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Nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) is a modification of polymerase chain reaction intended to reduce non-specific binding in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding sites.
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature-mediated DNA polymerase. The products can be used for sequencing or analysis, and this process is a key part of many genetics research laboratories, along with uses in DNA fingerprinting for forensics and other human genetic cases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (or OE-PCR) is a variant of PCR. It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension / Splicing by overhang extension (SOE) PCR. It is used assemble multiple smaller double stranded DNA fragments into a larger DNA sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pfu DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, where it functions to copy the organism's DNA during cell division. In the laboratory setting, Pfu is used to amplify DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step.
It is a family B DNA polymerase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PCR inhibitors are any factor which prevent the amplification of nucleic acids through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR inhibition is the most common cause of amplification failure when sufficient copies of DNA are present. PCR inhibitors usually affect PCR through interaction with DNA or interference with the DNA polymerase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure.
Contamination and PCR
The PCR method is extremely sensitive, requiring only a few DNA molecules in a single reaction for amplification across several orders of magnitude. Therefore, adequate measures to avoid contamination from any DNA present in the lab environment (bacteria, viruses, or human sources) are required | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A primer is a short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase (responsible for DNA replication) enzymes are only capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of an existing nucleic acid, requiring a primer be bound to the template before DNA polymerase can begin a complementary strand. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides after binding to the RNA primer and synthesizes the whole strand | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A primer dimer (PD) is a potential by-product in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common biotechnological method. As its name implies, a PD consists of two primer molecules that have attached (hybridized) to each other because of strings of complementary bases in the primers. As a result, the DNA polymerase amplifies the PD, leading to competition for PCR reagents, thus potentially inhibiting amplification of the DNA sequence targeted for PCR amplification | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pwo polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase used for the polymerase chain reaction. The abbreviation stands for Pyrococcus woesei, a thermophilic archaeon, from which this polymerase was isolated. This polymerase breaks when reaching erroneous uracil in DNA from the chain extension and, through this readahead function, fewer defective DNA clones are synthesized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pronounced "rapid", is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10- 12
nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from an RAPD reaction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The terms "relative fluorescence units" (RFU) and "RFU peak" refer to measurements in electrophoresis methods, such as for DNA analysis. A "relative fluorescence unit" is a unit of measurement used in analysis which employs fluorescence detection. Fluorescence is detected using a charged coupled device (CCD) array, when the labeled fragments, which are separated within a capillary by using electrophoresis, are energized by laser light and travel across the detection window | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reverse complement polymerase chain reaction (RC-PCR) is a modification of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to generate amplicon libraries for DNA sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS). The technique permits both the amplification and the ability to append sequences or functional domains of choice independently to either end of the generated amplicons in a single closed tube reaction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific RNA. This is achieved by monitoring the amplification reaction using fluorescence, a technique called real-time PCR or quantitative PCR (qPCR) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Selection and amplification binding assay (SAAB) is a molecular biology technique typically used to find the DNA binding site for proteins. It was developed by T. Keith Blackwell and Harold M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Astrosat-1000 is the largest option in EADS Astrium's Astrosat family of satellite buses. Astrosat-1000 provides the basic structure for building satellites between 800 and 1200 kg in mass. It is the satellite bus used for the Pléiades-HR series of satellites | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Modular Common Spacecraft Bus (MCSB) is a fast-development, low-cost, general purpose spacecraft platform. Its modular design is intended to reduce the cost, complexity, and lead time on missions by providing a reliable, well-characterized system that can carry a variety of payloads. According to NASA, "the spacecraft is roughly one tenth the price of a conventional uncrewed mission and could be used to land on the Moon, orbit Earth, or rendezvous with near-Earth objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Myriade is a European miniaturized satellite platform developed by EADS Astrium and CNES. EADS Astrium offers the Myriade bus under the commercial name Astrosat-100. CNES began developing Myriade in 1998, as a continuation of the Proteus program | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PSLV Orbital Experiment Platform (POEM) also known as PSLV Stage 4 Orbital Platform (PS4-OP) is an orbital micro-gravity test bed based on spent fourth stage of PSLV. By adding modular subsystems for power generation, communication and stabilization like photovoltaic cells, Telemetry and Telecommand (TT&C) package, attitude control system, data storage etc. to PSLV fourth stage it is converted into a satellite bus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photon is a satellite bus based on Rocket Lab's kick stage.
Development
In April 2019, Rocket Lab announced plans to create a new satellite bus, named Photon, to launch small payloads into Earth orbit. Its goal was to reduce the complexity and development time for customers, enabling technology demonstrations without the complexity of developing a full spacecraft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SpaceCube is a family of high-performance reconfigurable systems designed for spaceflight applications requiring on-board processing. The SpaceCube was developed by engineers at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The SpaceCube 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SSL 1300, previously the LS-1300 and the FS-1300, is a satellite bus produced by Maxar Technologies. Total broadcast power ranges from 5 to 25 kW, and the platform can accommodate from 12 to 150 transponders. The SSL 1300 is a modular platform and Maxar Technologies no longer reports designators for sub-versions, such as: 1300E, 1300HL, 1300S, 1300X | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Star Bus is a satellite bus family of Orbital ATK. It was originally developed by Thomas van der Heyden, co-founder of CTAI, and later sold to and manufactured by Orbital Sciences Corporation. The Star Bus satellite platform is designed for various applications, including communications, remote sensing, and scientific missions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Strictly speaking, a satellite collision is when two satellites collide while in orbit around a third, much larger body, such as a planet or moon.
This definition can be loosely extended to include collisions between sub-orbital or escape-velocity objects with an object in orbit. Prime examples are the anti-satellite weapon tests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spacecraft collision avoidance is the implementation and study of processes minimizing the chance of orbiting spacecraft inadvertently colliding with other orbiting objects. The most common subject of spacecraft collision avoidance research and development is for human-made satellites in geocentric orbits. The subject includes procedures designed to prevent the accumulation of space debris in orbit, analytical methods for predicting likely collisions, and avoidance procedures to maneuver offending spacecraft away from danger | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DART, or Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology, was a NASA spacecraft with the goal to develop and demonstrate an automated navigation and rendezvous capability. At the time of the DART mission, only the Roscosmos and JAXA had autonomous spacecraft navigation. Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) was the prime contractor for construction, launch and operation of the DART spacecraft with a project cost of US$110 million (2005) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Multiple Paths, Beyond-Line-of-Sight Communications (MUBLCOM) satellite (COSPAR 1999-026B, SATCAT 25736), built for the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, was launched in May 1999 by a Pegasus. Its mission was to demonstrate a capability to provide space-based digital voice and data communications to combat forces or commercial users that were previously considered out of range of standard radio communications systems.
On April 15, 2005, the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART) spacecraft collided with the MUBLCOM satellite while attempting to rendezvous with it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Operation Burnt Frost was a military operation to intercept and destroy non-functioning U. S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) satellite USA-193 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) is a project from the European Commission that creates global geographical data about the evolution of human habitation on Earth. This in the form of population density maps, built-up maps, and settlement maps. This information is produced using new geographic data mining tools and knowledge and analytics based on empirical data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aerial photographic and satellite image interpretation, or just image interpretation when in context, is the act of examining photographic images, particularly airborne and spaceborne, to identify objects and judging their significance. This is commonly used in military aerial reconnaissance, using photographs taken from reconnaissance aircraft and reconnaissance satellites.
The principles of image interpretation have been developed empirically for more than 150 years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit around a celestial body. Satellites have a variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation (GPS), broadcasting, scientific research, and Earth observation. Additional military uses are reconnaissance, early warning, signals intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. It is a joint NASA / USGS program. On 23 July 1972, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Meteosat series of satellites are geostationary meteorological satellites operated by EUMETSAT under the Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) program.
The MTP program was established to ensure the operational continuity between the end of the successful Meteosat Operational Programme in 1995 and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), which came into operation at the start of 2004 using improved satellites. The MSG program will provide service until the MTG (Meteosat Third Generation) program takes over | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multiple satellite imaging is the process of using multiple satellites to gather more information than a single satellite so that a better estimate of the desired source is possible. So something that cannot be seen with one telescope might be visible with two or more telescopes.
Background
Interferometry is the process of combining waves in such a way that they constructively interfere | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Satellite crop monitoring is the technology which facilitates real-time crop vegetation index monitoring via spectral analysis of high resolution satellite images for different fields and crops which enables to track positive and negative dynamics of crop development. The difference in vegetation index informs about single-crop development disproportions that speaks for the necessity of additional agriculture works on particular field zones—that is because satellite crop monitoring belongs to precision agriculture methods.
Satellite crop monitoring technology allows to perform online crop monitoring on different fields, located in different areas, regions, even countries and on different continents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) is a set of satellite images taken from the same scene at different times. A SITS makes use of different satellite sources to obtain a larger data series with short time interval between two images. In this case, it is fundamental to observe the spatial resolution and registration constraints | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Imagery intelligence (IMINT), pronounced as either as Im-Int or I-Mint, is an intelligence gathering discipline wherein imagery is analyzed (or "exploited") to identify information of intelligence value. Imagery used for defense intelligence purposes is generally collected via satellite imagery or aerial photography.
As an intelligence gathering discipline, IMINT production depends heavily upon a robust intelligence collection management system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TerraServer was a commercial website[1] specializing in aerial and satellite imagery which was originally launched in 1997. It is owned and operated by TerraServer. com, Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Windows on Earth is a museum exhibit, website, and exploration tool, developed by TERC, Inc. (an educational non-profit organization, previously called Technical Education Research Centers), and the Association of Space Explorers, that enables the public to explore an interactive, virtual view of Earth from space. In addition, the tool has been selected by NASA to help astronauts identify targets for photography from the International Space Station (ISS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
From a biological standpoint, the goal-directed molecular motions inside living cells are carried out by biopolymers acting like molecular machines (e. g. myosin, RNA/DNA polymerase, ion pumps, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The European Biophysics Journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the European Biophysical Societies Association. The journal publishes papers in the field of biophysics, defining this as the study of biological phenomena using physical methods and concepts. It publishes original papers, reviews and letters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase, the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length and these cylindrical aggregates are disposed on a hexagonal lattice, giving the phase long-range orientational order.
In normal topology hexagonal phases, which are formed by type I amphiphiles, the hydrocarbon chains are contained within the cylindrical aggregates such that the polar-apolar interface has a positive mean curvature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Hindmarsh–Rose model of neuronal activity is aimed to study the spiking-bursting behavior of the membrane potential observed in experiments made with a single neuron. The relevant variable is the membrane potential, x(t), which is written in dimensionless units. There are two more variables, y(t) and z(t), which take into account the transport of ions across the membrane through the ion channels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HNCA is a 3D triple-resonance NMR experiment commonly used in the field of protein NMR. The name derives from the experiment's magnetization transfer pathway: The magnetization of the amide proton of an amino acid residue is transferred to the amide nitrogen, and then to the alpha carbons of both the starting residue and the previous residue in the protein's amino acid sequence. In contrast, the complementary HNCOCA experiment
transfers magnetization only to the alpha carbon of the previous residue[1] | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HNCOCA is a 3D triple-resonance NMR experiment commonly used in the field of protein NMR. The name derives from the experiment's magnetization transfer pathway: The magnetization of the amide proton of an amino acid residue is transferred to the amide nitrogen, and then to the alpha carbon of the previous residue in the protein's amino acid sequence. In contrast, the complementary HNCA experiment transfers magnetization to the alpha carbons of both the starting residue and the previous residue in the sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Immunocomputing explores the principles of information processing that proteins and immune networks utilize in order to solve specific complex problems while protected from viruses, noise, errors and intrusions.
It intends to establish:
A proper mathematical framework
A new kind of computing
A new kind of hardwareThe main difference with other kinds of computing lay on the function of its basic element, the formal protein, defined according with its biological prototype and its mathematical model.
The main biophysical issues considered in immunocomputing are:
Free folding to a stable state (inspiration for the Formal Protein)
Free binding with other elements dependent on their reciprocal states (inspiration for the Formal Immune Networks)Formal immune networks (FINs) have as closest model the idiotypic network of N | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance is an open access scientific journal that was established in 2010 and is published by the Oslo Bioimpedance Group with assistance of the University of Oslo Library. The editor-in-chief is Ørjan G. Martinsen (University of Oslo) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lamellar phase refers generally to packing of polar-headed long chain nonpolar-tail molecules in an environment of bulk polar liquid, as sheets of bilayers separated by bulk liquid. In biophysics, polar lipids (mostly, phospholipids, and rarely, glycolipids) pack as a liquid crystalline bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty acyl long chains directed inwardly and polar headgroups of lipids aligned on the outside in contact with water, as a 2-dimensional flat sheet surface. Under transmission electron microscope (TEM), after staining with polar headgroup reactive chemical osmium tetroxide, lamellar lipid phase appears as two thin parallel dark staining lines/sheets, constituted by aligned polar headgroups of lipids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lattice models in biophysics represent a class of statistical-mechanical models which consider a biological macromacromolecule (such as DNA, protein, actin, etc. ) as a lattice of units, each unit being in different states or conformations.
For example, DNA in chromatin can be represented as a one-dimensional lattice, whose elementary units are the nucleotide, base pair or nucleosome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology. Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle.
Biophysics
Membrane biophysics is the study of biological membrane structure and function using physical, computational, mathematical, and biophysical methods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-B DB is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non-B DNA-forming sequence motifs. The database provides alternative DNA structure predictions including Z-DNA motifs, quadruplex-forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and slipped structures, respectively.
See also
B-DNA
non-B DNA
References
External links
http://nonb | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) is a reflectance measurement developed by John Gamon during his tenure as a postdoctorate fellow supervised by Christopher Field at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford University. The PRI is sensitive to changes in carotenoid pigments (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Physics of Life Reviews is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on living systems. It was established in 2004 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Leonid Perlovsky | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The physiome of an individual's or species' physiological state is the description of its functional behavior. The physiome describes the physiological dynamics of the normal intact organism and is built upon information and
structure (genome, proteome, and morphome). The term comes from "physio-" (nature) and "-ome" (as a whole) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In structural biology, a protomer is the structural unit of an oligomeric protein. It is the smallest unit composed of at least two different protein chains that form a larger hetero-oligomer by association of two or more copies of this unit.
The term was introduced by Chetverin to make nomenclature in the Na/K-ATPase enzyme unambiguous | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on biophysics, published by Cambridge University Press. It was established in 1968. The current chief editor is Bengt Nordén | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in biophysics and radiation biology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the editors-in-chief are Anna A. Friedl (Ludwig-Maximilian University), Werner Rühm (Helmholtz Zentrum München), and Andrzej Wojcik (Stockholm University) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The RNA Characterization of Secondary Structure Motifs database (RNA CoSSMos) is a repository of three-dimensional nucleic acid PDB structures containing secondary structure motifs ( loops, hairpin loops . . | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SHIFTCOR (Shift Correction) is a freely available web server as well as a stand-alone computer program for protein chemical shift re-referencing. Chemical shift referencing is a particularly widespread problem in biomolecular NMR with up to 25% of existing NMR chemical shift assignments being improperly referenced. Some of these referencing problems can lead to systematic errors of between 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slow afterhyperpolarisation (sAHP) refers to prolonged periods of hyperpolarisation in a neuron or cardiomyocyte following an action potential or other depolarising event. In neurons, trains of action potentials may be required to induce sAHPs; this is unlike fast AHPs that require no more than a single action potential. A variety of ionic mechanism may contribute to sAHPs, including potassium efflux from calcium- or sodium- activated potassium channels, and/or the electrogenic response of the sodium-potassium ATPase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Dragon Database for Human Transcription Co-Factors and Transcription Factor Interacting Proteins (TcoF-DB) is a database that facilitates the exploration of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription in humans by binding to regulatory DNA regions (transcription factors) and proteins involved in the regulation of transcription in humans by interacting with transcription factors and not binding to regulatory DNA regions (transcription co-factors). The database describes a total of 529 (potential) human transcription co-factors interacting with a total of 1365 human transcription factors.
See also
Transcription factor
Transcription coregulator
References
External links
"TcoF - Dragon database of transcription co-factors and transcription factor interacting proteins" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) is a research group within the Physics Research Division of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The VTF is a laboratory focused on studying the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection. For this purpose the group has a small tokamak designed to observe rarefied plasmas with probes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virophysics is a branch of biophysics in which the theoretical concepts and experimental techniques of physics are applied to study the mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virions and cells.
Overview
Research in virophysics typically focuses on resolving the physical structure and structural properties of viruses, the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, their population kinetics over the course of an infection, and the emergence and evolution of various strains. The common aim of these efforts is to establish a set of models (expressions or laws) that quantitatively describe the details of all processes involved in viral infections with reliable predictive power | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A zero-mode waveguide is an optical waveguide that guides light energy into a volume that is small in all dimensions compared to the wavelength of the light.
Zero-mode waveguides have been developed for rapid parallel sensing of zeptolitre sample volumes, as applied to gene sequencing, by Pacific Biosciences (previously named Nanofluidics, Inc. )A waveguide operated at frequencies lower than its cutoff frequency (wavelengths longer than its cutoff wavelength) and used as a precision attenuator is also known as a "waveguide below-cutoff attenuator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plants are eukaryotes, predominantly photosynthetic, that form the kingdom Plantae. Many are multicellular. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The barinophytes are a group of extinct vascular plants (tracheophytes). Their relationship with other vascular plants is unclear. They have been treated as the separate class Barinophytopsida, the order Barinophytales of uncertain class and as a family or clade Barinophytaceae within the zosterophylls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biomass partitioning is the process by which plants divide their energy among their leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive parts. These four main components of the plant have important morphological roles: leaves take in CO2 and energy from the sun to create carbon compounds, stems grow above competitors to reach sunlight, roots absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil while anchoring the plant, and reproductive parts facilitate the continuation of species. Plants partition biomass in response to limits or excesses in resources like sunlight, carbon dioxide, mineral nutrients, and water and growth is regulated by a constant balance between the partitioning of biomass between plant parts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cormophytes (Cormophyta) are the "plants differentiated into roots, shoots and leaves, and well adapted for life on land, comprising pteridophytes and the Spermatophyta. "
This group of plants include mosses, ferns and seed plants. These plants differ from thallophytes, whose body is referred to as the thallus, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. The Embryophyta consist of the bryophytes plus the polysporangiophytes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Some microorganisms, such as endophytes, penetrate and occupy the plant internal tissues, forming the endospheric microbiome. The arbuscular mycorrhizal and other endophytic fungi are the dominant colonizers of the endosphere. Bacteria, and to some degree archaea, are important members of endosphere communities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and nectar; they may also have an attractive scent which in some cases mimics insect pheromones. Insect pollinators such as bees have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The euphyllophytes are a clade of plants within the tracheophytes (the vascular plants). The group may be treated as an unranked clade, a division under the name Euphyllophyta or a subdivision under the name Euphyllophytina. The euphyllophytes are characterized by the possession of true leaves ("megaphylls"), and comprise one of two major lineages of extant vascular plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season.
Evergreen species
There are many different kinds of evergreen plants, both trees and shrubs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Introgressive hybridization, also known as introgression, is the flow of genetic material between divergent lineages via repeated backcrossing. In plants, this backcrossing occurs when an
F
1
{\displaystyle F_{1}}
generation hybrid breeds with one or both of its parental species.
Source of variation
Although some genera of plants hybridize and introgress more easily than others, in certain scenarios, external factors may contribute to an increased rate of hybridization | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Instead, they may possess simpler tissues that have specialized functions for the internal transport of water.
Non-vascular plants include two distantly related groups:
Bryophytes, an informal group that taxonomists now treat as three separate land-plant divisions, namely: Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nurse plants are plants that serve the ecological role of helping seedlings establish themselves and protecting young plants from harsh conditions. This effect is particularly well studied among plant communities in xeric environments.
Effects
Overstory trees and shrubs have a facilitative effect on the establishment of understory plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In botany and horticulture, an offset (also called a pup) is a small, virtually complete daughter plant that has been naturally and asexually produced on the mother plant. They are clones, meaning that they are genetically identical to the mother plant. They divide mitotically | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The photothermal ratio (PTR), also named photothermal quotient, is a variable that characterizes the amount of light available to plants relative to the temperature level. It is used in plant biology to characterize the growth environment of plants.
Rationale
Both light and temperature are important environmental variables that determine the growth and development of plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phytogeomorphology is the study of how terrain features affect plant growth. It was the subject of a treatise by Howard and Mitchell in 1985, who were considering the growth and varietal temporal and spatial variability found in forests, but recognized that their work also had application to farming, and the relatively new science (at that time) of precision agriculture. The premise of Howard and Mitchell is that landforms, or features of the land's 3D topography significantly affect how and where plants (or trees in their case) grow | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The plant microbiome, also known as the phytomicrobiome, plays roles in plant health and productivity and has received significant attention in recent years. The microbiome has been defined as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The term thus not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompasses their theatre of activity" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plant perception or biocommunication is the paranormal idea that plants are sentient, that they respond to humans in a manner that amounts to ESP, and that they experience a range of emotions or parapsychological states. Since plants lack nervous systems, paranormal claims regarding plant perception are considered pseudoscience by the scientific community. Such paranormal claims are distinct from the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment via chemical and related stimuli | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A plantlet is a young or small plant, produced on the leaf margins or the aerial stems of another plant. Many plants such as spider plants naturally create stolons with plantlets on the ends as a form of asexual reproduction. Vegetative propagules or clippings of mature plants may form plantlets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polysporangiophytes, also called polysporangiates or formally Polysporangiophyta, are plants in which the spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) has branching stems (axes) that bear sporangia. The name literally means 'many sporangia plant'. The clade includes all land plants (embryophytes) except for the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) whose sporophytes are normally unbranched, even if a few exceptional cases occur | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide. It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy. Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A stinging plant or a plant with stinging hairs is a plant with hairs (trichomes) on its leaves or stems that are capable of injecting substances that cause pain or irritation.
Other plants, such as opuntias, have hairs or spines that cause mechanical irritation, but do not inject chemicals. Stinging hairs occur particularly in the families Urticaceae, Loasaceae, Boraginaceae (subfamily Hydrophylloideae) and Euphorbiaceae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The vegetation in Tasmania's alpine environments is predominately woody and shrub-like. One vegetation type is coniferous shrubbery, characterised by the gymnosperm species Microcachrys tetragona, Pherosphaera hookeriana, Podocarpus lawrencei, and Diselma archeri. Distribution of these species is relevant with abiotic factors including edaphic conditions and fire frequency, and increasingly, the threat of climate change towards species survival exists | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transpirational cooling is the cooling provided as plants transpire water. Green vegetation contributes to moderating climate by being cooler than adjacent bare earth or constructed areas. As plant leaves transpire they use energy to evaporate water aggregating up to a huge volume globally every day | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wildflower (or wild flower) is a flower that grows in the wild, meaning it was not intentionally seeded or planted. The term implies that the plant is neither a hybrid nor a selected cultivar that is any different from the native plant, even if it is growing where it would not naturally be found. The term can refer to the whole plant, even when not in bloom, and not just the flower | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A woody plant is a plant that produces wood as its structural tissue and thus has a hard stem. In cold climates, woody plants further survive winter or dry season above ground, as opposed to herbaceous plants that die back to the ground until spring.
Characteristics
Woody plants are usually trees, shrubs, or lianas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Botanical illustration is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species. They are generally meant to be scientifically descriptive about subjects depicted and are often found printed alongside a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media. Some are sold as artworks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The phrase Art In Bloom is often used as the title of various exhibits held annually, usually in spring, in art museums. The phrase was created by a Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, volunteer, Lorraine M. Pitts who also helped found the Danforth Museum in Framingham, MA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Banksias, by Celia Rosser, is a three-volume series of monographs containing paintings of every Banksia species. Its publication represented the first time such a large genus had been entirely painted by a single botanical artist. It has been described as "one of the outstanding botanical works of this century | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Flora Londinensis is a folio sized book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The Flora was published by William Curtis in six large volumes. The descriptions of the plants included hand-coloured copperplate plates by botanical artists such as James Sowerby, Sydenham Edwards and William Kilburn | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Highgrove Florilegium: Watercolours depicting plants grown in the garden at Highgrove is a two-volume book of botanical illustrations recording plants in the garden of Charles III, the then Prince of Wales, at Highgrove House in Gloucestershire, England. The volumes, published in 2008 and 2009, contain 124 watercolours painted by invited leading botanical artists from around the world. The colour plates are reproduced in their original size from watercolour drawings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nature printing is a printing process, developed in the 18th century, that uses the plants, animals, rocks and other natural subjects to produce an image. The subject undergoes several stages to give a direct impression onto materials such as lead, gum, and photographic plates, which are then used in the printing process.
While some sources state that Benjamin Franklin invented nature printing from leaf casts, using a copper plate press, in 1737 to thwart counterfeiters of paper money bills, other sources also report Franklin's friend, Philadelphia naturalist Joseph Breintnall, to have made contact nature prints from leaves in about 1730 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Community Memory (CM) was the first public computerized bulletin board system. Established in 1973 in Berkeley, California, it used an SDS 940 timesharing system in San Francisco connected via a 110 baud link to a teleprinter at a record store in Berkeley to let users enter and retrieve messages. Individuals could place messages in the computer and then look through the memory for a specific notice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CONFER is one of the first computer conferencing systems. Highly sophisticated for its time, it was developed in 1975 at the University of Michigan by then graduate student Robert Parnes. The CONFER system continued to be a widely used communication tool until 1999 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In a bulletin board system (BBS), a door is an interface between the BBS software and an external application. The term is also used to refer to the external application, a computer program that runs outside of the main bulletin board program. Sometimes called external programs, doors are the most common way to add games, utilities, and other extensions to BBSes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ExecPC is an online service provider started in 1983 by owner Bob Mahoney as the Exec-PC BBS. It quickly grew to be one of the world's largest bulletin board systems in the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, competing with the likes of Compuserve and Prodigy.
ExecPC began offering Internet access in 1994 as ExecPC Internet, and being based in New Berlin, WI, quickly grew to be the largest Internet service provider in Wisconsin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Originally created by Herb Rose, Falken BBS was one of the few BBS products which allowed up to 128 users to dial into a single system (running DOS) using multiport hardware, requiring no external multitasker. The product was far advanced from the large number of other BBS systems available at the time allowing users to interact in online teleconferences and multiplayer games.
Dates back to at least 1989 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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