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2022-01-01 | High modulus asphalt concretes (HMACs), enrobés à module élevé (EMEs) in French, improve asphalt pavement durability due to their high rigidity, high resistance to rutting and fatigue and in some cases very good low-temperature behaviour. The goal of the current study is to perform a sensitivity analysis of HMAC (EME) developed specifically for cold regions. This sensitivity study is based on laboratory experimentation. From the control mix, four bituminous mixes were tested according to a two-level full-factorial experimental design, thus varying amounts of bitumen and filler according to the most critical cases that may occur in the plant and allowed by quality standard. Stiffness, low temperature, and rutting resistance were investigated in the current study. The results show that a variation of the bitumen content will not significantly affect the stiffness, the rutting resistance and the low temperature cracking of HMAC mixes. Moreover, the results show that the filler content does not have a significant impact on the measured properties. HMAC studied appears very promising from a manufacturing point of view since it does not require more attention during the manufacturing process than conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). | Investigation of Cold Regions Dense Graded HMAC (EME) Sensitivity to Bitumen and Filler Content | 10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_149 |
2022-01-01 | Zero waste manufacturing (ZWM) conceptually transforms the economies of nations to a circular economy by employing sustainable technologies in reducing waste to barest minimum possible through the entire value chain. A number of indicators have therefore been proposed by many researchers to assess zero waste management right from producing raw materials to product manufacturing and finally waste disposal. Much attention has been given to waste disposal and recycling in ZWM. However, for better resource efficiency, zero waste index (ZWI) was proposed to quantify energy, material, and water conservation through recycling efforts rather than simply measuring waste diverted from landfills. The most significant influence on the earth is energy generation and consumption. Hence, to limit the exploitation of the earth within its carrying capacity, the zero waste energy index (ZWeI) is hereby proposed to assess and promote energy efficiency in value chain through low-grade energy utilization and waste heat recovery (WHR). The ZWeI is a measure of the energy efficiency in product manufacturing processes and the potential of energy recovery from product waste. In this study, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology is being proposed to achieve ZWEI in energy-intensive industries. | Fossil Fuel Combustion, Conversion to Near-Zero Waste Through Organic Rankine Cycle | 10.1007/978-3-030-84205-5_69 |
2022-01-01 | The effect of chamber pressure on the microstructure and ablation behavior of ZrB 2 coatings deposited by low-pressure plasma spraying was investigated. The results showed that as the spray chamber pressure further was reduced to less than 50 kPa, the porosity of the coating deposited at the same distance decreased with the chamber pressure, and the coating prepared under 100 Pa presented the lowest porosity of about 0.89%. The ablation performance test subjected to high-temperature plasma jet revealed that the linear ablation rate of ZrB 2 coating increased with the porosity of the coating. As a result, among the ZrB 2 coatings deposited at chamber pressures of 100 Pa, 5 kPa, 10 kPa and 50 kPa, the dense coating deposited at 100 Pa showed the lowest ablation rate of 0.33 µm/s. The dense ZrB 2 coating with a thickness of about 100 μm was able to withstand 300 s ablation by a plasma flame with a net power of 25 kW resulting in an ablating coating surface temperature of about 2000 °C. The ablation mechanism of the coating was also examined. | Microstructure and Ablation Behavior of Low-Pressure Plasma Sprayed ZrB2 Coatings Down to 100 Pa | 10.1007/s11666-021-01290-z |
2022-01-01 | Present materials used for industrial applications are significantly influenced by manufacturing technologies used during production of industrial goods and applied strains or stresses. For the latter are pre-deformations resulting, these induce changes in the material like hardening, residual stresses, changes in microstructure. In dependence on the level of pre-deformation initial damage is also induced in the microstructure. This study investigates the influence for the direction of pre-deformation on the fatigue performance in the load regime of low cycle fatigue (LCF). In order to quantify the influence of pre-deformation, destructive and non-destructive analyses by means of fatigue tests, hardness measurements, residual stress analyses, quantification of the pore partition and scanning electron analyses of the volume and the surface of the specimen were performed. The results obtained indicate a damage tolerance of the microstructure and the overcompensating effect of the orientation of manganese sulfides precepted. It is concluded that further investigations are necessary in order to quantify the influence of forming induced damage on the fatigue loading capability. | Forming Stress-Induced Initial Damage in Case Hardening Steel 16MnCrS5 Under Cyclic Axial Loading in LCF Regime | 10.1007/978-3-030-97822-8_31 |
2022-01-01 | The paper presents procedures for defect propagation assessment recommended by British standards and their application to rotating components. The way of applying these procedures was shown by an example of a steam turbine rotor with particular use of a characteristic strain model of creep. Calculations of the flaws located at the rotor axis have shown that their growth in the design life is small. The performed analyses have also shown that crack development due to low-cycle fatigue is comparable to that due to creep and cannot be ignored under typical service conditions. The presented results prove the usefulness of the methods included in the British standards for crack growth assessment in components subject to centrifugal load. | Defect Development in Ultra-Supercritical Steam Turbine Rotors According to British Standards | 10.1007/978-3-030-97822-8_18 |
2022-01-01 | Microstructure and grain size are important factors affecting the mechanical properties of low-carbon bainite steels Low-carbon bainite steel . The influence of austenitization Austenitization and cooling rate Cooling rate on the phase transformation of low-carbon bainite steel Low-carbon bainite steel was investigated. The results show that the continuous cooling microstructure of low-carbon bainite steel Low-carbon bainite steel was determined by pre-deformation, austenitization Austenitization temperature, and cooling rate Cooling rate . The austenitizing process significantly affected the phase transformation of low-carbon bainite steel Low-carbon bainite steel . When samples were heated in the range of 830–930 °C, their austenite grain sizes were relatively small with a maximum of 12.3 μm; when they were cooled at the cooling rate Cooling rate range of 1–30 °C/s, the microstructures consisted of mainly a large amount of ferrite and a small amount of retained austenite. When the austenitizing temperature increased to 1220 °C, the austenite grain size increased to 71.2 μm. The structure was mainly proeutectoid ferrite and granular bainite at the cooling rate Cooling rate of 1 °C/s. As the cooling rate Cooling rate increased, the amount of proeutectoid ferrite reduced, and the amount of bainite increased, resulting in a higher hardness. When the cooling rate Cooling rate was 10 °C/s, the proeutectoid ferrite disappeared completely, and the bainite was further refined. | Effect of Austenitizing and Cooling Process on Microstructure Transformation of Low-Carbon Bainite Steel | 10.1007/978-3-030-92388-4_36 |
2022-01-01 | Grinding wheels are usually manufactured by powder metallurgical processes, i.e., by molding and sintering. Since this requires the production of special molds and the sintering is typically carried out in a continuous furnace, this process is time-consuming and cost-intensive. Therefore, it is only worthwhile for medium and large batches. Another influencing factor of the powder metallurgical process route is the high thermal load during the sintering process. Due to their high thermal sensitivity, superabrasives such as diamond or cubic boron nitride are very difficult to process in this way. In this study, a novel and innovative approach is presented, in which superabrasive grinding wheels are manufactured by thermal spraying. For this purpose, flat samples as well as grinding wheel bodies were coated by low-pressure (LP) cold gas spraying with a blend of a commercial Cu-Al 2 O 3 cold gas spraying powder and nickel-coated diamonds. The coatings were examined metallographically in terms of their composition. A well-embedded superabrasive content of 12 % was achieved. After the spraying process, the grinding wheels were conditioned and tested for the grinding application of cemented carbides and the topographies of both the grinding wheel and the cemented carbide were evaluated. Surface qualities of the ground surface that are comparable to those of other finishing processes were reached. This novel process route offers great flexibility in the combination of binder and hard material as well as a cost-effective single-part and small-batch production. | Qualification of the Low-pressure Cold Gas Spraying for the Additive Manufacturing of Copper–Nickel–Diamond Grinding Wheels | 10.1007/s11666-021-01291-y |
2022-01-01 | Low-temperature plasma processing of surfaces and interfaces is an interesting option for applications in flexible and printed electronics where surface cleaning, activation or functionalization are required. Plasma processing compared to more traditional chemical treatment can be significantly cheaper and faster while eliminating the need for toxic organic solvents. Printed functional coatings often contain organic moieties from solvents, binders and other additives that tune the properties of the precursor liquid. These need to be effectively removed for optimal properties of the resulting film. Plasma can provide reactive and energetic species to the surface of printed films for post-printing processing at significantly lower temperatures compared to conventional thermal annealing. In this paper, we summarize applications of low-temperature atmospheric plasma for cleaning of indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates for improved interface quality between the electrode and the blocking layer in perovskite solar cells. Plasma treatment in order of seconds proved as effective as a chemical treatment for an hour. We also present a way for post-deposition mineralization of mesoporous TiO 2 electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells at temperatures below 70 °C compatible with temperature-sensitive substrates. | Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Applications in Flexible and Printed Electronics | 10.1007/978-981-16-5763-4_15 |
2022-01-01 | Internal combustion engines are a prime mover in almost 99.8% of global transport vehicles, whereas 95% of the total driving energy still comes from petroleum-derived liquid fuels. Meeting emissions legislations is still a matter of concern for various automotive industries, which motivated them to devise cleaner and more efficient combustion concepts. Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) is one of those advanced low-temperature combustions (LTC) ideas that utilise relatively less processed petroleum fractions called Naphtha/Low octane fractions (LOF’s), offering indicated efficiency in the order of 50% or above and limits NOx and soot emissions simultaneously. Because of the unavailability of naphtha for research purposes, researchers have formulated different naphtha fuel surrogates (for experiments) and chemical reaction mechanisms (for numerical studies). This chapter starts with an overview of various LTC combustion strategies and a brief discussion about GCI combustion technology. Naphtha properties and generalised reaction pathways for gasoline have been discussed afterwards. After that, detailed literature focused on available reaction mechanisms and surrogates for low octane fractions. Overall, this chapter aims to cover most of the literature published on detailed and reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms and fuel surrogates that can efficiently mimic low octane fractions’ chemical, physical, and combustion characteristics. | Reaction Mechanisms and Fuel Surrogates for Naphtha/Low Octane Fractions-Application for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine | 10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_11 |
2022-01-01 | Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) enables the study of DNA–protein interactions. When coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), this method allows the generation of genome-wide profiles of the distribution of specific proteins in a given cellular context. Typical ChIP-seq experiments require millions of cells as input material and thus are not ideal to study many in vivo cell populations. Here, we describe an ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq method, ULI-NChIP-seq, to profile histone modification patterns in as low as 150 cells. | Profiling Histone Methylation in Low Numbers of Cells | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2481-4_11 |
2022-01-01 | To achieve Net Zero, natural gas, gasoline, diesel, and fuel oils must be replaced with another source. However, most of the current low-carbon energy sources will also need to be replaced as almost none have more than about 25 years remaining of useful life. The pace and scale of the needed change is unprecedented: almost the whole of the world’s primary energy supply must be replaced. The (re)development of the entire energy system is inherently a sovereign risk and it can only be governments who set national energy policy. There is no doubt that markets will continue to play a part in future energy systems, but at the top level, the pace and scale of change to achieve Net Zero is simply far too fast for markets to adapt properly. This chapter is a call to action to the national policy makers and presents this challenge as an opportunity for creating higher-quality jobs and potentially highly attractive and long-dated investment options. The chapter also outlines some risks, including political indecisiveness and policy volatility as potential impediments to making the most of this opportunity and achieving the Net Zero. | The Challenge of Climate Change—Complete Energy Systems Transformation: No Nuclear, No Net Zero | 10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_6 |
2022-01-01 | A Ku-band low-profile, high power, wide scan scope, long detection range chip-type antenna system structure is designed for the purpose of meeting the needs of various services for miniaturization, intelligence and modularization of future precision guided weapon system. System composition, structural design, mechanical simulation, thermal calculations, sample processing and key technologies are analyzed in this paper. Also, low-profile lightweight design technology, high density multistage blind matching technology, highly efficient heat dissipation technology and high precision multilayer consolidation technology have been broke out in this design. The height of the antenna system is 69% lower than that of the traditional brick-type antenna on the premise of keeping the performance of antenna system constant, thus, the space of other systems can be increased efficiently. The study of the chip-type antenna system structure offers the promise of tactical performance in radar field in the future. | A Ku-Band Low-Profile and High Power Chip-Type Antenna System Structure | 10.1007/978-981-19-1309-9_60 |
2022-01-01 | In this work the self-discharge characteristics are evaluated through resting OCV (open-circuit voltage)-SOC (state-of-charge) hysteresis and storage aging behavior for pouch NCM|graphite lithium-ion battery. A weak peak is found on the OCV-SOC curve of incremental capacity and differential voltage analysis. A low free-energy complex model involving the formation of an absorbed electron-lithium-ion solvation sheath on the graphite surface is proposal for this weak reaction. The electrons are shared between the graphite and electrolyte via lithium-ion. Results of batteries aging tests reveal a strong linear relation of OCV vs. square-root of time, where the dissociation of complex is considered as the mechanism. The dependency of the square-root of time demonstrates that a new concept of voltage drop rate (mV h −1/2 ) is more feasible by reducing the influence of OCV checking time from 120% to 26%. | Investigation of self-discharge properties and a new concept of open-circuit voltage drop rate in lithium-ion batteries | 10.1007/s10008-021-05049-y |
2022-01-01 | The research and development progress of ultra-supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler in major scientific research institutions and boiler manufacturing plants at home and abroad is described, and the furnace type schemes and technical characteristics of different boilers types are discussed in detail. To research and develop ultra-supercritical CFB boiler technology, main technological difficulties were analyzed from heating surface safety, hydrodynamics safety, maintaining reheat steam temperature at low boiler load and low-cost ultra-low emission technology, and then the solutions to these difficulties were put forward. It guarantees the research and development of ultra-supercritical CFB boiler and provides technical support to continue to maintain the leading position of China’s CFB power technology. | Progress and Main Technical Characteristics of Ultra-supercritical Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_42 |
2022-01-01 | Every material has its characteristics, if we want to know its characteristics, we usually do mechanical testing. Mechanical testing is usually a destructive test. The purpose of this research is to measure the pressure wave of clay conditioned with the help of an ultrasonic signal. The contribution of this research is to propose a method of measuring the wave propagation of clay by the Non-Destructive Test (NDT) technique using low-cost ultrasonic sensors. The proposed method is to create a system to generate a signal using 40 kHz ultrasonic sensors functioned as a transmitter and receiver with a variance of three samples of clay conditioned. The length of sample 1 is 2.8 cm, sample 2 is 2.9 cm, and sample 3 is 3 cm. This research, using an ultrasonic echo signal to calculate the time interval (t) of the echo signal that can be represented by the value of the velocity of pressure wave (Vp). From the experimental results, the value of sample 1 are t = 62.77 × 10 –6 s and Vp = 916.47 m/s, sample 2 are t = 75.27 × 10 –6 s and Vp = 870.09 m/s, sample 3 are t = 65.5 × 10 –6 s and Vp = 800.08 m/s. The value of the velocity pressure wave shown that the shortest length of the sample also has a higher Vp. The implication of this research is to find other ultrasonic sensors for getting more good results to measuring the propagation velocity in material. | Pressure Wave Measurement of Clay Conditioned Using an Ultrasonic Signal with Non-destructive Testing (NDT) Methods | 10.1007/978-981-19-1804-9_10 |
2022-01-01 | In the present scenario, the demand for fossil fuel has become a fundamental issue for mankind across the globe. To render adequate the energy demand for transport, the mixing of bioethanol with gasoline has been a promising aspect in India as well as other developing and developed countries. The potential of co-products and transitional products of sugar beet processing as raw material for bioethanol production has a tremendous scope in view of the demand for ethanol as an alternative for fossil fuel. Molasses is one of the important by-products of sugar beet or sugarcane refining industries which can be utilized as a raw material in the fermentation industry, such as the production of feed yeasts, baker’s yeast, antibiotics, citric acid, amino acids, acetone/butanol, organic acids, and enzymes. Sugar beet molasses are enriched with different minerals and vitamins used as a potent medium to enhance the shelf life of fruits and vegetables through osmotic dehydration. Evaluation of molasses for their industrial application cannot be based on their chemical composition and origin as various benchmarks are established for their use in different processes. The utilization of molasses as the sole carbon source in a particular process, pre-treatment of molasses, and removal of inhibitor should be prerequisites. Calcium carbonate is used as a pre-treatment agent for the neutralization of the molasses during yeast and methanol production. However, for various other processes, they are boiled in an acidic or alkaline medium and separated out from the precipitate. For the citric acid, production molasses are boiled with potassium ferrocyanide and generally fermented together with precipitate. Currently, in India, sugarcane molasses is being used for the production of bioethanol, but cannot fulfil the demand for bioethanol. Therefore, the crop residues such as sugar beet molasses may be explored for biofuel production to meet the demand for alternative and renewable energy sources. In the rapid urbanization and industrial development, bioethanol production from agricultural wastes provides economic as well as environmental benefits. The present status of bioethanol production in India can be encouraged by the development of new low-cost technology for the bioconversion of agricultural wastes which might be helpful for economic and environmental insights. | Bioethanol Production from Sugar Beet Juices and Molasses for Economic and Environmental Perspectives | 10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_45 |
2022-01-01 | Green roof promises to become an increasingly important option for building owners and community planners because it can address many of the challenges facing urban residents. The success of the roof depends on the specific build-up of the green roof, therefore, special attention was focused on the identification and application of more environmentally friendly materials in green roofs. However, except the substrate, very few studies have denoted the potential to use reused materials for drainage layers, despite its important role in determining thermal and hydraulic performance of green roofs. This study analyzes the scientific literature on the use of innovative materials from the recovery/recycling of products for the drainage layer and propose the use of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) granules coming from the recycling of waste films used in agriculture for greenhouse roofing and mulching as innovative and sustainable drainage material in green roofs. In addition, the proposal concerns the possibility to enclose the plastic granular material into micro-perforated bags made of recycled polyethylene and to use the soil coming from washing of agricultural films as substrate in green roofs. This proposal will be further investigated by laboratory assessment on the thermo-physical properties of several polyethylene granules and by experimental set-up having the goal of assessing the thermal performance of different green roof technologies, in order to represent a suitable alternative to materials commercially used from an environmental, economic, and social point of view. | Drainage Layer in Green Roofs: Proposal for the Use of Agricultural Plastic Waste | 10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_177 |
2022-01-01 | Heavy duty vehicles fitted with internal combustion engines have been instrumental in helping human for meeting their economic and social goals. In the pursuit we have put enormous burden on our environment. And now we are facing the challenges to limit and reduce the burden on environment over a period of time. Presently, there are plethora of technology concepts which are worldwide discussed and projected as a sustainable solution for future heavy duty transportation. However, there are number of considerations for a nation like India that needs careful analysis before we adopt a particular transport solution. There is no denying the fact that eventually we have to make heavy duty vehicles fossil and emission free for reducing their impact on environment to minimum. But this would happen over a period of time. Now given the large number of heavy duty vehicles on road and new vehicles that are forecasted to be produced, combustion engines will be around for another two decades. Meeting the goal of net zero GHG emission by 2050 requires number of parallel approaches. Hence, we have to work on various fronts, like related to combustion engines we need to put effort on improving newly developed heavy duty engine efficiencies, improving existing fleet emission, introducing low carbon fuels like natural gas and carbon neutral bio fuels and drop-in fuels. Simultaneously we also have to progress on the long term new developments like electrification of urban transport and hydrogen fuel cell truck for long haul operations. In this regard, we will briefly discuss here the several ways to make transportation in India more environment benign, role and potential of several prospective bio-fuels and various base and advanced engine technologies to improve the carbon footprint of existing and new developed fleet of heavy duty vehicles. | Future Sustainable Transport Fuels for Indian Heavy Duty Vehicles | 10.1007/978-981-16-8414-2_8 |
2022-01-01 | Studies on wettability Wettability control with liquid sodium have been conducted via many experiments and theoretical calculations. However, experiments using liquid sodium are challenging because of the high chemical reactivity of liquid sodium. Hence, we plan to perform experiments using a low melting temperature Melting temperature alloy Low melting temperature alloy , which is easy to use in air. In this study, the electronic structure Electronic structure of the interface between the substrate metal and the liquid metal Liquid metal was calculated using the molecular orbital method to understand the wettability Wettability of pure metal with the low melting temperature Melting temperature alloy Low melting temperature alloy . Results showed that the kind of liquid metal Liquid metal affected the atomic interaction at the interface. We obtained some atomic bonds representing a feature of the interface in order to understand the wettability Wettability by experiments. | Fundamental Study on Wettability of Pure Metal Using a Low Melting Temperature Alloy: A Theoretical Approach | 10.1007/978-3-030-92373-0_35 |
2022-01-01 | A structural component may experience several mechanical loading conditions such as dynamic, cyclic, and static under various environmental conditions. Examples for each loading conditions are as follows: dynamic loading such as impact, cyclic loading such as fatigue, static loadings such as creep and chemical corrosion for environmental condition. These may degrade the material properties with time or may lead to an instantaneous reduction in the strength of the laminates. In both the scenarios, the composite structural material fails catastrophically without any yielding. Any material fails prematurely within the service life of that particular structure than it is a loss of money and time or it may be a matter of life and death of a passenger travelling in an aircraft or an automobile. In order to tackle these problems, it is necessary to understand the FRP laminates behaviour under these situations and environmental conditions. Among various loading conditions, impact is one of the critical loading conditions for FRP composites where the entire impact phenomenon occurs within a short time period. The fracture and damage mechanism involved with the FRP composite materials under impact loading is complicated because of its anisotropic behaviour and heterogeneity. Further, the FRP materials have weak through-thickness properties; thus, these materials become highly vulnerable and susceptible to impact loading, particularly if the impact velocity is low. Because the low velocity impact (LVI) creates barely visible impact damage (BVID) in the structure. This BVID is not visible to the naked eyes and sometimes may go unnoticed during non-destructive inspection. Moreover, the BVID severely reduces the residual strength of the structure and the damage formed in the laminate grows throughout the structure with time leading to sudden catastrophic failure. Thus, this chapter covers various aspects involved with low impact loading condition of FRP composites. Further, different damage detection methods are discussed briefly. The finite element analysis is a power full tool which can be used to understand the complex damage mechanism or failure events associated with FRP composite materials subjected to LVI. These numerical analysis methods use various mathematical models to define the material damage or failure criteria. Moreover, different contact formulations are also used to define the contact between impactor and composite laminate along with the plies interfaces. This chapter provides brief information regarding the common material models and contact formulation used to conduct the finite analysis of FRP composite laminates under LVI. | Low Velocity Impact on Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates | 10.1007/978-981-16-9439-4_3 |
2022-01-01 | The first 20 years of operation of gravitational-wave interferometers have shown that, despite the high degree of isolation, detectors are affected by influences from the surrounding environment. Seismic, acoustic and electromagnetic disturbances of natural or human origin may limit the interferometer sensitivity or potentially generate transients of non-astrophysical origin. The study and reduction of environmental influences has been part of the effort that eventually led to the detection of gravitational waves. In this paper, we present a review of environmental noise sources and coupling paths, investigation and mitigation methods. We refer to the experience gained during the commissioning and operation of the existing gravitational-wave interferometers and the most recent documentation on the subject. We wish to share indications useful for the design and commissioning of future terrestrial gravitational-wave detectors. | Environmental Noise in Gravitational-Wave Interferometers | 10.1007/978-981-16-4306-4_10 |
2022-01-01 | In our quickly growing world, there is an increasing need for cheap, long-lasting, and less hazardous materials for medical purposes. To meet their needs, medical goods ranging from intravenous fluid containers to medical syringes are manufactured utilizing a variety of thermoplastics and Plastic Injection Moulding (PIM). Even sophisticated profile mouldings, however, may suffer from dimensional inaccuracy. The present research contributes to a better knowledge of thermoplastics, namely Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) material moulding for medical syringe plungers utilizing injection moulding equipment. Eight input injection moulding parameters were examined to reduce the depth sink marks along with weight produced during injection moulding of thermoplastic LDPE material. The 27 trials were piloted in accord with Taguchi's Design of Experiment, and the variables were optimized using the newly developed Honey Badger and Capuchin Search Algorithms, as well as analysis of variance, for determining the most dominating parameter. The cooling time and melt temperature of the plastic injection moulded part are the most significant factors influencing the sink-mark depth and weight of the part respectively, according to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. | Parametric Appraisal of Plastic Injection Moulding for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): A Novel Taguchi Based Honey Badger Algorithm and Capuchin Search Algorithm | 10.1007/978-3-031-04301-7_1 |
2022-01-01 | Abstract An express method to activate the formation and decomposition of (Cr,W) solid solutions, which is based on copper melt infiltration into noncompacted mixtures of chromium and tungsten powders under low-frequency vibration, is used to form disperse structures in Cr–W–Cu alloys. Model composite alloys are fabricated at 1300–1450°C. Their macro- and microstructure and elemental composition are investigated. A short time of mixing of powders before infiltration results in microcomposites (MC) with compositions varying over a wide range in a copper matrix: the Cr/W ratio (at %) in them is 0.2–7.2 and the Cu content is 1–31 at %. The copper content in MCs is found to depend exponentially on the Cr/W ratio. The microstructure of MCs consists of (Cr,W) solid solutions and/or disperse products of their decomposition in α-Cu. Secondary globular tungsten forms below the binodal line and lamellar tungsten forms above it in an (Cr,W) matrix during low-frequency vibration. The degree of dispersion of globular tungsten increases when the copper content decreases and the chromium content increases in MCs. | Disperse Structures of (Cr,W) Solid Solution Decomposition in Cr–W–Cu Alloys | 10.1134/S0036029522010049 |
2022-01-01 | The low nickel austenitic stainless steel (LNiASS) is more economical than the conventional 300-series austenitic stainless steels as 60% (approx.) of the Ni is replaced by manganese; it exhibits similar mechanical properties but inferior corrosion resistance. In this work, low nickel austenitic stainless steel samples were coated with Ni-based metallic powders using a thermal spray coating technique. The microstructures, phase composition and properties of coatings were examined using SEM, EDS, XRD and Vickers’s microhardness. The corrosion behavior was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization test in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution both for the uncoated and coated specimen. In both test solutions, the coatings that contained molybdenum and more chromium showed better corrosion resistance. The coated low nickel austenitic stainless steel can, therefore, be a cost-effective alternative to replace the widely used austenitic stainless steel in commercial as well as industrial applications. | Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Based Metallic Coatings Deposited by Thermal Spray Method on Low Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel | 10.1007/s11665-021-06200-6 |
2022-01-01 | Understanding dynamic future changes in precipitation can provide prior information for nonpoint source pollution simulations under global warming. However, the evolution of the dependence structure and the unevenness characteristics of precipitation are rarely considered. This study applied a two-stage bias correction to daily precipitation and max/min temperature data in the Daqing River Basin (DQRB) with the HadGEM3-RA climate model. Validated from 1981 to 2015, future scenarios under two emission paths covering 2031–2065 and 2066–2100 were projected to assess variations in both the amount and unevenness of precipitation. The results suggested that, overall, the two-stage bias correction could reproduce the marginal distributions of variables and the evolution process of the dependence structure. In the future, the amount of precipitation in the plains is expected to increase more than that in the mountains, while precipitation unevenness, as measured by relative entropy, shows a slight increase in the mountains and a decrease in the plains, with enhanced seasonality. Conditioned on rising temperatures, high-/low-intensity precipitation tends to intensify/weaken precipitation unevenness. Additionally, the potential application of the bias correction method used herein and the possible impacts of uneven precipitation on nonpoint source pollution are given for further analyses. This study can provide useful information for future nonpoint source pollution simulations in the DQRB. | Precipitation projection over Daqing River Basin (North China) considering the evolution of dependence structures | 10.1007/s11356-021-16066-9 |
2022-01-01 | Suppose some amount of heat energy (low-grade energy) is in your hand. | Availability and Irreversibility (Exergy and Anergy) | 10.1007/978-3-030-67274-4_7 |
2022-01-01 | Aiming at the problem of polymer blockage and production reduction caused by the failure of the oxidative breaker during the fracturing stimulation process of low-temperature and low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs, a microbial enhancement experiment was carried out to remove the fracturing polymer blockage and improve oil recovery. Microbiological methods were used to screen fracturing polymer degrading bacteria; the apparent viscosity, viscosity-average molecular weight of the fracturing polymer after biodegradation and the amount of residue generation were tested; low-permeability rock samples were used to test the enhanced plug-removing effect. The changes in physical properties of the rock samples before and after the enhanced plugging removal and the degree of recovery improvement are calculated. A strain of GD-552 that can effectively degrade fracturing polymer blockage was screened from the fracturing flowback fluid of a low-temperature and low-permeability oil field in the east China. Biodegradation experiments showed that the GD-552 strain could reduce the apparent viscosity and viscosity average molecular weight of the simulated fracturing fluid by 95.96% within 72 h, and the content of insoluble residues generated during degradation also met the requirements of industry standards. Rock sample test experiments showed that the blockage of fracturing polymer could reduce the permeability of low-permeability rock samples to 35% of the initial permeability. After 72 h of treatment with GD-552 bacterial solution, the permeability of the rock samples returned to 67% of the initial permeability. The recovery rate and production growth rate in the same time was 91.6%, which had a good repair effect. The results verified the feasibility of using endogenous microorganisms in low-temperature and low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs to remove fracturing polymer blockage, and provided an important theoretical basis for solving fracturing polymer blockage in low-temperature and low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs to improve oil recovery. | Experimental Study on Microbial Enhanced Plugging Removal and Recovery in Low Temperature and Low Permeability Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_13 |
2022-01-01 | Plastics, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE), is now being the most effective pollutant on Earth due to its non-degradability and increased demand. The reduced reusability and recyclability of these plastics makes more hurdle in proper disposal and treatment of these wastes. Thus, this problem can be managed only by implementing an alternative method of recycling these polymeric compounds for other beneficial purposes. The aim of this study is to suggest an ecofriendly approach of disposing these wastes by using it as bitumen modifiers. The effect of LDPE on bitumen has been analyzed by different wt% of LDPE from 2 to 8 wt% and was compared with pristine bitumen. Characterization tests mainly viscosity test, standard penetration and softening point, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and rheological analysis were done in order to examine the effect of LDPE addition to bitumen. The results show rise in thermal stability and deformation resistance for modified bitumen. However, a rise in polymer content above an optimum limit is not preferable. LDPE addition of 4% shows a better performance and is suggestable for employing in road sectors. | Sustainable Bituminous Pavement: A Study on Low-Density Polymer Modified Bituminous Binder | 10.1007/978-981-16-6557-8_35 |
2022-01-01 | This paper highlighted the material failure of the low nickel–chromium-molybdenum steel choke body by visual observation, microstructure characterization, chemical composition, and hardness analysis. A choke body failed due to leakage at the choke body after 11 years in service. A combination of fluid flow condition and electrochemical reaction of the choke body in the non-associated gas (NAG) containing CO 2 environment induces localised corrosion such as erosion and preferential weld corrosion (PWC). The severe corrosion penetration along the weld bead adjacent to the eroded region was observed as the primary cause of choke body leakage. The evidence of less chromium composition at the weldment region due to carbide coarsening could contribute to the decrease in corrosion resistance and induce localized corrosion of the weldment leading to PWC. To prevent the recurrence of failure, it is recommended that the material of the weldment should be of high corrosion resistance, which can be achieved by microstructure modification and avoidance of galvanic reaction between the weldment and other regions. Careful consideration of the fluid flow condition is also required as it may exacerbate the PWC. | Material Failure Assessment of Leakage in a Low Alloy Steel Choke Body | 10.1007/978-981-19-2890-1_3 |
2022-01-01 | The selection of formulations and technological parameters for the production of foamed ceramics is complicated by the multicomponent composition and the variety of technological modes of firing. In order to predict the properties of foamed ceramics and obtain reliable its characteristics, as well as taking into account the peculiarities of the studied production technology, a computational-graphical method is used using the so-called “factor of manufacturability” of foamed ceramics. This coefficient connects the dependences of properties on changes in average density and at the same time takes into account a specific technological scheme of production. Foam ceramics compositions were selected on the basis of previous studies. The main conclusions on the influence of the main components of the compositions on the properties of foamed ceramics are presented. Samples of foam ceramics were made using low-temperature foaming technology and their properties were determined using standard methods. The reproducibility of the values of the properties of foamed ceramics produced by experimental industrial testing with the properties determined using a nomogram was checked. The normative values according to the nomogram are confirmed by verification studies with a batch of prototypes. Thus, the ultimate strength of the foam ceramics was predicted depending on the average density and manufactured according to a specific technological scheme. | Reproducibility of the Properties of Foamed Ceramics by the Processability Factor Method | 10.1007/978-3-030-83917-8_22 |
2022-01-01 | The paper presents the comparative results of mechanical tensile testing at room (20 ± 10°C) and reduced (–196 ± 5°C) temperature of the cold- and hot-rolled samples of a semi-finished sheet product made of alloy 1580. The test samples were obtained from the 12 mm thick hot-rolled as well as 2 and 4.5 mm thick cold-rolled semi-finished products. The tests were performed in compliance with GOST 1497-84 and GOST 22706-77. According to the test results, the strength and plastic characteristics of the semi-finished sheet product made of alloy 1580 are higher at the lower temperature compared to those measured at the room temperature. Specifically, the ultimate tensile strength of the samples is higher by 20%, yield point — by 11%, and percent elongation — by 40%. | Investigation of the Properties of High-Strengh Aluminum Alloy 1580 for Producing Deformed Semi-Finished Products Suitable for Use Under the Far North and Arctic Conditions | 10.1007/s11015-022-01244-y |
2022-01-01 | In recent years, more and more low calorific value coal such as slime and gangue are used in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. Under this condition, it is difficult to control pollutants such as SO 2 and NO X due to the change of ash content and particle size of coal. Results implied that when low calorific value coal was burnt in a CFB boiler, the change of circulating ash quantity and particle size distribution of CFB boiler cause the fluctuation of furnace bed pressure, as well as the returning blockage of loop seal, and the deterioration of combustion conditions inside furnace leads to a large fluctuation of pollutants emission. The fluctuation of furnace bed pressure is reduced by adjusting the relationship between air and coal volume and introducing bed pressure to modify the control strategy of primary air flow on both sides of the furnace. Effective measures are put forward to deal with the returning blockage of loop seal in the CFB boiler. The influence of operating parameters such as oxygen on pollutants emission and the coupling relationship between SO 2 and NO X emission are both studied through experiments. On this basis, the optimization proposal of control strategy of limestone adding system is put forward, which is applied in a 300 MW CFB boiler, and good results are achieved. The results can provide a reference for controlling pollutants of CFB units burning low calorific value coal. | Study on Pollutants Control of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Burning Low Calorific Value Coal | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_45 |
2022-01-01 | In developing countries, including India, biodiesel extracted from invalid feedstuffs such as Mahua, Jatropha, and Pongamia has been shown to be a viable alternative. The findings of the power output investigation and then the emission characteristics of Mahua biodiesel engines are discussed in this research. In this analysis, Mahua biodiesel and diesel blends of different proportions were packed analyzed against the output of diesel fuel and analyzed by means of a single diesel engine cylinder. The heat capacity, fuel consumption by brake, exhaust gas temperature, Co, Hc, No, and smoke releases are investigated. The main motto of present study of experiment is to improve the performance and reduced the exhaust emission characteristics of the compression ignition engine fuelled by mahua oil biodiesel fuel mixtures with low heat rejection (LHR) by coating of ceramic on engine parts and low- temperature combustion (LTC) done by EGR method, thus finding the optimum biodiesel blends for the diesel engine. This research studies focus on optimum NOx reduction ratio and observed the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine using low-temperature combustion with modified LTC + LHR engine and 5% ethanol blends. This study performs on improving efficient performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel engine observation. | Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Low-Temperature Combustion | 10.1007/978-981-16-2794-1_110 |
2022-01-01 | In order to evaluate the influence of hydraulic oil and hydraulic transmission oil on the low-temperature cold start performance of the winch, a hydraulic winch low-temperature cold start performance evaluation test bench was developed. The overall structure and working principle of the test rig are described, and the key subsystems of the test rig are designed, including the ultra-low temperature freezing chamber subsystem design, and the motion control and data acquisition subsystem. The cold start performance and working parameters of the hydraulic winch were analyzed and measured on the developed test rig, and the overall performance of the test rig was tested and evaluated. The results show that the test bench can simulate the actual operating conditions of the hydraulic winch, and the bench has good stability, and can evaluate the low-temperature cold start performance of the hydraulic oil. | Evaluation System and Data Analysis Method of Low-Temperature Cold Start for Hydraulic Winch Oil | 10.1007/978-981-19-0390-8_89 |
2022-01-01 | A low temperature-sensitive microwave-vacuum integrated Ramsey cavity (MVIC) used for Rb fountain clocks is proposed to solve the problems that the clocks have a small operating-temperature range and are sensitive to the ambient temperature changes. This cavity mainly consists of a tube made of titanium (Ti) and two end caps made of oxygen-free copper (OFC), forming a cylindrical microwave resonator (CMwR) working at TE 011 mode. Utilizing the different thermal expansion of the tube and the end caps, the change of the cavity resonance frequency (ReF) to temperature can be self-compensated. To improve this cavity quality factor Q , the tube inner surface is coated by a thin copper film fist and then by a thin gold film on the top. There are two coupling holes (C-holes) face to face on the tube wall for microwave coupling. Each C-hole is vacuum-sealed with a ceramic window (CW) first. And then it is covered by a rectangular waveguide. Two microwaves are fed into the waveguides then coupled into the CMwR through the CWs, respectively. For the prepared MVIC for Rb fountain clocks, its Q -factor is measured to be 11500 and its ReF matches the Rb clock frequency within −49 kHz. And its ReF thermal-coefficient is measured to be −16.3 kHz/℃, which is 7.1 times lower than that of a commonly used OFC Ramsey cavity with the same sizes in the temperature range of 22.48 ℃–34.48 ℃. Additionally, this cavity ReF can be tuned about 130 kHz after performing a further bake-out for the fully assembling clock physical package. | A Low Temperature-Sensitive Ramsey Cavity for Rb Fountain Clocks | 10.1007/978-981-19-2576-4_35 |
2022-01-01 | Reducing the friction force between the commercial archwire and bracket during the orthodontic treatment in general dental practice has attracted worldwide interest. An investigation on the friction and wear behaviors of the uncoated and carbon film coated stainless steel archwires running against stainless steel brackets was systematically conducted. The carbon films were prepared at substrate bias voltages from +5 to +50 V using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering system. With increasing substrate bias voltage, local microstructures of the carbon films evolved from amorphous carbon to graphene nanocrystallites. Both static and stable friction coefficients of the archwire-bracket contacts sliding in dry and wet (artificial saliva) conditions decreased with the deposition of carbon films on the archwires. Low friction coefficient of 0.12 was achieved in artificial saliva environment for the graphene sheets embedded carbon (GSEC) film coated archwire. Deterioration of the friction behavior of the GSEC film coated archwire occurred after immersion of the archwire in artificial saliva solution for different periods before friction test. However, moderate friction coefficient of less than 0.30 sustained after 30 days immersion periods. The low friction mechanism is clarified to be the formation of salivary adsorbed layer and graphene sheets containing tribofilm on the contact interfaces. The robust low friction and low wear performances of the GSEC film coated archwires make them good candidates for clinical orthodontic treatment applications. | Robust low friction performance of graphene sheets embedded carbon films coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires | 10.1007/s40544-020-0471-3 |
2022-01-01 | Pollution generated by wastewater containing inorganic pollutants, such as heavy metals, has always been considered a real problem for our planet. Therefore, the removal of these micropollutants from polluted water is a valuable intervention to preserve human health and the environment. Many conventional methods are used today to treat wastewater, such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption by activated carbon, but the operating cost they generate has restricted their use. To overcome this limitation, scientists have focused for always on the application of marine resources to clean up the environment. The adsorption of heavy metals by biosorbents obtained from algae has been widely studied for wastewater treatment, as the exploitation of this biomass has the advantage of being a low cost, renewable and abundant biological raw material, and its use as a biosorbent is also a great alternative to activated carbon. The sorption capacity of the vegetable adsorbent is depending on chemical constitution of their cell wall and the presence of macromolecules with various functional groups that interact with metal ions. We review in this chapter, (1) the challenges associated with heavy metals, such as water pollution, hazardous effects, and their removal techniques including biosorption based on algae biopolymers, such as alginate and carrageenan, (2) the main chemical and structural compounds of macroalgae responsible for the metal ions removal, (3) current knowledge on the potential of macroalgae regarding their pharmacological applications and possible biosorbents prepared from them for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions. | Algal Biomass Valorization for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions | 10.1007/978-981-16-5928-7_8 |
2022-01-01 | A bolt with an excellent combination of high strength (1711 MPa) and high elongation (20.4%) was successfully manufactured using the hot-rolled twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel without applying the wire drawing and heat treatment processes, leading to the reduced production costs, lead time, and CO 2 emission compared to the conventional bolt forming process. Moreover, the hardness deviation of the bolt using the hot-rolled TWIP steel (157 HV) was lower than that of the bolt using drawn TWIP steel (208 HV). However, the hardness deviation of the bolt using the hot-rolled TWIP steel (157 HV) was higher than that of the bolt using the pearlitic steel (98 HV). Although the tensile strength of the initial hot-rolled TWIP steel (905 MPa) was lower than that of the pearlitic steel (1190 MPa), the tensile strength of the TWIP steel bolt (1711 MPa) was higher than that of the pearlitic steel bolt (1582 MPa) owing to the high strain hardening rate of the TWIP steel. This means that the high strain hardening rate of the TWIP steel led to a high-strength bolt without applying wire drawing during the bolt forming process. The different hardening rates of the two steels are highly related to the microstructural variation and the related strengthening mechanism during plastic deformation. The strength increases with a decreasing interlamellar spacing during deformation in pearlitic steels, whereas the deformation twins formed during plastic deformation strengthen TWIP steels. Overall, it can be concluded that deformation twins in TWIP steels are a better source for restricting dislocation movement during plastic deformation than cementite in pearlitic steels. | Direct Formed High-Strength Bolt with Hot-Rolled Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel Using Its High Strain Hardening Rate | 10.1007/s11665-021-06174-5 |
2022-01-01 | Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) is an engine-fuel technology which incorporates a combustion process using gasoline fuels in a compression ignition (CI) mode. GCI has the potential to offer high fuel efficiency while achieving ultra-low emissions. The objectives of the GCI engine development are to improve the fuel economy, meet the peak torque capabilities and comply with light duty emission regulations. The other key objective is to provide cost effective GCI engine design solution to automakers by minimizing the hardware complexity and maximizing compatibility with existing engine components. While GCI is under development for several years, there are several key technology risks (KTR’s) that need to be addressed. During cold start, the criteria pollutant emission is a challenge when the catalyst is not effectively warmed up. At low loads, misfires and partial burns lead to excessive HC and CO emissions. The increased pressure rise rate and particulate emissions are challenges at high load. The control challenges include transient Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) control and combustion robustness control due to cycle to cycle stability needs. Furthermore, the fuel injection system durability and boosting system capabilities are required to be demonstrated. This book chapter presents strategies to address those KTR’s at different engine operating conditions. The engine is based on a gasoline engine architecture with a spark plug and high pressure gasoline fuel injection system, termed as spark assisted gasoline compression ignition (SAGCI) engine. The results reported in this chapter are specific this particular hardware configuration of GCI engine fueled by RON 91 gasoline. During cold start, a split fuel injection strategy with extremely retarded spark timing is proposed to rapidly warm up the catalyst and minimize the criteria emissions. At low loads, typical spark ignited (SI) combustion and spark assisted GCI strategies are preferred. During GCI operation at low loads, spark is enabled as a supplemental means for robust combustion control. GCI based on partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) strategy is preferred at medium loads to meet the emission targets. Cold EGR, re-breathing and different fuel injection strategies are used as control variables to ensure better combustion control. The high load GCI is based on diffusion combustion with optimum fuel injection strategy that targets to reduce the pressure rise rate and soot emissions. | Spark Assisted Gasoline Compression Ignition (SAGCI) Engine Strategies | 10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_5 |
2022-01-01 | MgSiO 3 -rich orthopyroxene Orthopyroxene , CaMgSi 2 O 6 -rich clinopyroxene Clinopyroxene and Mg 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 -rich garnet consist of ~40 vol% of the Earth’s upper mantle Upper mantle . The two pyroxenes Pyroxene dissolve into garnet Garnet to form majorite garnet solid solution at a pressure range of ~8–16 GPa in the upper mantle and the transition zone Transition zone . Perovskite Perovskite -type CaSiO 3 is exsolved from majorite at ~20 GPa. Majorite further transforms to perovskite-type MgSiO 3 -rich bridgmanite Bridgmanite at the top part of the lower mantle Lower mantle . Spinel Spinel -type Mg 2 SiO 4 -rich (Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ringwoodite Ringwoodite consisting of ~60 vol% of the lower part of the transition zone dissociates into (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 bridgmanite and (Mg,Fe) O ferropericlase Ferropericlase at ~23 GPa and ~1600 °C. This transition, called the post-spinel transition Post-spinel transition , is generally accepted to be responsible for the 660-km seismic discontinuity. This chapter is concerned with high-pressure experimental and thermodynamic studies on these phase transitions, which lead to the formation of perovskite Perovskite -type silicate phases. | Phase Transitions of Pyroxene and Garnet, and Post-spinel Transition Forming Perovskite | 10.1007/978-981-19-6363-6_6 |
2022-01-01 | Because Lithum plating may occur at the end of charging or during high 04-current charging, which affects the safe use of the battery. AC heating is an effective solution to the low temperature charging performance degration. In this paper, an electrochemical-thermal coupling model is established and a multi-stage AC heating strategy considering the lithium plating is designed. While ensuring the heating rate, it effectively suppresses the generation of lithium evolution. A multi-stage heating method in which the amplitude of the alternating current changes with temperature is designed to realize the battery temperature rises from −20 ℃ to 10 ℃ within 12 min when there is no lithium plating in the battery. The heating strategy designed in this paper has a good heating effect. | Multi-stage AC Low-Temperature Heating Strategy for Lithium-Ion Battery | 10.1007/978-981-19-1870-4_125 |
2022-01-01 | In the article, the methodology for a calculated evaluation of sequential distortion of the working roll’s profile during the serial widestrip rolling was presented. The function to evaluate the average resource of working rolls was obtained by the criterion of the cross-section gage variation of strip. The gage variation for each rolled strip in the batch was defined by summing up values on active generatrixes of the upper and bottom rolls. The active generatrixes of each roll in the moment of rolling of each following strip in turn was defined as the difference between the value of the roll radius in the middle of the barrel and under (or above) the edge of a strip. To evaluate the rate of the roll distortion in the conditions of the rolling of each following batch of strip, there was used the basic equation of the structural energy concept of a stationary friction unit wear. The moment of failure (the expected lifetime) of working rolls was defined from the condition of the gage variation reaching the limit value for the current batch of strip. | The Methodology of Resource Forecasting on Working Rolls of the Final Stands of the Widestrip Hot Rolling Mill | 10.1007/978-3-030-85233-7_20 |
2022-01-01 | The aim of this pilot study is to know the thermal impact that manual therapy has on the body temperature of the lower back and abdominal region in subjects with low back pain. It was conducted on ten patients, five of them diagnosed with low back pain and five without it. The intervention protocol was based on Richelli’s instrumentalized manual therapy, it was carried out by a certified physical therapist, one session per week, for two weeks. Infrared Thermography was used to show the effects of this study. The regions of interest considered for the thermal analysis were the rectus abdominis, the obliques, the quadratus lumbar and the lumbar spine. The temperature difference between post and pre-intervention in patients with low back pain was higher in the first week, maintaining differences greater than 0.78, while in the second week the maximum difference was 0.52 in the lumbar area. As a result, the instrumentalized manual intervention technique tends to stabilize the temperature of the muscles, managing to favor the subjects with low back pain because this specific group achieved greater temperature stability in the intervened muscle groups. Infrared Thermography proved to be a useful tool for monitoring physiotherapeutic treatments. | Thermal Effects of Manual Therapy in Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study | 10.1007/978-3-031-07704-3_7 |
2022-01-01 | The world's needs for water, energy and food are constantly increasing. This pattern which only seems to be growing creates global challenges which are critical for our survival as a species, mainly the need to provide enough food while conserving the limited water sources that are still available. Irrigation is one of the most resource hungry processes in this global chain, accentuated most by the use of traditional methods. New systems based on the technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are available to automate the irrigation process. In this paper we present a low-cost system that aims at reducing both human intervention and water consumption. This system acquires data about soil moisture, ambient temperature and humidity as well as rain presence parameters. MQTT protocol is used to transmit data between nodes and the Raspberry Pi device, data is then sent to ThingSpeak in order to be checked by the user in real time. The latter can then decide either to automate the irrigation scheduling based on sensed parameters, or to manually control the wireless solenoid valves through a mobile application. Fuzzy logic was implemented to assure proper functioning of the system at the operational stage, through defining the rules that govern the flow of the right quantities of water. | Low-Cost Smart Irrigation System Based on Internet of Things and Fuzzy Logic | 10.1007/978-3-031-20490-6_7 |
2022-01-01 | The ever-increasing demand for energy, the exhaustible nature of conventional fuels, and increasing pollution have led to an immediate search for clean, sustainable, and renewable alternative energy sources. DME is one such alternative fuel that is quite promising for internal combustion (IC) engines because of several advantages over conventional fuels. DME is the ultimate next-generation e-fuel since it can be produced from renewable feedstocks such as agricultural, municipal sewage waste, and many kinds of biomass fuels by direct and indirect synthesis. However, DME-fueled IC engines have few limitations, e.g., high NO x emissions, which need to be overcome to expand their usage in production-grade engines. In addition to environment-friendly fuel, there is also a need to investigate emerging, innovative combustion technologies capable of meeting fuel economy targets and complying with the prevailing stringent emission norms. Engines with low-temperature combustion (LTC) concepts are highly efficient and environmentally friendly and offer promising alternatives to conventional combustion engine technologies. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), and gasoline compression ignition (GCI) are a few of the LTC variant technologies, which should be investigated for DME to combine both cleaner and efficient engine technology and environment-friendly alternative fuel. HCCI engine technology is an ideal LTC engine technology with higher efficiency. However, there are some limitations of HCCI engine technology, such as limited operational range. Hence, other LTC engine technologies are being widely investigated. PCCI engine technology is one of them. Factors such as lean premixed charge, high compression ratio, and multi-point spontaneous ignition lead to excellent fuel economy and low NO x emissions. Another LTC engine technology is the RCCI, which uses two different fuel reactivities to achieve excellent engine efficiencies. Low reactivity fuels such as natural gas can be used along with high reactivity fuels such as DME, yielding lower NO x and PM emissions, reducing heat transfer loss, and increasing engine efficiency. Moreover, the RCCI technology leads to an elimination of the need for expensive exhaust gas after-treatment systems. This chapter examines the concepts of various LTC engine technologies and their performance and emission characteristics, underlying challenges, and way forward for using DME as a fuel in IC engines. | Prospects and Challenges of DME Fueled Low-Temperature Combustion Engine Technology | 10.1007/978-981-16-8344-2_10 |
2022-01-01 | This paper presents experimental results aimed at characterizing and modeling the elastoplastic cyclic response and low-cycle fatigue behavior of an AISI 316L stainless steel, subjected to strain-controlled tests at room temperature. Experimental data are used to calibrate kinematic and isotropic plasticity models, as well as the Manson–Coffin equation, which is compared to design strain-life curves at 5% failure probability estimated by four statistical methods (deterministic, “equivalent prediction interval,” univariate tolerance interval, and Owen’s tolerance interval for regression). | Cyclic Plasticity and Low-Cycle Fatigue of an AISI 316L Stainless Steel Tested at Room Temperature | 10.1007/978-3-030-97822-8_42 |
2022-01-01 | Silicon kerf residue Silicon kerf residue is generated during the wafering process of pure silicon in the photovoltaic value chain. The generated by-product Utilization of by-products has a high volume, and the particle size is typically below 1 μm. Although the fine particles are partly oxidized, the material may be beneficial in different metallurgical applications such as grain refining and alloy composition adjustments. This work studies the dissolution Melting and dissolution of silicon kerf behavior of silicon kerf in low alloy steel Low alloy steels melts with the aim to upcycle the kerf material in the steel industry for different purposes. In this study, a steel alloy and the kerf residue were melted (at 1580 °C) in an alumina crucible placed in an induction furnace. The amount of added kerf residue was varied. The behavior of the particles in the solidified alloy was characterized by using an optical microscope, electron probe microscope (EPMA), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) in order to study the dissolution Melting and dissolution of silicon kerf behavior of the Si-kerf residue in the steel. | Pre-study of the Dissolution Behavior of Silicon Kerf Residue in Steel | 10.1007/978-3-030-92563-5_15 |
2022-01-01 | The current nickel supply deficit and continuous change in its expense brought about getting the consideration of researchers to prompt different options of stainless steel which contains less measure of nickel as its alloying component. Among the different existing stainless steel (SS) grades, austenitic stainless steels (ASS) are used in roughly 60–70% of utilizations, however, ASS requires nickel as its major subsequent. One of the better choices to supplant austenitic stainless steel is ferritic grades, which contain less nickel and have fundamentally the same as execution at a generally lower cost. The current examination is an endeavor to feature the different welding methods ( fusion/solid-state ) which used most, for joining of these ferritic stainless steel (FSS) grades. The literature affirms that because of the metallurgical issues related to fusion welding processes, solid-state joining processes such as forge welding, pressure welding, ultrasonic welding, and friction stir welding (FSW) are advised to be used for joining of ferritic stainless steels depending their suitability. Moreover, the choice of an appropriate welding process for a particular stainless steel grade is also governed by the corrosion-related aspects, and to reduce the adverse effects of corrosion post welding it is recommended to use pre weld and post-weld heat treatment processes. | Recent Trends in Weldability and Corrosion Behavior of Low Nickel Stainless Steels | 10.1007/978-981-16-3135-1_21 |
2022-01-01 | Recently, new technologies for higher thermal efficiency have been developed in internal combustion engines. New types of combustion processes and technologies have been proposed regardless of the type of an engine. Low temperature combustion (LTC) such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) has been studied to achieve low NOx (oxides of nitrogen) and particulate matter (PM). This chapter discusses history and advantages of the HCCI combustion. HCCI combustion technology has been evolved into the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) and spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) types. Abnormal knocking combustion that occurs due to the flame propagation and thermochemical autoignition in the end-gas region is considered one of the barriers to achieve higher thermal efficiency. However, under controlled conditions, knocking combustion can be avoided in SACI and in the Premixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region (PREMIER) combustion processes. Furthermore, new laser- and plasma-based ignition systems have been developed instead of conventional spark ignition system. Laser ignition, non-thermal plasma assisted ignition such as microwave assisted spark ignition, nanosecond pulsed discharge, corona, etc. are described. These technologies are explained in this chapter, which shows future directions of internal combustion engines toward increasing thermal efficiency and minimizing NOx and PM emissions. | Advanced Combustion Technologies for Higher Thermal Efficiency | 10.1007/978-3-030-94538-1_4 |
2022-01-01 | In recent years, meteorological environment has become a topic of concern to people. Various meteorological disasters threaten human life and production. Accurate and timely acquisition of meteorological data has become a prerequisite for dealing with various aspects of production and life, and also laid a foundation for weather prediction. For a long time, meteorological data acquisition system combined with modern information technology has gradually become a hot spot in the field of meteorological monitoring and computer research. The continuous development of NB-IoT technology has brought new elements to the research of meteorological monitoring system. This paper designs a weather station system based on NB-IoT, including data acquisition module, main controller module, NB-IoT wireless communication module, energy capture module, low power consumption scheme, etc. | Based on Internet of Things Platform Using NB-IoT Communication Low-Power Weather Station System | 10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_65 |
2022-01-01 | Power interruptions as well as planned reduction can be difficult to manage due to challenges in thermal balance of the pot. At reduced internal heat, isotherms will shift inwards causing operational difficulties. Additionally, smelters also have pots with different designs and age groups, which react differently to amperage reduction. The study has been performed for a 360 kA potline to run at lower amperages, as low as 280 kA. Hence, computational and analytical models were used by smelter and R&D teams to identify the best cell operating window. The study was used to optimize pot control parameters like voltage adjustment, AlF 3 feeding, forced cooling Forced cooling modulation pressure, gas suction, metal/bath height, anode cover composition and height, covering/recovering practices, etc. The actions taken at shop floor and control room helped to survive/recover pots during interruptions smoothly. | Managing Power Interruptions at 360 KA Smelter | 10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_61 |
2022-01-01 | Barry Loewer and David Albert put forward a theory that they call “ The Mentaculus ”, which they claim to be “arguably a complete scientific theory of the universe”. Albert and Loewer’s Mentaculus is an expanded version of statistical mechanics. On their view – as recently updated by Loewer’s “ Package Deal Approach ” – The Mentaculus is the “best system” of our world in the Lewis-style sense of this term: it contains a partial description of the fundamental reality (“The Humean base”) and provides the optimal balance between informativeness and simplicity. The Mentaculus has other advantages, in particular, it is reductionist in the sense that it unifies all the sciences, and it is physicalist in the sense that the account of everything is ultimately based on physics. In this paper we examine the extent to which The Mentaculus is reductionist and physicalist. We compare it with “ Flat Physicalism ”, which is our version of expanded statistical mechanics, that is a reductive type-type physicalist identity theory of everything that there is. The Mentaculus is less reductionist than Flat Physicalism: both theories assume the fundamental microdynamics and suitable contingent facts, but The Mentaculus assumes the Past Hypothesis and a Statistical Postulate, as independent laws, whereas Flat Physicalism derives them from the microdynamics and the contingent facts. Additionally, Flat Physicalism derives from the latter all the special sciences kinds and laws, while The Mentaculus does not contain any explanatory account of such reduction. Therefore Flat Physicalism is arguably “better” than The Mentaculus in the “best system” sense of the term. | Is the Mentaculus the Best System of Our World? | 10.1007/978-3-030-96775-8_4 |
2022-01-01 | Semi-coke is the product of low-rank coal by pyrolysis at low temperature. If semi-coke could be used as fuel of industrial pulverized coal boilers, it will widen the fuel range of the industrial pulverized coal boilers and effectively promote the coal staged utilization. As the semi-coke need higher temperature than bituminous coal for its ignition and combustion process, the NO x emission will rapidly increase with the rising of temperature. So, decreasing the NO x is an important task in its utilization. In this paper, the NO x emission rules at the higher fuel-rich zone temperature and properties of semi-coke air-staged combustion were explored by two-stage drop-tube furnace. In the air-staged combustion experiments, the influence of fuel-rich zone temperature and the ratio of air on NO x emission and combustion behavior were investigated. The results indicate that the NO x emission concentration of non-staged combustion rises with fuel-rich zone temperature and the excess air coefficient in its combustion process. The air-staged combustion could visibly reduce the NO x emission in the combustion process. As the Fig. 32.1 shows, the optimum ratio of secondary air is 0.56, at which NO x emission concentration is under 120 mg/m3 and the burn-out rates were above 90%. The conclusions of the burn-out rate and the decrease rate of NO x can be used to guide the industry enlargement experiment in running conditions. | Investigation on NOx Formation Characteristics During Semi-coke Air-Staged Combustion | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_32 |
2022-01-01 | The development of lower to middle-class apartments in big cities in Indonesia continues to increase due to urbanization. The increase in the growth of apartments in this class will of course directly affect the rise in building material needs for construction. This is also elevating energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research will explain how the use of materials in apartment building construction can affect embodied energy and carbon emissions. This study uses the IO table method as method for calculating embodied energy and carbon emissions. This research selects three case studies of low-cost and middle-class apartment construction in several big cities in Indonesia. The results indicate that the EE value and GHG emissions in low-cost apartments have a similar pattern. Works that use cement and concrete materials are the ones that have the biggest contribution to architectural work, such as screeding work and precast work. The volume reduction and the selection of the right construction technique such as high-intensity cement materials can be an option in reducing the value of embodied energy and carbon. | Embodied Energy and Embodied GHG of Architectural Works on Low-Cost Apartment Construction in Indonesia | 10.1007/978-981-16-6932-3_31 |
2022-01-01 | The application of low-carbon alcohols (LCA fuels) in internal combustion engines has become one of the most important topics in road transport decarbonization. This paper aims to identify the trends and characteristics of LCA combustion research for the period 2000–2021 through bibliometric analysis. Citation analysis is used to evaluate the influence of most productive journals, countries/regions, authors, institutions, and relevant literature, while collaborative network between various authors, countries/regions, institutions, and the co-occurrences among different keywords are discussed. A dataset of 2250 publications was extracted from the Web of Science Core database and analyzed with CiteSpace and Biblioshiny. The extracted documents involve 429 journals of publications by 4782 authors from 1434 institutions across 83 countries/regions. The results reveal that the research output in this field has undergone three main stages of development, i.e., initial development (2000–2007), slow development (2008–2015), and rapid development (2016–2021). Currently, the research field is growing at an annual growth rate of 9.24%, with most of the contributions by authors and institutions originating from China. The analysis from relevant keywords and literature suggests that the core of this research field centers on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of LCA-fueled engines. The current study helps keep the scientific community informed of the latest paradigms in the LCA combustion research field. | Low-carbon alcohol fuels for decarbonizing the road transportation industry: a bibliometric analysis 2000–2021 | 10.1007/s11356-021-15539-1 |
2022-01-01 | This paper first summarizes the development status of new soft magnetic materials, and then analyzes the principle of motor core loss. Then, selects new soft magnetic materials ST100 and traditional silicon steel 20WTG1500 for testing, were selected for testing to compare and analyze the material properties after annealing. The performance of ultra-thin silicon steel with a thickness of 0.1 mm is basically the same as that of traditional silicon steel at low frequency, but when the frequency is greater than 400 Hz, the loss is significantly reduced, and the advantages are obvious. Finally, based on the measured two kinds of materials and finite element simulation, two permanent magnet synchronous motor models with the same structure and different core materials are established based on an 8-pole built-in “V” rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor with rated power of 50 kW, working frequency of 1 kHz and rated speed of 15000 r/min, and the core loss is analyzed emphatically. Compared with traditional silicon steel motors, the core loss of ultra-thin silicon steel motors is reduced by an average of 48.35%. Compared with traditional silicon steel motors, ultra-thin silicon steel motors have obvious advantages in high-frequency and high-speed applications. | Application Analysis of New Type of Soft Magnet in High Speed and Low Loss Permanent Magnet Motor | 10.1007/978-981-19-1870-4_121 |
2022-01-01 | Important developments in additive manufacturing of concrete (AMoC) have been achieved in the past decades. Like other additive manufacturing processes, interdependence between material design, process effects, and part performance exists in AMoC. In this chapter, material design of various cement-based materials amenable for extrusion-based additive manufacturing, rheological responses that are influential in ensuring printability, and the performance of such novel materials is discussed. The need of adequate rheology to successfully develop printable concrete and tailoring mix design by addition of various admixtures is also presented. These results demonstrate that thixotropy of building materials is key for AMoC. The mechanical performance of AMoC is further discussed including interlayer bond strength and its consequence in terms of anisotropic properties. Finally, material development challenges for large-scale AMoC are discussed with new strategies to produce sustainable yet printable mixes. | Material Design, Additive Manufacturing, and Performance of Cement-Based Materials
| 10.1007/978-3-030-95798-8_13 |
2022-01-01 | The development of sintering flue gas circulating fluidized bed (CFB) treatment technology is very important because there are many disadvantages in the existing treatment technology. In order to understand this technology, it is necessary to study the combustion of sintering flue gas in a circulating fluidized bed. Experiments were performed to study the combustion characteristics of Zuoyun bituminous coal in this oxygen-deficient atmosphere by a large-capacity TGA (LC-TGA). By changing reaction parameters, the influence of combustion temperature and gas atmosphere on coal combustion were analyzed. The experimental results confirm that the change of oxygen concentration and combustion temperature will greatly affect the combustion of coal in the low oxygen atmosphere. With the increase of oxygen mole fraction and combustion temperature, the combustion rate of coal will gradually accelerate. The presence of CO in the combustion atmosphere will not change this trend, but it does greatly affect the combustion characteristics of coal, which is particularly evident at 800 and 850 ℃. CO has obvious oxygen-grabbing behavior at high temperature, and the influence on coal combustion seems to be closely related to the temperature. The present experimental results will provide the reference for the further development of sintering flue gas circulating fluidized bed technology. | The Fundamental Studies on Combustion of Sintering Flue Gas in Circulating Fluidized Bed | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_36 |
2022-01-01 | Wagstaff, Inc. grew as the manufacturing capabilities developed into mainstream large-scale computerized numerical control (CNC) machining centers, sometimes even ahead of the commercial machine tool manufacturers. This unique capability positioned the leadership to rapidly take on new market opportunities in extrusion ingot, large format rolling slab ingot, and forging ingot as advances in tribology, surface segregation, and heat transfer hit the scientific journals in the 1990s. The development of new technology based on these scientific advances positioned the company to deliver cutting-edge aluminum solidification technology to the curious but cautious aluminum industry well into the next century. Eventually, the technologies grew and developed into concepts that outpaced the comfort of the owners; thus, they sought a suitable long-term industry partner. | The Origins of Wagstaff Inc.: Part 2—Aggressive R&D | 10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_81 |
2022-01-01 | In order to solve the problem of rapid increase in water content and decrease in production after water flooding in fault block reservoirs, the air foam flooding experiments of static low temperature oxidation, single and double sand filled tube were carried out. In view of the complex fault block reservoir the Arrhenius correction model and the index which was reflected the continuous ability of crude oil participating in low temperature oxidation reaction were established. The results showed that there was no absolute relationship between oxygen consumption and viscosity of crude oil, and there was a turning point of water saturation. The reaction rate is greatly affected by the reaction temperature. The displacement efficiency of single pipe is increased about 15%. The injection of air foam can effectively block the high permeable strip, and the middle low permeability layer is effectively utilized, and the recovery ratio is increased by about 10.9%. | Study on Air Foam Flooding Technology to Enhance Oil Recovery of Mid Deep Complex Fault Block Reservoir by Water Injection | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_290 |
2022-01-01 | Construction Construction workers are the key and indispensable contributors to every construction project. For many years, the construction industry has been documented, having a great possibility of occupational illnesses, injuries and accidents. Such threats of construction workers can result in social problems Social problems and low productivity Low productivity . Accordingly, construction workers’ well-being ought to be extremely self-addressed to boost competency and potency. The factors like rising temperature and warmth stress risks within the dynamic climate state of affairs may doubtlessly have an effect on the workers globally, particularly those with strenuous work in tropical settings. Filth generated by construction activities deeply affects air quality and adversely affects the health of people residing near to construction sites. All through this book chapter, the authors aim to investigate the factors that have an effect on construction workers, continuing health supported by a scientific review of revealed research within the vicinity of construction Construction . Conclusions from the study can give solid evidence of the causes and results of construction workers’ future health. | Health Impacts of Construction Workers: A Short Introduction | 10.1007/978-3-030-76073-1_19 |
2022-01-01 | Plan and optimization of a P-channel Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) with Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) as channel material are carried out in this paper to attain high performance in low power advanced circuits. A self-consistent iterative strategy is utilized to illuminate numerically 1-D Poisson’s condition subject to suitable boundary conditions at the source and drain closes of the device. The energy band diagram is gotten from which surface potential and boundary heights are extracted. The structural parameters are appropriately designed to optimize the performance of the device for future application in low power digital circuits. | Design and Optimization of Graphene Nanoribbon TFETs for Low Power Digital Applications | 10.1007/978-981-19-6301-8_5 |
2022-01-01 | In this chapter, which is divided in two parts, several aspects concerning ionic liquids are discussed. Part one contains a brief history of the development of ionic liquids, their main physical properties, the most convenient ways to manipulate them, the most salient synthetic strategies for the preparation of ionic liquids, and several aspects related with their toxicity and biodegradability. Part two covers current applications of ionic liquids, mainly in catalysis (asymmetric and supported catalysis), including their use as solvents on different “green” applications, their use as electrolytes, and their pharmaceutical applications in drug production, as well as the potential of ionic liquids as drug candidates. | Ionic Liquids: Design and Applications | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1579-9_6 |
2022-01-01 | Direct strip casting (DSC) is one of the cutting-edge technologies for the steel industry in the twenty-first century. Under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, DSC technology has a bright future of applications as it requires less production time and space with reduced energy consumption. Owing to its sub-rapid cooling rate during solidification and low reduction during hot rolling, DSC process exhibits a series of unique physical metallurgy characteristics. The process characteristics of DSC process and the microstructural evolution during the thermomechanical processing of low-carbon microalloyed steel are reviewed. The effects of hot rolling, cooling, coiling temperatures and microalloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties are then discussed. Finally, the future development orientations of DSC technology are suggested to fully utilize its unique features for the enhancement of its competitiveness and for the promotion of carbon neutrality of the steel industry. | Research status and prospect of direct strip casting manufactured low-carbon microalloyed steel | 10.1007/s42243-021-00739-3 |
2022-01-01 | This paper deals with an experimental result that is carried out on new controlled low strength material (CLSM) prepared by blending pond ash, with gypsum drywall from a demolished structure. The use of gypsum drywall is according to the proportion of 0, 10, 15 and 25% by weight of the total of pond ash, cement and water. As a binding 53 grade of ordinary Portland cement was used, the percentage of cement was used 20 and 10%. Potable water was used to mix the materials. A 75-mm-diameter and 150-mm-height cylindrical specimen was used to measure the compressive strength for 7-, 14- and 28-day curing period. The effect of the curing period, different percentages of gypsum drywall and mix ratio on the compressive strength, flowability, initial setting time and density of CLSM were studied according to ACI 229 R, and experimental results are presented in this paper. Test results specify that the flowability decreases with increasing mix ratio and gypsum drywall, percentages, and compressive strength increases with increasing curing period. For each curing period, the compressive strength increased up to 10% and then decreased with increasing value of mix ratio. For entire mix ratios, the maximum compressive strength of 9.9 MPa was noticed for mix ratio 0.1. As an increase in the percentage of gypsum drywall, there is a gradual decrease in flowability. The utilisation of Pond ash and blast furnane slag can solve its disposal problem in an environment-friendly manner leading toward sustainable development. Studies show that pond ash and gypsum drywall have potential to use in CLSM to solve the disposal problem for an eco-friendly environment. | Flow and Strength Characteristics of CLSM Using Gypsum Dry Wall | 10.1007/978-981-16-4396-5_16 |
2022-01-01 | The world faces the challenge to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel with low-cost technology. Therefore, this research emphasised on production of low sulfur fuel utilising nanoparticle catalyst under mild condition. A small amount of cobalt oxide (10–30 wt%) was introduced into the Fe/Al 2 O 3 catalyst through the wet impregnation method. Cobalt modification induces a positive effect on the performance of the iron catalyst. Hence, the insertion of cobalt species into Fe/Al 2 O 3 led to the formation of lattice fringes in all directions which resulted in the formation of Co 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 species. The optimised catalyst, Co/Fe–Al 2 O 3 , calcined at 400 °C with a dopant ratio of 10:90 indicating the highest desulfurisation activity by removing 96% of thiophene, 100% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 92% of 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). Based on the density functional theory (DFT) on Co/Fe–Al 2 O 3 , two pathways with the overall energy of −40.78 eV were suggested for the complete oxidation of DBT. | Catalytic oxidative desulfurisation over Co/Fe-γAl2O3 catalyst: performance, characterisation and computational study | 10.1007/s11356-021-15733-1 |
2022-01-01 | Many communities have completed renewable energy projects and we’ve included some links to particularly advanced programs which can serve as guides for your own endeavours. There is a huge amount of creativity and solid engineering being deployed at the community level and local leaders have clearly put knowledge in the hands of those who will apply it. A key to success is promoting living labs in schools and universities to allow young people to gain as much experience with energy flows and experimental systems as possible. Experience is the best and fastest way to develop expertise and these labs give everyone access to the results. Communities can implement a wide scale of projects with a variety of ownership structures. The projects can include district heating, creating in town solar PV, promoting active transportation and installing arrays of charging stations in shopping and community centers, condos and for street parking. Coherent local planning can integrate energy saving, the electric transition, health, active transportation and access to nature, driving both environmental and social progress. Communities can move quickly and often have the most direct impact on the lives of their citizens. If they have evolved to focusing solely on resilience, citizen well-being and environmental health, they are well-positioned to transition to renewable energy. | Communities Lead the Way | 10.1007/978-3-030-91782-1_10 |
2022-01-01 | With evolving global CO 2 emissions legislation and the increased adoption of electrified powertrains such as hybrid electrics, there is a growing need to extract more fuel efficiency from the Gasoline SI engine. By applying gasoline low temperature combustion over typical driving cycle conditions and traditional stoichiometric spark-ignition combustion over the high speed and high load operating conditions, reduced peak pressures and low friction losses can be maintained across the entire operating ranges, consistent with standard SI engine vehicle practices and expectations. This research is focused on combining three enabling technologies for synergistic integration: (a) downsized boosting to address parasitic losses, (b) lean, low temperature combustion to address heat and work extraction losses, and (c) physics-based cylinder-pressure driven controls to streamline the calibration and implementation process. In summary, this research shows that an advanced low temperature combustion system integrated with modern downsize boosted engine technology can deliver a significant fuel consumption benefit (~20%) over conventional natural-aspirated, homogeneous stoichiometric spark-ignition engines. Furthermore, this research proves that this can be done with commercially available fuels, without impacting the customer experience consistent with the most stringent emissions requirements (SULEV30). | Development of Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion Engine System Compatible with SULEV30 Emissions | 10.1007/978-3-030-91869-9_5 |
2022-01-01 | Mutation fixation of irradiated banana cultures is achieved through at least three generation advancements by in vitro subculturing. The in vitro culture is a technique which allows rapid multiplication of plantlets within a short time and which often relies highly on expensive inputs that are almost unaffordable in many developing countries. This chapter highlights some easily affordable options that can be adopted for in vitro propagation and weaning of tissue-cultured banana plantlets and other horticultural crops. The presented options provide resource restricted laboratories opportunities to coopperate with irradiation facilities for mutation induction. Thus, when applied to any locally selected banana variety, the low-cost in vitro methods allow an efficient mutagenesis process to improve local accessions. Low-cost alternatives adopted to carry out in vitro mutagenesis activities in the current FAO/IAEA project are presented, by using as baseline other cheaper options developed and adapted through a locally funded project (supported by the Mauritius Research and Innovation Council). | Low-Cost In Vitro Options for Banana Mutation Breeding | 10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_10 |
2022-01-01 | Surfactant flooding costs are low and the recovery effect is good. In order to better exert the performance of surfactants and improve the recovery factor of low permeability reservoirs, this article mainly focuses on the optimization and improvement of surfactants. The anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate SDBS has good surface activity and strong hydrophilicity, which can effectively reduce the tension of the oil-water interface and achieve emulsification, but its salt resistance is poor. It uses the chemical properties of SDBS. Stable and good synergistic characteristics, the introduction of gemini surfactant YC-2 and compounding in a certain proportion to obtain a stronger surfactant, this article called SYC-2, through the comparison of SDBS and YC-2 Optimizing the compounding ratio and the mass fraction of, the optimal compounding ratio plan is obtained. Through the comparison between SYC-2 and a single surfactant, it is believed that SYC-2 is more effective in reducing the interfacial tension and changing the wettability of the rock than a single surfactant. The recovery factor of permeable reservoirs is of great significance. | Optimization and Improvement of Surfactant Compounding in Low Permeability Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_275 |
2022-01-01 | With the rapid advancements in the Artificial Intelligence area, Neural Networks (NNs) became the driving force both in general purpose and embedded computing domains. Especially, resource constrained embedded systems progressively rely on multiple NNs to provide on the spot sophisticated services. Nevertheless, supporting NN-based workloads is challenging due to the enormous computational and energy requirements. Exploiting the inherent error resiliency of NNs, significant research focuses on designing approximate Convolutional NN (CNN) inference accelerators, demonstrating that, for negligible accuracy loss, they satisfy tight latency, power, and temperature constraints. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of different aspects of approximate CNN implementations. | Enabling Efficient Inference of Convolutional Neural Networks via Approximation | 10.1007/978-3-030-98347-5_17 |
2022-01-01 | SiP (System in a package) has become one of the most popular words in the field of microelectronics in recent years. Because of its many advantages, SiP is regarded as a magic weapon to continue or surpass Moore’s law by many microelectronics practitioners. | SiP Project Planning and Design Case | 10.1007/978-981-19-0083-9_23 |
2022-01-01 | Traditionally cement, lime and fly ash or combinations of these materials have been used for stabilization of soils and granular materials. Studies on bio-enzyme stabilization suggest that it has the potential to replace these chemicals with more economical as well as environmental friendly solution for potential application in pavement structural layers of low volume roads. Use of bio-enzyme is one such sustainable method which facilitates cation exchange which in turn leads to reduction in adsorbed water on the clay particles. In this, clay (the substrate) is hydrolyzed into calcium silicate hydrate (reaction product), in the presence of bio-enzyme. The formation of reaction product depends upon the concentration of clay particles, dosage of bio-enzyme and environmental factors. In the present study, a commercial bio-enzyme, known as TerraZyme (extracted from sugar molasses) was used with and without addition of cement, to study its effect on strength and durability characteristics of a granular lateritic soil collected from eastern part of India. Effect of curing period, curing temperature and bio-enzyme dosage on the strength and durability properties of the soil was investigated. Mechanical properties of the stabilized soil were evaluated in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and flexural strength (FS). Results indicate that bio-enzyme is effective in stabilization of granular lateritic soils for application in structural layers of low volume road pavements. However, the strength of the bio-enzyme stabilized specimens under soaked condition needs to be evaluated to recommend it for areas subjected to poor drainage conditions. | Mechanical Characterization of a Bio-enzyme Treated Granular Lateritic Soil for Application in Low Volume Roads | 10.1007/978-981-16-6456-4_21 |
2022-01-01 | Abstract Recent achievements in the development of new methods for producing acetic acid (AA) from methane using heterogeneous catalysts are summarized and systematized. Modern heterogeneous-catalytic processes of methane conversion to AA via syngas and alternative one- and two-step AA production procedures via “low-temperature” oxidative methane conversion (via oxidative coupling, oxyhalogenation, oxidation into methanol, or oxidative transformations of СН 4 in the presence of carbon oxides) are considered. The major attention is paid to the one-step AA synthesis by methane oxydation with carbon dioxide (by carboxylation reaction). Specific features of heterogeneous catalysts recently developed for this reaction are discussed. | Modern Methods for Producing Acetic Acid from Methane: New Trends (A Review) | 10.1134/S0965544122010078 |
2022-01-01 | The effect of low-distortion quenching in a low-concentration polymer medium on the combination of properties of sheet preforms and parts from aluminum alloys is studied. The mechanical characteristics in tensile tests and the electrical conductivity are determined. Tests for low-cycle fatigue and different kinds of corrosion (layer corrosion, intercrystalline corrosion and stress corrosion cracking) are conducted. It is shown that low-distortion quenching in the polymer medium lowers the warpage as compared to cooling in cold water. The level of the mechanical and corrosion properties remains unchanged and matches the specified values. | Effect of Low-Distortion Quenching on the Combination of Properties of Sheet Parts from Aluminum Alloys | 10.1007/s11041-022-00723-y |
2022-01-01 | With the rapid development of the economy, people’s living standard is constantly improving, the pursuit of low-carbon economic life and healthy life is more and more obvious. As a basic project in the construction of urbanization, urban garden landscape is closely related to the daily life of urban residents. The purpose of this paper is to apply the low-carbon concept to urban landscape design, to provide a good environment for people’s low-carbon life, and to provide ideas for many current landscape designers. This paper mainly analyzes the concept of low carbon and takes qiushui park in A city as A practical case to actively explore the research on China’s low-carbon garden landscape design. With low carbon ecological technology, low-carbon landscape construction and construction related theory as the foundation, to autumn landscape engineering status as the breakthrough point, for A city region of ecological green space landscape construction by the thorough analysis, to explore A low-carbon landscape in related theory and technology problems in practical application, and through the investigation and analysis from the theoretical level, technical level and promote research and analytical design practices. It is concluded that the design and construction of low-carbon garden landscape in region A has good resource conditions and highly feasible technical means. In addition, compared with the previous landscape design, the low-carbon landscape design scheme obtained 93% satisfaction. | Low-Carbon Economic Life and Landscape Design Analysis and Research | 10.1007/978-3-031-05484-6_4 |
2022-01-01 | This paper outlines the design and developmental process of producing a prototype for a low cost human-robot interface, the primary concept of the project is to create a wearable glove controller that is both low cost and effective which is able to control a robotic hand with minimal level of accuracy, alongside the glove controller a simple robotic hand will go along with it to prove the concept works. Further development of the glove controller would allow for higher accuracy, improved design and possible experimentation within VR and haptics. | A Low-Cost Human-Robot Interface for the Motion Planning of Robotic Hands | 10.1007/978-3-030-82199-9_30 |
2022-01-01 | A hand-held plasma device was developed based on the principle of floating electrode dielectric barrier discharge (FE-DBD). The parameters and performance of the device was examined. The FE-DBD was excited at a voltage of 2.1 kV, pulse repetition rate of 7.57 kHz and discharge current of 5.4 mA. The average power was calculated as 0.2 W. The maximum discharge area was a circular area with a diameter of 10 mm. Ozone, reactive nitrogen, reactive oxygen and other substances were measured. In addition, the bactericidal experiment was carried out. The results show that the FE-DBD exhibited satisfactory sterilization effect, which had shown promising applications in sterilization fields. | Development of a Hand-Held FE-DBD Plasma Device | 10.1007/978-981-19-1532-1_60 |
2022-01-01 | Tracer monitoring is an important technical means to verify the inter-well channeling and identify the dominant channel of water flooding. In view of the problems of conventional tracer, such as formation adsorption, environmental protection limitation, poor thermal stability, easy decomposition and precipitation, higher limitation of test flow, longer test cycle and so on, a new type of quantum dot tracer was studied in laboratory and tested in four wells. Quantum dot is a kind of nano semiconductor. The tracer is labeled in the polymer by quantum dot technology. Different quantum radius tracer nipples are placed in each section of horizontal wellbore. The sampling system is optimized, and the surface sampling analysis is carried out. Based on the dissolution and diffusion mechanism, the liquid production information of horizontal well is obtained, and the water production position is determined. The results show that the temperature resistance of quantum dot tracer is increased to 350 ℃, the pressure resistance is increased to 180 MPa, the water exploration period of single well is shortened to less than 5 days, and the coincidence rate of test results is as high as 87.5%. There is no liquid limit for testing horizontal wells, which provides a new technical means for analyzing and judging the water producing interval of horizontal wells. | Application of Quantum Dot Tracer in Water Exploration of Horizontal Wells in Low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_349 |
2022-01-01 | The objective of the present work is to investigate the microstructure evolution in Fe-12 Mn-13 Al-4.8 Ni-0.8 C wt.% steel after two-phase heat treatment, followed by different cooling regimes. The alloy was homogenized at 1200 ℃ for 3 h followed by forging and water quenching to room temperature. Thereafter it was heat-treated in a two-phase region and cooled to room temperature through different cooling modes viz. water quenching (WQ), air cooling (AC) and furnace cooling (FC). The microstructure of the heat-treated and cooled samples was investigated through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The WQ sample was found to have a duplex microstructure consisting primarily of δ-ferrite and austenite, however, a minor α-ferrite (fine grain) phase was also detected inside austenite. In the AC sample, a small amount of α-ferrite and intragranular k -carbide was formed, along with δ-ferrite and austenite as the major phases. The α-ferrite formed within austenite in the WQ and AC samples was found to nucleate and grow at austenite twin boundaries and triple junctions. While in the FC sample, a significant amount of α-ferrite and k -carbide was found to form due to the decomposition of austenite. Interestingly two types of k -carbide viz. modulated intragranular type and lamellar type were found to form in the FC sample. | Microstructure Evolution in Medium Mn, High Al Low-Density Steel During Different Continuous Cooling Regimes | 10.1007/978-981-16-3686-8_7 |
2022-01-01 | Pressure-retarded membrane distillation (PRMD) can convert low-grade heat to useful work by harvesting the pressure energy of the condensation liquid on the cold side. In this study, a new type of PRMD system for combined freshwater and power production was proposed. For this configuration, the thermal energy of the phase change is transported to the interface mainly by conduction rather than convection, which significantly reduces the pump power loss of the liquid flow. In addition, it also utilizes a multistage structure to regenerate heat with low pump power loss. The experimental results showed that, for a module with a heating area of 1.0 m 2 , this system can produce 188 L of freshwater and 27.8 kJ of power each day when operating between 80°C and 40°C. The water and power densities of the PRMD configuration would be affected by saline ions in the feed liquid, air resistance in the evaporation chamber, membrane wetting, and membrane compaction. The experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that a higher temperature difference or working temperature will significantly improve the desalination and power generation rates because of the increased mass transfer driving force of the vapor gradient. This study proved that it is possible for a PRMD system to simultaneously obtain net power and freshwater using low-grade heat as the only energy input. Nevertheless, the liquid supply, working pressure, and membrane properties should be improved to achieve better performance. | Harvesting net power and desalinating water by pressure-retarded membrane distillation | 10.1007/s11431-021-1926-6 |
2022-01-01 | Bioelectrochemical devices (BED) are used to harness energy as electricity from soluble organic matter using microorganisms as biocatalysts. The soluble organic matter gets oxidized by the microbes to liberate electrons in the BED electrode. The counter-charge carriers diffuse through a separator and get reduced at the counter-electrode where electrons are dispensed. Due to oxidation–reduction reactions, a potential difference develops across the electrodes and electrons flow via an external circuit generating bioelectricity. Thus, the power production capability is dependent on the components of BED, in particular the materials that separate the electrodes (termed as separators). The key purpose of the separator in a BED is to allow the passage of charge carriers (like electron or proton) without allowing the electron acceptors (oxidants) and soluble organic matter to diffuse or migrate between electrodes. Thus, the selection of separator has an important part toward the performance of a BED in terms of power production and overall cost. However, the use of expensive components restrains the acceptability and affordability of the technology. This paper reviews the performance of the different separator materials in BED and presents a case study involving the application of an alternative separator fabricated from low-cost material in BED. This study presented an overview of the various low-cost alternative separator materials along with conventional and widely used expensive membranes that are used in BED. | Electricity Production in Bioelectrochemical Devices: Impact of Separator Materials | 10.1007/978-981-16-8278-0_26 |
2022-01-01 | Conventional fossil fuel sources are limited and their combustion leads to emissions. For these reasons, more eco-friendly alternative fuels are needed. Biodiesel has been known as a suitable alternative fuel for the last few decades. This fuel is produced from various sources including vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste oils, which are all renewable. The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines leads to a considerable reduction in PM, HC, and CO emissions. The use of biodiesel results in a significant reduction in PM, HC, and CO emissions, along with an insensible power loss, increase of fuel consumption, and rise of NO x emission in conventional CI engines. Besides, the engine performance parameters, including brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and braking power, are virtually maintained. This chapter properly examines the impacts of using biodiesel fuel in CI and LTC engines on the main parameters, such as combustion phase, combustion characteristics, fuel consumption, and power output. It is noteworthy that the use of the LTC combustion strategy is more useful compared to other methods. This method can significantly reduce PM and NO x production by up to 98% and 95%, respectively, while the reduction of the engine performance is inconsiderate. The most efficient mode of LTC combustion is the RCCI strategy. Using the RCCI combustion model may increase the level of CO and HC pollutants, but this can be simply controlled with some existing technologies. In general, the combination of biodiesel and RCCI combustion is useful both in terms of improving RCCI engine performance and in terms of solving the NO x challenge in biodiesel combustion. | Biodiesel as a Clean Fuel for Mobility | 10.1007/978-981-16-8747-1_8 |
2022-01-01 | Lignin—an underutilized component of lignocellulosic biomass and an aromatic polymer has an immense potential for the production of valuable chemicals. The ultimate goal of our research is to understand the lignin depolymerization at a lower temperature to obtain valuable chemicals such as vanillin, phenol-2-methoxy in the absence of a solid catalyst. Alkali lignin was depolymerized using polar protic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and water and with co-solvents methanol-water, ethanol-water, and methanol-ethanol system at 120 °C under nitrogen (N 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) and reaction pressure (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 bar). The results show that efficient depolymerization can be achieved in an ethanol-water (50/50, W/W) co-solvent system under an N 2 environment. The use of H 2 enhanced lignin depolymerization and maximum bio-oil yield (51.6 wt.%) was observed under 10 bar H 2 pressure with an ethanol-water solvent system. The bio-oil was analyzed using GC-MS, FT-IR, and 1 H-NMR. The bio-oil compounds identified from GC-MS analysis were classified into G, H, and other type compounds. Interestingly, higher selectivity (90.77%) of G-type compounds was found in lignin depolymerized bio-oil with a high yield of vanillin. The reaction mechanisms showed that functional compounds are produced from the cleavage of ether C-O (β-O-4) type and C-C (5-5) type bonds. | Low-temperature alkali lignin depolymerization to functional chemicals | 10.1007/s13399-021-01478-x |
2022-01-01 | As consequence of deteriorated fuel quality, soot deposits on the EGB tubes, had increased and, in some cases, had resulted in soot fires and in extreme cases into a high temperature iron fire in which the boiler itself burned. The best burning out of fuel combustible components due to applying a water-fuel emulsion (WFE) provides decreasing a concentration of solids and soot in the exhaust gases and hence their toxicity. The kinetics of low-temperature pollution on exhaust gas boiler (EGB) condensing surfaces with WFE combustion are investigated to obtain approximation equations for predicting processes development. When WFE combustion with a water content of 30%, the low-temperature corrosion and pollution intensity decreases, which makes it possible to install condensing heating surfaces in the EGB. The installation of a condensing heating surface in the EGB reduces the content of NOx in gases by 55%, SO 2 by 50%, and the content of solid particles by 3 times. The use of a complex system ensures that gases are purified from toxic ingredients and heat emissions to the level recommended by IMO. | Reducing the Harmful Emissions While Water-Fuel Emulsions Combustion | 10.1007/978-3-030-94259-5_42 |
2022-01-01 | This chapter presents the current knowledge on the impact of atmospheric deposition from natural sources, such as Saharan dust, and from anthropogenic activities, on marine chemistry and biogeochemistry of the open Mediterranean Sea. Results from process studies and observations at sea that have been conducted over the past decade are summarized along with recent findings from a numerical biogeochemical model of the ocean that accounts for atmospheric deposition. | Impact of Atmospheric Deposition on Marine Chemistry and Biogeochemistry | 10.1007/978-3-030-82385-6_23 |
2022-01-01 | Whole genome bisulfite sequencing Bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is a high-throughput DNA sequencing-based technique that is used to determine genome-wide DNA methylation DNA methylation patterns at base resolution. Library construction Library construction by post-bisulfite adaptor tagging (PBAT Post bisulfite adaptor tagging (PBAT) ) extends the application of WGBS to several hundred cells and minimizes the required number of library amplification cycles. We herein describe a PBAT Post bisulfite adaptor tagging (PBAT) protocol to prepare WGBS libraries from 200 cells and introduce the outline of a downstream bioinformatic analysis Bioinformatic analysis . The prepared library can typically generate 800 million sequencing reads, which is sufficient to cover the human and mouse genomes approximately 15 times, using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing system. | Low Input Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis with Minimal Library Amplification | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2380-0_14 |
2022-01-01 | Caiza, Gustavo Monta, Cristhian Ayala, Paulina Caceres, Javier Garcia, Carlos A. Garcia, Marcelo V. The evolution of technologies advances by leaps and bounds, that is why this article describes the implementation of a prototype of fuzzy monitoring and control with low-cost restrictions to control the heating of poultry farms through the use of under floor heating and solar energy. The monitoring system is based on free distribution LAMP servers. Fuzzy control is implemented with restricted membership functions to keep heating in an optimal state. The benefits provided by the sun and Ecuador’s geographical location, make this resource an important source of renewable energy that was used for the heating process of close environment, thus creating an ideal environment for the process of poultry breeding. | Low-Cost Fuzzy Control for Poultry Heating Systems | 10.1007/978-981-16-2380-6_9 |
2022-01-01 | Horizontal well technology is a technological revolution in oil industry, and it is one of the most important methods of marginal low permeable formation exploitation in Daqing Oilfield. It is commonly believed that large-scale & multi-stage fracturing is an effective way to recover oil from thin, low porosity and ultra-low permeability tight reservoirs. However, the conventional horizontal well dual-packer multi-stage technology is not suitable for the large scale fracturing application for the existence of such problems as serious wear & corrosion of the tools, easily damaged packers, tools poor performance and incompatible blowout control technology. The large-scale dual-packer drag type multi-stage fracturing technology for horizontal wells was developed by innovatively optimizing the design of key tools such as small-diameter k344 packer, large sand volume pressure-transmitting sand jet and pressure controlled blowout preventer. The technology has been applied to 432 wells in the field. Up to 18 stages of fracturing can be executed in one trip with the flowback circulation rate of 8 m 3 /min and sand loading volume per trip of 516 m 3 during operation. At the early stage after fracturing, the average daily oil production of single well was 5.2 t, which was 2.4 t/d higher than that of wells after the conventional fracturing treatment. The large-scale dual-packer drag type multi-stage fracturing technology basically meets the requirements of volume fracturing stimulation for the new wells and repeated fracturing for the old wells, which achieves the fracturing stimulation goals with the advantages of strong adaptability, environmental protection, cost reduction and high efficiency. File runs and lab testing have confirmed that the large-scale dual-packer drag type multi-stage fracturing technology for horizontal wells is a viable option in recovering oil form the ultra-low permeability and hard-to-recover reservoirs. | Large-Scale Dual-Packer Drag Type Multi-stage Fracturing Technology for Horizontal Wells | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_8 |
2022-01-01 | Low rank coal combustion of a tangential firing type boiler is influenced by time, temperature, and turbulence as well as the oxygen sufficiency of combustion air. The mass flow rate ratio of primary air to the pulverized coal will affect the stream velocity of flue gas–solid particles that enter the furnace, so that it has an impact on flow turbulence and primary air-pulverized coal temperature. The flue gas exit temperature, which is too high, is avoided so that the combustion does not occur and exceed the highest limit of the furnace path so that the formation of slagging in the convection area can be avoided. This study analyzed several factors that have a significant effect on combustion using the CFD software simulation software with some boundaries which are set as follows: The flow is assumed to be steady and turbulent. The object of study is the Tanjung Awar-Awar’s boiler with a capacity of 350 MWe with tangentially fired pulverized coal type, boiler operating conditions are the maximum continuous rate, the operating data used is the performance test data, coal uses low rank coal, and coal properties testing has been carried out in the laboratory. The study showed that in the increase of ratio of the primary air to the pulverized coal mass flow rate (PA/PC), the combustion temperature and the average velocity at the burner elevation increased. The lowest average furnace exit gas temperature was obtained at the PA/PC ratio: 2.0 of 1379 °C. | Numerical Study Effect Using Low Rank Coal on Flow Characteristics, Combustion, and Furnace Exit Gas Temperature on Tangentially Fired Pulverized Coal Boiler 350 MWe | 10.1007/978-981-19-1581-9_31 |
2022-01-01 | Natural convection heat transfer has been a subject of intensive research during the past decades due to its wide applications such as in cooling of nuclear reactors and electronic equipments, heating and ventilation in building design. The present study is focussed with enhancement of natural convection heat transfer in a cylindrical enclosure with in-built heat source. Fluids of two different Prandtl numbers (air and liquid sodium) are studied in laminar regime. The solution of the governing equations is carried out using Fluent 4.3.16 CFD solver, which uses control volume method to discretise the governing equations. The detailed heat transfer and flow characteristics are investigated in five different chimney configurations. The use of chimney enhances the rate of heat transfer from the source. For air, any plate which has at least one opening in it can be selected to maximise the heat removal from the plate. However, for liquid sodium, the funnel chimney configuration gives the best results to maximise heat transfer rate. | Enhancement of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Enclosure with Internal Heat Source | 10.1007/978-981-16-4222-7_107 |
2022-01-01 | One of the most challenging issues transportation managers face is maintaining the condition of low-volume roadways during and immediately following wet weather events, such as heavy rainfall and the spring time thaw period. Specifically, high moisture contents in the road base and subgrade weakens the overall structure, causing excessive rutting and structural damage, leading to costly repairs, load restrictions, and/or closures. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact on structural performance of low-volume roadways constructed with geosynthetic wicking fabrics, which are designed to act as both a drain to move water out of the pavement structure as well as a moisture barrier to prevent a capillary rise in the unbound layers of the roadway. A low-volume roadway in Northern New England was constructed where a Mirafi ® H2Ri wicking fabric was installed in the subgrade layer of the pavement. The pavement section was instrumented with moisture and temperature sensors at different depths to monitor the effect the fabric had on the moisture content of the subgrade. The data, collected and monitored over a period of one year, was then used to predict the stiffness of subgrade layer. The layered elastic analysis was used to predict the rutting performance of the pavement section. These performance predictions were then compared to the previously unmodified section with no fabric installed. Ultimately, the results showed significant improvements in the rutting resistance of the pavement structure with the fabric compared to the unmodified section, particularly during the spring time thaw period due to the improved drainage capability the fabric provides. The findings from this study suggest that geosynthetic wicking fabrics offer significant advantages when installing in roadways to prevent damage during the spring time thaw period in cold regions and could be a useful tool for transportation managers with low-volume roadway networks as well as adapted in pavement design practice. | Evaluating the Performance Benefits for Low-Volume Roadways Constructed with Geosynthetic Wicking Fabrics: A Case Study in Northern New England | 10.1007/978-3-030-77238-3_64 |
2022-01-01 | Public awareness of the environmental problems associated with single-use plastic bags is growing and different management alternatives are being implemented, including regulatory interventions. At least 35 countries around the world have taken steps to tax or ban single-use bags. Evaluating the carbon footprint of different bags is not a trivial or intuitive matter; it requires consideration of material and energy inputs throughout the life cycle of each bag and each material has its own characteristics and environmental impacts. To calculate the carbon footprint of grocery carrying bags, it is necessary to consider the efficiency in the use of the bag, the distribution process, the possibility of reusing or recycling and the final disposal. This chapter presents the evaluation of the carbon footprint of four types of carrying bags through the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, using data published in scientific literature, so as to identify the variability of the results. In this work, the “cradle to grave” approach is adopted, which considers the environmental impacts of the grocery bags, considering the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials, the manufacture of the bags, their commercialization, use and final disposal (landfill/recycling). The bags analyzed are made of the following materials: High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene bags (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP) bags and Polycaprolactone (PCL) bags. PCL bags are adopted as a reference for biodegradable bags because they are the most common polymer for which information was available in bibliographic sources. This material is from fossil origin but has the characteristic of being biodegradable. The calculation of the carbon footprint is based on bibliographic data that come from published scientific articles, considering 8 articles on HDPE bags, 8 articles on LDPE, 5 on PP (non woven) and 7 articles of PCL. It was decided to use only the information on nonwoven PP and PCL, since the information found on the other variants would not present sufficiently representative data. The Functional Unit (UF) was defined as “the number of grocery bags needed per year for an average family in Mexico City to carry their groceries”. The analysis is performed at two levels: (1) Generation of a Base Bag (or generic), whose inventory represents the quantities of inputs and average emissions of all the items analyzed and, (2) Minimum and maximum levels. It refers to the modeling of life cycle impacts considering the specific inventory data of each item but adjusting them according to the weight of the bags, the quantity of the bags, the distances considered in this study and using electricity from Mexico. The results show that PP bags have the lowest carbon footprint, between 1.28 and 1.54 kg of CO 2 eq/family-year. On the other hand, the range of impact of HDPE bags goes from 1.26 to 2.08 kg of CO 2 eq/family-year, with an average impact (base bag) of 1.9 kg of CO 2 eq/family-year. The LDPE bag is the bag with the highest carbon footprint, followed by the PCL bags. The use of PP bags generated a lower carbon footprint per family-year, mainly due to the number of reuses (11 in this study). According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the use of LDPE bags shows the worst environmental performance followed by the PCL bags, while HDPE bags are in third place in terms of CFP, which is due to the fact that they are very light and present a secondary reuse as garbage bags, however, their ease of becoming waste (risk of abandonment) and their difficult collection to introduce recycling processes, are important disadvantages that reduce their attractiveness, at least from an environmental point of view. The use of PP bags generates the lowest CFP per family-year in Mexico City, however, it is very important to highlight that the fewer uses this bag has given, the greater impacts it will generate, and it may be the worst alternative in environmental terms if it does not present primary reuses and at the moment there is no objective information on the number of actual reuses given to this type of bags. | Carbon Footprint of Grocery Bags Considering Drivers of Variability in Mexico City | 10.1007/978-981-19-7226-3_3 |
2022-01-01 | In India to meet the requirement of growing travel demand and to help rapid growth of economic activity, infrastructure development is taken up by central and state governments on large scale. Majority of the road network in India has flexible pavement constructed using quarry aggregates and bitumen. Because of this process, there has been faster depletion of road aggregates and also an increase in emission of carbon gases causing environmental pollution. The use of eco-friendly bitumen, reuse of aggregates obtained from milling, and material reclaimed from old pavement to construct or rehabilitate roads will be the most promising alternative to the current practice toward achieving sustainability in road construction. In this regard, present study aims at formulating design methodology through extensive field and laboratory studies for the construction of surface course containing high recycled asphalt pavement content material and waste plastic. A test track of 25 mm thick close graded premix carpet (CGPC) containing virgin aggregates by 20%, recycle asphalt pavement aggregates (RAP) 80%, and waste plastic 8% by weight of bitumen was laid and subjected to performance evaluation under existing road and traffic condition. Based on the laboratory and field test results, it was found that bituminous mix containing high recycled asphalt pavement material content (80% recycled aggregates) with 8% of waste plastic by weight of bitumen as recycling agent performs better and found economical than the stretch with conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix. Performance evaluation was carried out in two cycles one before the monsoon in May and the second post-monsoon season in December. From the evaluation study, it was found that there was no considerable surface distress found on the test track both during cycle-1 and cycle-2. Roughness test results imply that bituminous pavement surface with RAP and waste plastic provides comparatively better riding quality and comfort than the conventional bituminous mix. Based on the findings of the study, it may be inferred that it is attainable to delineate acceptable quality bituminous mix with high RAP content that meets needed properties and performance criteria as per standards and specifications. From the present study, it is also clear that recycling technology is an effective and economical alternative for the construction of low or medium-traffic intensity roads in India which constitute the major portion of the Indian road network. | Performance Evaluation of Bituminous Pavement with High Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material content—A Case Study | 10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_13 |
2022-01-01 | Manufacturing new products with waste material has exposed a tremendous contribute to sustainable waste management globally. Recently, natural fibres have gained attention among researchers, engineers and scientists as an alternative reinforcement for synthetic fibre-reinforced polymer composites due to low cost, fairly good mechanical properties, high specific strength, bio-degradability and eco-friendly characteristics. This project was carried out to investigate the tensile properties of waste based Natural Fibre Composite (NFCs) with the use of Rice Husk (RH) as the reinforcement material and the low-density polythene (LDPE) as the matrix. five types of waste based NFCs were developed by varying the weight fraction of fibre to LDPE weight, and weight fractions considered in this study are 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. Simple techniques were used to manufacture NFCs, such as shredder machine and hot press machine which do not need high expertise. Uniaxial tensile test was carried out according to the ASTM D3039, using universal tensile testing machine with displacement control loading method. Load, displacement and time histories were obtained and further analyses were undertaken by obtaining Young’s modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate tensile stress, failure strain, resilience modulus and toughness modulus for each variation. All types of NFCs with varying RH content show behaviour of materials having typical nonlinear elastic–plastic region. Research findings indicated that addition of 20–40% RH content provide better overall performance under universal tensile behaviour, by mainly considering the behaviour under elastic region and ultimate tensile strength. | Tensile Characteristics of Waste Based Natural Fibre Composites from Rice Husk and Low Density Polythene Waste | 10.1007/978-981-16-4412-2_30 |
2022-01-01 | For implantable frequency synthesizers, realizing ultra-low voltage (ULV) and low power in addition to meeting PLL targets, fast lock and low phase noise, poses a difficult challenge. This chapter presents techniques to achieve PLL targets as well as ULV and low power in the same chip through the use of a regular CMOS technology node. A curvature-PFD technique achieves both faster locking and lower jitter compared with conventional techniques. A two-step switching technique substantially reduces the power consumption in current mirrors and reduce noise when switching from a charge pump. Leakage analysis and subthreshold-leakage-reduction technique reduce reference spur and jitter to the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A dither technique randomizes and averages reference spurs. The proposed chip was implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology; the 0.35-V medical-band frequency synthesizer consumes 238-μW power while generating output clock of 401.8–431.31-MHz and exhibiting a phase noise of −105.7 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz frequency offset with 20 μs locking time. | A 0.35-V 240-μW Fast-Lock and Low-Phase-Noise Frequency Synthesizer for Implantable Biomedical Applications | 10.1007/978-3-030-88845-9_4 |
2022-01-01 | For several years the crack propagation test data of bituminous mixtures according to CSN EN 12697-44 have been collected and evaluated at CTU in Prague. Over time the standardized test procedure was adapted to the conditions more suitable to be used in the Czech Republic—in terms of test specimen compaction, availability of cutting discs of suitable thickness, diameter of test specimens, loading speed etc. Some of the other conditions of the test were adapted as well as the procedures of data logging and subsequent evaluation of raw data. Over the years it has been identified that the strict focus only on fracture toughness is probably not correct or at least not sufficiently effective. The characteristics of fracture energy have been introduced and further studied. This paper compares the fracture toughness and fracture energy characteristics of selected sets of various types of asphalt mixtures. | Semi-circular Bending (SCB) Test—Modified Method and New Test Parameters | 10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_54 |
2022-01-01 | Presented observational data indicate that a significant number of infections with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus occur by air without direct contact with the source, in addition, in a tangibly long time interval. It is noticed that atmospheric precipitations help to cleanse the air from pollution and at the same time from viruses, reducing non-contact infections. These facts additionally actualize the problem of optimal microbiological decontamination of air and surfaces. In order to optimize microbiological sterilization, a thermodynamic approach is applied. It is shown that irreversible chemical oxidation reactions are the shortest way to achieve sterility, they being capable of providing one hundred percent reliability of decontamination. It is established that oxygen is optimal as an oxidant, including ecologically, because it and all of its reactive forms harmoniously fit into natural exchange cycles. The optimal way to obtain reactive oxygen species for disinfection is the use of low-temperature (“cold”) plasma, which provides energy-efficient generation of oxidative reactive forms - atomic oxygen ( O ), ozone ( O 3 ), hydroxyl radical (⋅ OH ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) , superoxide ( O 2 − ), singlet oxygen O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) . Due to the short lifetime for most of the above forms outside the plasma applicator, remoted from the plasma generator objects should be sterilized with ozone ( O 3 ), the minimum lifetime of which is quite long (several minutes). It is substantiated that microwave method of generating oxygen plasma is optimal for energy efficient ozone production. A modular principle of generation is proposed for varying the productivity of ozone generating units over a wide range. The module is developed on the basis of an adapted serial microwave oven, in which a non-self-sustaining microwave discharge is maintained due to ionizations produced by radionuclides-emitters. | Microbiological Decontamination of Air and Surfaces Due to Nanosecond Discharges | 10.1007/978-3-030-92328-0_64 |
2022-01-01 | New coordination compounds have been synthesized by reacting Zn(II) and Co(II) nitrate or acetate in the presence of triethylamine with Schiff-base ligands containing diazine-ring, pyridine-2-carbaldehyde phthalazine-1-hydrazone, HzPYH , and di(2-pyridyl)ketone 3-chloro-pyridazine-6-hydrazone, HpDPKH . Complexes of [Co(HzPY) 2 ]·3.4H 2 O , [Zn(HzPY) 2 ] and [Co(HpDPK) 2 ]NO 3 ·H 2 O were obtained. The crystal and the molecular structure of [Co(HzPY) 2 ]·3.4H 2 O were determined using X-ray diffraction structure analysis. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and UV–Vis spectral data, conductivity and magnetic measurements, too. Except for the diamagnetic Co(III) compound with a nitrate counter-ion, [Co(HpDPK) 2 ]NO 3 ·H 2 O , all the complexes are neutral-type. The magnetic moment of [Co(HzPY) 2 ]·3.4H 2 O indicated a low-spin octahedral complex which is relatively rear amongst octahedral Co(II) complexes. Hence, its magnetic moment was measured in the temperature range of 3–300 K. To obtain products in the form of single crystals and/or to increase the yield, the reactions were carried out in solutions with different solvents or recrystallized from solvent mixtures. To determine the nature of the solvent (if any) in the crystalline products and to gain better insight into the decomposition mechanism, coupled TG–MS measurements were carried out. The desolvated compounds were stable at relatively high temperatures (> 200 °C). The cytotoxic, antiproliferative and efflux pump inhibitory effects of the compounds were tested in multidrug-resistant mouse T-lymphoma cells to study their effect on the suppression of MDR. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was also tested. The results of the antibacterial tests were analysed to understand better the effect of the central atoms and the structure on a specific activity. | Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties and biological activity of diazine-ring containing hydrazones and their metal complexes | 10.1007/s10973-020-10194-z |
2022-01-01 | Abstract | SN 2020bvc: A Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernova with a Double-Peaked Optical Light Curve and a Luminous X-ray and Radio Counterpart | 10.1007/978-3-031-15367-9_4 |
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