared to the thirteenth stroke of a clock: not only is this thirteenth strike itself discredited, but it casts a shade of doubt over all previous assertions. This proverb puts forth the notion that if just one of someone's proclamations is wrong, or something of a process is wrong, then the correctness and accuracy of all the previous items are called into question | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tide clock is a specially designed clock that keeps track of the Moon's apparent motion around the Earth. Along many coastlines, the Moon contributes the major part (67%) of the combined lunar and solar tides. The exact interval between tides is influenced by the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, as well as the specific location on Earth where the tide is being measured | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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