Split (1)

train · 21k rows

index int64 0 21k	title stringclasses 490 values	context stringlengths 151 4.06k	x float32 -1 1	y float32 -1 1	tile_index_64 int64 25 4.07k	tile_index_128 int64 51 16.3k	cluster int64 0 216	raw_cluster int64 -1 216	label stringclasses 217 values	deleted bool 1 class
300	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ...	0.985761	0.407393	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
301	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi...	0.981894	0.401076	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
302	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet...	0.97676	0.377289	2,879	11,390	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
303	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96...	0.979825	0.391862	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
304	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo...	0.976916	0.441017	3,007	11,902	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
305	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia...	0.982081	0.412258	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
306	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	0.982768	0.412249	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
307	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	0.958606	0.410706	2,942	11,645	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
308	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru...	0.989247	0.403305	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
309	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	0.971359	0.4013	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
310	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en...	0.989341	0.395999	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
311	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor...	0.975974	0.39194	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
312	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	0.97444	0.40026	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
313	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of...	0.989904	0.401361	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
314	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were...	0.990282	0.395594	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
315	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian T...	0.99154	0.399215	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
316	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, ...	0.988126	0.39888	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
317	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi...	0.987864	0.398508	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
318	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	0.96951	0.43086	2,943	11,774	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
319	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish...	0.959711	0.420942	2,942	11,645	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
320	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t...	0.988532	0.393927	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
321	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea...	0.987242	0.398572	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
322	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm...	0.995301	0.391867	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
323	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han represent...	0.933209	0.375482	2,877	11,387	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
324	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	0.990037	0.402355	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
325	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,...	0.992621	0.39592	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
326	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	0.987119	0.405732	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
327	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.	0.998523	0.396766	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
328	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	0.98394	0.414373	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
329	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the "length and arduousness of the journey" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another ...	0.990051	0.406981	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
330	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tr...	1	0.38589	2,879	11,391	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
331	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yu...	0.991476	0.397831	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
332	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,...	0.994387	0.394939	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
333	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:	0.982131	0.408944	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
334	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Mi...	0.99737	0.396761	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
335	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority...	0.999048	0.400895	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
336	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar...	0.996034	0.403509	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
337	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.	0.991722	0.402434	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
338	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh...	0.991998	0.41058	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
339	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages ...	0.987547	0.409588	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
340	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al...	0.997693	0.409668	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
341	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l...	0.994482	0.40628	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
342	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang...	0.994482	0.400111	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
343	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap...	0.992372	0.411627	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
344	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M...	0.997645	0.402636	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
345	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La Count...	0.973541	0.388726	2,879	11,390	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
346	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c...	0.996835	0.405859	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
347	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	0.974894	0.417248	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
348	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that...	0.994155	0.393802	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
349	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up ...	0.991373	0.399799	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
350	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given...	0.996012	0.405949	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
351	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secula...	0.986811	0.408252	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
352	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ...	0.984745	0.402938	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
353	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur...	0.984398	0.394623	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
354	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to...	0.985772	0.389158	2,879	11,391	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
355	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama...	0.981563	0.439456	3,007	11,902	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
356	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	0.996419	0.394762	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
357	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a...	0.985898	0.397323	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
358	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa...	0.986847	0.410729	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
359	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan ...	0.980661	0.406483	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
360	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin...	0.980829	0.417585	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
361	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642...	0.989237	0.412681	2,943	11,647	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
362	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Kh...	0.98455	0.401285	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
363	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning th...	0.987245	0.400393	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
364	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had inv...	0.985486	0.404806	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
365	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch...	0.990729	0.404793	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
366	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsa...	0.983364	0.402436	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
367	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, ...	0.981344	0.410854	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
368	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the rul...	0.9825	0.41503	2,943	11,646	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
369	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a...	0.995352	0.397881	2,879	11,519	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
370	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanen...	0.976951	0.393361	2,879	11,518	24	24	Chinese Provinces and History	false
371	IPod	The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current vers...	-0.537721	0.567835	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
372	IPod	Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).	-0.53951	0.564283	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
373	IPod	Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.	-0.530983	0.562217	3,151	12,702	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
374	IPod	Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially...	-0.540743	0.556666	3,150	12,701	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
375	IPod	In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous mode...	-0.544577	0.571592	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
376	IPod	Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had we...	-0.53314	0.584688	3,214	12,957	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
377	IPod	Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth hea...	-0.537688	0.585893	3,214	12,957	76	-1	iPod Features and History	false
378	IPod	In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB...	-0.539697	0.5673	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
379	IPod	In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,0...	-0.52692	0.559239	3,151	12,702	76	-1	iPod Features and History	false
380	IPod	The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA ...	-0.531309	0.569098	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
381	IPod	In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.	-0.541201	0.559129	3,150	12,701	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
382	IPod	The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation i...	-0.534114	0.544333	3,150	12,573	76	-1	iPod Features and History	false
383	IPod	For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causin...	-0.53894	0.50507	3,086	12,317	71	-1	MP3 and YouTube Evolution	false
384	IPod	From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding t...	-0.541266	0.556546	3,150	12,701	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
385	IPod	Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.	-0.44453	0.661386	3,409	13,603	68	-1	USB Standards and Features	false
386	IPod	The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was...	-0.516219	0.590587	3,215	12,958	77	-1	Apple Macintosh Product Evolution	false
387	IPod	The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface,...	-0.536685	0.576929	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
388	IPod	Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Ap...	-0.523153	0.592926	3,215	12,958	77	77	Apple Macintosh Product Evolution	false
389	IPod	Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for T...	-0.538666	0.570527	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
390	IPod	BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, ...	-0.536742	0.567524	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
391	IPod	Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although...	-0.532236	0.570279	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
392	IPod	Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported ...	-0.53815	0.56491	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
393	IPod	The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, ...	-0.53809	0.563232	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
394	IPod	During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user c...	-0.54242	0.556322	3,150	12,701	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
395	IPod	iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an unclutt...	-0.541088	0.577753	3,214	12,829	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
396	IPod	The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.	-0.550472	0.540267	3,150	12,572	76	-1	iPod Features and History	false
397	IPod	At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without...	-0.542932	0.534012	3,150	12,573	76	-1	iPod Features and History	false
398	IPod	iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. S...	-0.540643	0.555415	3,150	12,701	76	76	iPod Features and History	false
399	IPod	Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.	-0.549419	0.518684	3,086	12,444	71	-1	MP3 and YouTube Evolution	false

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