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2022-01-01 | FinFETs are significant and at front runner among integrated circuits (ICs) because of their significant scalability and reduced impact of short channel effects (SCEs). The present paper provides a study on the device structure and traits of device, namely silicon on insulator (SOI-FinFET). On optimizing the Fin aspect ratio value which is AR = Fin height/Fin width, the goal is to ameliorate short channel effects, self-heating problems as well as to examine the width quantization effect. The considered approximations are related to SOI-FinFET structure as well as internal capacitance coupling. Various parameters impact such as channel doping attenuation or charge trapping within insulator is not accounted, since the present paper focuses to compute the effect of geometrical dimensions and other relevant factors upon SOI-FinFET behavior and operation. The device channel is kept either undoped or gently doped. The electrical performance metrics like DIBL, subthreshold slope are extracted using Silvaco TCAD simulator. The analog/RF figure of merits (FOMs) like transconductance (gm), output conductance (gd) and gate capacitance are examined for SOI-FinFET via 3-D ATLAS device simulation. | Performance Investigation of Short Channel Impacts and Analog/RF Figure of Merits (FOMs) of SOI-FinFET | 10.1007/978-981-16-8721-1_44 |
2022-01-01 | Measurement studies using particle into liquid sampler coupled with an ion chromatograph (PILS-IC), aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), or aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) show a large fraction of organics and sulfate in fine particles in summer over the western and eastern Mediterranean. Different formation pathways of organic aerosol (OA), from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of continental or marine origin, are discussed and quantified, using observations and modeling. The contribution of specific formation pathways, such as autoxidation of biogenic VOC precursors, is estimated. OA properties and their seasonal variation, in particular oxidation state and related solubility, are discussed. The temperature sensitivity of secondary OA formation differs for different aerosol modeling schemes, which is important to take into account when predicting aerosol in a future warmer climate. Over the Mediterranean, sea salt is an important fraction of the coarse aerosol and interacts with the soluble organic aerosol. | Secondary Aerosol Formation and Their Modeling | 10.1007/978-3-030-82385-6_10 |
2022-01-01 | This paper presents a low-voltage low-power fully differential bulk-driven operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The input core of this OTA is based on the double recycling structure where input PMOS are bulk-driven. The flipped-voltage-follower adaptive biased input differential pairs operating in class AB mode ensures dynamic current enhancement along with increased slew rate. This OTA also incorporates partial-positive feedback structure at the current mirror load thus enhancing the effective transconductance. Upon simulation, the proposed OTA provided DC gain of 81.4 dB, unity gain frequency of 27.2 kHz, and phase margin of 71°. It utilizes ±0.25 V of dual power supply and dissipates 45 nW. These results validate its effectiveness as for low-voltage, low-power applications for low-frequency signal processing. Process corner simulations were also performed to evaluate the robustness of the proposed OTA’s low-frequency voltage gain, unity gain frequency, and phase margin, against process variations. A SIMO biquad filter is also realized using the proposed OTA. This OTA is designed and simulated using UMC 180 nm standard CMOS process technology. | Ultra Low Power Fully Differential Double Recycling Current Mirror OTA for Biomedical Applications | 10.1007/978-981-19-2631-0_42 |
2022-01-01 | As one of the feasible technologies suitable for industrial boilers and kilns to reduce pollutant emissions to ultra low emission standards, combined removal technology of multi-pollutant is attracting more attention in recent years. As a combined removal technology of multi-pollutant, a low temperature flue gas deep purification technology based on semi-dry method was proposed by China Coal Research Institute. In this article, NO 2 absorption characteristics of Ca(OH) 2 was investigated in fixed bed and bubbling bed reactor. The composition of reaction products was detected by FTIR method. The result shows that: when the temperature is among 70–80 ℃, oxygen content is 5%, the relative humidity is in the range of 40–60%, the absorption rate in fixed bed test is in the range of 20–30%, nitrate and nitrite exist in the reaction products; while in bubbling bed test, the absorption rate is above 90%. Industrial test of this technology was implemented on a 30 t/h boiler. The result shows that: at the proper operation condition, the absorption rate is in the range of 81–90%. It is found that the absorption rate of NO 2 by calcium-based absorbent is as follows: bubbling bed (wet method) ≥ airflow bed (semi-dry method) > fixed bed (close to dry method). The results are mainly affected by the humidification mode. | Experimental Research on NOx Emission Characteristics Based on Combined Removal Technology of Multi-pollutant with Ash Calcium Recycling | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_62 |
2022-01-01 | Exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution poses a major risk to the environment and human health. Monitoring PM pollution is thus crucial to understand particle distribution and mitigation. There has been rapid development of low-cost PM sensors and advancement in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) that has led to the deployment of the sensors by technology-aware people in cities. In this study, we evaluate the stability and accuracy of PM measurements from low-cost sensors crowd-sourced from a citizen science project in Stuttgart. Long-term measurements from the sensors show a strong correlation with measurements from reference stations with most of the selected sensors achieving Pearson correlation coefficients of r > 0.7. We investigate the stability of the sensors for reproducibility of measurements using five sensors installed at different height levels and horizontal distances. They exhibit minor variations with low correlation of variation (CV) values of between 10 and 14%. A CV of ≤10% is recommended for low-cost sensors. In a dense network, the sensors enable extraction pollution patterns and trends. We analyse PM measurements from 2 years using space-time pattern analysis and generate two clusters of sensors that have similar trends. The clustering shows the relationship between traffic and pollution with most sensors near major roads being in the same cluster. | Evaluation of Crowd-Sourced PM2.5 Measurements from Low-Cost Sensors for Air Quality Mapping in Stuttgart City | 10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_14 |
2022-01-01 | In recent years, due to the improvement of people’s living environment requirements and the aggravation of building energy consumption, passive house, as a new exploration of energy-saving building development, has been widely concerned by the construction industry at home and abroad. Through the research of prefabricated passive experiment, this paper analyzes the problems and key points that should be paid attention to in the design and construction process of prefabricated ultra-low energy consumption passive house from the aspects of building space layout, air tightness design, energy-saving design and renewable energy utilization, so as to provide reference and basis for the development of passive house in cold areas. | Energy Saving Design of Passive House with Ultra Low Energy Consumption | 10.1007/978-981-16-8052-6_200 |
2022-01-01 | With the advantages of large reserves and easy access, low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite was an important proportion of aluminum resources. However, low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite was difficult to meet the grade requirements of the Bayer process, and it was necessary for low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite to be pre-desiliconized. In this paper, a typical low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite in China was taken as the research object, and the thermal activation Thermal activation performance and pre-desiliconization Pre-desiliconization behavior of low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite were studied. The thermal activation Thermal activation results showed that the phase component of bauxite had a significant variation at 700 °C. The X-ray diffraction peaks of kaolinite almost disappeared, while diaspore was transformed into synthetic corundum. In the pre-desiliconization Pre-desiliconization process, the silicon component had the highest extraction rate at the beginning 45 min of leaching, while the alumina component was relatively inert. Finally, the mass ratio of alumina to silica of low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite was increased from 2.3 to 6.5, which meets the requirements of the Bayer process. | Effect of Thermal Activation on Phase Transformation and Pre-desiliconization of Low-Grade Bauxite | 10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_9 |
2022-01-01 | Abstract We consider the possibility of diagnosing and predicting the reliability of semiconductor products both by the parameters of their eigen low-frequency (LF) noise and by the combined testing parameters, e.g., by the measured LF noise during electrostatic discharge and (or) thermal annealing and describe practical methods for implementation of such a possibility are described. Estimates of the reliability of the considered methods are presented. It is shown that the reliability of combined tests approaches unity. | Testing Semiconductor Products Using Low-Frequency Noise Parameters | 10.1134/S1061830922010028 |
2022-01-01 | Following the state of the art presented within Chap. 6 , this chapter wants to lay the groundwork for further research stages, focusing on the actual performance of technologies investigated. To allow side-by-side comparison avoiding unbiased performance information, a lot of data coming from different producers, about commercial products, have been collected and employed as a benchmark in the form of performance ranges here presented for each technology examined. Final considerations about strengths and weaknesses about them, to establish their potential in the current context, are outlined. | Smart Windows Technologies | 10.1007/978-3-030-77606-0_7 |
2022-01-01 | Magnetorelaxometry (MRX) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with optically pumped atomic magnetometers (OPMs) demands very specific and not commonly attainable performance characteristics of the sensors. While calling for ultimate magnetometric sensitivity, magnetorelaxometry relies on the capability of the sensor to detect an MNP sample’s field evolution with minimal delay after a strong multi-millitesla excitation pulse. Magnetometers must provide both high bandwidth for detection of the fast relaxation phase and high long-term stability in tracking of its slow phase. Clinical applications of magnetorelaxometry also call for compact, biocompatible, and robust sensors and will greatly profit from time-resolved imaging of the field patterns on the organ scale. We discuss recent advances in the development of OPMs capable of addressing relaxometry prerequisites and pay special attention to the pilot implementation of the first commercially available kHz-bandwidth OPM sensor for MRX. | Unshielded High-Bandwidth Magnetorelaxometry of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Optically Pumped Magnetometers | 10.1007/978-3-031-05363-4_13 |
2022-01-01 | Nowadays, the vertiginous development of wireless communications systems entails an exponential increase in the necessities of a digital society. Internet of Things (IoT) concept has played a key role in the delivery of remote control and monitoring of applications to the final user, which include but are not limited to industry, research, education, security, among many others. Within this context, IoT solutions based on Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) could be of fundamental aid to monitor environmental variables in both urban and countryside regions in order to face a global scientific problem beyond local climatic issues: climate change. In this work, we present the development of an environmental monitoring system, based on a web interface hosted in a cloud server as well as on the design and simulation of low power COTS-based acquisition nodes, aimed to sample environmental variables, previously defined from a strategic analysis of commercial sensing modules. IoT environmental sensing nodes are connected to the proprietary cloud server following principles of LPWANs. The outcome are low-power acquisition nodes for sensing environmental variables using COTS electronic components and transceptors along with a web interface that presents graphically the information as time series. The developed system for environmental monitoring shows to follow the LPWAN/IoT bases, showing a minimal power consumption. Moreover, it proves to be accessible, easily reproducible and to have a high compatibility with various web interfaces, posing this as a viable proposal for its mass implementation as an IoT application. | Simulation and Implementation of an Environmental Monitoring System Based on LPWAN/IoT | 10.1007/978-3-031-18082-8_16 |
2022-01-01 | The growing demand for disposable gloves, especially from the healthcare industry amidst the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic and rising awareness about Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). One of the ways to produce disposable gloves is using cast LDPE film machine. The quality of the products depends on material resin used, machine casting film design, part design and the selection of process parameters. However, the part design and casting film design are done at the initial stage of product development, it cannot be change easily. To manufacture a better quality of cast LDPE gloves, the best LDPE casting film parameters have to be identified. This research aims to identify the best LDPE casting film parameters in producing disposable gloves in terms of strong sealed but edges failed defect rate in production line. The three LDPE casting film parameters such as tensile strength, melt flow index (MFI) and load weight of resin were chosen to study their effect on the defect rate. In this research, the Taguchi method is used to optimize the best process parameters. On the other hand, an orthogonal array (OA), signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and ANOVA were employed to investigate the strong sealed but edges failed defect rate. According to the results obtained, the tensile strength of 34 MPa, melt flow index of 3 g/10 min and load weight of 2 kg were found to be the best combination of LDPE casting film parameters to fabricate the better performance of LDPE disposable gloves which give the lowest strong sealed but edges failed defect rate with 2%. Based on the statistical ANOVA analysis results, the most significant parameter affecting the strong sealed but edges failed defect rate of LDPE disposable gloves is tensile strength, which is indicated by the percentage contribution of P = 55.56%, followed by melt flow index with 38.89%. The load weight of LDPE resin is the least significant parameter with 5.55%. To conclude, Taguchi and ANOVA method show that tensile strength is the most significant parameter to get the least strong sealed but edges failed defect rate. | Optimising Casting Film Parameters for LPDE Material Assessment | 10.1007/978-981-19-2890-1_7 |
2022-01-01 | Bacterial community dynamics and copper leaching with applied forced aeration were investigated during low-grade copper sulphide bioleaching to obtain better bioleaching efficiency. Results illustrated that appropriate aeration improved bacterial concentrations and leaching efficiencies. The highest bacterial concentration and Cu 2+ concentration after 14-d leaching were 7.61 × 10 7 cells·mL −1 and 704.9 mg·L −1 , respectively, at aeration duration of 4 h·d −1 . The attached bacteria played a significant role during bioleaching from 1 to 7 d. However, free bacteria dominated the bioleaching processes from 8 to 14 d. This phenomenon was mainly caused by the formation of passivation layer through Fe 3+ hydrolysis along with bioleaching, which inhibited the contact between the attached bacteria and ore. Meanwhile, 16S rDNA analysis verified the effect of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans on the bioleaching process. The results demonstrate the importance of free and attached bacteria in bioleaching. | Effects of forced aeration on community dynamics of free and attached bacteria in copper sulphide ore bioleaching | 10.1007/s12613-020-2125-x |
2022-01-01 | To meet current emission regulations and increasingly demanding global fleet CO 2 standards on fuel economy and future trends towards life cycle GHG emissions, advanced combustion engines remain significant in the passenger vehicle sector to achieve high efficiency and low emissions over the full operating range. Lean burn gasoline compression ignition (GCI) technology has shown to have the most potential in reaching these goals, although it faces challenges in the operating range. In this study, an advanced GCI engine is considered with the capability to operate under two combustion modes, namely low temperature combustion (LTC) and GCI. They are enabled with the use of two Hyundai in-house developed technologies; an advanced valve control mechanism known as continuously variable valve duration (CVVD) and a high-pressure gasoline injection system. At low load, the engine utilizes dual CVVD and dual CVVT (continuously variable valve timing) mechanisms for both intake and exhaust valvetrains to enable NVO (negative valve overlap) to trap hot residuals. The hot residuals enable low load auto-ignition, and the phasing control of that auto-ignition is achieved by varying the degrees of NVO, and in turn, the amount of hot residuals. This is done in real time with respect to the changes in engine loads or operating conditions, significantly improving cylinder-phasing control in LTC mode, and subsequently is able to realize a fuel economy gain and reduced emission benefits. Early direct injection during NVO or intake stroke is used to form homogenous or quasi-homogenous air–fuel mixture for LTC. At mid to high loads, late direct injection of gasoline or GCI mode is employed to take advantage of the high volatility and high resistance to auto-ignition of gasoline fuel, so that diesel-engine like high combustion efficiency can be achieved with lower soot emissions for the same NOx level as diesel combustion. In this paper, the key control and fueling technologies that enable this multiple mode combustion are introduced, and the resultant analysis on engine test and CFD simulation at LTC and GCI operating conditions are presented in detail. | Technology Enablers for Advanced Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines | 10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_2 |
2022-01-01 | Radar is a kind of radio detection equipment, which can measure the distance, direction, speed and other state parameters of the target by transmitting electromagnetic wave and receiving the echo generated by electromagnetic wave on the object. | Digital T/R Module SiP Design Case | 10.1007/978-981-19-0083-9_25 |
2022-01-01 | We survey some recent accumulated body of works on hyperfine-mediated transport in a confined one-dimensional channel, realized typically by electrostatic gating. Our review begins with how the spin-polarized edge current can be used as a means to dynamically generate and detect an ensemble of nuclear spins in the channel. We show how the transmission of spin-polarized edge in the presence of nuclear polarization could provide a convenient way to explain various NMR lineshapes observed in experiments. We discuss recent attempt to electrically detecting NMR at moderate to low magnetic fields that would particularly be helpful to address some fundamental physics problems in quantum transport such as the microscopic nature of fractional conductance developed below the last integer plateau. For a more applied-oriented, the developed NMR can be turned to probe an ultra-low level strain modulation in the channel owing to differential thermal contraction between metal gates and a semiconductor via nuclear quadrupole interaction. | Hyperfine-Mediated Transport in a One-Dimensional Channel | 10.1007/978-981-19-1201-6_12 |
2022-01-01 | Climate change is one of the major trends that have been affecting cooperative banks in recent times. The cooperative banking sector has a central role to play in providing the finance needed to catalyse the low-carbon transition and accomplish existing climate change-related targets. The aim of this chapter is to establish the current state of knowledge about the implications of climate change for the cooperative banking sector. It examines the key features of the cooperative banks’ business model that are likely to shape the impact of climate-related risk factors on financial risks faced by cooperative banks, along with the main sets of practices that have been adopted by the largest European cooperative banks to respond to the risks and opportunities posed by a changing climate. | How Do Cooperative Banks Consider Climate Risk and Climate Change? | 10.1007/978-3-030-98194-5_9 |
2022-01-01 | The low permeability reservoir in Jiangsu Oilfield accounts for 45% of the geological reserves. The recovery rate of water flooding development is low, and it has a certain reserve base. The conventional oil displacement agent has the problems of poor injectability and high investment cost, and it can not form a large-scale application. The active microemulsion system developed in this paper is a multivariate thermodynamic stability system composed of surfactant, organic phase and water. The functional groups of the system interact with each other to form a stable and dense micelle arrangement, so that the whole system is stable. It has the characteristics of small particle size and strong oil washing capacity. The average particle size is 50 nm, and the interfacial tension is 10 –3 –10 –3 mN/m. The system is easy to inject, simple in process, low in labor intensity and low in investment. Since 2019, 10 well groups have been applied in low-permeability blocks of Jiangsu Oilfield, of which two well groups in ozhuang block, the earliest one, have increased oil by 2400 tons and decreased water by 4%. Other blocks have seen increasing oil effect one after another, which is the basis for exploration and practical identification of chemical flooding in low-permeability reservoirs of Jiangsu Oilfield. | Development and Application of Active Microemulsion for Oil Displacement in Low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_62 |
2022-01-01 | Ever increasing the demand of petroleum diesel, environmental degradation, fuel-hike and depleting petroleum stashes encourage the study of alternate fuel to diesel engines. Several low-cost and accessible bio-resources and agro-industrial waste are available for alternate liquid fuel production including the biodiesel. Biodiesel production from plant-based materials became more and more attractive in the recent years, due to the increasing economic concerns and environmental awareness about the use of conventional diesel fuel. Many researches have ascertained better emissions in biodiesel because of its higher proportionality of O 2 content, cetane rating and lubricity. Besides, domestic production of biodiesel from edible oils leads the food oil crisis. Hence present research emphasis waste cooking oil for biodiesel production to minimize the environmental pollution and cost. | Biodiesel and Its Environmental Impact and Sustainability | 10.1007/978-3-030-95542-7_15 |
2022-01-01 | Vaccines Vaccines consisting of whole inactivated bacteria (bacterins) are generated by incubation of the pathogen with chemicals. This is a time-consuming procedure which may lead to less immunogenic material, as critical antigenic structures can be altered by chemical modification. A promising alternative approach is low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) Low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) . Like other types of ionizing Ionizing radiation Radiation , it mainly acts by destroying nucleic acids but causes less damage to structural components like proteins Proteins . As the electrons Electrons have a limited penetration depth, LEEI Low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) is currently used for sterilization of surfaces. The inactivation Inactivation of pathogens in liquids requires irradiation of the culture Cultures in a thin film to ensure complete penetration. Here, we describe two approaches for the irradiation of bacterial suspensions in a research scale. After confirmation of inactivation Inactivation , the material can be directly used for vaccination, without any purification Purifications steps. | Low-Energy Electron Irradiation (LEEI) for the Generation of Inactivated Bacterial Vaccines | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_7 |
2022-01-01 | A FinFET-based 8-bit low-power arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) with full-swing 9-transistor GDI-hybrid full adder has been presented in this research paper. An intelligent signal gating-aware energy-efficient ALU is proposed using this adder and signal gating circuit. An adaptive signal gating is applied according to the current ALU operation based on the particular operation corresponding control word. The input signals to the other blocks are gated such that the proposed intelligent signal gating scheme customizes the overall power utilization of the proposed ALU. The proposed ALU has been implemented using 20 nm FinFET PTM models. The total power consumption of the conventional FinFET ALU to execute all eight operations is 619.55 µW, whereas the proposed ALU consumes 225.53 µW only. The average power consumption of the traditional FinFET ALU is 77.44 µW per operation, while the proposed low-power ALU needs 28.19 µW only. The maximum amount of total and average power that the proposed scheme can optimize is 63.59%. | Intelligent Signal Gating-Aware Energy-Efficient 8-Bit FinFET Arithmetic and Logic Unit | 10.1007/s00034-021-01775-w |
2022-01-01 | The influence mechanism of the localized corrosion initiation and expansion of the pearlite structure and the grain boundaries of low-alloy weathering steel S500AW was studied. The structure of the material was studied by means of metallographic microscope, XRD, SEM, TEM and EBSD spectrum. The surface potential between structures on the surface of low-alloy steel substrate was studied by SKPFM. The solution immersion experiment was used to study the material structure and grain boundary phenomena in corrosion initiation stage. The results showed that the existence of defects such as dislocations and high internal stress in the organization will lead to the preferential occurrence of corrosion. The ferrite inside the pearlite underwent corrosion process preferentially, while the surrounding ferrite underwent slow corrosion process. The M x C y precipitate at the grain boundary gradually fell off with this process to form pits. The presence of Cr in the precipitate would lead to the lack of Cr in the matrix, which would affect the corrosion resistance of the material. Graphic Abstract | Microstructure and Grain Boundary Corrosion Mechanism of Pearlitic Material | 10.1007/s11665-021-06171-8 |
2022-01-01 | Finite element analysis enables better understanding of damage behaviour of FRP composite laminate. Because the FRP composite laminate is highly anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus the damage mechanism associated becomes highly complex. In this chapter, the numerical analysis of FRP composite laminate under low velocity impact and compression after impact from the literature are presented. Controlled, hybrid and nanomaterial-doped fibre reinforced composite materials are covered. The first section of the chapter covers the finite element analysis of FRP composite laminate under LVI, and the second part of the chapter covers the finite element analysis of FRP composite laminate under compression after impact. | Numerical Analysis of Low Velocity Impact and Compression After Impact on Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminates | 10.1007/978-981-16-9439-4_9 |
2022-01-01 | Nowadays, the usage of concrete in civil engineering is remarkably increased, and the resources required for concrete-like cement, which was emitting about two-third of polluting gases like CO 2 and other greenhouse gases. Concrete panels and reinforcement are used to support the backfill construction of the retaining wall; however, the installation time is relatively high. Geo-Cell can be used significantly in the retaining wall to overcome these issues. It can reduce the 70% of concrete consumption in retaining walls which can affect the carbon footprints. Geo-Cell is a system having cellular confinement, which is composed of High-density Polyethylene (HDPE). The geometric configuration of Geo-Cell is a 3-D honeycombed shape. Besides, the installation is easy, and the accessibility is high without any specialized equipment and human resources. Most probably used to control erosion and soil stabilization on a flat and steep slope as it is anti-ageing, acid, and alkali resistant. This method holds its versatility in terms of Economy, durability, and stiffness, especially in soft soils; lateral spreading is prevented. The other parameters include its lightweight assembly compared to conventional concrete panels, low environmental impact, non-corrosive, non-toxic in nature, and to avail free drainage through the soil with the help of perforations. This paper shows the review over stability analysis with the Geo-Cell through the Limit Equilibrium method. The flexibility of Geo-Cell can provide positive results for the betterment of retaining the wall against the differential settlement. | Effective Stabilization of the Retaining Wall with Inclusion of Geo-Cell: A Review and Critique of Research | 10.1007/978-981-19-4364-5_74 |
2022-01-01 | Power management is a very vast topic and the solution spans around hardware and software approaches. The power efficiency of IoT low-power devices becomes an important component of modern communication environments since it is very costly or impossible to replace or change device batteries in deployed environments. Energy management in sensor networks is an open challenge to researchers Hence, this article is investigated the power management solutions introduced in various literature. A detailed investigation of energy harvesting-based techniques and network-based solutions for efficient utilization of available energy is explored. The paper also highlights the recent advancement in technologies to improve battery life by adding low power components, circuitry, and low power communication protocols such as ZigBee, RPL, wirelessHART, Bluetooth low energy, and LoRAWAN. The analysis drawn from the investigation is the combination of the power provisioning approach with power control-based solutions are the best suited for designing power-efficient schemes. | Investigations on Power-Aware Solutions in Low Power Sensor Networks | 10.1007/978-981-16-5529-6_69 |
2022-01-01 | The chapter presents a numerical study of the parameters of a heated region created in the D region of the ionosphere (~35–100 km) by radio waves from powerful high-frequency facilities (for example, HAARP). In order to understand the role of the most important processes in this study, a number of assumptions were made in the complex kinetic model formulated by the authors. The calculations show a fundamental difference in the behavior of the parameters for the daytime and nighttime ionosphere. The effect of the appearance of self-sustained oscillations within the region under night conditions has been found. Its physical substantiation is given. | Numerical Study of the Perturbed Region Produced by a Heating Facility in the Lower Ionosphere | 10.1007/978-981-16-8926-0_15 |
2022-01-01 | Cyclodextrins (CDs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging absorbent materials for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we have used combination of modified CDs and levulinic acid to form four DESs analogs, referred to as supramolecular low-melting mixtures (LMMs), to study their absorption characteristics towards five VOCs, namely acetaldehyde, butanone, dichloromethane, thiophene, and toluene. The supramolecular LMMs showed up to 250-fold reduction in the vapor-liquid partition coefficients compared to water. The overall absorption capacity found to be synergistic and seemed to be dictated by the hydrophobicity of the VOCs. Toluene and dichloromethane were absorbed at 99 and 95% by the supramolecular LMMs, respectively, even at higher concentrations, with a linear relationship between the concentration and absorption capacity. The LMMs also retained their absorption capacities even after five absorption/desorption cycles. | Cyclodextrin-based supramolecular low melting mixtures: efficient absorbents for volatile organic compounds abatement | 10.1007/s11356-021-16279-y |
2022-01-01 | Research in the IC Engines domain is directed towards novel combustion technologies to improve engine efficiency and reduce harmful pollutants. Technologies are also being developed to adopt alternative, cleaner fuels that meet stricter emission norms globally and reduce dependence on conventional fuels. This book covers various engine combustion technologies under development globally. The first section of the book introduces the combustion technologies being developed for internal combustion engines and has one chapter. In second section, strategies for clean diesel combustion are covered, which would help automotive OEMs continuously improve existing engine technologies. Recent advances in low-temperature combustion (LTC) techniques in CI engines such as Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) are comprehensively covered. For improving the understanding and control of these LTC techniques, different stages of combustion in LTC regimes are also discussed threadbare. The third section comprehensively discusses optimisation for various control parameters in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine development. Experimental optical investigations of in-cylinder processes are covered for a superior understanding of fundamental processes. In the fourth section, dual-fuel combustion technology in IC engines is covered since the research interest of the global research community is converging towards fuel diversification. The fifth section includes miscellaneous areas. It discusses the different aspects of metal hydride technology for hydrogen storage, which will help realise hydrogen-fueled vehicles in future. Also, a description of waste heat recovery potential from IC engines using the organic Rankine cycles (ORC) is covered. The information covered in this book would be useful for students, researchers, academicians and the automotive researchers in industry alike. | Introduction to Advanced Combustion for Sustainable Transport | 10.1007/978-981-16-8418-0_1 |
2022-01-01 | DNA analysis is a vital tool in forensic sciences – particularly criminal science – since the introduction of PCR at the beginning of the 1990s. However, many challenges remain that must be solved, such as inhibition of the reaction, DNA degradation, low copy number (LCN) DNA, and DNA contamination. The aim of this chapter is to examine these issues and give the reader not a solution but options for dealing with these challenges. First, inhibitory factors and mechanisms are discussed. Next, DNA degradation and LCN DNA are introduced, followed by issues and possible sources of DNA contamination. Finally, recommendations are provided to identify, treat, or at least avoid these problems. | Challenges in the DNA Analysis of Compromised Samples | 10.1007/978-981-16-4318-7_51 |
2022-01-01 | Induced mutations have been used to facilitate plant breeding for more than 80 years. Success requires the development of a mutant population and methods to evaluate that population. In this protocol we provide methods for the development of a chickpea mutant population using gamma irradiation, and low-cost methods for the molecular characterization of the mutant population. Specifically, this chapter provides detailed methods for (1) mutation induction by gamma rays and determination of LD 50 and RD 50 , (2) phenotypic assessment of the M 2 generation, (3) low-cost extraction of genomic DNA, and (4) identification of induced mutations using low-cost agarose-gel based TILLING. The methods are low-cost and designed to be applicable in most research settings. | Generation of Mutant Plants by Gamma Ray Exposure and Development of Low-Cost TILLING Population in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2253-7_12 |
2022-01-01 | Low back pain, a painful condition that affects the lower portion of human spine, generally appears due to muscle injury, strain, or sprain. The reasons for lower back pain are inappropriate lifting of weight, bad posture, fractured disc, or disc rupture. Doctors advise several exercises depending upon the patient condition. A variety of machines are available in the market to perform these exercises. In the present work, a new design of a Multivariant Exercise Machine (MEM), suited for patients suffering from chronic low back pain, and equipped with six different features, in manual and electric mode is presented. Patients with low back pain can do calf muscle strengthening, neck muscle stretching, lower back muscle strengthening, foot muscle strengthening, cycling, and heating (or cooling) practices on a single machine. The conceptualized design of MEM was prepared after analyzing the major causes of spine complications and their consequent remedies. | Design and Development of a Multivariant Exercise Machine (MEM) for the Patients Suffering from Spine-Related Problems | 10.1007/978-981-16-2900-6_6 |
2022-01-01 | The aim of this experimental work is to explore the effect of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) on an Annona biodiesel-fueled diesel engine, where NiCrAl was a bond coat in which the cylinder head, piston crown, and valves were coated with a plasma spray process consisting of two layers. Furthermore, the mixing of Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 was selected as a second layer. The conversion of Annona squamosa seed oil to Annona methyl ester was achieved through the transesterification process. For testing, a Kirloskar TV1 model was used with a highly precise eddy current dynamometer for a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine. In terms of performance characteristics, the brake thermal efficiency is raised by 5.59%, and the specific fuel consumption of the Annona biodiesel-coated engine was reduced by 10.81% compared to the diesel-coated engine. As the carbon test concerned CO, HC, and CO 2 were reduced in the Annona biodiesel-coated engine, the NO x emission improved in biodiesel in comparison to diesel fuel. | Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Low Heat Rejection Engine Operating on Biodiesel | 10.1007/978-981-16-2794-1_84 |
2022-01-01 | The chapter summarizeds the results of research of the destruction of an ice block with ogival, conical and blunt penetrators at low velocity (<325 m/s). Perforation duration, level of ice damage, diameter of crater into ice block, time of formation foci of destruction and crack path were examined. Time dependencies of the velocity of penetrator, depth of its penetration, and ice damage were plotted. Examination of the penetrators’ shapes showed that they were not plastic deformed. The results extend the knowledge of the destruction of ice exposed to shock loading. Some similarities in process of ice destruction were found regardless of the shape of the penetrator. | Numerical Simulation of Deep Penetration Low Velocity Projectiles into Ice Block | 10.1007/978-3-030-97634-7_4 |
2022-01-01 | Dry lubricant Nickel-MoS 2 composites were developed through brush plating by dispersion MoS 2 particles in the electrolyte. The good distribution of lubricant MoS 2 particles in the nickel matrix was confirmed by surface and cross-section analysis. The co-deposited MoS 2 can be up to 35 vol % in the coating with 45 g/L particle loading in the electrolyte, and the sliding coefficient of friction dramatically decreases from about 0.5 for nickel only to less 0.1 for Ni-MoS 2 composite while the counter material is bare stainless steel at 9.8 N loading force. The excellent dry lubrication property presents its application potential in preventing seizing and galling. | Development of Dry Lubricant Nickel-MoS2 Composite Through Brush Plating | 10.1007/978-981-16-5763-4_31 |
2022-01-01 | Most of the propulsion engines use Low-Emissions rich-quench lean combustors LEC except recently introduced GEnx (2009) and LEAP-X (2016) based on the application of a second-generation lean dome combustion technology TAPS demonstration (2003). These two technologies are targeted for replacing pre-LEC rich domes or the 1st generation lean-dome technology (known popularly as Dual-Annular Combustors DAC) combustors. Sixteen combustors have been selected from three engine manufacturers (CFM International, GE Aircraft Engines, and Rolls-Royce Plc.) involving these four technologies covering a broad range of ICAO takeoff pressure ratios (21–49) and thrust rating (77–514 kN) with engine emissions certification testing conducted during 1985 and 2017. Even though the ICAO emissions regulatory criteria given by engines’ landing takeoff emissions of NO x , CO and hydrocarbons normalized by takeoff thrust, g/kN (LTO NO x , CO and HC) should be acceptable, they hardly provide any guidance during combustion design and development process. This paper summarizes a low-emissions technology evaluation criterion that originally started in the middle 1970s under the NASA-sponsored Pollution Reduction Technology Program (PRTP). Application of this criteria to the selected 16 propulsion engine combustion products shows that the LEC takeoff NOxEI correlation ( $${\text{NOxEI}} = 0.0563 \times {\text{PR}}^{1.1796} \;{\text{with}}\;R^{2} = 0.986$$ NOxEI = 0.0563 × PR 1.1796 with R 2 = 0.986 ) along with idle COEI and HC correlation ( $${\text{COEI}} = 8.231 + 7.196 \times {\text{HCEI}}\;{\text{with}}\;R^{2} = 0.9949$$ COEI = 8.231 + 7.196 × HCEI with R 2 = 0.9949 ) and idle HCEI entitlement of zero can be used for comparing all rich-dome combustion technologies and products. The corresponding takeoff NOxEI correlations for the 1st and 2nd generation lean dome combustion products (DAC and TAPS) $${\text{NOxEI}} = 1.110{\text{E}} - 03{ } \times {\text{PR}}^{2.950} \;{\text{with}}\;R^{2} = 0.9772$$ NOxEI = 1.110 E - 03 × PR 2.950 with R 2 = 0.9772 and $${\text{NOxEI}} = 7.480{\text{E}} - 05{ } \times {\text{PR}}^{3.4534} \;{\text{with}}\;R^{2} = 0.9985$$ NOxEI = 7.480 E - 05 × PR 3.4534 with R 2 = 0.9985 , respectively, should be used for guiding future lean-dome combustion products in addition to matching or exceeding idle COEI versus takeoff NOxEI tradeoff correlation established by GEnx product, namely $${\text{Idle}}\;{\text{COEI}} = 32.183\;{\text{Takeoff}}\;{\text{NOxEI}}^{ - 0.223} \;{\text{with}}\;R^{2} = 0.8967$$ Idle COEI = 32.183 Takeoff NOxEI - 0.223 with R 2 = 0.8967 while simultaneously its idle COEI and HCEI is close to that of the LEC correlation $${\text{ COEI}} = 8.231 + 7.196 \times {\text{HCEI}}$$ COEI = 8.231 + 7.196 × HCEI . | Low Emissions Propulsion Engine Characterization Process | 10.1007/978-981-16-2648-7_2 |
2022-01-01 | In this chapter, we will describe the detection of gravitational waves with space-based interferometric gravitational wave observatories. We will provide an overview of the key technologies underlying their operation, illustrated using the specific example of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We will then give an overview of data analysis strategies for space-based detectors, including a description of time-delay interferometry, which is required to suppress laser frequency noise to the necessary level. We will describe the main sources of gravitational waves in the millihertz frequency range targeted by space-based detectors and then discuss some of the key science investigations that these observations will facilitate. Once again, quantitative statements given here will make reference to the capabilities of LISA, as that is the best studied mission concept. Finally, we will describe some of the proposals for even more sensitive space-based detectors that could be launched further in the future. | Space-Based Gravitational WaveObservatories | 10.1007/978-981-16-4306-4_3 |
2022-01-01 | The SP with LNCZ is a large surface area thermal storage device. Heat energy stored for a long time at a lower temperature range can be used for various applications. Using more copper tubes for a large HE area is much expensive and its welding cost also increases expenditure. The demerit is copper gets corroded very easily by brine, so it is not suitable. To make the SP more economical and durable, a small working model was developed and aluminum tubes were used instead of copper ones and welding cost was saved by applying plastic tubing at U joints. The shape of the SP model was truncated trapezoid with HE. The shape of the solar pond model was truncated trapezoid with base side, topside, and depth of dimension 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 0.85 m respectively. Heat exchanger made up of aluminum tubes was placed diagonally. The ambient temperature range was 30–35 °C. The maximum temperature of LNCZ has reached up to 52 °C and a maximum temperature gain of 16 °C was obtained in water flowing through HE with a discharge of 500 L/hour. | Experimental Analysis on a Designed and Fabricated Cost Effective Solar Pond Model | 10.1007/978-981-16-4489-4_2 |
2022-01-01 | Seeking a potential of low carbon-based energy use for additive manufacturing, we present a preliminary experimental test using open source IoT tools on FDM (Fused Deposit Modelling) type of 3D printing. In our test we determine and categorize the electricity consumption of processes of a commercial grade FDM printer using a custom-built energy monitor. Our tests indicate that this model of FDM type 3D printer consumes between 22%–33% more energy when printing vertical volumes (Z-axis on 3D printing plate). Based on these tests we present a potential for IoT based low carbon FDM 3D printing using open-source data, hardware and software. With this the article’s contribution is two-fold. One as a study on energy and environmental impact of additive manufacturing and secondly as a potential and scope for IoT applications for facilitating low carbon additive manufacturing. | Experiment to Scope Low Carbon Electricity Based Additive Manufacturing with IoT | 10.1007/978-3-031-20936-9_33 |
2022-01-01 | A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (0.3–0.5 × 1.0–1.9 µm), non-motile marine bacterium designated as ALE3EI T was isolated from a saline volcanic rock aquifer (lava sea-water) on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain ALE3EI T showed high similarity to ‘ Altibacter lentus’ JLT2010 T (97.2%), followed by Marixanthomonas ophiurae KMM 3046 T (94.5%). Growth was observed at 10–41°C (optimum, 30°C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5) and at 0.5–8% (optimum, 4.0%) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 (23.5%), iso-C 16:0 (10.2%), iso-C 16:0 3OH (10.5%), and iso-C 17:0 3OH (16.8%). The DNA G + C contents was 40.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, and two unidentified aminolipids. Several phenotypic characteristics such as production of acetoin, activities of arginine dihydrolase and acid phosphatase, and utilization pattern of carbon sources differentiate strain ALE3EI T from ‘ A. lentus ’ JLT2010 T . Activities of the lipase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and gelatinase and utilization pattern of carbon sources differentiate strain ALE3EI T from M. ophiurae KMM 3046 T . The genome of strain ALE3EI T is 3.0 Mbp long and its ANI and AAI values against ‘ A. lentus ’ JLT2010 T were 76.58 and 72.76, respectively, however, AAI values against members in other genera were lower than 72%. The phylogenomic tree inferred by PhyloPhlAn clearly differentiated the strain ALE3EI T together with strain JLT2010 T from other genera in the Falvobacteriaceae . This polyphasic taxonomic data indicates that strain ALE3EI T should be identified as a novel species in the genus ‘ Altibacter ’, however, the name has not been validated. Therefore, the strain is classified as a novel genus and is proposed as Constantimarinum furrinae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is ALE3EI T (= KCCM 43303 T = JCM 33022 T ). | Constantimarinum furrinae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from saline volcanic rock aquifer (lava seawater) at Jeju Island, Republic of Korea | 10.1007/s12275-022-1468-6 |
2022-01-01 | In recent military warfare, lower extremities (LE) accounted for 70% of the total combat fractures [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite orthopedic blast injuries on the lower extremities being the most prevalent, there is a dearth of human cadaver studies investigating the relevant injury mechanism. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no experimental investigation has been performed on human cadaver LE to evaluate a lateral blast's effect. In this research work, numerical studies have been performed to evaluate the injury mechanism of a human lower extremity subjected to a lateral blast. Finite element model predictions are observed to be in good agreement with Hull and Cooper’s pioneer experimental study on a goat limb and clinical human injury patterns [ 3 ]. Direct blast wave coupling with proximal tibiae has been observed to cause very high strain rates, resulting in bones’ splintering and a characteristic oblique fracture. Based on simulation results, it has been proposed that extremely high strain rates associated with a lateral blast are localized and concentrated at the proximal end of the tibiae. The minimum safe distance to avoid lower extremity injuries has been presented. There is a paucity of experimental data available for close field blast studies due to difficulty in accurately capturing the response parameters involved. Numerical results corroborated by experimental and clinical findings, bring a paradigm shift in our understanding of lateral blast injuries. | Failure Analysis of Human Lower Extremity During Lateral Blast: A Computational Study | 10.1007/978-981-16-4138-1_24 |
2022-01-01 | Our environment is being subjected to drastic changes over the past couple of years. The increasing population in urban areas and their demands in basic resources like quality of food, air, water, and hygiene surroundings are challenging. In urban cities like Pune, these requirements of human are not yet fully organized and managed. The city is in a zone of earnest mismanagement. Lifestyle of users and increasing per-capita demand are projecting future years of water scarcity. Rigorous expansion in the urban cities are destroying existing local sources and polluting the water table. In addition, industrialization is adding additional damage to water eco system. At the present rate of uncontrolled growth rate, expansions, and behavior of society, the water resources will be in danger of depletion. To overcome such situations, the awareness level among people about rainwater harvesting (RWH) system should be improved, and the same must be implemented in an effective manner. As this one of the effective water management strategies, it is necessary that cost-effective techniques need to evolve so that it can be adopted implemented in the rural and urban clusters as well. The maintenance of the RWH system is also not proper because the quality of water collected through the RWH system is poor. To spread the importance of RWH and ascertain this laboratory setup for improving the quality of collected surface water, the following study was initiated. A trail unit of low-cost filter unit with different filter media combinations was fabricated, and the efficiency of the function was also assessed. Based on different filter media combinations, the low-cost natural filter media combination of Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) seeds as a filter media works effectively in improving the quality of water. Approximately, for a normal residential apartment or house with 750–1000 sqft this system works effectively, and the cost approximately for installing the system will be around 5–10 k Indian rupees. If it was properly monitored, the cost spent toward installation can be gained back in a couple of years. | Feasibility Assessment of Low-Cost Filter to Adopt in Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) | 10.1007/978-3-031-04707-7_23 |
2022-01-01 | Heavy metals (HMs) accumulate in milieu due to various human activities that persist leading to biomagnification in food chains and cause unpleasant effects on human health and environment. Pollutants such as organic matter and HMs are remediated traditionally by chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, coagulation, and photo-catalyzation, remained ineffective. Use of nanomaterials conjugated with various compounds showed significant reduction in several contaminated sites. However, existing implication of nanotechnology works with nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis majorly involved the use of chemical raw materials and physical methods which are relatively toxic and unstable. Aforesaid difficulties made researchers and entrepreneurs to reconnoitre effective, newer, and novel synthesis approaches for the replacement over older version. During the past decade, to overcome these issues plant-derived NPs are extensively used because of its less cost, efficiency, and eco-friendly in nature. Hence, advanced alternative technology like phytoremediation using nanomaterials with innovative techniques has been a boon for HM remediation. Efficiency of green synthesized NPs is based on redox reactions which makes metals stable facilitated by flavonoids and polyphenols responding to HM-stress. Several metal complexation processes are known to produce phytochelatins or other metal-chelating peptides helping the bioremediation of HMs. Current chapter throws light on adaptive mechanism employed by NPs coupled with plant or microbial extracts in overcoming the HM stress. Furthermore, here we also focus on the possible mechanism and interaction between NPs and HM in minimizing severity of polluted sites with many examples. | Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites Using Phytogenic Nanoparticles | 10.1007/978-981-19-4811-4_11 |
2022-01-01 | Oxygen is a good activator for the rapid preparation of the powdered activated coke (PAC) in the low oxygen atmosphere, and the oxygen-coal equivalent ratio is an important parameter in the preparation process. In order to obtain the optimal range of oxygen-coal equivalent ratio, it was adjusted by changing the amount of coal supplied under a certain gas distribution (6% O 2 and 94% N 2 ).The changes of the SO 2 adsorption capacity of the PACs, the burn-off rate of raw coal and the production rate of gas phase products with the equivalent ratio were studied. In addition, the BET and SEM were used to characterize the pore structure of the PACs. The results showed that with the increase of the equivalent ratio, the SO 2 adsorption capacity of the PACs increases first and then decreases, reaching the maximum at 0.5, which is 102.2 mg/g; the burn-off rate increases as a whole, but the increment is not obvious, which is in the range of 0.2 ~ 0.4. Combined with the analysis of gas phase products, BET and SEM, it is concluded that the PACs prepared when the oxygen-coal equivalent ratio is in the range of 0.2 ~ 0.5 have relatively developed pore structure. To sum up, the suitable oxygen-coal equivalent ratio range about the preparation of PAC is 0.3 ~ 0.5. This conclusion provides reference for future industrial application. | The Effect of Oxygen-Coal Equivalent Ratio on the Rapid Preparation of Powdered Activated Coke in Low Oxygen Atmosphere | 10.1007/978-981-16-1657-0_53 |
2022-01-01 | Capacitive and resistive electric transfer (TECAR) modes of therapy use radiant energy to generate endogenous heat and are used for musculoskeletal disorders for their analgesic, decontracting, and elasticizing properties. While the capacitive mode is supposed to interact with soft tissues, the resistive mode interacts more with hard tissues. This study aims to investigate whether the successive order of the two modes during their application could make a difference concerning the outcome. The study included 40 patients affected by chronic non-specific low back pain. Patients were assessed using algometry, before and immediately after the therapeutic intervention, and thermal imaging, before, immediately after, and then 30 and 60 min after the intervention. Each patient had two TECAR interventions on different days of a total of 20 min each, with a resistive followed by capacitive mode and conversely, capacitive followed by resistive mode. The capacitive mode alternated with the resistive mode by 10 min during either intervention. Results showed that the effects consisting of temporary increases in the superficial temperature of the lower back and pressure pain threshold were alike for both interventions. We conclude that TECAR therapy reduces low back pain regardless of the operative mode adopted, with only an insignificant advantage when starting the sequence from the resistive application. | Capacitive and Resistive Electric Transfer Therapy: A Comparison of Operating Methods in Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain | 10.1007/5584_2021_692 |
2022-01-01 | All anatomic pathology terminology systems include one category to communicate that the patient has little, if any, risk of significant disease. Cytologic terminology systems conform to that convention, although identifying cellular criteria that fit into that category, can be challenging. The primary goal of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) is to define changes that place the patient at significant risk for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). TPS has adopted the philosophy that so long as a cause of cellular alterations can be identified and the cause is not life-threatening, and then the cellular sample belongs in the Negative for HGUC (NHGUC) category. Furthermore, changes suggesting low-grade urothelial neoplasia (LGUN) place the sample in the NHGUC category. | Negative for High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma (NHGUC) | 10.1007/978-3-030-88686-8_3 |
2022-01-01 | Diagnosing and treating annulogenic, discogenic low back pain is still challenging. Although various intradiscal and extradiscal minimally invasive interventions have been introduced, neither procedure alone seems sufficient for success because each has limitations and risks. Transforaminal epiduroscopic laser annuloplasty (TELA) and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar annuloplasty and nucleoplasty (PELAN) are new techniques which combine transforaminal endoscopy with laser technologies. Direct visualization of spinal canal pathoanatomy and reproduction of the patient’s usual pain by directly stimulating the suspected pain generator under endoscopic guidance improves diagnostic accuracy substantially. Precise application of a laser under direct vision greatly enhances the safety and efficacy of discoplasty. TELA is essentially an extradiscal procedure intended to denervate the sensitized nociceptive nerves in the posterior annulus fibrosus, and simultaneous intradiscal ablation can be performed. PELAN is an intra-annular procedure that directly target the granulation tissue in internal annular disruption. Transforaminal endoscopic discoplasty might be a reasonable second-line treatment option for symptomatic lumbar spine annular tears and herniated nucleus pulposus. | Transforaminal Discoplasty with Endoscopy | 10.1007/978-981-16-9547-6_9 |
2022-01-01 | Low-flow hydrology shifts can change streamflow criteria such as dissolved oxygen content, nutrient concentration, and terrestrial and aquatic qualities, as well as different water and wastewater functions, including water allocation, power plant generation, navigation, and waste load allocation. Climate changes play a significant role in the low-flow hydrology regime among various factors. Therefore, sustainable water resources planning and restoration of ecosystems depend on low-flow extremes and their consequent impacts. This research aimed to assess the consequences of climate change on the low-flow indices (7Q10, Q80) in a subbasin so-called Gharesou located in Iran employing the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff modeling and the general population circulation outputs (CanESM2). For this purpose, the precipitation, temperature, and streamflow datasets in 1970–2000 were applied in the current chapter. The results revealed that the subbasin would experience a reduced average flow in all scenarios for the low-flow seasons. The 7Q10 index approached 0.008 m 3 /s and zero for the SDSM model and change factor, respectively, for the future period; these values were 0.724 and 1.429 m 3 /s in the corresponding historical periods, respectively. Furthermore, Q 80 decreased from 4.27 to 0.1 for SDSM and from 5.3 to 0.3 m 3 /s for the change factor method in future projection studies. | Analysis of Low-Flow Indices in the Era of Climate Change: An Application of CanESM2 Model | 10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7_4 |
2022-01-01 | The ultimate goal of a “smart city” is improving the quality of life of citizens, optimizing city functions and promote economic growth, through the use of technologies and data analysis. Attention should be placed in how the technology is used rather than on how much technology is available. The “smartness” of a city is measured using a set of characteristics, which includes environmental initiatives. Air pollution, in particular, has a great impact on the quality of life. Here, we will present a low-cost, real-time, compact, lightweight and robust prototype device (hardware and software) capable of measuring, monitoring and forecasting the indoor (closed spaces) air quality. This device produces an Indoor Air Quality Index (IAQI), which is calculated based on the $$\mathrm {CO}_2$$ CO 2 and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) parameters. The IAQI is used to activate two RGB LED lights, where people can very intuitively be aware of the current and predicted air quality: excellent (green); good (light green); moderate (yellow); poor (orange); and unhealthy (red). The results achieved by the set of conducted tests proved that the device and IAQI are reliable. | Low-cost Real-time IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting | 10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_20 |
2022-01-01 | Surface modifications and surface treatments have a significant impact on the service life of so many critical parts of various materials being used in industrial applications. As a result, significant attention has been given to post-machining processes because traditional machining operations such as turning and milling and so on develop surfaces with inherent discrepancies and inadequacies. As a result, a surface finishing operation is required to eliminate these irregularities while also improving other surface properties such as surface roughness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) process was used to enhance mechanical characteristics of components, which were subjected to low surface plastic deformation. In this present research work, sensitive analysis of low plasticity burnishing process parameters with different mechanical properties of aluminum alloy, i.e., AA6061T6 has been performed. The burnishing process parameters considered are speed, pressure, ball diameter, number of passes, and ball material. Mechanical properties considered for analysis are wear resistance, surface roughness, and corrosion resistance. The outcomes of sensitive analysis demonstrated that surface roughness has most significance in burnishing process. Wear resistance and corrosion resistance properties are having strong correlation with surface roughness. Each burnishing process parameter has specific significance for improvement in mechanical properties. | Preliminary Investigations of Low Plasticity Burnishing Process on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy | 10.1007/978-981-16-7787-8_64 |
2022-01-01 | Indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring is essential for the prevention of undesired exposure to air pollutants, especially for sensitive groups. Extensive exposure to particulate and gaseous pollutants can cause temporary and chronic respiratory and other diseases and even lead to premature death. The emergence of low-cost sensors enables the development of affordable devices that measure the concentrations of various pollutants and notify humans for the quality of the air that they breath. Current microcomputer technology and the advances in wireless communications, as well as data systems, provide space for Internet of Things devices that monitor, track, store and analyze pollutant concentration measurements enabling data analytics. In this work, we describe the development and testing of a compact, integrated air quality monitoring device that detects and reports fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and ozone (O 3 ) levels as well as temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). | An IoT Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Device Based on Microcomputer Technology and Leading Industry Low-Cost Sensor Solutions | 10.1007/978-3-031-15101-9_9 |
2022-01-01 | World is fighting one of its greatest battle against COVID-19 (a highly infectious disease), leading to death of hundreds of thousands of people around the world, with severe patients requiring artificial breathing. To overcome the shortage of ventilators in medical infrastructure, various low-cost, easy to assemble, portable ventilators have been proposed to fight the ongoing pandemic. These mechanical ventilators are made from components that are generally readily available worldwide. Such components are already associated with day-to-day gadgets or items and which do not require specialized manufacturing processes. Various designs have been proposed, focussing on meeting basic requirements for artificial ventilation to fight the ongoing pandemic. But some people are against the usage of these mechanical ventilators in real-life situations, owing to poor reliability and inability of these designs to meet certain clinical requirements. Each design has its own merits and demerits, which need to be addressed for proper designing. Therefore, this article aims to provide readers an overview of various design parameters that needs to be considered while designing portable ventilators, by systematic analysis from available pool of proposed designs. By going through existing literature, we have recognized multiple factors influencing device performance and how these factors need to be considered for efficient device operation. | Recent advances in low-cost, portable automated resuscitator systems to fight COVID-19 | 10.1007/s12553-021-00629-4 |
2022-01-01 | Over the past few years, studies have been carried out on cement less geopolymer concrete due to its substantial reduction in carbon footprint. Limited literature is available about impact resistance of geopolymer reinforced concrete. This study focuses on low and high-velocity impact simulations on reinforced concrete(RC) beam and slab. A spherical ball of standard size has been used as an impactor. The impact load has been applied on the conventional and geopolymer reinforced concrete beam and slab, and the deformation responses of these specimens have been analyzed. ANSYS Explicit Dynamics 19.2 software was used for the finite element analysis of the specimens. The findings show that the geopolymer concrete shows better performance against impact resistance. | Finite Element Analysis of Impact Load on Reinforced Concrete | 10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_26 |
2022-01-01 | In recent years, people’s concept of energy conservation and environmental protection is becoming stronger and stronger. Therefore, in the face of the above problems, we should pay more attention to the green and healthy development of the construction industry. In the context of the new era, new materials, technologies and new energy are emerging one after another. There are certain drawbacks in the design process of traditional high-rise civil buildings, which gradually do not meet the requirements of sustainable development advocated by the state, and it is difficult to meet the development requirements of modern green buildings. To this end, through the use of new materials, new technology, new energy in the application of architectural design, to reasonably deal with the construction of waste gas, waste water and waste; Understand the problem of building energy consumption in the current era, in line with the concept of green building design in the new era, and effectively reduce the waste of resources in the process of building construction, improve the quality of modern urban building design. | The Application of New Energy in Architectural Design Under the Influence of Green Low-carbon Concept | 10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_2 |
2022-01-01 | Fiber-optic sensors have several advantages, more important of which include the immunity to electromagnetic disturbances, little weight and possibility to be included into the structure being measured. The most perspective are the sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings. Bragg fiber gratings have several advantages, for instance, they allow creating the distributed measuring massifs, which contain several sensors. As well, they are insensitive to the optic power source vibrations. Variety of using the fiber sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings has led to producing the Bragg fiber gratings with different spectral characteristics. Homogeneous Bragg fiber gratings have the spectra with solid side lobes, which can influence at the temperature sensor processing characteristics. To level the side lobes there is applied the apodization method, which is one of the means to affect the spectral form. This paper discusses the use of fiber sensors in a security system. Namely fiber sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings. Advantages and disadvantages of fiber sensors. The principle of operation of a security system based on fiber Bragg gratings. | Application of Apodized Fiber Bragg Gratings in Information Security Systems | 10.1007/978-3-030-87383-7_49 |
2022-01-01 | Traditional urbanism of Jaipur was designed with concept derived from ancient Indian texts on architecture and planning principles that were specific for geographical context. The traditional urbanism of Jaipur embedded the traditional lifestyles; space syntax and traditional praxis that responded to climate. The climate control design solutions being indigenous thus were low on carbon footprint and strongly embedded in the built morphology. The practices and measures spanned from planning of the city to design of chowkris’ (neighbourhoods) to design and detailing of the all building typologies addressed through design‚ detailing‚ and selection of build material‚ construction technologies etc. | Climate Responsive Traditional Urbanism of Jaipur | 10.1007/978-981-19-4089-7_7 |
2022-01-01 | Combustion Combustion involves the burning of a fuel with oxygen or a gas containing oxygen such as atmospheric air. A chemical reaction equation relates the components before and after the chemical process takes place. | Combustion | 10.1007/978-3-030-89216-6_7 |
2022-01-01 | Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is frequently detected at late stages of disease, often with dissemination throughout the peritoneal cavity surface, abdomen, and ascites fluid. Tumor signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways can promote OVCA progression and depend on local microenvironmental cues. To better study OVCA in situ within native tissue contexts, here we describe confocal microscopy techniques to image mouse models of intraperitoneal disease at a single-cell resolution. As a proof of principle demonstration, examples are highlighted for simultaneously imaging tumor vascularization, infiltrating and often immunosuppressive immune cells (tumor-associated macrophages Cell types macrophage ), and OVCA kinase activity. | Confocal Imaging of Single-Cell Signaling in Orthotopic Models of Ovarian Cancer | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1956-8_19 |
2022-01-01 | The behavior of steel in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) is tested experimentally, in accordance with ISO 12106:2017 (E) and/or ASTM E 606-04. For this purpose, smooth specimens which are exposed to low-cycle fatigue at several levels of regulated strains and/or loads at room, elevated or reduced temperatures are used. Stress–strain response at LCF has the shape of an ideal hysteresis loop. The strain range Δε corresponds to overall loop width, while the stress range Δσ corresponds to its overall height. The paper presents a method for determining the intersection of the idealized hysteresis loop and the positive part of the strain axis in order to determine the values of elastic, Δε e /2, and plastic, Δε p /2, components of the strain amplitude to characterize the behavior of steel under low cyclic fatigue. The values of elastic and plastic components of the strain amplitude are needed to determine the characteristic curves of low-cycle fatigue, which describe the behavior of steel under the loading of low-cycle fatigue. | Determination of LCF Plastic and Elastic Strain Components of Steel | 10.1007/978-3-030-88465-9_32 |
2022-01-01 | Policies and management plans in the Danube River basin were first developed and applied at its entire scale in the second part of the twentieth century and were exclusively based on the principles of neoclassical economy. These principles were translated in a high number of economic and social objectives, some of which that have been identified as driving forces for the wetlands of the Lower Danube System behind structural and functional changes. The transformations to which the Lower Danube System has been subjected and the absence of multi-connectivity in planning were marked by an insufficiency of support tools at decision-making level. Wetlands play a dual role in terms of planning, acting both as risk-inhibitor and services enabler when inclusive multi-dimensional planning is performed. Given the relevant spatial and temporal scale of the current context, capitalizing on scientific knowledge, experiences and information of local communities in future policymaking is crucial. The productivity and stability of ecosystems depend directly on their ability to ensure energy transfer both intra-, but especially inter-system. The lateral and longitudinal analysis of ecosystems in the Lower Danube System, regarded as both dynamic and nonlinear systems, as well as production units, is based on a conceptual framework aimed at their multi-connectivity. This ensures long-term processes whose variability and diversity are essential for the stability and productivity of these units. The study includes social and economic implications, considering the relationship between the natural heritage resources of the geographical sub-units and the existence of the socio-economic system. | A Transdisciplinary Approach Using Danube River Multi-connectivity in Wetland Management | 10.1007/978-3-031-03865-5_14 |
2022-01-01 | In this chapter, we explore in detail the synoptic conditions associated to the floods occurred on the Lower Danube River (from the entrance of the river in Romania through the Iron Gates gorge to the Danube Delta), as well as to the highest discharges recorded at Ceatal Izmail hydrometric station, before the entrance of the river into the deltaic region. The floods along this sector represent a response to the atmospheric circulation conditions over the entire Danube River basin, and therefore they can picture the synoptic conditions leading to high amounts of precipitation over the central and south-eastern part of Europe. The analysis investigated three flood events recorded along the Romanian side of the Danube River during the period 1980–2010, which generally corresponds to the current climate conditions. In order to understand the triggering role of the atmospheric conditions for the floods occurrence, we have analyzed each flood in association with the phases of the most important teleconnections manifesting at continental scale—the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)—but also with regional atmospheric circulation conditions assessed using Gross Wetter Typen (GWT) method derived from COST733 catalogue. The diachronic analysis takes in consideration the atmospheric circulation from the occurrence day of the flood peak back to three months prior to the hydrological event. Generally, the events are preceded by more positive phases of NAO and more negative values for the AO index especially within the three months’ period before the hydrological event. These conditions indicate on the long term the role of anticyclonic blocking conditions at continental level inducing a prolonged interval with atmospheric instability over the Danube catchment area, while on the short-term, zonal conditions can lead to cyclonic activity enhancing the increase of the river discharge. The results are reinforced by the GWT analysis which brings other valuable information depending on the season. In this way, we can see that during winter and early spring the south-westerly circulation can lead to warm advection and the rapid melting of the snowpack especially in the mountain area, while in summer the atmospheric circulation types inducing large scale convection represent the main trigger for the hydrological events. The chapter presents detailed information structured on the following sub-sections: (1) overview of major flood events and historical discharges in the Lower Danube River; (2) weather associated with hydrological events for 1980–2010; (3) the methods used to assess the atmospheric circulation (teleconnection and GWTs) and (4) the classification of atmospheric circulation leading to major floods and highest discharges. . | Synoptic Conditions Associated with Floods and Highest Discharges on Lower Danube River (1980–2010) | 10.1007/978-3-031-03865-5_11 |
2022-01-01 | Until recently, automated central control of building-wide systems was found only in larger commercial buildings and expensive homes. Typically involving only lighting, heating, and cooling systems, building automation rarely provided more than basic control, monitoring, and scheduling functions and was accessible only from specific control points within the building itself. The work is a novel approach for low-cost solutions to home automation. Out of many prototypes developed, Solar Power System, Lights/Home Appliance Control, Air Quality Meter, Temperature & Moisture Meter, Home Surveillance, Water Tank Monitoring, and Password-Protected Automatic Door have been integrated and presented in this work. This system is integrated using two controllers Raspberry Pi and ESP8266 Board, where the Raspberry Pi is the main controller, which executes the commands, and the ESP8266 board is used as a Wi-Fi module to access the internet. The commands to control the overall system can be feed using Blynk App (open-source platform). The system also has a feature of manual control, in case of any failure the system needs to be a reboot and at that time the system can be controlled using manual switches. The prototype of the overall system has been tested and the results are promising. | Home Automation: A Novel Approach | 10.1007/978-981-16-2911-2_49 |
2022-01-01 | This chapter presents the metallurgical of various metal joining processes like adhesive joining, brazing, soldering and braze welding, fusion, resistance and solid state joining processes. Relation between metal strengthening mechanism and metal joint properties has been explained. | Welding Metallurgy | 10.1007/978-981-16-4819-9_20 |
2022-01-01 | SDGs shows value which no one denies, and private companies can contribute to SDGs. Some of 17 goals are easy for companies to work on, while others have limitations for corporate activities. The goal which private sector is most actively contributing through Voluntary Initiatives is Climate Change (SDG 13). Voluntary Initiatives can contribute to the reduction of CO 2 emissions, but more important is the support of the adoption of climate change policies. ASEAN faces other social and economic issue, therefore Voluntary Initiatives need to be balanced, and the SDGs can be a useful tool for it. This paper analyses various Voluntary Initiatives and proposes how to improve them under ASEAN+6 cooperation. | Beyond Voluntary Initiative – SDGs by Business Sector and SDGs for Business Sector | 10.1007/978-981-16-6734-3_17 |
2022-01-01 | An overview of the field of plant tissue culture is presented in this chapter, which includes a general history, successive developments, and key contributions by several leading scientists. The development of cell and tissue culture of plant organs has contributed to promoting research in several areas of plant biotechnology. It has made great progress and significant contributions to the advancement of modern agriculture, production of secondary substances used in pharmaceutical and biochemical industries, food security, and conservation of plant genetic resources. This chapter briefly presents the current status of plant tissue culture applications in Vietnam (as a developing country) and the world as well. Low-cost tissue culture technology will be one of the top priorities in the development of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry in many developing countries in order to produce affordable high-quality crop materials without affecting the quality of products created. Last but not least, some future developments in this field, including the great potential of plant micropropagation and the increasingly important role of new biological techniques, are covered in this chapter. | General Information: Some Aspects of Plant Tissue Culture | 10.1007/978-981-16-6498-4_1 |
2022-01-01 | Sustainable procurement has attracted a great deal of attention of leaders, policymakers, and practitioners. The strategic use of public procurement for achieving diverse environmental and social objectives has seen a dramatic rise around the world and its practices are continuously evolving to address emerging situations such as climate change, SDGs, Anti-microbial Resistance, and circular economy. The chapter takes stock of ongoing initiatives on the use of “power of procurement” to address challenges facing the world today. It provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the rationale behind these initiatives and highlights how the purchasing function has transformed and risen to the occasion to contribute towards a greener, circular, and decarbonized world. The chapter explores the strategic use of public procurement in the context of an international trade agreement like the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). The discussions show that international trade and the achievement of national development objectives through public procurement are not a zero-sum game but indeed are compatible. It further examines how emerging digital technologies such as blockchain and Internet of Things could be leveraged to positively influence sustainability outcomes of purchasing decisions. The study finds that though there is a convergence of opinions on the potential use of emerging digital technologies called Industry 4.0, there is yet to emerge a credible model for its ready adoption and replication by contracting authorities. The chapter ends with the discussions of the key takeaways from this book and what lies ahead for sustainable procurement policy. While the rationale for adopting sustainable procurement is well established, future progress will hinge on how it could be used in sync with other economic, fiscal, and market policy instruments to maximize policy outcomes. In addition, it has flagged the avenues for future research that is critical from practitioners and implementation perspective. | Evolving Role of Sustainable Procurement in Coming Decades | 10.1007/978-3-031-08258-0_7 |
2022-01-01 | Conventional in vitro mass propagation methods are labour-intensive, costly and have a low degree of automation. Bioreactor or automated growth vessel systems using liquid media were developed to overcome these problems. The use of liquid instead of solid culture medium for plant micropropagation offers better access to medium components and scalability through automation. However, the cost of setting up a bioreactor system is one of its disadvantages as such systems are expensive with limited number of manufacturers. A low-cost bioreactor system was set up using recycled, low biodegradable plastic bottles. This low-cost bioreactor, based on temporary immersion principle, has proven to be effective as a vessel for rapid plant propagation. It is designed to reduce the production cost of plant micropropagation. This chapter explains the step-by-step methods for setting up a low-cost bioreactor for banana seedling production. This low-cost bioreactor system has the potential to be adapted for large scale in vitro cultivation of the plant seedlings. | Protocol for Mass Propagation of Plants Using a Low-Cost Bioreactor | 10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_11 |
2022-01-01 | The global vehicle population is increasing, resulting in increased fuel demand. Diesel engines are highly efficient, but there are environmental concerns about their emissions. However, diesel engines are the main prime movers for heavy-duty transport globally. Global demand for diesel and jet fuel is expected to increase faster than gasoline, leading to a surplus of fuel components in the gasoline boiling range. Different low-temperature combustion (LTC) technologies such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), and gasoline compression ignition (GCI), are being developed to overcome these challenges of environmental pollution and using the surplus fuels available in the refineries. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) technology has shown promising results in improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions while using low octane gasoline. GCI engines can use low octane, less refined gasoline with higher volatility and higher auto-ignition temperature in an engine with a higher compression ratio, similar to diesel engines, and burn these cheaper fuels very efficiently. Low octane fuels for GCI engines require less processing reducing the cost of fuel and energy consumption and GHG emissions in refining. Overall, Life cycle assessment (LCA) must be explored to understand the effect of low octane fuels used in the GCI engine on the environment. There are significant technical and market barriers, though. This chapter reviews an overall perspective of the LCA of low octane fuels for GCI engines compared to conventional fuels. | Review of Life Cycle Analysis Studies of Less Processed Fuel for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines | 10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_9 |
2022-01-01 | Opposed-piston (OP) engines were used in many applications in the 1930s–1960s, largely because their high thermal efficiency was important in applications that valued long-range, like aviation, marine vessels, and military vehicles. The engine architecture largely fell into disuse when modern emissions standards began in the 1960s. Recently, OP engines have enjoyed a renaissance, driven by three primary factors: 1. The inherent efficiency of OP engines remains valuable because of concerns about climate change and energy security 2. Recent advances in design and calibration show that the OP engines can achieve near-zero levels of criteria emissions with conventional aftertreatment system configurations 3. Research and development of OP engines has yielded practical advances in cost, lower complexity, packaging, competitive oil consumption, NVH (noise, vibration, harshness), and other factors. These factors together suggest that the OP engine is a superior architecture for providing near-zero criteria emissions and lower CO 2 in a cost-effective and robust manner. This chapter provides an overview of OP engine design characteristics and summarizes recent test results for heavy-duty diesel engines. Results include: Peak brake thermal efficiency greater than 49% Engine-out soot 75% lower than a benchmark 15 L four-stroke conventional engine Tailpipe NO X is 96% lower than 2020 EPA regulations; 65% lower than California’s 2027 ultralow NO X regulation (on the FTP cycle) All while using a conventional [DOC/DPF/SCR/ASC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, Diesel Particulate Filter, Selective Catalyst Reduction, Ammonia Slip Catalyst)] underfloor aftertreatment system. | Opposed-Piston Engine Potential: Low CO2 and Criteria Emissions | 10.1007/978-981-16-8717-4_4 |
2022-01-01 | In this chapter, we discuss signal conditioning circuits for wearable sensor applications. Specifically, signal conditioning circuit for resistive, capacitive, and impedance sensors will be covered. We briefly discuss the underlying challenges and trade-offs associated with the accuracy, effect of noise, power consumption, and other such parameters associated with the design and development of signal conditioning circuits for wearable sensor applications. Mismatch and noise reduction techniques such as auto-zeroing and chopping techniques will be discussed. In addition, the high accuracy signal conditioning technique such as auto-nulling and phase sensitive detection techniques for different resistive and capacitive sensors will be discussed with examples. The relaxation oscillator based signal conditioning circuit for resistive, capacitive, and impedance sensors will be discussed for high accuracy wearable sensors applications. | Low-Noise CMOS Signal Conditioning Circuits | 10.1007/978-3-030-98538-7_3 |
2022-01-01 | Four oil samples were collected from oilfields in the western Siberian Basin, and analyzed using conventional geochemical and physical methods. The results of this study were used to evaluate the oil samples, focusing on the characteristics of their source rocks, including the origin of organic matter input; redox depositional conditions and degree of thermal maturity of their probable source rock were studied. The obtained SARA results show that the examined oils are paraffinic oils owing to their high saturated hydrocarbon fraction values of greater than 70% volume. The observed API gravity values (23.55° to 32.57°) and low sulfur content of less than 0.25% wt indicate that the examined oils are sweet oils and were generated from source rock containing Type-II, with low sulfur content. The low sulfur content combined with the vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) ratios indicates that the examined oils were scoured from a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial organic matter, depositing under generally suboxic environmental conditions. The n -alkane and isoprenoid distributions, with their ratios and parameters further suggest that the examined oil samples were generated from source rock containing a mixed organic matter input and deposited under suboxic to relatively oxic environmental conditions. Bulk compositions and distributions of n -alkane and isoprenoid indicate that the oil samples were generated from mature source rock. | The origins of paraffinic oils collected from oilfields in the western Siberian Basin, Russia: implications from geochemical and physical characteristics | 10.1007/s13202-021-01325-9 |
2022-01-01 | Welding is a process of joining two similar and non-similar metals or non-metals with the application of heat and pressure. Depth level of penetration is a key in fillet welded joints because the penetration gives the effects on the strength of the welded joint. The present work investigates the influence of the metal inert gas (MIG) welding process parameters such as welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate on bead geometry in EN 10025 low carbon steel material. The objectives are to determine the effect of welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate to the bead geometry, as well as to optimize the welding parameters for enhancing the weld penetration and to analyze the welding defects that can be considered and accepted using different welding parameter. The experimental work has been carried out using the MIG welding process. The work pieces were inspected and measured using non-destructive testing (NDT) method and a digital caliper to observe the effects of welding parameters on the weld bead condition. For optimization, the Taguchi method L9 orthogonal array and signal-to-noise ratio were used. Then, the data were analyzed using the main effect of means and analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the results, welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate were found to be main limitations which affect the bead geometry. The optimal welding setting for EN 10,025 carbon steel was at 180 A current, 26 V voltage and 16 ℓ/min gas flow rate. | Effect of Welding Parameters on Bead Dimension Using MIG Welding of EN 10025 Carbon Steel | 10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8_10 |
2022-01-01 | Nowadays, consumer prefers product and services from companies which adhere the principle of sustainability and operation with Sustainable Commitments. The main objective of this study is the reduction of GHG emission by the use of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient processes and equipment. Detailed assessment of an energy profile and GHG emission is to be carried out from different micro, small and medium scale industries and lack of data monitoring found to be a major drawback. Energy efficiency interventions based on techno-economic analysis of the prevailing electricity tariff, fuel cost and conservation of operating hours includes improved performance, better insulation, reduction in the consumption of resources such as water, fuel and energy, efficient operation and better energy management with proper monitoring system. Renewable energy interventions result in potential saving of 10–12% of electrical energy by replacing the conventional pumps with the solar water pump as it gives remarkable savings with average payback period of 3–9 months according to the study. According to the Solar supplier/vendors, investing in this asset have their own pros and cons with investment classes and payback period with the inclusion of technical specifications, warranty/guaranty periods, maintenance and service, quality assurance plan and special offers/intensives. Some suggestions for the same such as CAPEX Model, OPEX Model and Off-site Model are given by solar suppliers and vendors. This could be the step towards the low carbon pathway and efficient use of renewable energy to get the maximum possible benefit from the same. | An Assessment of GHG Emission Reduction by Using Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Processes | 10.1007/978-3-030-96554-9_26 |
2022-01-01 | An interim prosthesis is proposed to be used by amputees living in rural environment in situations where the amputee is in between prescribed prosthesis by an endorsed organization. The design and development of using the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe as socket, bamboo to replace the common aluminum pylon and hand-crafted foot prostheses for people living in the rural area was performed and its performance were tested. Corn starch flour were used inside the socket to provide pressure distribution and cushioning effect in place of silicon gel. Tensile test on bamboo specimens revealed that the bamboo with tape could hold higher flexural load than bamboo without tape, and approximately 6 kN higher in the compression test. An amputee from a rural village performed gait testing with the interim prosthesis. The gait test revealed that despite the high strength of the bamboo pylon and the wooden foot, the breaking point of the prosthesis during gait was at the adapted which connected the socket and the pylon. Better load bearing adapter materials should be considered for the interim prosthesis, and further investigation is required in the actual rural setting to determine whether the prosthesis is appropriate for a rural patient to use. | Design and Testing of an Interim Transtibial Prosthetic Leg for Amputees Living in Rural Areas: A Case Study | 10.1007/978-3-030-90724-2_30 |
2022-01-01 | Human activities are responsible for vast environmental impacts, including carbon emissions contributing to climate change. The urban environment is a main source of many of these impacts, and accordingly, the European Union has launched the “100 climate-neutral cites” mission to operationalize a carbon-free urban future. This paper investigates the various evaluation tools supporting the Decision-Makers (DMs) and stakeholders in their effort to achieve the carbon-neutral transition. Using the scientific database Scopus, we conducted a literature review focused on different keywords comprising widely used evaluation methods. The focus of the research is on different aspects and scales of the urban systems, considering the multi-dimensional nature of the decision problems at such scale. Specifically, the study presented here analyzes the way in which these methods deal with large scales, either with a bottom-up or a top-down approach, and how different categories of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and changes in the DMs system of values can influence their preferences. We find that Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) is the most used support tool at the district or city level, and most indicators focus on energy consumption and carbon emissions. A smaller share of studies reviewed are based on multi-domain evaluation methods. | Supporting the EU Mission “100 Climate-Neutral Cities by 2030”: A Review of Tools to Support Decision-Making for the Built Environment at District or City Scale | 10.1007/978-3-031-10542-5_11 |
2022-01-01 | Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)-based decision-making is proliferating to application spaces with dynamic and evolving inputs such as Internet of things (IoTs). The need for real-time decision-making in such applications requires the edge devices in IoT networks to possess in situ intelligence processing capability. Edge intelligence in the networks is critical to avert unpredictable latency of an otherwise cloud-based intelligence processing. Edge intelligence in IoTs also minimizes their energy demand by avoiding raw data transmission and better preserving data privacy by only transmitting actionable information. Meanwhile, due to form factor and cost constraints and battery-powered operation, the energy budget and computing/storage resources for edge intelligence are very limited in a typical IoT node. Addressing such computational challenges in IoTs, in this chapter, an architectural framework for self-powered edge intelligence is reviewed. First, architectural techniques are reviewed to exploit sensors in IoTs to harvest energy from their environment to sustain local intelligence processing. Next, architectures that can identify and focus on regions of interest (ROI) are discussed to exploit sparsity in input and to minimize edge intelligence workload. Finally, learning-based architectures are discussed to reduce power wastage, such as due to leakage power. With a synergistic integration of the above architectural techniques, many IoTs can leverage self-powered edge intelligence to heighten awareness of their application domains. | Architectures for Self-Powered Edge Intelligence | 10.1007/978-981-15-6401-7_9-1 |
2022-01-01 | To improve the performance of power batteries for all climate application, a novel online model-based resistance algorithm (OMRA) has been developed to obtain the impedance of batteries at different temperatures and current amplitudes. The Butler-Volmer (BV) equation has been proposed to describe the electrochemical reaction process of the battery, and then a novel BV circuit model has been employed for accurately calculating the resistance of the battery at different currents and temperatures. The theoretical results show that contrast to the traditional method, using OMRA can accurately calculate the battery resistance and maintain the maximum calculation error at less than 2 mΩ. This proposed method which requires low computational capability and storage space has the potential to calculate the impedance online and accurately. | An Online Impedance Algorithm for All-Climate Batteries Used on Electric Vehicle | 10.1007/978-981-16-5429-9_22 |
2022-01-01 | This paper presents a design of an ultralow-poweroperational transconductance amplifier (OTA) intended for biomedical application and realized in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The proposed OTA take advantages of bulk-drive (OTA) scheme to reduce power consumption . The OTA uses a single 0.8 v supply and dissipates 5.5 pw of power and provides 70 db gain which makes its suitable for use as a main block of many biomedical applications including implantable and wearable sensors. The simulation results are compared with conventional OTA structures. Some recent works indicates significant increases in gain and reduction in power consumption. The current reused OTA with low-power and low-noise capacitor feedback amplifier used for ECG signal applications. To develop the noise-power efficiency, the proposed OTA consists a current reused architecture. This adapts an inverter-based differential input stage for low noise. | Design and Implementation of Ultra Low Power Operational Trans-conductance Amplifier (OTA) for Biomedical Applications | 10.1007/978-981-16-4435-1_47 |
2022-01-01 | A methods is proposed for modeling the stress-deformed state of low-plastic material surface layer, using the example of SCH20 cast iron, processed by deforming broaching. From the standpoint of the plasticity resource exhaustion, the analysis of the surface layer was carried out, which made it possible to establish the presence of plastic deformation local zone. The possibility of using a combined technology, including the operations of deforming broaching and finishing antifriction non-abrasive treatment, taking into account the influence of local plastic deformation zone, has been established. | Studying the Mechanics of Low-Plastic Materials Surface Layer Processed by Deforming Broaching | 10.1007/978-3-031-05230-9_15 |
2022-01-01 | Aim of this study is to develop a calibration procedure through Machine Learning to upgrade the low-cost air quality sensor performance and investigate the generalization of this function over a specific area towards air quality data fusion. | Data Fusion for the Improvement of Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors | 10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_24 |
2022-01-01 | Nowadays, nobody can deny that advanced technology is widespread in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Our main objective in this research is to provide a tool that is complementary to the work of rescuers in the face of a natural disaster that minimizes the risks of loss of life during the SAR (Search And Rescue) process. The main function of the designed prototype, named “Rescue Bot”, is the search of missing persons after collapses of large-scale structures of any kind, where it is difficult to locate people caught in a landslide. The rescue bot has several advantages: it is lightweight, it has small dimensions, it is cheap, and it uses a simple and low-level programming language through the free hardware platform Arduino. Its mission is to reduce the number of fatalities and rescue time and take the risks that rescuers face in every natural disaster. We have used several sensors and an infrared camera as indispensable accessories in the Rescue Bot. The information collected is sent to the control centre in real-time. | Rescue Robot Against Risks in Natural Disasters Using Arduino | 10.1007/978-3-031-06862-1_30 |
2022-01-01 | After decades of mostly rhetoric on climate change, robust and urgent actions must be taken to avoid its worst effects. However, the energy transition discourse reflects an anti-humanitarian philosophy that will undermine any serious efforts of achieving decarbonisation, as well as merely entrenching already-existing global inequalities. The potential of nuclear power for radically reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been well-explored. However, to date, few attempts have been made to fully discern the broader positive impacts nuclear technology can have on achieving sustainable and equitable development. Nuclear science and technology have broad applications and should be placed at the centre of policies aimed at combatting energy poverty, reducing air pollution, providing clean water, addressing food insecurity, or fulfilling any other of the United Nations’ 17 SDGs. This chapter explores the centrality of energy in ensuring sustainable development, a just energy transition, and the importance of nuclear energy, which goes far beyond simply delivering low-carbon electricity. | The Humanitarian Atom: The Role of Nuclear Power in Addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals | 10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_13 |
2022-01-01 | Samples subjected to low cycle fatigue (LCF) under relatively high stress, fail at a low number of cycles. Below 10 5 cycles low cycle fatigue prevails. Thermal cycles induce low cycle fatigue in material and stresses arise from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients and repeated shut down and reopen of the service temperature. Several empirical relations have been suggested for low cycle fatigue such as Morrow's and Coffin—Manson Concept. Alternating stresses in the elastic region are associated with high cycle fatigue. Stress life and strain life methods are present for fatigue life prediction. Very high cycle fatigue tests are also presented in this section. | Stress Cycles | 10.1007/978-3-030-86118-6_3 |
2022-01-01 | Abstract Devices for direct measurement of the plasma potential and floating potential in the gas discharge in a reactive ion–plasma etching system are presented. The action of the devices developed for this purpose is based on the creation of a local magnetic field that makes it possible to purposefully change the conditions of ambipolar diffusion of charged particles. This allows the contact of the probe with the body of the positive plasma column without the appearance of floating potential on it. The results of measuring the plasma potential by the proposed and alternative methods are compared. | Direct Measurement of Potentials in the Reactive Ion–Plasma Etching System | 10.1134/S1063780X22010019 |
2022-01-01 | Generally, the implementation of intelligent controllers based on fuzzy logic is done by using blocks from the Matlab/Simulink fuzzy logic library. Indeed, the use of these blocks makes the implementation of the algorithm in real-time very difficult and requires a powerful microcontroller. In this paper, we propose low-cost implementation of an intelligent indirect MPPT method based on a variable adaptive step fuzzy logic algorithm for an isolated photovoltaic (PV) system. The PV system is connected to the load via a DC-DC boost converter. The used microcontroller is an Arduino Due board. The dynamic and static performance of the proposed method is verified firstly by the processor in the loop (PIL) simulation. The various well-known stages of the fuzzy logic controller (fuzzification, knowledge base, and defuzzification) are encoded in the M-file script. The obtained simulation results proved the ability of the microcontroller to support the algorithm implementation in real-time with good time convergence and fewer power oscillations. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed low-cost MPPT implementation based on the ARDUINO DUE board have been verified experimentally, and the results clearly validate its capability in tracking the MPP with an average efficiency of 99.70%. | An Effective Low Cost Implementation of Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Based Indirect MPPT Method Using ARDUINO DUE Board | 10.1007/978-3-030-92038-8_29 |
2022-01-01 | Glycosaminoglycans like heparin and heparan sulfate exhibit a high degree of structural microheterogeneity. This structural heterogeneity results from the biosynthetic process that produces these linear polysaccharides in cells and tissues. Heparin and heparan sulfate play critical roles in normal physiology and pathophysiology, hence it is important to understand how their structural features may influence overall activity. Therefore, high-resolution techniques like mass spectrometry represent a key part of the suite of methodologies available to probe the fine structural details of heparin and heparan sulfate. This chapter outlines the application of techniques like LC-MS and LC-MS/MS to study the composition of these polysaccharides, and techniques like GPC-MS that allow for an analysis of oligosaccharide fragments in these mixtures. | Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analysis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_19 |
2022-01-01 | Design patterns as introduced by Christopher Alexander and colleagues are proposed in this paper as a means of guiding building designers through the often complex processes of low-carbon building design. The patterns are intended to be integrated into the Building Information Modelling (BIM) environments that are increasingly used in architectural and building engineering design practice, where patterns provide relevant information at appropriate times, carrying out environmental analyses as required, both as selected by the building designer and automatically. The paper provides examples of patterns from some of the various domains and disciplines that encompass low-carbon design of the built environment, as a means of exploring whether patterns could facilitate communication between those domains and disciplines. The focus is on low-carbon building design and building simulation, but patterns used in computer science and interface and interaction design are also discussed as these fit well with the object-oriented environment of contemporary software design and BIM systems. | Design Patterns for Low-Carbon Buildings: A Proposal | 10.1007/978-981-16-6269-0_21 |
2022-01-01 | To improve oil production rate, surfactant polymer (SP) injection technique has attracted more and more attention comparing to alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) injection. This is because of the problems encountered in ASP like demulsification difficulty and the scale formation with the addition of alkali. In SP flooding technique, the dosage of surfactants and polymers are usually around 2000~3000 mg/L solutions to achieve beneficial oil production rate. This work investigates experimentally the feasibility to apply a lower concentration surfactant-polymer formulation at high salinity and high temperature conditions. It was observed that interfacial tension of selected surfactant (APG-F2) and polymer (SPAM-A5) was low at low concentrations. The surfactant added in the formulation increases the viscosity of the SP mixtures comparing to individual polymer solution. Micromodel oil displacement test presents a high oil production rate of the developed formulation, indicating the promising oil production potential to apply low concentration SP formulations in chemical injection. | Low Concentration Surfactant and Polymer Formulations for SP Injection at HTHS Condition | 10.1007/978-981-16-9427-1_52 |
2022-01-01 | Airborne particulates are of particular significance for their human health impacts and their roles in both atmospheric radiative transfer and atmospheric chemistry. Observations of airborne particulates are typically made by environment agencies using rather expensive instruments. Due to the expense of the instruments usually used by environment agencies, the number of sensors that can be deployed is limited. In this study, we show two examples of how machine learning can be used to help provide more comprehensive estimates of airborne particulates. Machine learning can be used to effectively calibrate lower-cost optical particle counters. For this calibration, it is critical that measurements of atmospheric pressure, humidity, and temperature are also made. We show that machine learning can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of airborne particulates from weather radar data. | Advancement in Airborne Particulate Estimation Using Machine Learning | 10.1007/978-3-030-71377-5_13 |
2022-01-01 | In order to resolve the critical problems such as unclear internal mechanism of different miscible displacement effects and unclear understanding of the dynamic change of miscible type between actual injection and production wells in CO 2 flooding, the dynamic change rules of miscible range and its influence on oil displacement efficiency were studied based on the analysis of the current miscible type judgment methods. Considering the formation pressure distribution, it is proposed that the miscible type between injection and production wells is a dynamic binary system of miscible and immiscible, which can realize the transformation of miscible state from “fixed unitary system” to “dynamic binary system”. A parameter, miscible range, is proposed to characterize the miscibility state of actual formation. And the dynamic change of the parameter was characterized by the core displacement experiment method, which realized the transformation of the research method from qualitative to quantitative. By comparing the four dynamic change curves of miscible range in CO 2 flooding processes under different miscibility indexes, it is found that the displacement efficiency increases with the increase of the maximum miscible range. At the same time, the variation of miscible range and displacement efficiency has a good consistency in time. Thus, this paper reveals that it is the key to improve the effect of CO 2 flooding to make clear the dynamic change of miscible type between actual injection and production wells and to improve the miscible range, which provides guidance for the optimization of injection and production parameters of CO 2 flooding in low permeability reservoirs and the optimization of injection and production adjustment technology policy in different gas injection stages. Therefore, it has good applicability and broad application prospects. | Study on the Dynamic Variation of Miscible Range During CO2 Flooding and Its Influence on Displacement Efficiency in Ultra-low Permeability Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_352 |
2022-01-01 | Climate change is the most urgent environmental crisis we are facing today and the fact that it threatens the survival of communities that are affected by natural disasters, as well as the prosperity of their businesses means that it also raises social and economic concerns. Several international agreements and programs describe the transition toward a low-carbon economy as a necessary step to combat climate change. The utilities sector should assume great responsibility in this process. This chapter seeks to understand how Italian listed utilities are contributing to the transition to a carbon-free economy. Specifically, the study examines how strategic they deem the fight against climate change as a condition for their long-term growth. The study is qualitative and adopts the content analysis method. Data are collected from nonfinancial statements, other corporate documents, and websites. The results of the investigation show that the Italian listed utilities have embarked on a virtuous path, which is strongly inspired, guided, and monitored at board level. In particular, the actions undertaken by the companies analyzed in this study appear not only capable of strengthening their image as sustainable companies but also of benefitting the entire economic system, society, and the environment. | Transition Toward a Low-Carbon Economy: The Contribution of Italian Listed Utilities | 10.1007/978-3-030-94036-2_6 |
2022-01-01 | Using the well-known equation for a “thin layer” of fluid flow with truly viscous rheological properties, the continuity equation, as well as the equation defining the profile of the molten profile of the pilot taking into account the expression for the mechanical energy dissipation rate, an asymptotic solution is proposed for the system of differential equations in the form of series for parameter powers characterizing the melt of the surface coating. An exact automodeling solution for zero and first approximations was applied allowing to determine the lubricating layer’s velocity field and pressure taking into account melting of the coating as well as the adapted profile of the pilot’s support surface. This allows determining the main properties of the tribo-node, i.e., load capacity and friction force leading to specific hydrodynamic flow conditions in a pre-emergency situation. New multiparametric expressions have been developed for the main performance characteristics of a wedge-shaped sliding support with incomplete filling of the working gap, as well as taking into account the melt of the guide surface coated with a low-melting metal alloy. The resulting refined calculation models allow, as a result of varying the low-melting coating on the surface of the guide, to adjust the ratio of its bearing capacity and the coefficient of friction. | Mathematical Model of a Lubricant in a Bearing with a Fusible Coating on the Pilot and Irregular Slider Profile | 10.1007/978-3-030-85233-7_97 |
2022-01-01 | The development of blisk structure has made the low cycle fatigue (LCF) life test more expensive for the critical components. This paper aims at design several simulating specimen to simulate the working condition and stress distribution of a high-loaded fan blisk. The finite element analysis was performed to confirm the constraining locations of the fan blisk. Afterwards, the LCF life of the blisk was calculated according to Mason-coffin equation and the total damage methods with the predicted maximum allowable LCF life reaching 158352 cycles. Meanwhile, the crack propagation simulation was carried out to figure out the propagation cycle life of the critical locations. The predicted cycle life of the fan blisk is about 4276 and 3991 cycles using the semi-elliptical crack and the 1/4 surface corner cracks. Then, by optimizing the three critical parameters with regard to the stress gradient of the specimen, the optimum simulating specimen were confirmed and tested in the thermo-mechanical fatigue test rig. Results comparisons show that the LCF life of the designed simulating specimen is approximate 153339 cycles, which is content with the calculation. The simulating specimen approach proves to be a reliable and accurate way to validate the cycle life of the engine critical components. | Design Simulation of the Low Fatigue Life of a Fan Blisk Using the Simulating Specimen Approach | 10.1007/978-981-16-7423-5_53 |
2022-01-01 | This work discusses the design of 1310/1550 nm fully integrated optical receivers in bulk CMOS, suitable for single-mode fiber communication. The key enabler for detection of these sub-band gap wavelengths is internal photoemission in Schottky photodiodes. With standard bulk CMOS processes not conceived for these type of devices, the first step toward full receivers is adequate modeling. As these devices have modest responsivities, care must be taken in minimizing the input-referred noise current of the receiver front-end. To this end, SNR optimization of receiver front-ends without and with equalization is thoroughly discussed. Making use of this design flow, three fully integrated receiver prototypes with Schottky photodiodes suitable for 1310/1550 nm light are presented in depth, which demonstrate Gb/s performance. | Optical Communication in CMOS—Bringing New Opportunities to an Established Platform | 10.1007/978-3-030-91741-8_17 |
2022-01-01 | This study focuses on the effects of continuous volumetric discharge of sinusoidal plasma actuator at 20 kHz coupled directly with methane-air premixed flame in the near field of the injector exit. A plasma actuator composed of a needle-type electrode placed at the center of the nozzle, connected with high-voltage, while the nozzle was acted as a grounded electrode with different input electrical power values was designed to enhance lean blowout performance in a swirl model combustor. The ionic wind induced by the electrical body force given by the flow ionization leads to velocity disturbance and subsequently affects the flame. To investigate the possible mechanism of the combustion control by the plasma through the aerodynamic effect high speed flow visualization was analyzed under quiescent conditions. Flow visualizations showed that the plasma discharge affects the flow dynamics near the burner exit. It was observed that by increasing the electrical power used for the actuation a recirculation zone is formed in the non-reacting flow field. Furthermore, comparative experiments between conventional and plasma-assisted combustion were carried out to analyze the combustion enhancement in terms of lean blowout performance. The effect of the input electric power of the plasma actuator was studied, and it was seen that at coupled plasma powers corresponding to less than 1% of the thermal output power, there is a significant improvement in the blow-out limit. | Enhancement of Blowout Limits in Lifted Swirled Flames in Methane-Air Combustor by the Use of Sinusoidally Driven Plasma Discharges | 10.1007/978-3-030-90727-3_5 |
2022-01-01 | This chapter reports on the creation of a massive parallel corpus—towards the development of a Hausa (Afroasiatic)-to-English machine translation (MT) system. We discuss the progress so far made in MT and the rapid evolution of commercial MT systems. We found that none of these systems has satisfactorily addressed MT resources for low-resourced languages. To support this course, therefore, we demonstrate our experience in a collaborative research “SCRIPT: Speech Synthesis for Spoken Content Production”—a 3-year (2017–2020) research and innovation project aimed at developing synthetic voices for low-resourced languages, and hosted at The Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR)—University of Edinburgh, UK. The current MT resource creation is supported by a limited funding from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), Nigeria; and is expected to evolve (in the long run) into a massive parallel translation corpus. We target the following resource types: (1) audio/video recordings, and (2) freely available texts, books, including authors-generated materials. We present the methods for achieving our first parallel corpus, for the “Ibadan 400 Wordlist”—a set of basic English words selected from common (everyday) activities. A larger project funding/grant to actualize the desired goal of the present research is expected. This research is certain to revolutionize MT research in Nigeria and unleash the numerous potentials of multilingual MT for low-resource languages. | Towards Massive Parallel Corpus Creation for Hausa-to-English Machine Translation | 10.1007/978-981-19-2932-8_36 |
2022-01-01 | Low carbon fuels seem to be a preferable class of fuels for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). It is the simple understanding that if input fuel has low carbon content in its constituents, tailpipe emissions will have lower carbonaceous emissions. Also, low carbon fuels can be produced using renewable resources, and they are economical than conventional fuels. The low carbon fuel family has members like biodiesel, Di-methyl ether, Di-ethyl ether, renewable compressed natural gas, Ethanol, Butanol etc. Automotive industries and policymakers clearly understand that the problem is not the engines but the fuels used to power the engines. Therefore, researchers are working on the adaptation of low carbon fuels. This book covers all possibilities of using low carbon fuels. Also, it covers the effect of low carbon fuels on tailpipe emissions. This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with low carbon fuels as a sustainable transport fuel. | Introduction of Potential and Challenges of Low Carbon Fuels for Sustainable Transport | 10.1007/978-981-16-8414-2_1 |
2022-01-01 | Production, exploitation and discharge of a wide variety of organic dyes by different industrial houses have thrown a critical challenge to maintain the effluent quality. Industrial reluctance in third world countries made significant deterioration of ground and fresh water quality and overall environment. Though different technological approaches were forwarded, but photon induced catalytic decay of organic dye particles by titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has opened up newer possibilities to the global scientific communities due to its diversified utilization. In-fact, TiO 2 is a preferred photocatalytic-oxidative agent due to the salient features of its excellent photocatalysis activity such as its narrow band gap with high thermo-chemical stability. Moreover, its water insolubility, environmentally non-toxic and non-reactive nature, less energy intake during reaction with room temperature operating conditions, made it a highly preferential amongst other photocatalysts. Such heterogeneous catalytic activity is activated by the ultraviolet radiation on the TiO 2 particles while contact with pollutants present in waste effluent stream. After several researches, integrated photo(catalytic) oxidation is being slowly implemented for degradation of dyes in waste water in some of the developed countries. A number of diversified methods could be adopted to modify the structure of TiO 2 integrated nano-composite photocatalyst by varying the dopant, particle size and irradiation, which can improve the photo-oxidative performance. The chapter contains the comprehensive and fundamental aspects with thorough scrutiny of recent researches regarding the photo-oxidation of organic dye compounds by titanium-di-oxide nanoparticles which paves the pathway towards the use of such photo-oxidative catalysts more anticipated and conducive in imminent R&D and commercial applications. | Photo (Catalytic) Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Dye: Focusing on TiO2 Performance | 10.1007/978-981-19-0987-0_5 |
2022-01-01 | This chapter will explain the benefits of kangaroo mother care (KMC) for all preterm and low birth weight (LBW) neonates. It will highlight the importance of KMC especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Additionally, this chapter will provide a broad overview of KMC and basic instructions as well as examples of homemade carriers/support devices/“bags” that can replace expensive commercial support devices for premature or LBW neonates. It is not intended to replace training on how to do KMC or provide details and protocols such as those provided by the World Health Organization or Fundacion Canguro. In order to successfully keep an infant in prolonged KMC, the mother, father, and other caregivers need a way to keep their baby skin-to-skin while continuing to do activities of daily living. | Kangaroo Mother Care in a Low-Resource Setting | 10.1007/978-3-030-99955-1_9 |
2022-01-01 | Yam ( Dioscorea spp.) is an important crop providing food, income and medicine in tropics and subtropics. Major yam species in West Africa such as D. alata and D. rotundata are subject to several biotic and abiotic stresses throughout the cropping cycle and post-harvest periods, resulting in substantial tuber yield and quality trait losses. Abiotic stresses (heat, drought, low soil fertility, salinity, waterlogging, etc.) are currently exacerbated by the climate change effects. Yet, limited efforts exist in screening and developing yam varieties for those abiotic stresses. This book chapter reviews efforts of yam breeding programs in addressing yield losses associated with abiotic stresses and discusses perspectives in use of biotechnological tools for accelerating the development of abiotic stress resistant yam varieties. | Breeding for Abiotic Stress Resistance in Yam (Dioscorea Spp.) Using Biotechnology Approaches: Present Practices and Prospects | 10.1007/978-3-031-05706-9_11 |
2022-01-01 | We propose Masked Siamese Networks (MSN), a self-supervised learning framework for learning image representations. Our approach matches the representation of an image view containing randomly masked patches to the representation of the original unmasked image. This self-supervised pre-training strategy is particularly scalable when applied to Vision Transformers since only the unmasked patches are processed by the network. As a result, MSNs improve the scalability of joint-embedding architectures, while producing representations of a high semantic level that perform competitively on low-shot image classification. For instance, on ImageNet-1K, with only 5,000 annotated images, our base MSN model achieves 72.4% top-1 accuracy, and with 1% of ImageNet-1K labels, we achieve 75.7% top-1 accuracy, setting a new state-of-the-art for self-supervised learning on this benchmark. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn . | Masked Siamese Networks for Label-Efficient Learning | 10.1007/978-3-031-19821-2_26 |
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