text stringlengths 31 999 | source stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A demosaicing (also de-mosaicing, demosaicking or debayering) algorithm is a digital image process used to reconstruct a full color image from the incomplete color samples output from an image sensor overlaid with a color filter array (CFA). It is also known as CFA interpolation or color reconstruction.
Most modern digital cameras acquire images using a single image sensor overlaid with a CFA, so demosaicing is part of the processing pipeline required to render these images into a viewable format | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An event camera, also known as a neuromorphic camera, silicon retina or dynamic vision sensor, is an imaging sensor that responds to local changes in brightness. Event cameras do not capture images using a shutter as conventional (frame) cameras do. Instead, each pixel inside an event camera operates independently and asynchronously, reporting changes in brightness as they occur, and staying silent otherwise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A flying-spot scanner (FSS) uses a scanning source of a spot of light, such as a high-resolution, high-light-output, low-persistence cathode ray tube (CRT), to scan an image. Usually the image to be scanned is on photographic film, such as motion picture film, or a slide or photographic plate. The output of the scanner is usually a television signal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Focal-plane arrays (FPAs) are widely used in radio astronomy. FPAs are arrays of receivers placed at the focus of the optical system in a radio-telescope. The optical system may be a reflector or a lens | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gamma camera (γ-camera), also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse images of the human body or the distribution of medically injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays.
Imaging techniques
Scintigraphy ("scint") is the use of gamma cameras to capture emitted radiation from internal radioisotopes to create two-dimensional images | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gamma probe is a handheld device containing a scintillation counter, for intraoperative use following injection of a radionuclide, to locate sentinel lymph nodes by their radioactivity. It is used primarily for sentinel lymph node mapping and parathyroid surgery. Gamma probes are also used for RSL (radioactive seed localization), to locate small and non-palpable breast lesions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In digital photography, the image sensor format is the shape and size of the image sensor.
The image sensor format of a digital camera determines the angle of view of a particular lens when used with a particular sensor. Because the image sensors in many digital cameras are smaller than the 24 mm × 36 mm image area of full-frame 35 mm cameras, a lens of a given focal length gives a narrower field of view in such cameras | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An imaging spectrometer is an instrument used in hyperspectral imaging and imaging spectroscopy to acquire a spectrally-resolved image of an object or scene, often referred to as a datacube due to the three-dimensional representation of the data. Two axes of the image correspond to vertical and horizontal distance and the third to wavelength. The principle of operation is the same as that of the simple spectrometer, but special care is taken to avoid optical aberrations for better image quality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An infrared detector is a detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic (photodetectors).
The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) which can also be called laser speckle imaging (LSI) is an imaging modality based on the analysis of the blurring effect of the speckle pattern. The operation of LSCI is having a wide-field illumination of a rough surface through a coherent light source. Then using photodetectors such as CCD camera or CMOS sensors imaging the resulting laser speckle pattern caused by the interference of coherent light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Live MOS sensor is a brand name of an NMOS Image sensor used by Panasonic, Olympus and Leica in their Four Thirds System DSLR manufactured since 2006. (Olympus E-330, Panasonic Lumix DMC-L1 and Leica Digilux 3).
A reviewer claims that the sensor can achieve the same image quality as CCD-based sensors while keeping energy consumption down to CMOS levels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Long-Range Reconnaissance and Observation System or LORROS is a sensor system developed by Elbit Systems to provide long-range daytime and night-time surveillance. The unit consists of Forward looking infrared (FLIR) and Charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Optional components include eyesafe laser rangefinder, built-in compass and inclinometer, which provide UTM location mapping | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microbolometer is a specific type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera. Infrared radiation with wavelengths between 7. 5–14 μm strikes the detector material, heating it, and thus changing its electrical resistance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microchannel plate (MCP) is used to detect single particles (electrons, ions and neutrons) and photons (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays). It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission, however because a microchannel plate detector has many separate channels, it can additionally provide spatial resolution.
Basic design
A microchannel plate is a slab made from resistive material (most often glass) 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Minimum resolvable contrast (MRC) is a subjective measure of a visible spectrum sensor’s or camera's sensitivity and ability to resolve data. A snapshot image of a series of three bar targets of selected spatial frequencies and various contrast coatings captured by the unit under test (UUT) is used to determine the MRC of the UUT, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A multi-layer CCD is a CCD image sensor that captures true RGB using stacked CCD sensor layers.
This concept was the subject of a 1978 Kodak patent application (issued 1986), but did not result in a working image sensor.
The concept resurfaced as part of an April Fools' Day prank press release from dpreview | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An oversampled binary image sensor is an image sensor with non-linear response capabilities reminiscent of traditional photographic film. Each pixel in the sensor has a binary response, giving only a one-bit quantized measurement of the local light intensity. The response function of the image sensor is non-linear and similar to a logarithmic function, which makes the sensor suitable for high dynamic range imaging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photo response non-uniformity, pixel response non-uniformity, or PRNU, is a form of fixed-pattern noise related to digital image sensors, as used in cameras and optical instruments. Both CCD and CMOS sensors are two-dimensional arrays of photosensitive cells, each broadly corresponding to an image pixel. Due to the non-uniformity of image sensors, each cell responds with a different voltage level when illuminated with a uniform light source, and this leads to luminance inaccuracy at the pixel level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A push broom scanner, also known as an along-track scanner, is a device for obtaining images with spectroscopic sensors. The scanners are regularly used for passive remote sensing from space, and in spectral analysis on production lines, for example with near-infrared spectroscopy used to identify contaminated food and feed. The moving scanner line in a traditional photocopier (or a scanner or facsimile machine) is also a familiar, everyday example of a push broom scanner | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) is an infrared photodetector, which uses electronic intersubband transitions in quantum wells to absorb photons. In order to be used for infrared detection, the parameters of the quantum wells in the quantum well infrared photodetector are adjusted so that the energy difference between its first and second quantized states match the incoming infrared photon energy. QWIPs are typically made of gallium arsenide, a material commonly found in smartphones and high-speed communications equipment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Retinomorphic sensors are a type of event-driven optical sensor which produce a signal in response to changes in light intensity, rather than to light intensity itself. This is in contrast to conventional optical sensors such as charge coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) based sensors, which output a signal that increases with increasing light intensity. Because they respond to movement only, retinomorphic sensors are hoped to enable faster tracking of moving objects than conventional image sensors, and have potential applications in autonomous vehicles, robotics, and neuromorphic engineering | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Small object detection is a particular case of object detection where various techniques are employed to detect small objects in digital images and videos. "Small objects" are objects having a small pixel footprint in the input image. In areas such as aerial imagery, state-of-the-art object detection techniques under performed because of small objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A staring array, also known as staring-plane array or focal-plane array (FPA), is an image sensor consisting of an array (typically rectangular) of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens. FPAs are used most commonly for imaging purposes (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Super CCD is a proprietary charge-coupled device that has been developed by Fujifilm since 1999. The Super CCD uses octagonal, rather than rectangular, pixels. This allows a higher horizontal and vertical resolution (at the expense of diagonal resolution) to be achieved than a traditional sensor of an equivalent pixel count | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A three-CCD (3CCD) camera is a camera whose imaging system uses three separate charge-coupled devices (CCDs), each one receiving filtered red, green, or blue color ranges. Light coming in from the lens is split by a beam-splitter prism into three beams, which are then filtered to produce colored light in three color ranges or "bands". The system is employed by high quality still cameras, telecine systems, professional video cameras and some prosumer video cameras | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A time delay and integration or time delay integration (TDI) charge-coupled device (CCD) is an image sensor for capturing images of moving objects at low light levels. While using similar underlying CCD technology, in operation it contrasts with staring arrays and line scanned arrays. It works by synchronized mechanical and electronical scanning, so that the effects of dim imaging targets on the sensor can be integrated over longer periods of time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A whisk broom or spotlight sensor, also known as an across-track scanner, is a technology for obtaining satellite images with optical cameras. It is used for passive remote sensing from space. In a whisk broom sensor, a mirror scans across the satellite’s path (ground track), reflecting light into a single detector which collects data one pixel at a time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microphone, colloquially called mic (), is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, and radio and television broadcasting. They are also used in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for other purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Balanced audio is a method of interconnecting audio equipment using balanced interfaces. This type of connection is very important in sound recording and production because it allows the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise caused by electromagnetic interference. The balanced interface guarantees that induced noise appears as common-mode voltages at the receiver which can be rejected by a differential device | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A boundary microphone (or pressure zone microphone) is one or more small omnidirectional or cardioid condenser mic capsule(s) positioned near or flush with a boundary (surface) such as a floor, table, or wall. The capsule(s) are typically mounted in a flat plate or housing. The arrangement provides a directional half-space pickup pattern while delivering a relatively phase-coherent output signal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The carbon microphone, also known as carbon button microphone, button microphone, or carbon transmitter, is a type of microphone, a transducer that converts sound to an electrical audio signal. It consists of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon. One plate is very thin and faces toward the speaking person, acting as a diaphragm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A contact microphone, also known as a piezo microphone, is a form of microphone that senses audio vibrations through contact with solid objects. Unlike normal air microphones, contact microphones are almost completely insensitive to air vibrations but transduce only structure-borne sound. Often used as acoustic leakage probes, they also enjoy wide usage by noise music artists experimenting with sound | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A laser microphone is a surveillance device that uses a laser beam to detect sound vibrations in a distant object. It can be used to eavesdrop with minimal chance of exposure.
The object is typically inside a room where a conversation is taking place and can be anything that can vibrate (for example, a picture on a wall) in response to the pressure waves created by noises present in the room | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magic Mic is a trademark of karaoke microphones manufactured by Enter Tech that have embedded songs and require an external video display. This configuration makes them light and portable.
Enter Tech was the first manufacturer to release a portable karaoke microphone called Magic Sing in 2000 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Many different electrical connectors have been used to connect microphones to audio equipment—including PA systems, radios, tape recorders, and numerous other devices.
Phone connectors
Photo: 2. 5 mm mono (TS), 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term microphone preamplifier can either refer to the electronic circuitry within a microphone, or to a separate device or circuit that the microphone is connected to. In either instance, the purpose of the microphone preamplifier is the same.
A microphone preamplifier is a sound engineering device that prepares a microphone signal to be processed by other equipment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An rpmsg file is a file format containing a restricted-permission message. It is used to implement IRM for Outlook messages with the aim of controlling access to content via encryption and access controls, and restricting certain actions such as the ability to forward or copy. Messages in this format are normally created by users of Azure Information Protection, Azure Rights Management or Active Directory Rights Management Services | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NCryptoki is a library for . NET Framework that implements the PKCS#11 specifications and supplies an API for C#, VB. NET, Visual Basic 6, Delphi and other COM interop languages for integrating a PKCS#11 compliant token in any application | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic . NET (VB. NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
C++/CLI is a variant of the C++ programming language, modified for Common Language Infrastructure. It has been part of Visual Studio 2005 and later, and provides interoperability with other . NET languages such as C# | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, IIf (an abbreviation for Immediate if) is a function in several editions of the Visual Basic programming language and ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML), and on spreadsheets that returns the second or third parameter based on the evaluation of the first parameter. It is an example of a conditional expression, which is similar to a conditional statement.
Syntax
The syntax of the IIf function is as follows:
IIf(expr, truepart, falsepart)
All three parameters are required:
expr is the expression that is to be evaluated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Visual J# (pronounced "jay-sharp") is a discontinued implementation of the J# programming language that was a transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications with the . NET Framework. It was introduced in 2002 and discontinued in 2007, with support for the final release of the product continuing until October 2017 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Text Template Transformation Toolkit (usually referred to as "T4") is a free and open-source template-based text generation framework. T4 source files are usually denoted by the file extension ". tt" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
mod_mono is a module for the Apache HTTP Server that allows for hosting of ASP. NET pages and other assemblies on multiple platforms by use of the Mono development platform. A similar module called mod_aspdotnet by another group allows hosting of ASP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MonoGame is a free and open source C# framework used by game developers to make games for multiple platforms and other systems. It is also used to make Windows and Windows Phone games run on other systems. It supports iOS, Android, macOS, tvOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OpenTK, also known as The Open Toolkit library, is a C# graphics library superseding the Tao Framework. It provides access to graphics tools contained in OpenGL, OpenCL, and OpenAL to a variety of CLR-based languages (C#, F#, etc. ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, the Motif Window Manager (MWM) is an X window manager based on the Motif toolkit.
Overview
MWM is a lightweight window manager, having robust compliance and configuration of the features it has. MWM first appeared on in the early-1990s, along with the Motif toolkit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape. The Mozilla community uses, develops, publishes and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting exclusively free software and open standards, with only minor exceptions. The community is supported institutionally by the non-profit Mozilla Foundation and its tax-paying subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
about is an internal URI scheme (also known as a "URL scheme" or, erroneously, "protocol") implemented in various Web browsers to reveal internal state and built-in functions. It is an IANA officially registered scheme, and is standardized. In early versions of Netscape, any URI beginning with about: that wasn't recognized as a built-in command would simply result in the text after the colon being displayed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Add-on is the Mozilla term for software modules that can be added to the Firefox web browser and related applications. Mozilla hosts them on its official add-on website. Browser extensions are the primary type of add-on | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) is a file format which extends the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) specification to permit animated images that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency not available for GIFs. It also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files.
The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, so most standard PNG decoders are able to display the first frame of an APNG file | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BlueGriffon is a WYSIWYG content editor for the World Wide Web. It is based on the discontinued Nvu editor, which in turn is based on the Composer component of the Mozilla Application Suite, which was previously known as Netscape Composer, which was bundled with Netscape Gold before it was renamed to Netscape Communicator. Powered by Gecko, the rendering engine of Firefox, it can edit Web pages in conformance to Web Standards | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Book of Mozilla is a computer Easter egg found in the Netscape, Mozilla, SeaMonkey, Waterfox and Firefox series of web browsers.
It is viewed by directing the browser to about:mozilla. There is no real book titled The Book of Mozilla | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bugzilla is a web-based general-purpose bug tracking system and testing tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla project, and licensed under the Mozilla Public License.
Released as open-source software by Netscape Communications in 1998, it has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products. Bugzilla is used, among others, by the Mozilla Foundation, WebKit, Linux kernel, FreeBSD, KDE, Apache, Eclipse and LibreOffice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In animals, infanticide involves the intentional killing of young offspring by a mature animal of the same species. Animal infanticide is studied in zoology, specifically in the field of ethology. Ovicide is the analogous destruction of eggs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems was a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the intersection of biology and sociology. It was established in 1978 as the Journal of Social and Biological Structures by James Danielli and Harvey Wheeler, who served as its founding editors-in-chief; they were later joined by Robert Rosen. Wheeler remained a co-editor-in-chief of the journal until 1995 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kin selection is a process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin selection can lead to the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Kin selection is related to the concept of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can ensure the production of by supporting others (weighted by the relatedness between individuals) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Life history theory is an analytical framework designed to study the diversity of life history strategies used by different organisms throughout the world, as well as the causes and results of the variation in their life cycles. It is a theory of biological evolution that seeks to explain aspects of organisms' anatomy and behavior by reference to the way that their life histories—including their reproductive development and behaviors, post-reproductive behaviors, and lifespan (length of time alive)—have been shaped by natural selection. A life history strategy is the "age- and stage-specific patterns" and timing of events that make up an organism's life, such as birth, weaning, maturation, death, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The precise meaning depends upon the context. With respect to animals, the term describes which males and females mate under which circumstances | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocality) is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents.
Description
Frequently, visiting marriage is being practiced, meaning that husband and wife are living apart, in their separate birth families, and seeing each other in their spare time. The children of such marriages are raised by the mother's extended matrilineal clan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neolocal residence is a type of post-marital residence in which a newly married couple resides separately from both the husband's natal household and the wife's natal household. Neolocal residence forms the basis of most developed nations, especially in the West, and is also found among some nomadic communities.
Upon marriage, each partner is expected to move out of their parents' household and establish a new residence, thus forming the core of an independent nuclear family | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Even though intimacy has been broadly defined in terms of romantic love and sexual desire, the neuroanatomy of intimacy needs further explanation in order to fully understand their neurological functions in different components within intimate relationships, which are romantic love, lust, attachment, and rejection in love. Also, known functions of the neuroanatomy involved can be applied to observations seen in people who are experiencing any of the stages in intimacy. Research analysis of these systems provide insight on the biological basis of intimacy, but the neurological aspect must be considered as well in areas that require special attention to mitigate issues in intimacy, such as violence against a beloved partner or problems with social bonding | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men. It is used, both as a technical anthropological term for families or clans controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males and in feminist theory where it is used to describe broad social structures in which men dominate over women and children. In these theories it is often extended to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others causing exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of property | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In social anthropology, patrilocal residence or patrilocality, also known as virilocal residence or virilocality, are terms referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents. The concept of location may extend to a larger area such as a village, town or clan territory. The practice has been found in around 70 percent of the world's modern human cultures that have been described ethnographically | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pleometrosis is a behavior observed in social insects where colony formation is initiated by multiple queens primarily by the same species of insect. This type of behavior has been mainly studied in ants but also occurs in wasps, bees, and termites. This behavior is of significant interest to scientists particularly in ants and termites because nest formation often happens between queens that are unrelated, ruling out the argument of inclusive fitness as the driving force of pleometrosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyethism is the term used for functional specialization of non-reproductive individuals in a colony of social organisms, particularly insects. Division of labour is considered a key aspect of eusociality and can be seen in a variety of forms. In some insects, there are distinct morphological differences among the individuals that decide their function in the colony, and this is termed as caste or morphological polyethism and is associated with polymorphism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Primate sociality is an area of primatology that aims to study the interactions between three main elements of a primate social network: the social organisation, the social structure and the mating system. The intersection of these three structures describe the socially complex behaviours and relationships occurring among adult males and females of a particular species. Cohesion and stability of groups are maintained through a confluence of factors, including: kinship, willingness to cooperate, frequency of agonistic behaviour, or varying intensities of dominance structures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A queen ant (formally known as a gyne) is an adult, reproducing female ant in an ant colony; generally she will be the mother of all the other ants in that colony. Some female ants, such as the Cataglyphis, do not need to mate to produce offspring, reproducing through asexual parthenogenesis or cloning, and all of those offspring will be female. Others, like those in the genus Crematogaster, mate in a nuptial flight | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The sexual division of labour (SDL) is the delegation of different tasks between male and female animals. Among human foragers, males and females targeted different types of foods and shared them with each other for a mutual or familial benefit. In some species, males and females eat slightly different foods, while in other species, males and females will routinely share food; but only in humans are these two attributes combined | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Siblicide (attributed by behavioural ecologist Doug Mock to Barbara M. Braun) is the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives (full or half siblings). It may occur directly between siblings or be mediated by the parents, and is driven by the direct fitness benefits to the perpetrator and sometimes its parents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The collective behaviors of social caterpillars falls into five general categories: collective and cooperative foraging, group defense against predators and parasitoids, shelter building, thermoregulation and substrate silking to enhance steadfastness.
The most behaviorally sophisticated of the insect societies are found among the ants, termites, bees, and wasps. While these insects are technically classified as eusocial insects they are commonly referred to simply as the social insects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sociobiological theories of rape explore how evolutionary adaptation influences the psychology of rapists. Such theories are highly controversial, as traditional theories typically do not consider rape a behavioral adaptation. Some object to such theories on ethical, religious, political, or scientific grounds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Sociobiology Study Group was an academic organization formed to specifically counter sociobiological explanations of human behavior, particularly those expounded by the Harvard entomologist E. O. Wilson in Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cytogenetics is essentially a branch of genetics, but is also a part of cell biology/cytology (a subdivision of human anatomy), that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis. Techniques used include karyotyping, analysis of G-banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).
History
Beginnings
Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Nägeli in 1842 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Achiasmate Meiosis refers to meiosis without chiasmata, which are structures that are necessary for recombination to occur and that usually aid in the segregation of non-sister homologs. The pachytene stage of prophase I typically results in the formation of chiasmata between homologous non-sister chromatids in the tetrad chromosomes that form. The formation of a chiasma is also referred to as crossing over | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anaphase lag is a consequence of an event during cell division where sister chromatids do not properly separate from each other because of improper spindle formation. The chromosome or chromatid does not properly migrate during anaphase and the daughter cells will lose some genetic information. It is one of many causes of aneuploidy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Annulate lamella is one of the cell membrane classes, occurring as a set of parallel elements with double-walled membranes in the same plane/dimension, just as the nuclear envelope. These lamella have pore complexes which are identical to those of the nuclear envelope. It is arranged in a highly ordered structure with regular spacing between themselves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology, unlike those in allosomal (sex chromosome) pairs, which may have different structures. The DNA in autosomes is collectively known as atDNA or auDNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle (also breakage-rejoining-bridge cycle) is a mechanism of chromosomal instability, discovered by Barbara McClintock in the late 1930s.
Mechanism
The BFB cycle begins when the end region of a chromosome, called its telomere, breaks off. When that chromosome subsequently replicates it forms two sister chromatids which both lack a telomere | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromoplexy refers to a class of complex DNA rearrangement observed in the genomes of cancer cells. This phenomenon was first identified in prostate cancer by whole genome sequencing of prostate tumors. Chromoplexy causes genetic material from one or more chromosomes to become scrambled as multiple strands of DNA are broken and ligated to each other in a new configuration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes balanced and unbalanced translocation, with two main types: reciprocal, and Robertsonian translocation. Reciprocal translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by exchange of parts between non-homologous chromosomes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones. These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal disorder, is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. These can occur in the form of numerical abnormalities, where there is an atypical number of chromosomes, or as structural abnormalities, where one or more individual chromosomes are altered. Chromosome mutation was formerly used in a strict sense to mean a change in a chromosomal segment, involving more than one gene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells. The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome). This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resolution of 5–10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In genetics, the crossover value is the linked frequency of chromosomal crossover between two gene loci (markers). For a fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure (chromosome) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossover value which is used in the production of genetic maps.
Origin in cell biology
Crossover implies the exchange of chromosomal segments between non-sister chromatids, in meiosis during the production of gametes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Chromosomal Rearrangements In Diseases (dbCRID) is a database of human chromosome rearrangements events and diseases related to them.
See also
Chromosome rearrangements
References
External links
https://web. archive | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only particular parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chromosomal fragile site is a specific heritable point on a chromosome that tends to form a gap or constriction and may tend to break when the cell is exposed to partial replication stress. Based on their frequency, fragile sites are classified as "common" or "rare". To date, more than 120 fragile sites have been identified in the human genome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fryns-Aftimos syndrome (also known as Baraitser-Winter Syndrome 1, or BWS1) is a rare chromosomal condition and is associated with pachygyria, severe mental retardation, epilepsy and characteristic facial features. This syndrome is a malformation syndrome, characterized by numerous facial dysmorphias not limited to hypertelorism, iris or retinal coloboma, cleft lip, and congenital heart defects. This syndrome has been seen in 30 unrelated people | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2000s witnessed an explosion of genome sequencing and mapping in evolutionarily diverse species. While full genome sequencing of mammals is rapidly progressing, the ability to assemble and align orthologous whole chromosomal regions from more than a few species is not yet possible. The intense focus on the building of comparative maps for domestic (dogs and cats), laboratory (mice and rats) and agricultural (cattle) animals has traditionally been used to understand the underlying basis of disease-related and healthy phenotypes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The genotype-first approach is a type of strategy used in genetic epidemiological studies to associate specific genotypes to apparent clinical phenotypes of a complex disease or trait.
As opposed to “phenotype-first”, the traditional strategy that has been guiding genome-wide association studies (GWAS) so far, this approach characterizes individuals first by a statistically common genotype based on molecular tests prior to clinical phenotypic classification. This method of grouping leads to patient evaluations based on a shared genetic etiology for the observed phenotypes, regardless of their suspected diagnosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (previously International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature), ISCN in short, is an international standard for human chromosome nomenclature, which includes band names, symbols and abbreviated terms used in the description of human chromosome and chromosome abnormalities.
The ISCN has been used as the central reference among cytogeneticists since 1960.
Abbreviations of this system include a minus sign (-) for chromosome deletions, and del for deletions of parts of a chromosome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
A karyogram or idiogram is a graphical depiction of a karyotype, wherein chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microcell Mediated Chromosome Transfer (or MMCT) is a technique used in cell biology and genetics to transfer a chromosome from a defined donor cell line into a recipient cell line. MMCT has been in use since the 1970s and has contributed to a multitude of discoveries including tumor, metastasis and telomerase suppressor genes as well as information about epigenetics, x-inactivation, mitochondrial function and aneuploidy. MMCT follows the basic procedure where donor cells (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microchromosome is a chromosome defined for its relatively small size. They are typical components of the karyotype of birds, some reptiles, fish, amphibians, and monotremes. As many bird genomes have chromosomes of widely different lengths, the name was meant to distinguish them from the comparatively large macrochromosomes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Molecular Cytogenetics is a continuous, open access, peer-reviewed journal covering research into cytogenetics and its applications throughout the fields of biology and medicine. It was established in 2008 and is published by BioMed Central. The editors-in-chief are Thomas Liehr (Institute of Human Genetics), Henry Heng (Wayne State University School of Medicine), and Yuri Yurov (National Research Center of Mental Health) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively, in each homologous chromosome pair, which chromosomes naturally exist as. Somatic cells, tissues, and individual organisms can be described according to the number of sets of chromosomes present (the "ploidy level"): monoploid (1 set), diploid (2 sets), triploid (3 sets), tetraploid (4 sets), pentaploid (5 sets), hexaploid (6 sets), heptaploid or septaploid (7 sets), etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pseudoautosomal regions, PAR1, PAR2, are homologous sequences of nucleotides on the X and Y chromosomes.
The pseudoautosomal regions get their name because any genes within them (so far at least 29 have been found for humans) are inherited just like any autosomal genes. PAR1 comprises 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
R-banding is a cytogenetics technique that produces the reverse of the G-band stain on chromosomes. R-banding is obtained by incubating the slides in hot phosphate buffer, then a subsequent treatment of giemsa dye. Resulting chromosome patterns shows darkly stained R bands, the complement to G-bands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.