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In genetics, a chromosomal rearrangement is a mutation that is a type of chromosome abnormality involving a change in the structure of the native chromosome. Such changes may involve several different classes of events, like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Usually, these events are caused by a breakage in the DNA double helices at two different locations, followed by a rejoining of the broken ends to produce a new chromosomal arrangement of genes, different from the gene order of the chromosomes before they were broken | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a chromosomal abnormality wherein the entire long arms of two of a certain type of a chromosome called an acrocentric chromosome become fused to each other. It is the most common form of chromosomal translocation in humans, affecting 1 out of every 1,000 babies born. It does not usually cause direct health difficulties, however such persons are almost always infertile because their chromosome count does not match that of most humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Synapsis is the pairing of two chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Trisomic rescue (also known as trisomy rescue or trisomy zygote rescue) is a genetic phenomenon in which a fertilized ovum containing three copies of a chromosome loses one of these chromosomes (anaphase lag) to form a diploid chromosome complement. If both of the retained chromosomes come from the same parent, then uniparental disomy results. If the retained chromosomes come from different parents (that is, one copy from each) then there are no phenotypic or genotypic anomalies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two. A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes).
Description and causes
Most organisms that reproduce sexually have pairs of chromosomes in each cell, with one chromosome inherited from each parent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Uniparental disomy (UPD) occurs when a person receives two copies of a chromosome, or of part of a chromosome, from one parent and no copy from the other. UPD can be the result of heterodisomy, in which a pair of non-identical chromosomes are inherited from one parent (an earlier stage meiosis I error) or isodisomy, in which a single chromosome from one parent is duplicated (a later stage meiosis II error). Uniparental disomy may have clinical relevance for several reasons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower. There are three physiological developments that must occur in order for this to take place: firstly, the plant must pass from sexual immaturity into a sexually mature state (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a key morphogen involved in the development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and is the first validated secreted morphogen. It is known to be necessary for the correct patterning and development of the early Drosophila embryo and the fifteen imaginal discs, which are tissues that will become limbs and other organs and structures in the adult fly. It has also been suggested that Dpp plays a role in regulating the growth and size of tissues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.
Homeoboxes are found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi, plants, and numerous single cell eukaryotes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In evolutionary developmental biology, homeosis is the transformation of one organ into another, arising from mutation in or misexpression of certain developmentally critical genes, specifically homeotic genes. In animals, these developmental genes specifically control the development of organs on their anteroposterior axis. In plants, however, the developmental genes affected by homeosis may control anything from the development of a stamen or petals to the development of chlorophyll | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, while medical genetics refers to the application of genetics to medical care. For example, research on the causes and inheritance of genetic disorders would be considered within both human genetics and medical genetics, while the diagnosis, management, and counselling people with genetic disorders would be considered part of medical genetics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast.
Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
1q21. 1 copy number variations (CNVs) are rare aberrations of human chromosome 1.
In a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biodistribution is a method of tracking where compounds of interest travel in an experimental animal or human subject. For example, in the development of new compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, a radioactive isotope is chemically joined with a peptide (subunit of a protein). This particular class of isotopes emits positrons (which are antimatter particles, equal in mass to the electron, but with a positive charge) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blepharophimosis intellectual disability syndromes are a group of rare genetic disorders which are characterized by blepharophimosis, ptosis, and intellectual disabilities. These disorders usually follow either autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, x-linked recessive, or mitochondrial inheritance patterns.
Types
Oculocerebrofacial syndrome, Kaufman type
Oculocerebrofacial syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive type of BIDS which is characterized by profound intellectual disabilities, cranio-facial dysmorphisms (including blepharophimosis), and other congenital ocular-brain-urogenital-skeletal anomalies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), created by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1997 and introduced by Al Gore, is an online database on normal, pre-cancerous and cancerous genomes. It also provides tools for viewing and analysis of the data, allowing for identification of genes involved in various aspects of tumor progression. The goal of CGAP is to characterize cancer at a molecular level by providing a platform with readily accessible updated data and a set of tools such that researchers can easily relate their findings to existing knowledge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Consanguinity ("blood relation", from Latin consanguinitas) is the characteristic of having a kinship with a relative who is descended from a common ancestor.
Many jurisdictions have laws prohibiting people who are related by blood from marrying or having sexual relations with each other. The degree of consanguinity that gives rise to this prohibition varies from place to place | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
COSMIC is an online database of somatically acquired mutations found in human cancer. Somatic mutations are those that occur in non-germline cells that are not inherited by children. COSMIC, an acronym of Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer, curates data from papers in the scientific literature and large scale experimental screens from the Cancer Genome Project at the Sanger Institute | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In population genetics, cryptic relatedness occurs when individuals in a genetic association study are more closely related to another population than assumed by the investigators. This can act as a confounding factor in both case-control and genome-wide association studies, as well as in studies of genetic diversity. Along with population stratification, it is one of the most prominent confounding factors that can lead to inflated false positive rates in gene-association studies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Double minutes are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis, during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective advantages for growth and survival. This selective advantage is as a result of double minutes frequently harboring amplified oncogenes and genes involved in drug resistance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Duplex sequencing is a library preparation and analysis method for next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms that employs random tagging of double-stranded DNA to detect mutations with higher accuracy and lower error rates.
This method uses degenerate molecular tags in addition to sequencing adapters to recognize reads originating from each strand of DNA. The generated sequencing reads then will be analyzed using two methods: single-strand consensus sequences (SSCS) and duplex consensus sequences (DCS) assembly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A dysmorphic feature is an abnormal difference in body structure. It can be an isolated finding in an otherwise normal individual, or it can be related to a congenital disorder, genetic syndrome or birth defect. Dysmorphology is the study of dysmorphic features, their origins and proper nomenclature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ensembl Genomes is a scientific project to provide genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species. The project is run by the European Bioinformatics Institute, and was launched in 2009 using the Ensembl technology. The main objective of the Ensembl Genomes database is to complement the main Ensembl
database by introducing five additional web pages to include genome data for bacteria, fungi, invertebrate metazoa, plants, and protists | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification. In this assay, a genomic or cDNA library is screened to identify the genetic sequence of a protein of interest. Expression cDNA libraries may be screened with antibodies specific for the protein of interest or may rely on selection via the protein function | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GENCODE is a scientific project in genome research and part of the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) scale-up project.
The GENCODE consortium was initially formed as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE project to identify and map all protein-coding genes within the ENCODE regions (approx. 1% of Human genome) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Manteia Predictive Medicine S. A. (initially incorporated under the name "GenInEx S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The production of renewable energy in Scotland is a topic that came to the fore in technical, economic, and political terms during the opening years of the 21st century. The natural resource base for renewable energy is high by European, and even global standards, with the most important potential sources being wind, wave, and tide. Renewables generate almost all of Scotland's electricity, mostly from the country's wind power | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Organics Recycling Group (ORG), formerly the Association for Organics Recycling (AfOR) and before that the Composting Association, is the leading trade organisation for the biodegradable waste management industry in the UK. It helped to develop the BSI PAS 100 industry standard for composts.
ORG was formed by the merger of AfOR and the Renewable Energy Association (REA) on 1 January 2013 which created a membership of around 1,100 companies, organisations and individuals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Finham is a mainly residential part of the city of Coventry, West Midlands, England, and is the city's southernmost suburb, approximately 3. 5 miles (6 km) from Coventry city centre. Finham shares its northern boundary along the A45 with the suburb of Styvechale/Stivichall to the north, and part of its southeastern boundary is shared with the village of Baginton in Warwickshire | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Holsworthy is a market town and civil parish in the Torridge district of Devon, England, 36 miles (58 km) west of Exeter. The River Deer, a tributary of the River Tamar, forms the western boundary of the parish, which includes the village of Brandis Corner. According to the 2011 census the population of Holsworthy was 2,641; it was estimated at 3,287 in 2019 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Little Packington is a hamlet and civil parish in the North Warwickshire district of the county of Warwickshire, England. It is situated just to the northwest of Great Packington and outside the boundaries of Packington Park. Population details can be found under Coleshill | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lynemouth Power Station is a biomass power plant which provides electricity for the UK National Grid. Until March 2012, it was the main source of electricity for the nearby Alcan Lynemouth Aluminium Smelter. It is located on the coast of Northumberland, north east of the town of Ashington in north east England | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The New Technologies Demonstrator Programme is a scheme part of Defra's Waste Implementation Programme, New Technologies Workstream, to demonstrate advanced solid waste processing technologies in England. A pot of £30million was allocated to fund 10 demonstrator projects with the project being headed by Dave Brooks at Defra. The scheme is not on schedule for the ambitious targets that were initially set out by Defra, however 9 projects out of the initial 10 are now projected to be operational by April 2009, over 2 years behind schedule | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The North Blyth Biomass Project was a proposed biomass-fired power station planned to be located at North Blyth, Northumberland on the north bank of the River Blyth near its tidal estuary. When commissioned it would have had a generating capacity of 100 megawatts, enough electricity to provide for 170,000 homes. Renewable Energy Systems, the station's developer, was granted government consent on 24 July 2013 to build the £250m project | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Renewable Fuels Agency (RFA) was a UK Government non-departmental public body, created by the Department for Transport to implement the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation or RTFO. The Agency ceased to exist at midnight on 31 March 2011
The Renewable Fuels Agency (RFA) was the UK's independent sustainable fuels regulator. The agency awards Renewable Transport Fuel Certificates (RTFCs) to suppliers of biofuels in the UK, ensures companies meet their annual obligations and runs the RTFO's carbon and sustainability reporting system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TENEX is an operating system developed in 1969 by BBN for the PDP-10, which later formed the basis for Digital Equipment Corporation's TOPS-20 operating system.
Background
In the 1960s, BBN was involved in a number of LISP-based artificial intelligence projects for DARPA, many of which had very large (for the era) memory requirements. One solution to this problem was to add paging software to the LISP language, allowing it to write out unused portions of memory to disk for later recall if needed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Time Sharing Operating System, or TSOS, is a discontinued operating system for RCA mainframe computers of the Spectra 70 series. TSOS was originally designed in 1968 for the Spectra 70/46, a modified version of the 70/45. TSOS quickly evolved into the Virtual Memory Operating System (VMOS) by 1970 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transaction Management eXecutive or TMX was NCR Corporation's proprietary transaction processing system running on NCR Tower 5000-series systems which were based on Motorola 680xx CPUs. This system was used mainly by financial institutions in the 1980s and 1990s.
Features
Basic features of the TMX operating system are listed below:
It was a multiuser, multitasking 32-bit operating system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TRIPOS (TRIvial Portable Operating System) is a computer operating system. Development started in 1976 at the Computer Laboratory of Cambridge University and it was headed by Dr. Martin Richards | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TUNIS (Toronto University System) was a Unix-like operating system, developed at the University of Toronto in the early 1980s. TUNIS was a portable operating system compatible with Unix V7, but with a completely redesigned kernel, written in Concurrent Euclid. Programs that ran under Unix V7 could be run under TUNIS with no modification | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ultrix (officially all-caps ULTRIX) is the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) discontinued native Unix operating systems for the PDP-11, VAX, MicroVAX and DECstations.
History
The initial development of Unix occurred on DEC equipment, notably DEC PDP-7 and PDP-11 (Programmable Data Processor) systems. Later DEC computers, such as their VAX, also offered Unix | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
UNIX/32V is an early version of the Unix operating system from Bell Laboratories, released in June 1979. 32V was a direct port of the Seventh Edition Unix to the DEC VAX architecture.
Overview
Before 32V, Unix had primarily run on DEC PDP-11 computers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
UNIX System III (or System 3) is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system released by AT&T's Unix Support Group (USG).
AT&T announced System III in late 1981, and it was first released outside of Bell Labs in 1982. UNIX System III was a mix of various AT&T Unix systems: Version 7 Unix, PWB/UNIX 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
UNOS is the first, now discontinued, 32-bit Unix-like real-time operating system (RTOS) with real-time extensions. It was developed by Jeffery Goldberg, MS. who left Bell Labs after using Unix and became VP of engineering for Charles River Data Systems (CRDS), now defunct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The V operating system (sometimes written V-System) is a discontinued microkernel distributed operating system that was developed by faculty and students in the Distributed Systems Group at Stanford University from 1981 to 1988, led by Professors David Cheriton and Keith A. Lantz. V was the successor to the Thoth operating system and Verex kernel that Cheriton had developed in the 1970s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
VAXELN (typically pronounced "VAX-elan") is a discontinued real-time operating system for the VAX family of computers produced by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts. As with RSX-11 and VMS, Dave Cutler was the principal force behind the development of this operating system. Cutler's team developed the product after moving to the Seattle, Washington area to form the DECwest Engineering Group; DEC's first engineering group outside New England | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
VERSAdos is an operating system dating back to the early 1980s for use on the Motorola 68000 development system called the EXORmacs which featured the VERSAbus and an array of option cards. They were typically connected to CDC Phoenix disk drives running one to four 14-inch platters. The EXORmacs was used to emulate a 680xx processor in-circuit, speeding development of 680xx based systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sixth Edition Unix, also called Version 6 Unix or just V6, was the first version of the Unix operating system to see wide release outside Bell Labs. It was released in May 1975 and, like its direct predecessor, targeted the DEC PDP-11 family of minicomputers. It was superseded by Version 7 Unix in 1978/1979, although V6 systems remained in regular operation until at least 1985 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Version 7 Unix, also called Seventh Edition Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercialization of Unix by AT&T Corporation in the early 1980s. V7 was originally developed for Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-11 minicomputers and was later ported to other platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Valencia's Simple Tasker (VSTa) is an operating system with a microkernel architecture, with all device drivers and file systems residing in userspace mode. It mostly complies with the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), except where such compliance interferes with extensibility and modularity. It is conceptually inspired by QNX and Plan 9 from Bell Labs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dependent ML is an experimental functional programming language proposed by Hongwei Xi (Xi 2007) and Frank Pfenning. Dependent ML extends ML by a restricted notion of dependent types: types may be dependent on static indices of type Nat (natural numbers). Dependent ML employs a constraint theorem prover to decide a strong equational theory over the index expressions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types, and the integrated development environment (IDE) usually packaged with the language. Epigram's type system is strong enough to express program specifications. The goal is to support a smooth transition from ordinary programming to integrated programs and proofs whose correctness can be checked and certified by the compiler | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high-performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems project. One of the language designers was Guy L. Steele Jr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OptimJ is an extension for Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. The extensions and the proprietary product implementing the extensions were developed by Ateji which went out of business in September 2011.
OptimJ aims at providing a clear and concise algebraic notation for optimization modeling, removing compatibility barriers between optimization modeling and application programming tools, and bringing software engineering techniques such as object-orientation and modern IDE support to optimization experts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Delicious (stylized del. icio. us) was a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SharedCopy was an AJAX based web annotation tool that allowed users to mark-up, highlight, draw, annotate, cache, sticky-note, and share any website.
Founded in March 2007, SharedCopy was reviewed on TechCrunch, Lifehacker, Killer Startups, Startup Squad, and The Wall Street Journal. Initial user response to the system was mixed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
stet is a free software package for gathering comments about a text document via a webpage. The initial version was developed from late 2005 until mid-2006 by the Software Freedom Law Center as a service to its client, the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The software was built to facilitate public consultation during the Version 3 draft process of the GNU General Public License | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Abaco is a discontinued web browser for the Plan 9 operating system. It is a graphical web browser with support for inline images, tables and frames. It has a true multiple document interface inspired by acme's interface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AirMosaic was an early commercial web browser based on the NCSA Mosaic browser. The browser won Datamation's Best Product of the Year award for 1994. The AirMosaic browser was available as part of several packages: the AIR Series, Internet in a Box and Mosaic In A Box, and separately | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AMosaic was a port to the Amiga of the Mosaic web browser, developed beginning in 1993, and was the first graphical web browser for the Amiga. AMosaic was based on NCSA's Mosaic, but was not distributed by the University of Illinois or NCSA. It was developed by Michael Fischer at Stony Brook University, Michael Meyer at the University of California, Berkeley, and Michael Witbrock at Carnegie Mellon University | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Argo was part of a project to make the Internet accessible to scholars in the Humanities at the University of Groningen. The Argo web browser was created in August 1994 by Bert Bos. There is presently no publicly available built version, although the source code is still available | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AT&T Pogo was a Mozilla Firefox based web browser developed by AT&T and Vizible. A private beta was released to a limited number of users, but the project was terminated when Vizible sold its intellectual property to Open Text.
Features
Features that were present in the private beta release included:
Ability to create multiple home pages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AWeb is a web browser for the Amiga range of computers. Originally developed by Yvon Rozijn, AWeb was shipped with version 3. 9 of AmigaOS, and is now open source | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Beaker is a discontinued free and open-source web browser developed by Blue Link Labs. Beaker Browser peer-to-peer technology allows users to self-publish websites and web apps directly from the browser, without the need to set up and administrate a separate web server or host their content on a third-party server. All files and websites are transferred using Dat, a hypermedia peer-to-peer protocol, which allows files to be shared and hosted by several users | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blazer was a web browser available for Palm handhelds running Palm OS 3. 1 or higher.
The original version of Blazer was developed by Bluelark Systems and was released in November 2000 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DR-WebSpyder is a DOS web browser, mail client and operating system runtime environment that was developed by Caldera UK in 1997. It was based on the DR-DOS operating system and networking components from Novell as well as the Arachne web browser by Michal Polák of xChaos software. The system was designed to run on low-end desktop systems, but being able to boot and execute from disk as well as from ROM or network, it was also tailored for x86-based thin clients and embedded systems with or without disk drives | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cello is an early, discontinued graphical web browser for Windows 3. 1; it was developed by Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Charon is a discontinued web browser for the Inferno operating system. It had a limited support for JavaScript but none for CSS.
It was originally written by Howard Trickey in Limbo for Inferno | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Classilla is a Gecko-based Internet suite for PowerPC-based classic Macintosh operating systems, essentially an updated descendant of the defunct Mozilla Application Suite by way of the Mac OS port maintained in the aborted WaMCom project. The name is a portmanteau of Classic (the classic Mac OS, as defined by the Classic Environment), and Mozilla. Like the Suite it is descended from, Classilla offers E-mail (POP/SMTP), Usenet (NNTP), Gopher, FTP and World Wide Web (HTTP) access, using a modified version of the Gecko layout engine called Clecko | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Opera Coast is a discontinued web browser developed for iOS devices by Opera Software. The browser was not based on any former product of Opera and was written from scratch. It was also designed for touch while traditional browser buttons and components such as tabs, history, and bookmarks are eliminated and replaced by gestures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conkeror is a Mozilla-based web browser designed to be navigated primarily by a computer keyboard. Its design is mainly patterned after the text editor GNU Emacs, with some influence from other programs, including vi. It was originally written by Shawn Betts, the primary author of keyboard-driven ratpoison and Stumpwm tiling window managers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Erwise is a discontinued pioneering web browser, and the first available with a graphical user interface. Released in April 1992, the browser was written for Unix computers running X and used the W3 common access library. Erwise was the combined master's project of four Finnish students at the Helsinki University of Technology (now merged into Aalto University): Kim Nyberg, Teemu Rantanen, Kati Suominen and Kari Sydänmaanlakka | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Flock is a discontinued web browser that specialized in providing social networking and Web 2. 0 facilities built into its user interface.
Earlier versions of Flock used the Gecko HTML rendering engine by Mozilla | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gollum browser is a web application for accessing the encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Since 2017, Gollum is no longer accessible online.
Gollum is designed to browse Wikipedia in an easier way than directly using the web browser | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GreenBrowser is a discontinued freeware web browser based on Internet Explorer's core. GreenBrowser is based upon the Trident rendering engine used in Internet Explorer.
GreenBrowser is a full-featured browser, highly customizable but compact in size and low in memory requirements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
KidZui was a web browser designed for children developed by KidZui, Inc. The KidZui browser used a Zooming User Interface paradigm to make browsing easier for children. Search results appeared as scaled-down images of websites, videos, and pictures that children click on to zoom in and see the content | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MacWWW, also known as Samba, is an early minimalist web browser from 1992 meant to run on Macintosh computers. It was the first web browser for the classic Mac OS platform, and the first for any non-Unix operating system. MacWWW tries to emulate the design of WorldWideWeb | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mercury Browser is a discontinued freeware mobile browser for Android, developed by iLegendSoft. Mercury Browser uses the Webkit engine. It was formerly available for iOS, but in 2017, it was removed from the App Store | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MicroB was a mobile web browser developed by Nokia for use in smartphones and mobile devices that run the Maemo operating system. The browser is Mozilla-based and uses the Gecko layout engine.
It is shipped with Nokia's N800, N810 and N900 Internet Tablets, and is also available for the 770 via the 'Hacker Editions' of the operating system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neuroconstructivism is a theory that states that phylogenetic developmental processes such as gene–gene interaction, gene–environment interaction and, crucially, ontogeny all play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialized over developmental time.
Supporters of neuroconstructivism, such as Annette Karmiloff-Smith, argue against innate modularity of mind, the notion that a brain is composed of innate neural structures or modules which have distinct evolutionarily established functions. Instead, emphasis is put on innate domain relevant biases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). It occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neuronal self-avoidance, or isoneural avoidance, is an important property of neurons which consists in the tendency of branches (dendrites and axons) arising from a single soma (also called isoneuronal or sister branches) to turn away from one another. The arrangements of branches within neuronal arbors are established during development and result in minimal crossing or overlap as they spread over a territory, resulting in the typical fasciculated morphology of neurons (Fig 1).
In opposition, branches from different neurons can overlap freely with one another | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, nidifugous (UK: ny-DIF-yuu-gəs, US: -yə-) organisms are those that leave the nest shortly after hatching or birth. The term is derived from Latin nidus for "nest" and fugere, meaning "to flee". The terminology is most often used to describe birds and was introduced by Lorenz Oken in 1816 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oikopleura dioica is a species of small pelagic tunicate found in the surface waters of most of the world's oceans. It is used as a model organism in research into developmental biology.
Description
Oikopleura dioica is a bioluminescent species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Parhyale hawaiensis is an amphipod crustacean species that is used in developmental and genetic analyses. It is categorized as an emerging model organism as the main biological techniques necessary for the study of an organism have been established.
Habitat
P | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring. It is a complex social behaviour in vertebrates associated with animal mating systems, life history traits, and ecology. Paternal care may be provided in concert with the mother (biparental care) or, more rarely, by the male alone (so called exclusive paternal care) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pharyngeal arches, also known as visceral arches, are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In fish, the arches are known as the branchial arches, or gill arches.
In the human embryo, the arches are first seen during the fourth week of development | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the embryonic development of vertebrates, pharyngeal pouches form on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches. The pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches.
Specific pouches
First pouch
The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube), middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found among deuterostomes. Pharyngeal slits are repeated openings that appear along the pharynx caudal to the mouth. With this position, they allow for the movement of water in the mouth and out the pharyngeal slits | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the development of vertebrate animals, the prechordal plate is a "uniquely thickened portion" of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord. It is the most likely origin of the rostral cranial mesoderm. STAGE 6
The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak seen in Embryo Beneke by Hill J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the biology of birds and mammals, altricial species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. Precocial species are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. Precocial species are normally nidifugous, meaning that they leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The primitive node (or primitive knot) is the organizer for gastrulation in most amniote embryos. In birds it is known as Hensen's node, and in amphibians it is known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer. It is induced by the Nieuwkoop center in amphibians, or by the posterior marginal zone in amniotes including birds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the early embryo in amniotes. In amphibians the equivalent structure is the blastopore. During early embryonic development, the embryonic disc becomes oval shaped, and then pear-shaped with the broad end towards the anterior, and the narrower region projected to the posterior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Retinal waves are spontaneous bursts of action potentials that propagate in a wave-like fashion across the developing retina. These waves occur before rod and cone maturation and before vision can occur. The signals from retinal waves drive the activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the primary visual cortex | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin are distributed on the seabeds of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore down to 5,000 meters (16,000 ft; 2,700 fathoms). The spherical, hard shells (tests) of sea urchins are round and covered in spines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Skeletogenesis is a key morphogenetic event in the embryonic development of vertebrates and is of equal, although transient, importance in the development of the sea urchin, a marine invertebrate. The larval sea urchin does not resemble its adult form, because the sea urchin is an indirect developer, meaning its larva form must undergo metamorphosis to form the juvenile adult. Here, the focus is on skeletogenesis in the sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, as this species has been most thoroughly studied and characterized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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