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100 | Beyoncé | In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its "100 Sexiest Women of the 2... | -0.958445 | 0.165379 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
101 | Beyoncé | According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances... | -0.955103 | 0.166968 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
102 | Beyoncé | The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyoncé's fan base. Fans were previously titled "The Beyontourage", (a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service... | -0.95923 | 0.164853 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
103 | Beyoncé | In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A st... | -0.95726 | 0.168019 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
104 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comm... | -0.953393 | 0.172014 | 2,369 | 9,602 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
105 | Beyoncé | In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as "the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop." When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, "Why Beyoncé? [...] Because she made not... | -0.954595 | 0.160321 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
106 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's work has influenced numerous artists including Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor, Nicole Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, JoJo, Alexis Jordan, Jessica Sanchez, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her... | -0.954681 | 0.15887 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
107 | Beyoncé | Her debut single, "Crazy in Love" was named VH1's "Greatest Song of the 2000s", NME's "Best Track of the 00s" and "Pop Song of the Century", considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies... | -0.95539 | 0.161891 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
108 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed... | -0.958854 | 0.164816 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
109 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" won Song of the Year in 2010 while "Sa... | -0.964037 | 0.169832 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
110 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyoncé signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the ... | -0.946341 | 0.159181 | 2,369 | 9,475 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
111 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of "Wishing on a Star") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance, Heat in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song "Fever", was s... | -0.957622 | 0.166112 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
112 | Beyoncé | The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because Ga... | -0.942119 | 0.159551 | 2,369 | 9,475 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
113 | Beyoncé | In October 2014, it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, wi... | -0.95518 | 0.155983 | 2,305 | 9,346 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
114 | Beyoncé | On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyoncé's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Includin... | -0.94171 | 0.144403 | 2,305 | 9,347 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
115 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, the name paying tribute to Beyoncé's grandmother, Agnèz Deréon, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects h... | -0.956998 | 0.16309 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
116 | Beyoncé | In 2005, Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva, a "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Deréon collection. In July 2009, Beyoncé and her moth... | -0.96092 | 0.172021 | 2,369 | 9,602 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
117 | Beyoncé | In October 2014, Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016. | -0.950827 | 0.152923 | 2,305 | 9,347 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
118 | Beyoncé | After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane... | -0.954462 | 0.162941 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
119 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA "Fashion For Haiti" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened th... | -0.958736 | 0.166978 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
120 | Beyoncé | In December, Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for "Demand A Plan", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. B... | -0.954939 | 0.168864 | 2,369 | 9,474 | 11 | 11 | Beyoncés Career Milestones | false |
121 | Montana | Montana i/mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more ... | -0.010083 | -0.149732 | 1,759 | 6,975 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
122 | Montana | Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when t... | 0.004891 | -0.141486 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
123 | Montana | The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city edi... | 0.012581 | -0.152309 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
124 | Montana | Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during t... | 0.012456 | -0.159042 | 1,696 | 6,848 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
125 | Montana | The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these... | 0.000788 | -0.16139 | 1,696 | 6,848 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
126 | Montana | Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over ... | 0.003783 | -0.152984 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
127 | Montana | The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which ... | 0.015545 | -0.154061 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
128 | Montana | With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares ... | -0.003248 | -0.157767 | 1,695 | 6,847 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
129 | Montana | The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern... | -0.032922 | -0.142581 | 1,758 | 6,973 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
130 | Montana | The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins i... | -0.025253 | -0.15509 | 1,759 | 6,974 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
131 | Montana | East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United S... | -0.044417 | -0.153029 | 1,758 | 6,973 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
132 | Montana | However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional distri... | 0.036263 | -0.203398 | 1,633 | 6,466 | 168 | -1 | Historical Racism and Politics | false |
133 | Montana | In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has vote... | 0.007818 | -0.148404 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
134 | Montana | Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park In... | -0.031233 | -0.195756 | 1,631 | 6,590 | 171 | -1 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
135 | Montana | Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main tr... | -0.003756 | -0.152273 | 1,759 | 6,975 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
136 | Montana | Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hu... | 0.330831 | 0.550378 | 3,178 | 12,757 | 121 | 121 | Hunting and Wildlife Dynamics | false |
137 | Montana | Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations... | -0.013854 | -0.14953 | 1,759 | 6,975 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
138 | Montana | The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on... | 0.024608 | -0.149659 | 1,760 | 6,977 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
139 | Montana | Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose river... | -0.020998 | -0.15827 | 1,695 | 6,846 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
140 | Montana | East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks ... | -0.023372 | -0.161307 | 1,695 | 6,846 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
141 | Montana | The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive,... | -0.021965 | -0.152798 | 1,759 | 6,974 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
142 | Montana | There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is F... | -0.007763 | -0.153754 | 1,759 | 6,975 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
143 | Montana | Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, prim... | -0.032053 | -0.140649 | 1,758 | 6,973 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
144 | Montana | Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five fe... | -0.015608 | -0.130456 | 1,759 | 7,103 | 170 | 170 | Alaska Geography and History | false |
145 | Montana | Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of... | -0.078647 | -0.136311 | 1,757 | 7,098 | 164 | 164 | Climate Characteristics and Patterns | false |
146 | Montana | Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The ... | 0.008069 | -0.150464 | 1,760 | 6,976 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
147 | Montana | Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in... | 0.048997 | -0.142114 | 1,761 | 6,979 | 171 | -1 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
148 | Montana | While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled... | 0.044596 | -0.151802 | 1,761 | 6,978 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
149 | Montana | Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth high... | 0.039891 | -0.155885 | 1,761 | 6,978 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
150 | Montana | The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold ... | -0.043798 | -0.125498 | 1,758 | 7,101 | 170 | -1 | Alaska Geography and History | false |
151 | Montana | As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and th... | 0.061632 | -0.162774 | 1,697 | 6,851 | 168 | -1 | Historical Racism and Politics | false |
152 | Montana | The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various ... | 0.046146 | -0.16259 | 1,697 | 6,850 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
153 | Montana | English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There w... | 0.06197 | -0.16585 | 1,697 | 6,851 | 168 | -1 | Historical Racism and Politics | false |
154 | Montana | According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 pe... | 0.052039 | -0.156529 | 1,697 | 6,851 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
155 | Montana | The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century... | -0.00152 | -0.173215 | 1,695 | 6,719 | 171 | -1 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
156 | Montana | In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended ... | 0.062097 | -0.109118 | 1,825 | 7,363 | 208 | -1 | Global Polytechnic Education Systems | false |
157 | Montana | Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authoriz... | 0.32682 | 0.568498 | 3,242 | 12,884 | 121 | 121 | Hunting and Wildlife Dynamics | false |
158 | Montana | Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 w... | 0.019043 | -0.149674 | 1,760 | 6,977 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
159 | Montana | Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Monta... | 0.022234 | -0.155337 | 1,760 | 6,977 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
160 | Montana | The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The ... | 0.020584 | -0.143113 | 1,760 | 6,977 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
161 | Montana | The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought most... | 0.022132 | -0.153549 | 1,760 | 6,977 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
162 | Montana | In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress pas... | 0.024469 | -0.158916 | 1,696 | 6,849 | 171 | 171 | Geographic and Societal Overviews | false |
163 | Montana | In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U... | 0.006932 | -0.072931 | 1,888 | 7,616 | 170 | -1 | Alaska Geography and History | false |
164 | Montana | When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ende... | 0.044051 | -0.12158 | 1,825 | 7,234 | 170 | -1 | Alaska Geography and History | false |
165 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | 0.466607 | -0.142912 | 1,774 | 7,005 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
166 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | 0.468949 | -0.15203 | 1,775 | 7,006 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
167 | Genocide | After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution... | 0.475889 | -0.145446 | 1,775 | 7,006 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
168 | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | 0.468601 | -0.130742 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
169 | Genocide | In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio... | 0.469696 | -0.162469 | 1,711 | 6,878 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
170 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | 0.471628 | -0.13309 | 1,775 | 7,134 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
171 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | 0.469392 | -0.134548 | 1,775 | 7,134 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
172 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | 0.471369 | -0.137023 | 1,775 | 7,134 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
173 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | 0.436731 | -0.500076 | 1,005 | 4,059 | 109 | -1 | Legal Frameworks and Governance | false |
174 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | 0.467929 | -0.139679 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
175 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | 0.445813 | -0.134246 | 1,774 | 7,132 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
176 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | 0.403859 | -0.566192 | 876 | 3,545 | 110 | 110 | Treaties and Legal Framework | false |
177 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | 0.46263 | -0.130739 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
178 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | 0.465769 | -0.138713 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
179 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | 0.465564 | -0.131624 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
180 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | 0.469295 | -0.137052 | 1,775 | 7,134 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
181 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | 0.466742 | -0.137977 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
182 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | 0.451164 | -0.136985 | 1,774 | 7,132 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
183 | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | 0.470611 | -0.14262 | 1,775 | 7,006 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
184 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | 0.475084 | -0.149568 | 1,775 | 7,006 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
185 | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | 0.491876 | -0.140113 | 1,775 | 7,135 | 99 | -1 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
186 | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | 0.521219 | -0.211047 | 1,648 | 6,497 | 186 | 186 | World War Alliances and Invasions | false |
187 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | 0.459623 | -0.137931 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
188 | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | 0.469321 | -0.116967 | 1,839 | 7,262 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
189 | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote o... | 0.428587 | -0.062713 | 1,901 | 7,643 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
190 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | 0.468385 | -0.131219 | 1,774 | 7,133 | 99 | 99 | Religious Demographics and Genocide | false |
191 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | 0.211594 | 0.93172 | 3,942 | 15,821 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
192 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | 0.202849 | 0.924433 | 3,942 | 15,820 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
193 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | 0.202585 | 0.926054 | 3,942 | 15,820 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
194 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | 0.198063 | 0.916864 | 3,942 | 15,692 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
195 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | 0.190975 | 0.935191 | 3,942 | 15,820 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
196 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | 0.201793 | 0.94126 | 4,006 | 15,948 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
197 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | 0.20447 | 0.929835 | 3,942 | 15,821 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
198 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | 0.197113 | 0.907962 | 3,942 | 15,692 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
199 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | 0.198305 | 0.928875 | 3,942 | 15,820 | 132 | 132 | Infectious Diseases and Immunology | false |
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