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2021-01-01 | Different temperature, power, flow rate and other factors have different effects on the removal of soot particles in the tail gas of simulated diesel vehicles, and the removal effect of each kind of soot particle catalytic removal method is also different. In order to further improve the effect of soot particle catalytic removal, a statistical analysis method of soot particle catalytic removal method based on big data is designed. Using large data technology to extract catalytic removal methods of soot particles, detailed analysis of each method was carried out, and the soot combustion performance of soot particles catalytic removal method was compared. The results showed that the removal of soot particles based on perovskite catalyst was more effective than that of soot particle removal method based on sol-gel preparation method, and that soot particles were catalyzed by low temperature plasma. The combustion performance of the removal method is better, and the catalytic removal performance is more superior. | Statistical Analysis of Catalytic Removal of Soot Particles Based on Big Data | 10.1007/978-3-030-67874-6_16 |
2021-01-01 | Analysis of the literary sources showed a lack of data on the pollution, heat transfer, and thermal efficiency coefficients for condensing surfaces with water-fuel emulsions combustion. The study aims to obtain the dependences of heat transfer coefficients, pollution, and thermal efficiency from the wall temperature for condensing low-temperature heating surfaces. Experimental studies on pollution intensity were held on the experimental installation with fuel oils and water-fuel emulsions combustion. In the wet capillary-porous body, together with energy transfer in the form of heat, energy is transferred due to mass transfer. It is necessary to consider the presence of internal sources of heat because, in the layer, there is an additional amount of heat due to the passage of absorption processes and the passage of chemical reactions. The dependences of heat transfer coefficients, pollution, and thermal efficiency from wall temperature have been developed based on the experimental-theoretical data. Analysis of the results has shown that water-fuel emulsions combustion with a water content of 30% increase heat transfer and the cleaning periodicity of heating surfaces. It is recommended to reduce the periodicity between cleaning to 8 h to obtain high values of heat transfer and thermal efficiency for condensing heating surfaces. The obtained dependences of the pollution coefficients for condensing heating surfaces are recommended for use in the standard method for the design calculation of convective heating surfaces of exhaust gas boiler. | Thermal Characteristics of the Wet Pollution Layer on Condensing Heating Surfaces of Exhaust Gas Boilers | 10.1007/978-3-030-77823-1_34 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Using micrographic, dilatometric, and high-temperature XRD methods, the kinetics of formation of austenite is studied under continuous heating of ultrafine-grained 08G2B steel in two initial states—after quenching and normalization. | Effect of Heating in the Intercritical Temperature Range on Formation of Austenite and Structure of Ultralow-Carbon Steel | 10.1134/S2075113321010366 |
2021-01-01 | Co-combustion characteristics and interactions of municipal solid waste (MSW) and low-rank coal semi-coke (LCSC) in O 2 /CO 2 or air atmosphere are investigated by the thermogravimetric method, including analyses of thermodynamic, kinetic parameters and reaction mechanism function. Results indicated that addition of MSW and higher oxygen concentration improve the co-combustion performance of blends. There are three distinct peaks for co-combustion of blends in air atmosphere, while only two peaks in 30O 2 /70CO 2 atmosphere. It indicates that the presence of CO 2 in oxy-fuel atmosphere is conducive to semi-char burnout. Interactions of MSW and LCSC mainly occur between 260 °C and 650 °C, and the synergetic interaction is very obvious around the second peak region of combustion process. The average activation energies E a show an upward trend with the increase in oxygen concentration, and the minimum value of E a is obtained when the blend ratio of MSW is 50% which might be an optimal option for co-combustion of blends. Activation energy, enthalpy changes, Gibbs function and entropy changes for 50MSW50LCSC in 30O 2 /70CO 2 atmosphere are 140.86 kJ mol −1 , 138.33 kJ mol −1 , 161.94 kJ mol −1 and − 41.44 J mol −1 K −1 , respectively. In O 2 /CO 2 atmospheres, F6 and F1 functions are more suitable to describe the starting and subsequent process of entail reaction. The results can provide a theoretical and practical guidance for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of MSW and LCSC. | Co-combustion behaviors of municipal solid waste and low-rank coal semi-coke in air or oxygen/carbon dioxide atmospheres | 10.1007/s10973-019-09170-z |
2021-01-01 | Research on plasma surface modification of electric double layer supercapacitors has been widely used. In this paper, the surface of the electrode is modified by low temperature plasma in air atmosphere. It is found that the functional groups grafted on electrode by the surface treatment are mainly oxygen-containing functional groups, which can effectively reduce the interface transfer impedance of the capacitor and increase the specific capacitance (9.34%). The gas used in the treatment method is cheap and easy to obtain, environmentally friendly and non-polluting. It can rapidly process the electrode on a large scale and has practical value. | Surface Modification of Low Temperature Plasma Electrode in Air Atmosphere | 10.1007/978-981-33-6609-1_68 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Dynamic properties of low-carbon steel are investigated using the Kolsky method (the split Hopkinson pressure bar method). Changes in the properties of the steel after 50 years of storage are determined, and the destroyed samples are subjected to metallographic studies. The fractal dimension of the fracture contours is determined. It is shown that, the long-term storage of steel introduces no significant changes in its properties. | DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LOW-CARBON STEEL AFTER LONG-TERM STORAGE | 10.1134/S0021894421010132 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract The 5% CuO/Ce 1 – x Pr x O y catalysts were synthesized on the basis of CeO 2 and PrO 2 oxides and Ce 1 – x Pr x O y solid solutions with x = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8. Highly dispersed copper oxide was present in the 5%CuO/Ce 1 – x Pr x O y catalysts. Upon interaction with the support, it formed active oxygen, which participated in CO chemisorption and a low-temperature reaction of CO oxidation in the presence of hydrogen. The highest conversion of CO in an excess of H 2 (γ mах ( Т )), which was close to 100%, was obtained at temperatures of 120–160°C on a 5% CuO/CeO 2 catalyst. Upon the modification of CeO 2 with Pr cations, 5% Ce 0.2 Pr 0.8 O y sample, it decreased to 65% at 220°C due to an increase in the bond strength of oxygen in copper-containing centers. A maximum conversion of CO (93%) on a sample of 5% CuO/PrO y was detected at 200°C. Upon the modification of PrO 2 with Ce cations, the activity of 5% CuO/Ce 0.5 Pr 0 . 5 O y and 5% CuO/Ce 0.2 Pr 0.8 O y catalysts did not exceed that of 5% CuO/PrO y . The forms of CO and CO 2 adsorption on 5% CuO/Ce 1 – x Pr x O y samples were studied using the TPD method. In a range of 170–500°C, the desorption of oxygen from the supports of 5% CuO/Ce 0.5 Pr 0.5 O y and 5% CuO/PrO y samples was observed. The occurrence of the reaction on 5% CuO/Ce 1 – x Pr x O y catalysts was discussed. With consideration for the properties of CO complexes formed on copper-containing oxidation and adsorption centers, their participation in the reaction of low-temperature oxidation in hydrogen was examined. | Activity of 5% CuO/Ce1
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xPrxOy Catalysts in the Reaction of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation with Oxygen in an Excess of Hydrogen | 10.1134/S0023158421010031 |
2021-01-01 | Superhydrophobic coatings and surfaces are being one of the most interesting topics in the past few decades due to the use of the surfaces for wider industrial applications. Superhydrophobic surface property can be easily produced by generating micro-nano hierarchical surface morphology covered with a thin layer of low surface energy materials. Generally, polymers, nanoparticles, or combination of both polymer and nanoparticles is used widely for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. In this sense, nanoparticles play a vital role for the development of micro-nano hierarchical surface morphology, whereas polymer can produce the dual behavior of micro-nano hierarchical surface morphology and low surface energy layer on the surface. The combination of both polymer and nanoparticles can make the development of the required surface property easier. In this chapter, we briefly describe the role of various polymers and nanoparticles that are adopted to produce superhydrophobic surface property and their wider usage in various applications. | Superhydrophobic Polymer/Nanoparticle Hybrids | 10.1007/978-3-030-59565-4_4 |
2021-01-01 | Implants with the friction couple (0,0025–0,005 mm a year) in comparison with the friction pair metal-polyethylene (0,5 mm a year) with a problem of use of CoCrMo alloy is the exit of a big amount of the metal particles of nano-size that lead to the pathological changes in the organism of patients because of osteolis (inflammation of surrounding tissues), metallos, lysis of the bone tissue and also appearance of products of abrasion in the internal organs of patients. A part of patients has a hyper-sensitive reaction of later type that can limit the use of such implants. Besides that the data of various centers demonstrate the chronicle increase of level of cobalt and chrome in the blood serum and accordingly there is a conversation about the influence of exit of ions of these metals on the organism as a whole. At present the metallic bearing surfaces are contra-indicated to the patients with kidney insufficiency of the danger of development of such problems and refers to such implants to women of childbearing age. In this paper is given dependence analysis of the friction force from time of biocompatible materials, which are used as implants for endoprostheses of joints. | Dependence Analysis of the Friction Force from Time of Biocompatible Materials | 10.1007/978-3-030-75275-0_52 |
2021-01-01 | Low-temperature combustions strategy in internal combustion engines provides lower emissions beside high engine performance in according to chemically control combustion temperature. This strategy is divided into three engine types which are premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI), and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines. Low-temperature combustion strategies usually used two various fuels with low and high reactivity. The main purpose of LTC is to providing a lean homogenous air/fuel mixture to obtain lower emissions beside appropriate engine power. Various fuel delivery strategies and different fuels are used in LTC which can be low-reactivity fuels such as gasoline and alcohols and high-reactivity fuels such as diesel and dimethyl ether; a combination of low- and high-reactivity fuels is also in LTC strategies. Among all low-reactivity fuels, alcohol fuels were used in various researches by interested scientists. Ethanol, methanol, butanol, and n -butanol are four types of fuels which were used as low-reactivity fuels in low-temperature combustion engines. These fuels are usually used with high-reactivity fuels such as diesel ( n -heptane in numerical works) or due to cooling effects employed at high engine loads as single fuels. Various properties of alcohol fuels make different influences on engine combustion and emission characteristics. This chapter categorized LTC strategies in which alcohol fuels are used as alternative fuel. | Alcohol Fuels in Low-Temperature Combustion Engines | 10.1007/978-981-16-0931-2_9 |
2021-01-01 | Crosslinking characteristics and surface mechanical properties of radical and urethane dual-curable clearcoats were investigated by changing quantities of C=C bonds and OH groups in hydroxyl-functionalized urethane methacrylate oligomer (HFUMO) resins. The isocyanate blocked with a thermal radical initiator (BL-Tri-cHD) was utilized as a hybrid dual-curable thermal crosslinker to expedite the crosslinking of the main resin. The dual reactions between various HFUMO resins and BL-Tri-cHD were efficiently monitored via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to measure the peaks before and after curing. The influence of each functional group (C=C bond or OH group) in HFUMO on the initiation and development of crosslinking in dual-curable clearcoats was investigated by real-time measurements using rotational rheometer and rigid body pendulum tester. Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of cured films were confirmed through dynamic mechanical analysis. The surface mechanical properties of cured clearcoat films were also evaluated via the nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests, demonstrating the variation in surface resistance with respect to the C=C bond content and the OH value. Thus, the low-temperature curing and desired mechanical properties of clearcoats can be optimized by adjusting the content of the functional groups in a HFUMO and using a dual-curable crosslinker to simultaneously generate both radical and urethane crosslinking reactions. | Influence of functional group content in hydroxyl-functionalized urethane methacrylate oligomers on the crosslinking features of clearcoats | 10.1007/s11998-020-00398-1 |
2021-01-01 | I consider the Prograde Gravitational Capture Model (PGCM) to be a default model in that it need not be accepted until all other candidate models are tested and retired. The Giant Impact Model (GIM) was also presented as a default model because the proposers thought that fission, co-formation, and capture models could be retired from consideration. But the GIM does not relate very well to the facts to be explained by a successful model and I think that this model should soon be retired. The PGCM is not just another capture model, it is a complex model in both geological timing and in Solar System space. The model I am presenting attempts to explain several problems that were associated with earlier versions of capture such as (1) Where did the body of the Moon come from?; (2) What is the energy sink for capture?; and (3) How does the capture model relate to the rock and mineral records of Earth and Moon? Furthermore, my version of the capture model relates to Harold Urey’s speculation that the Moon may be a “Rosetta Stone” for interpretation of the history of the Solar System. This capture model was developed over a period of five decades. The initial idea that the Moon has left an imprint on the geological record of Earth was gained from Preston Cloud’s summary articles on the Primitive Earth in the 1968–1972 era. After studying lunar photographs and lunar globes I noticed an obvious surface pattern: i.e., many of the “circular” maria were located very near to a great-circle on the lunar globe. I interpreted this pattern to be compatible with partial tidal disruption of the Moon during a close, but non-collisional, encounter with Earth. A set of numerical simulations (in 1972) of particles lifted from the lunar surface during a close gravitational encounter illustrated under what conditions this could happen. An outstanding question from the simulations was whether this close encounter was simply a non-capture (fly-by) encounter or was it a close encounter associated with a capture sequence of events? By 1977 I had worked out a tentative time-scale for a capture sequence of events that related to the rock records of Earth and Moon. I tentatively set the capture event at 3.95 Ga. But my colleagues and I could not demonstrate that capture is physically possible. We did know that the energy for capture could be stored by tidal deformation processes in the body of the Moon but we could not justify a low Q value of 1, 2, or 3 for the lunar body until 1986. At that time Ross and Schubert (UCLA) published a set of calculations in the Proceedings Volume for the 16th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference justifying a very low Q value for a lunar-like body. Then in 1987 we had our first numerical simulations of capture. At this point we knew that capture of a lunar mass body could be accomplished from a heliocentric orbit that is very similar to that of the Earth’s orbit (within 3% eccentricity). The question now was: “Where did the body of the Moon come from?” After another 10-year waiting period an answer came through in the form of a short article in the journal NATURE on the origin of Vulcanoid planetoids. Devolatilized bodies like Luna and sibling planetoids could form in the zone between Mercury and the Sun as Al Cameron presaged in two articles in 1972 (before he embarked on the GIM excursion). If Luna formed as a Vulcanoid planetoid then it could be transferred to Earth orbit for capture if enough “Lunas” (candidate planetoids) were formed in the source region. My guess is that we need to start with 6 to 8 lunar-like bodies for one to survive the hazardous trip to Earth orbit. The final problem to be worked on was the relation to the rock record of Earth. John Valley (Univ. of Wisconsin) published his ideas on the Cool Early Earth in the journal GEOLOGY in 2002. In my view there could be a Cool Early Earth before the capture episode and that Cool Early Earth era would have an abrupt end at the time of Lunar Capture at 3.95 Ga. The older lunar mare basalts and breccias yielded dates of crystallization at about that time and the oldest and strongest remanent magnetic signature in lunar basalts is of that some general age. So, for me, the concept of a COOL EARLY EARTH was a good one and the story of a PROGRADE GRAVITATIONAL CAPTURE EPISODE was taking shape after a period of several decades. I also see now why no one had been able to piece this together at an earlier time. I still consider it to be a DEFAULT MODEL! | A History of Satellite Capture Studies As Experienced by the Author: A Chronology of Events that Eventually led to a Somewhat Comprehensive Gravitational Satellite Capture Model | 10.1007/978-3-030-58876-2_7 |
2021-01-01 | Inert anodes Inert anodes for aluminium production can be made of ceramics, metals, or a mixture of those (cermets). Regardless of the type of anode, the surface will be an oxide. With high enough anode potential, the surface oxide will be decomposed upon formation of the corresponding fluoride, eventually leading to a catastrophic defect. The reversible voltage for decomposition Decomposition was calculated for anode materials based on Ni, Fe, Cu, Co, and Cr in terms of the activities of alumina and aluminium fluoride at 960 °C and at 800 °C. Cu is the most promising candidate, when based on the decomposition voltage alone. It was found that the risk of failure was higher at low temperature, partly because low-melting baths Low-melting bath have high activity of aluminium fluoride, and partly because it will be challenging to maintain high enough activity of alumina, even in a “slurry cell” where the bath consists of a suspension of tiny alumina particles. Based on a simplified model for the conditions inside the diffusion layer at the anode, it was estimated that the alumina particles in the slurry cannot be larger than 5–10 microns. | On the Feasibility of Using Low-Melting Bath to Accommodate Inert Anodes in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells | 10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5_72 |
2021-01-01 | This study was carried out to determine the parameters affecting the performance of ring-type air cooling channels used in low-pressure die casting method for aluminum wheel casting. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the working principles of air cooling used in wheel casting. The study was conducted using computational fluid dynamics software. Field verification was performed before different numerical experiments. Then, flow rate was measured with different numerical experiments by changing the number of cooling inlets, number of cooling outlets and cooling pressure of the cooling channel. Experiments with numerical methods were examined statistically. The results showed that the flow rate of the cooling air is affected by the inlet count, the pressure of the cooling channel and the ratio between the inlet and outlet areas. Cooling system would contain air pressure of 6 bar, maximum outlet count of 12 and inlet count of 2 for optimum cooling performance and effectiveness. A i / A o ratio was found as 0.5 for maximum mass flow to this cooling system. | Numerical Analysis of the Cooling System Performance and Effectiveness in Aluminum Low-Pressure Die Casting | 10.1007/s40962-020-00446-x |
2021-01-01 | The effect of the chemical composition of the alloys on the magnetic properties of sintered Sm – Co – Fe – Cu – Zr magnets produced with mixing of alloy powders is studied. Elevation of ( BH ) max of Sm – Co – Fe – Cu – Zr magnets due to increase of the concentration of Fe to 20 wt.% requires observation of a strict proportion of the components and precision choice of the modes of heat treatment. Optimization of the chemical composition and use of step annealing with reduction of the temperature from 700 to 400°C has given sintered magnets with the following properties: B r = 11.7 – 11.9 kGs, H c B = 9 – 10 kOe, H c J = 15 – 20 kOe, and ( BH ) max = 29 – 31 MGs · Oe. | Control of the Properties of Sm – Fe – Co – Cu – Zr Magnets by the Method of Mixtures of Powders | 10.1007/s11041-021-00603-x |
2021-01-01 | The paper discusses methods of processing copper-containing molybdenite concentrates. A process flow diagram based on roasting with sodium chloride (or carbonate) and subsequent water leaching is presented. The chemistry of sulfide interaction with salt additives is described. The effect of the roasting temperature on copper and molybdenum distribution among the process products was studied. It was found that during roasting, 75 to 80% of molybdenum is converted from the sulfide into trioxide form, while copper predominantly forms water-soluble compounds and, thus, enables extraction by water leaching. It was established that the cake obtained as a result of water leaching meets the requirements for raw materials used for ferromolybdenum smelting. | Processing of Copper-Containing Molybdenite Concentrates by Roasting with Sodium Salts to Produce Technical Molybdenum Trioxide | 10.1007/s11015-021-01075-3 |
2021-01-01 | Indo-Gangetic Plain is a renowned hotspot of high-level air pollution for the last few decades. Beginning with the northern urban–industrial development, now the pollution sources have spread over its lower catchment at an alarming rate, covering the south of the state West Bengal. Subsiding winds have further escalated the pollution level over this state by carrying pollutants from the upper catchment. Responding to those two factors, the aerosol optical depth over the lower Gangetic plain in West Bengal often crosses a value of 0.6, with an emission of more than 130 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. This region is mainly dominated by eight distinct land use classes and has diverse pollution sources from industrial emissions, vehicular emissions, domestic pollution to biomass burning. With the rapid urban–industrial progress, the pollution emission is at its high peak in recent history, but not enough remediation policies are taken till date with a poor pollution monitoring status. Outcomes of the WRF-CHEM model indicate an increase of 0.8 °C to 1.2 °C air temperature with 1.5 to 1.8 W/m 2 increase of sensible heat flux due to rising air pollution in the lower Gangetic plain of West Bengal. Vertical pressure–temperature profile as well as the boundary layer temperature and surface humidity are found to be affected by certain high pollution periods over the year. The altered atmospheric chemistry by anthropogenic pollution is often found to push the temperature–humidity index level from “mild stress” to “severe stress” category in pre-monsoon seasons, compelling the residents to feel an irritating level of thermal discomfort. | Rising Trend of Air Pollution and Its Decadal Consequences on Meteorology and Thermal Comfort Over Gangetic West Bengal, India | 10.1007/978-3-030-63422-3_32 |
2021-01-01 | Raman spectroscopy has been gaining in popularity for noninvasive analysis of single cells. Raman spectra and images deliver meaningful information regarding the biochemical, biophysical, and structural properties of cells in various states. Low-temperature Raman spectroscopy has been applied to verify the presence of ice inside a frozen cell and to illustrate the distribution of both penetrating and non-penetrating cryoprotectants. This chapter delineates Raman cryomicroscopic imaging of single cells as well as sample handling for spectroscopic measurements at subzero temperature. The experimental setup is depicted with a special emphasis on a custom-built temperature-controlled cooling stage. The use of Raman cryomicroscopic imaging is demonstrated using Jurkat cells cryopreserved in a sucrose solution. Moreover, strategies for determining intracellular ice formation (IIF) and analysis of sucrose partitioning across the cell membrane are presented. | Raman Cryomicroscopic Imaging and Sample Holder for Spectroscopic Subzero Temperature Measurements | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_14 |
2021-01-01 | All-inorganic α-CsPbBr x I 3- x perovskites featuring nano-sized crystallites show great potential for pure-red light-emitting diode (LED) applications. Currently, the CsPbBr x I 3– x LEDs based on nano-sized α-CsPbBr x I 3- x crystallites have been fabricated mainly via the classical colloidal route including a tedious procedure of nanocrystal synthesis, purification, ligand or anion exchange, film casting, etc. With the usually adopted conventional LED device structure, only high turn-on voltages (> 2.7) have been achieved for CsPbBr x I 3- x LEDs. Moreover, this mix-halide system may suffer from severe spectra-shift under bias. In this report, CsPbBr x I 3- x thin films featuring nano-sized crystallites are prepared by incorporating multiple ammonium ligands in a one-step spin-coating route. The multiple ammonium ligands constrain the growth of CsPbBr x I 3- x nanograins. Such CsPbBr x I 3- x thin films benefit from quantum confinement. The corresponding CsPbBr x I 3- x LEDs, adopting a conventional LED structure of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/CsPbBr x I 3- x /[6, 6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/bathocuproine (BCP)/Al, emit pure-red color at Commission Internationale de l’éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.709, 0.290), (0.711, 0.289), etc., which represent the highest color-purity for reported pure-red perovskite LEDs and meet the Rec. 2020 requirement at CIE (0.708, 0.292) very well. The CsPbBr x I 3- x LED shows a low turn-on voltage of 1.6 V, maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.94%, high luminance of 2,859 cdm −2 , and good color stability under bias. | CsPbBrxI3-x thin films with multiple ammonium ligands for low turn-on pure-red perovskite light-emitting diodes | 10.1007/s12274-020-3065-5 |
2021-01-01 | The building sector is arguably one of the most resource-intensive industries in the world, accounting for some 38% of global energy consumption. It contributes significantly to total energy and greenhouse gas emissions. It depends highly on equal energy and carbon-intensive supporting industries such as the building material industry of which cement is one of the major components. Cement production significantly impacts anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission responsible for global warming, climate change and airborne dust pollution. In order to reduce energy consumption, CO 2 emission and environmental pollution, a worthwhile venture would be the production of sustainable green building materials. This study investigates the characteristics and potential of metakaolin as a cement replacement in the production of low thermal cement sand bricks. Different proportions of metakaolin from 0, 5, 10 and 15% were utilized and experimented upon to determine their suitability as a green component while meeting all standard brick requirements. Towards this end, laboratory work involving sieve analysis, compressive strength test, specific gravity test, water absorption, scanning electron microscopy and thermal conductivity test was conducted. Based on the results obtained, the optimum proportion of metakaolin replacement in cement sand bricks making is 15% by virtue of its having the lowest thermal conductivity value of 0.580 W/mK and meeting the standard requirements of 15.6 MPa > 3.5 MPa (ASTM C129-17 for compressive strength), 17.95% < 18% (ASTM C1403-15 for water absorption), and 0.580 W/mK below 1.23 W/mK (ASTM C177-97 for thermal conductivity). It is thus concluded that metakaolin can be a potential cement replacement material in bricks. Its use enhances the thermal insulation property of building envelopes, reduces cement consumption, contributes to the solving of environmental problems and promotes a better environmentally friendly building sector. | The Effect of Metakaolin in Production of Low Thermal Conductivity Cement Sand Brick | 10.1007/978-981-33-4918-6_14 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays, main concern of our society is to recycle the plastic products. So as to overcome this issue, a new material named as ‘Wood Plastic Composite’ is emerging in the market. Some of the good characteristics of this material are biodegradability, recyclability, low manufacturing cost, high chemical resistivity, high strength to weight proportion, fire resistance, and high stiffness to weight proportion. Wood Plastic Composite is the better substitution for ‘pure wood’ and ‘pure plastics’ therefore find application in various fields like—aeroplane, automotive, electrical, sports, packaging, furnitures, decking, fencing, landscaping, ceiling, room partition, etc. Wood Plastic Composite is an eco-friendly material which also reduces the exhaustion of petroleum resources and also reduces the emission of CO 2 . This paper presents various types of reinforcements and various types of matrix that could be used to make number of combinations for building Wood Plastic Composite. Various manufacturing techniques are also discussed in this paper. Remarkable contribution of various authors in this field are also illustrated. It was concluded that recycled wood and recycled plastics both could be used to form a Wood Plastic Composite material which will going to reduce many environmental issues. | Wood Plastic Composite: Emerging Material for an Environmental Safety—A Review | 10.1007/978-981-16-0235-1_7 |
2021-01-01 | This study aims the valorization of diss fibers for the production of biocomposites based on blends of recycled and regenerated low density polyethylene (rLDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Thus, the study of different diss fibers treatments was carried out to achieve the best performance of the final biocomposites. The polymeric blends were prepared by using PP/rLDPE (75/25) matrix and adding nano Si particles as reinforcement and maleic anhydride functionalized ethylene copolymer rubber/SiO 2 (MAC/SiO 2 ) as compatibilizer. Based on this formulation, different biocomposites were prepared by introducing untreated (UDF), thermally treated (TTDF) and chemically treated (CTDF) diss fibers. Several techniques were used for the characterization of the diss fibers and the final biocomposites. The effect of the fiber treatments was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). On the other side, the biocomposites were tested for different parameters such as mechanical properties (tensile test) and thermal stability (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry). Besides other techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to determine the morphology of the materials. The final results showed an improvement of the mechanical properties and a satisfactory interfacial adhesion after the introduction of the treated diss fiber into the polymeric matrix, especially in the case of the thermally treated ones. Furthermore, thermal stability was not compromised after the addition of the fibers. |
Influence of Different Diss Fiber Treatments over the Properties of Poly Propylene/Recycled and Regenerated Low Density Polyethylene Based Biocomposites | 10.1007/s10924-020-01877-7 |
2021-01-01 | For polymer composites as a filler material, Graphene is gaining tremendous importance in the recent year. Biopolymer nanocomposites reinforced with graphene as a filler (GRMs) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively explored for use as engineering materials in various applications, as they have low mass density exceptional mechanical properties. The most relevant sectors are the automotive and aerospace industries, in which various components have to be built by considering light-weight materials and along with this they have to have high strength, low cost and one of the important things is their recyclability One of the other important sector in which graphene plays an important role is in electronic components. They are used in manufacturing of photovoltaic cells, biosensors, Electromagnetic Interference shielding (EMI) and many more. This present chapter provides a better understanding of how graphene acts a better option for improving the properties of biopolymer nanocomposites used in various automotive and electronic components. | Application of Graphene-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Automotive and Electronic Based Components | 10.1007/978-981-15-9180-8_17 |
2021-01-01 | Redistribution of carbon and other elements, and formation of the structure, composition, and properties of low-carbon Nb, Nb–Ti, Nb–V, Nb–V–Mo and Ti–Mo microalloyed steels during hot rolling is studied using metal of five laboratory melts. It is established that by selecting the temperature for the beginning of rolling in the finishing group of stands according to steel composition (microalloying system) it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the homogeneity of the composition, structure, and set of rolled product properties. Therefore, it is demonstrated by experiment that chemical and structural heterogeneity of metal formed in the billet casting stage may be largely eliminated during hot rolling on the basis of controlling carbide (carbonitride) precipitate formation. | Study of Conditions for Improving Chemical and Structural Homogeneity of Ferritic Class Hot-Rolled Steels | 10.1007/s11015-021-01081-5 |
2021-01-01 | Several metal alloys demonstrate a cyclic plasticity hardening behavior that is higher than the monotonic hardening behavior seen in a uniaxial test. This increased hardening with increase in strain range is known as non-masing behavior. This influences the shape of the stress–strain hysteresis curve and has a direct impact on the failure life for that strain range. This paper numerically models this non-masing behavior and its memory effect by tracking the current strain range hardening region in the plastic strain space. This model dynamically modifies plasticity parameters as the strain range changes as well as captures the memory effect of strain range seen in such materials. The impact of modeling this behavior is then showed by comparing with experimental stress–strain hysteresis curves as well as life numbers available in literature for 316L(N) stainless steel. | Modeling of Strain Range Memory Effect to Capture Non-linear Behavior in Non-masing Metals to Accurately Predict Life | 10.1007/978-981-15-4779-9_11 |
2021-01-01 | Industrial rejects are considered secondary resources for several applications involving recovery of mineral values, preparation of low-cost precursors for onward processing as well as raw materials for product development. The scope of utilization of industrial rejects broadly considers material detoxification, process efficiency, overall economics, energy use, impact on environment and the extent of byproduct generation. Aluminium, steel, power and biomass-based industries seemingly generate solid rejects at various stages of production process and remained unusable leftover material. In recent past, selectivity of material input based on synergistic utilization of industrial rejects of different origin has been found useful for converting rejects in to quality product. Choice of making mix designs based on chemical and mineralogical balance among the reject material enabled reduced consumption of commercial ingredients. Also, the choice of selectivity in raw material input provide flexible control in the regulation of physical properties of geo-polymer products such as crushing strength, surface finish, porosity, water absorption, efflorescence and leaching properties. Products of hard, light-weight and multi layered type comprising single, double and tertiary component mix design used for developing geo-polymer based products which are useful for interior and exterior construction needs such as flooring, walling, decoration, paving etc. It is observed, geo-polymer made from the combination of alumino-siliceous industry rejects are a cleaner source of raw material input for low-carbon infrastructure generation which holds ample scope for consuming large volume of underutilized industrial leftover. | Value Addition of Alumino-Silicates: Consolidation of Mining Rejects and Industrial Slag by Geo-Polymerization | 10.1007/978-3-030-73796-2_4 |
2021-01-01 | Lignin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite precursors and PAN precursors were prepared by wet spinning and then converted into carbon fibers together under different carbonization temperatures. The microscopic morphology, mechanical properties and microstructure of the carbon fibers were studied. All the carbon fibers had dense structure without any visible macrovoids. Carbon fibers with tensile strength of 2.1 GPa and tensile modulus of 224 GPa were obtained from the lignin/PAN composite precursor by carbonizing at 1200 °C. Interestingly, the lignin/PAN-based carbon fibers had a unique uniform disordered carbon structure. They were expected to be applied in the fields of electrothermal conversion and thermal insulation, besides composites. | Carbon Fibers with Low Cost and Uniform Disordered Structure Derived from Lignin/Polyacrylonitrile Composite Precursors | 10.1007/s12221-021-9414-5 |
2021-01-01 | The research objective was to develop new ceramic material containing lanthanum compound. The resulting material can be used for phosphate ions removal from local eutrophicated aquatic ecosystems. The release of lanthanum compound in the developed ceramic material occurs not only from its surface, but also from the depth due to the additional porosity of the ceramic sample produced with the chalk introduction into the charge composition, thus providing the increase of the developed material service life. Compressive strength and porosity of the developed samples were determined using standard methods for ceramic products. Phosphate ions concentrations changes in aqueous model solutions in contact with the developed ceramic material were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The ceramic samples toxicity was determined applying the method of Daphnia magna Straus mortality. The optimal material composition has been developed, its physical and mechanical characteristics have been determined, and the binding ability of the developed ceramic material with lanthanum compound with respect to phosphate ions has been studied. The results on the developed material toxicity and its complete environmental safety are presented. It was proposed to use this clay for the production of ceramic material, containing lanthanum compounds, for small natural and artificial water bodies: ponds, pools, aquariums, decorative reservoirs, fountains, etc. | Ceramic Material Development for Phosphate Ions Removal from Local Eutrophicated Aquatic Ecosystems | 10.1007/978-3-030-57453-6_38 |
2021-01-01 | In this study, the behavior of thermomechanically treated Fe 500S rebar under cyclic loading in a completely reversed triangular waveform at ambient room temperature and strain amplitudes ranging from 0.3 to 1.0% has been examined to understand its behavior under seismic conditions. Low cycle fatigue behavior has been studied following the plastic strain energy approach while focusing on the failure mechanisms through critical examinations of the fracture surfaces. These have been supplemented with measurement of tensile property and characterization of microstructure. It has been observed that selected rebar undergoes severe cyclic softening until fracture at all strain amplitudes suggesting reduction of its seismic resistance. The studied material follows a near Masing behavior. The energy life equation is formulated which can be used for structural design purposes. Fatigue cracks always initiate at the rib roots and propagate adjacent to the rim section weakening the core for fast fracture. | Seismic Performance Assessment of a TMT Rebar | 10.1007/978-981-16-3937-1_14 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract— We have developed a method for the preparation of macroporous carbonate hydroxyapatite-based matrices with the use of the technology of self-setting cements for surgical osteology. Macroporosity of osteoconductive calcium phosphate matrices was produced by adding paraffin granules to a dry cement mixture, followed by organic solvent extraction of the granules from matrices hydrated in an aqueous solution. In vivo tests of the resultant materials demonstrated high biocompatibility with pronounced angiogenesis, which was achieved via additional treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide. | Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Matrices Prepared Using the Technology of Self-Setting Cements | 10.1134/S0020168521010106 |
2021-01-01 | This research is to hypothesize if C60 fullerene and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) can be useful in cryobiological practice. To check the hypothesis solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with and without nanoparticles were compared. The features of aqueous solutions crystallization are the subject of many cryobiological studies since the uncontrolled ice crystals formation is often the main cause of damage during cryopreservation of cells and tissues. The effect of nanoparticles on phase and glass transitions in aqueous DMSO solutions was studied using the method of low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. The results of the study indicate that nanoparticles adding to the aqueous solution of DMSO leads to changes in low-temperature phase transitions. The research results showed that the confirmation of the hypothesis necessitates further comprehensive research. | Preliminary Observations on the Effect of Fullerene and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Phase Transitions of Aqueous DMSO Solutions | 10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_25 |
2021-01-01 | Low-illumination target recognition is a popular topic in computer vision. This study investigated the issue of the low accuracy target recognition caused by image aliasing and noise, and which happened in the low-illumination environment. In this paper, we first analyzed the imaging mechanism. Then, a national standard image data collecting environment and a collecting standard procedure was set up. Based on this, we extracted the characteristics of low-illumination image and determined the relationship between imaging environment, sample collection and Mask R-CNN target recognition. Finally, we proposed an image enhance algorithm for low-illumination target recognition which improved the robustness and recognizing accuracy significantly. This algorithm also extended the application context of the target recognition. | Study on Image Enhancement Method for Low Illumination Target Recognition | 10.1007/978-981-16-0503-1_24 |
2021-01-01 | Seawater has been widely used as an injection fluid for maintaining pressure in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. In the literature related to EOR research, it was noted that diluted seawater (low-salinity water) can highly improve recovery due to the specific ions (such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and SO 4 2− ). Such conclusions lead to the application of “Smart Water” in which changing the ion composition of injected water alters wettability and enhances recovery. Although many theories have been established to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon, almost all of them are limited to sandstone rocks, and the impact of smart water on carbonated reservoirs has rarely been explored. This study experimentally investigates the impact of the injection of high- and low-salinity and smart water on the change of wettability and recovery improvement in an Iranian South oil reservoir. Two different sets of experimental work were conducted. In the first set of experiments, the effect of formation water, diluted formation water (from 223,969 to 5000 ppm and 2000 ppm), seawater (initially 51,400 ppm), and diluted seawater on wettability alteration is investigated by monitoring the contact angle and relative permeability variation. The results showed that dilution of seawater to 2000 ppm has the most impact on wettability alteration. The relative permeability changed, and the contact angle decreased by a significant value of 100°, and recovery increased by about 71%. In the second set, the effect of ion change on the result was studied. For this purpose, the sulfate ion of diluted seawater (2000 ppm) is substituted by phosphate ion (H 2 PO 4 − ). The results show the wettability alteration similar to the sulfate one. This study sheds light on the possible mechanism of wettability alteration in the carbonate reservoir, and the result will help to design a better low-salinity injection scenario. | Applying low-salinity water to alter wettability in carbonate oil reservoirs: an experimental study | 10.1007/s13202-020-01015-y |
2021-01-01 | The need to have total control over body temperature within COVID-19 crisis has made infrared sensors a valid alternative to traditional thermometers, so to avoid direct contact and thus virus spreading. In this work, an IoT system is presented which performs access control to popular places through the integration of body temperature, humidity, ambient temperature and servomotor sensors. Data captured by the sensors network is transmitted via Bluetooth Low Energy to a server programmed into a raspberry, which in turn is devoted to send data to a web platform for real time monitoring. Experimental results are discussed, by revealing a 0.42% average relative error as compared to standard contact thermometer. The proposed compact and low-cost IoT platform is able to provide thermographic detection in a fast and accurate way, thus avoiding contagion risk. | IoT Non-contact Body Temperature Measurement System Implementing Access Control for COVID-19 | 10.1007/978-3-030-72654-6_25 |
2021-01-01 | Cold diesel start-up, in Arctic conditions with minimum temperatures below −60 °C, presents significant difficulties due to: low air charge temperature; increased resistance to cranking the crankshaft and moving other kinematically related parts due to increased oil viscosity; deterioration of fuel atomization conditions; increased heat transfer to the cylinder walls; loss of part of the air charge. This article is devoted to solving an urgent problem related to the development of a theoretical model that provides a comprehensive simulation of the pre-start mode of the diesel engine in low ambient temperatures when using means to facilitate start-up. The system of equations of the mathematical model is based on the laws of conservation of energy, mass, equations of motion of solid links and includes differential equations of speeds of temperature and density of the working fluid in the cylinder and in the crankcase of the internal combustion engine, the ideal gas equation of state, as well as differential equations of change in the angular velocity and angle of rotation of the engine shaft. The mathematical model was tested on the example of a diesel engine 1H9,5/8,0. The article presents the results of calculations of the pre-start mode of the engine operation at various low ambient temperatures in comparison with the results of full-scale experiments conducted in the cooling chamber or the complete chapter. | Development and Test of Mathematical Model of Pre-start Mode of Diesel Operation at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-030-54814-8_93 |
2021-01-01 | One of the most dangerous threats to everyday life and industrial activity is the possible explosion of earth gas, which can occur in various conditions, but usually occurs due to an excess of explosive gases in an enclosed environment. In order to protect people at their home and workplace, several types of gas sensors have been developed. Nevertheless, one of the most useful devices for explosive and combustive gases detection is the catalytic gas sensor. This type of sensors has shown a good performance in detecting of flammable gases with concentration close to the lower explosion limit (LEL). In order to meet the growing need for portable devices further evolution of these gas sensors is required to make them smaller and reduce the power consumption. To achieve this goal it is essential to reduce the 120 to 150 mW power dissipation of the Pt-coil based sensors (pellistors). Low Power Thermocatalytic Sensors manufactured with SOI (silicon on insulator) technology can be functional at temperatures below 600 ℃ with the power consumption in a range of 20–50 mW. The current aim of researches is the elaboration of novel sensor processing and development of nanostructured catalyst layer which is stable and effective at high temperatures and compatible with microelectronic silicon MEMS technology. | SOI Based Micro-Bead Catalytic Gas Sensor | 10.1007/978-3-030-58868-7_12 |
2021-01-01 | High-field mobility characteristics of a degenerate two-dimensional gas (2DEG) are obtained under the condition of low lattice temperature. The characteristics are obtained by adopting two methods: (1) by solving the energy balance equation of the electron–phonon system and (2) from the current density of the non-equilibrium carriers. The quasi-elastic interactions with the deformation potential acoustic and the piezoelectric phonons have been considered. Some qualitative agreement of the numerical results thus obtained for wells of GaAs with the available experimental data has been observed. | Non-Ohmic Characteristics of a Quantum Confined Degenerate Ensemble of Carriers in a Well of GaAs at Low Lattice Temperature | 10.1007/978-981-15-8366-7_55 |
2021-01-01 | This paper focuses on the temperature monitoring and management of diesel locomotive in railway reconditioning field. The wireless sensor network monitoring system is utilized to replace the original manual operation. The algorithm of falling error is designed to realize high precision real-time monitoring and management. Firstly, ZigBee wireless communication is adopted to monitor temperature. Realize the remote monitoring of data unattended. Secondly, a portable acquisition terminal with low power consumption was design. Then, the wireless data receiving terminal is connected to the TCP/IP converter. The received data is connected to local area network (LAN), the monitoring and warning upper computer is designed. And the falling error algorithm is added to realize temperature compensation, real-time display, monitoring and warning and data storage. At the same time, it can realize the mobile terminal data viewing and monitoring and early warning. The design of the system has been preliminarily tested in Qingdao locomotive depot and further verified the rationality and feasibility of the scheme. | Design and Application of Wireless Temperature Monitoring System for Diesel Locomotive in Reconditioning Field Based on ZigBee Network | 10.1007/978-981-15-8458-9_50 |
2021-01-01 | Cohesion of Slurry Surfacing mix is an important technological indicator that allows you to start traffic on time. In this article Slurry Surfacing mix curing is studied in three modes: 10 °C (high humidity), 20 °C (normal humidity) and 30 °C (high humidity). As binders for Slurry Surfacing mix there were used oxidized bitumens produced from light crude-oil and distillation bitumen produced from heavy crude-oil. There was confirmed that the first bitumens are characterized by low acid numbers, while the latter ones – by high ones. On the base of the bitumens there were produced cationic slow-setting bitumen emulsion and Slurry Surfacing mix. It was found that high-acid number bitumen is definitely optimum version in comparison with low acid number for the usage in Slurry Surfacing mix at different temperature modes – by criterion of cohesion strength build-up rate for the mix. This criterion consists of three periods (times) on mix curing: Set («Set» Torque), Traffic (Early Rolling Traffic) and Cure Time (Cured Slip Torque). | Cohesion of Slurry Surfacing Mix on Bitumens of Different Acid Numbers at Different Curing Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-030-57340-9_52 |
2021-01-01 | The relationship between the solvent molecules and the properties of amphiphilic polymers will be discussed. For representative amphiphilic polymers, we focus on poly( N,N -diethylacrylamide) (PNdEAm), poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAm), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based alternating multiblock (AMB) copolymers, which exhibit thermoresponsive behaviors in water. When the role of solvents in the intra- and intermolecular interaction of solvated polymers is investigated, one encounters several cases that require to consider the solvents as explicit molecules. There are mainly two topics in this chapter: the solvation of synthetic polymers at the molecular level and the hydrophobic interaction of AMB copolymers. The infrared spectroscopy shows how the solvation state of the monomer model compounds and polymers are different at the molecular level. For PNdEAm and PNiPAm in solution, the interaction among the neighboring chains often competes with the solvation of themselves. The phase diagrams of the aqueous solution of the stereocontrolled PNdEAm and PNiPAm clearly reveal that the intramolecular interaction modifies their hydrophilicity. In the last section, the AMB architectures for designing amphiphilic polymers will be introduced, which are expected to form polymer assemblies in water. | Amphiphilic, Thermoresponsive Polymers Interacting with Explicit Solvent | 10.1007/978-981-16-5395-7_11 |
2021-01-01 | DNA methylation can regulate gene expression by modulating chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding on promoter and enhancer regions. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) represents the most informative and comprehensive analysis to profile the DNA methylation status of all the cytosines at single-base resolution. However, most of the available protocols recommend an amount of input DNA (50 ng–5μg) that makes the WGBS unsuitable for limited samples and cell populations. In this chapter, we provide complete protocol to perform WGBS libraries from very low-input DNA. This protocol is recommended for the analysis of the whole-genome DNA methylation pattern in rare cell populations, like a defined stem cell population isolated from animal models or human samples. | Low-Input Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1597-3_20 |
2021-01-01 | Understanding how microclimate and vegetation are associated during secondary succession is of primary importance for plant conservation in the face of the increasing land cover modification. However, these patterns are still unstudied for many plant communities. This study aimed to evaluate the structure (species richness, Shannon's diversity index, Simpson´s dominance index, abundance of each species, average height of species, species cover (%), species composition, and indicator values) of a low thorn forest fragment and to analyze its relation with microclimate along a successional gradient. Four stages of succession were delimited by the analysis of Landsat images, in the state of Tamaulipas, northeast Mexico. Statistical models incorporated species richness, diversity indices, abundance, height, and cover, as variables for searching differences between stages, or to evaluate microclimate associations. A total of 70 species, 54 genera, and 27 families were determined. Height of tree layer was the most important variable for discrimination of the successional stages. Conserved areas differed floristically from other stages, associated mainly with the lowest values of wind speed originated by tree layer characteristics. A significant association between species and microclimate was found, being wind speed and relative humidity the most important variables. Some species, due to their high importance values and their patterns of association with microclimate, may be considered as key taxa for low thorn forest, which is a threatened semitropical community in northeast Mexico. Conserved and late successional areas account for climatic regulation of this plant community, and the importance of these forest patches may be considered when establishing biodiversity protection areas. | Structural changes of vegetation and its association with microclimate in a successional gradient of low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico | 10.1007/s11258-020-01088-z |
2021-01-01 | The research objective was to assess the possibility of producing ceramic bricks based on low-plasticity clay available in the Vladimir region with the addition of galvanic sludge. The experimental results for studying physical and mechanical properties of ceramic bricks based on the developed composition, including low-plasticity clay of the Suvorotskoye deposit in the Vladimir region and galvanic sludge from the local enterprise, are presented. The following material properties determined according to the standard methods were considered: density, compressive strength, porosity and water absorption. Additionally, the results of material toxicity assessment using the determination method for Daphnia magna Straus mortality under the impact of toxic substances in water extract from the studied ceramic samples are presented. Due to the drastic decrease in strength characteristics and high toxicity of the resulting material, boric acid was introduced into the charge. This component choice is stipulated by the fact that even small amount of boric acid causes the formation of a vitreous phase during firing, thus increasing ceramics density and strength, and simultaneously hindering the heavy metals migration. As a result, strength characteristics were improved for the samples produced with the galvanic sludge introduction, and their toxicity was reduced reaching a satisfactory level. Thus, the developed composition based on the clay and galvanic sludge in the specified quantities with the addition of boric acid as a modifier can produce environmentally friendly high quality ceramic bricks. | Ceramic Bricks Production Basing on Low-Plasticity Clay and Galvanic Sludge Addition | 10.1007/978-3-030-57453-6_39 |
2021-01-01 | The paper presents the results of experimental study of the effect of filtration of low-mineralized water with high temperature through terrigenous core samples on the elastic-strength and capacitive properties of reservoir rocks. The technique of laboratory experiments is adduced. The rules of changes in the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio and strength properties of samples depending on porosity and after exposure to water filtration are described. A significant decrease in physical and mechanical properties of rocks after filtration of low-mineralized high temperature water is shown. The change of compression curves after water injection is revealed. The results of changes in the elastic-strength properties of reservoir rocks should be necessarily taken into account during deposits modeling. | Experimental Study of the Effect of Filtration for Low-Mineralized Water with High Temperature on Changes in Elastic and Strength Properties of Reservoir Rocks | 10.1007/978-3-030-53521-6_37 |
2021-01-01 | The combustion properties such as ignition delay, duration of combustion phases, and rate of pressure rise are important to optimize performance and emission level of diesel engine. Thermo-physical characteristics of diesel and biofuels are different and hence their final outcomes are also different. The objective of the work is to determine combustion characteristics of jatropha biodiesel blends and compare with baseline diesel in conventional engine (CE) as well as low heat rejection engine (LHRE). 10% biodiesel in 90% diesel called B10 and 5% ethanol, 10% biodiesel, and 85% diesel called E05B10 by v/v ratio are used as biodiesel blends. Crown surfaces of piston, cylinder head, and both valves are insulated with 250 µm thick mullite thermal barrier coating material to form LHRE. The ignition delay of baseline diesel with CE is 7.35 °CA at maximum engine load operation. For biodiesel blends B10 and E05B10, it reduces by 0.21 °CA and 0.09 °CA, respectively, in CE operation. It further reduces by 0.27 and 0.11 °CA for B10 and E05B10, respectively, during LHRE operation. Premixed combustion with baseline diesel in CE is 10.54 °CA. For biodiesel blends B10 and E05B10, it is increased by 0.94 and 0.30 °CA, respectively, during CE operation. It is further increased by 1.30 and 0.48 °CA for B10 and E05B10, respectively, during LHRE operation. Thus, the effects on combustion characteristics with biodiesel blend and by adding small amount of ethanol in biodiesel blend are evaluated in both CE as well as LHRE. | Combustion Characteristics of Conventional Diesel Engine and Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine with Biodiesel Blends | 10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_8 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays, absorption systems are very much in demand due to its sole feature of utilizing waste heat energy of a system into other system providing cooling process. In here, a novel setup of combined absorption refrigeration (CAR) system is forthput and analyzed to produce −20 °C cold energy by utilizing the waste heat of low grade. The system formulated ahead consists of multiple (two) sub-systems: LiBr/H 2 O absorption refrigeration (AR) cycle and NH 3 /H 2 O absorption refrigeration (AR) cycle. CAR system is utilizing the low grade not so useful heat using a cascade system method. Simulation has been done, analogous to a thermodynamic model built in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency are the few performance arguments. The overall COP of the system is 0.206 with exergetic efficiency of 24.1%. The present simulation results show that CAR has a tremendous adaptability. The work gives a new lead to produce low-temperature cold energy using waste heat of low grade. | Exergy Analysis of Novel Combined Absorption Refrigeration System | 10.1007/978-981-15-5463-6_5 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract In heating structural steels to extreme temperatures with quenching or normalization, the dislocation density in the α-phase structure is comparable with that on heating to the standard temperature Ac 3 + 30–50°C. The change in dislocation density depends on the quantity of carbon and alloying elements in the steel. | Phase and Structural Transformations of Structural Steels in Nontraditional Heat Treatment | 10.3103/S1068798X21010068 |
2021-01-01 | Cryopreservation of shoot tips facilitates long-term storage of plant genetic resources which can otherwise only be propagated vegetatively. The vitrification approach using the cryoprotectant plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3, 50% sucrose and 50% glycerol) is easy to handle, has shown to produce high regrowth percentages in a number of potato, mint, garlic, and shallot accessions, and is, thus, highly suitable for routine cryopreservation of plant genetic resources. In the current chapter, the vitrification procedure is described for potato, mint, garlic, and shallot and includes details about modifications for the different plant species. Special emphasis is given on the preparation of the different culture media, solutions, the culture conditions prior and post-cryopreservation, and the preparation of the shoot tips from different sources. Furthermore, protocols to introduce plants into in vitro culture and methods to estimate cryopreservation success are provided. | Cryopreservation of Plant Shoot Tips of Potato, Mint, Garlic, and Shallot Using Plant Vitrification Solution 3 | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_35 |
2021-01-01 | The eco-friendly materials (EFMs) are fundamental materials that help in minimizing environmental impacts. In the consideration of concerns related to improper disposal from waste and preservation of resources, the discarded materials in construction materials are taken into account and it is been used as an EFM are carried out. These can easily be processed and produced from recycled materials and are advantageous for human well-being. Extensive studies on traditional and paperback materials and also the increasing demands by growing traffic have also led to enormous changes in the functioning of roads. The predominant and effective ways include the basic two steps to inculcate utilization of ecofriendly construction materials; (1) to choose the materials that minimize environmental impacts. (2) To choose materials that will promote sustainability. Therefore, the foremost friendly materials which can be primarily developed and pre-eminently used in construction technology enhancement are Portland pozzolanic cement (PPC), AAC blocks, low VOC paints, low E glass windows, glass cloth material, fly ash produce from coal industries, bamboos, glass powder. | Overview of Eco-Friendly Construction Materials | 10.1007/978-981-15-8820-4_11 |
2021-01-01 | One of the most important tasks of technical progress in the field of mechanical engineering is to improve the reliability and durability of machines and mechanisms. Its solution is closely connected with the improvement of technological methods and means of finishing parts, i.e., with the technological provision of high accuracy of their geometric shape, low surface roughness, better physical and mechanical condition of the surface layers of metal, and a reduction in the time of the technological process. It is at the final operations that the surface layer of the parts is formed, which determines their performance properties. Currently, for finishing large-sized hydro- and pneumatic cylinders made of low-carbon cold-resistant perlite and stainless austenitic steels of the oil and chemical industry. Rolling is often used in production instead of honing. However, the rolling of the holes gives the lowest dimensional accuracy and geometric shapes. During the rolling process, it is possible to re-seal the surface, which leads to the formation of microcracks and destruction of the surface during operation. In the process of honing such steels, bulges, and metal flows are formed, and the roughness increases, which is a consequence of the high plasticity of the material being processed. In this case, to ensure the quality of the treated surface, it is necessary to apply multiple machine–manual finishing or polishing, which increases the complexity of finishing operations. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the process. | Improving Surface Quality in Honing Low-Carbon Steels Pre-treated by Hydrogen Absorption | 10.1007/978-3-030-54817-9_105 |
2021-01-01 | Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests of a low-carbon microallyed steel have been performed to assess its response under cyclic loading for automobile application. Material exhibits significant initial cyclic hardening afterward prolong cyclic softening until failure at higher strain ranges (≥1.50%); however, sustained cyclic softening from second cycle onwards is observed at lower strain amplitudes (≤1.00%). The selected steel is found to follow non-Masing behavior but its fatigue life can well be described by strain-life relationship. Various monotonic and cyclic properties are determined and discussed together with mechanism of fatigue failure. | Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Microalloyed Steel | 10.1007/978-981-16-3937-1_13 |
2021-01-01 | We consider the results of the experimental studies of the impact of the intake charge heating with exhaust gases on the nature of in-cylinder processes in a diesel engine at low ambient temperatures. We also compare them with the results of starting a diesel engine without heating. In this case, we select various environmental conditions (ambient temperature) and the intake air heating degree. We present underlying mathematical dependencies used to process the results of the experimental studies and to calculate the parameters of the generation and use of heat in the diesel engine cylinder. To determine the amount of released heat, we use the concept of the entropy of the working fluid and assume that the chemical composition of the working fluid remains unchanged. During the experimental studies, we obtained indicator diagrams for various diesel engine starting conditions. After processing them, we receive graphical dependencies of the changes in the average gas temperature and heat generation in the engine cylinder. We determine that it is expedient to use the intake air heating within the range of 50…60 K at low ambient temperatures of up to 250 K. In this case, the proportion of excess clean air in the intake charge is r α = 0.80–0.83, and the combustion efficiency coefficient is ξ = 0.45–0.50. | An Experimental Study of Intake Charge Heating in Diesel Engine in Starting Conditions at Low Ambient Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-030-54814-8_83 |
2021-01-01 | Alcohols are renewable in nature and are manufactured from biomass. Butanol is a higher alcohol, and previous researchers reported that it can be utilized as co-solvent to prevent the phase separation of diesel–ethanol blends. This study was conducted in various steps, viz. test of solubility of diesel–ethanol blends containing various proportions of ethanol from 0–50% in increments of 5% in a temperature range of 5–35 °C using butanol as co-solvent in the proportions from 0 to 10% in increments of 1%; test of essential properties of the fuel blends to obtain a possible diesel–ethanol for performance without modification of engine operating parameters and with modified parameters in a compression ignition engine blend under various load conditions. The optimal engine operating parameters such as intake air temperature (50, 75, and 100 °C), nozzle opening pressure (190, 200, and 210 bar), fuel injection timing (23°, 26°, and 29° before top dead center), and compression ratio (17:1, 19:1, and 20.5:1) were obtained by using L 9 orthogonal array and Taghuchi method. Result of the solubility test depicted that the blend containing 50% ethanol and 10% butanol as co-solvent was found stable up to 20 days without suffering from phase separation; results of the property testing indicated that the blend containing 45% of ethanol with 10% butanol as co-solvent possessing competent properties for diesel engine fuel with respect to the ASTM standards; results of the Taghuchi method obtained the optimal operating parameters as 19:1 compression ratio, 29° before top dead center of fuel injection timing, 190 bar of nozzle opening pressure, and 100 °C of intake air temperature. Results of the engine test depicted that the engine fueled with this fuel blend operated under optimal operating parameters produced higher brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, peak heat release rate, lower oxides of nitrogen, and smoke compared to those produced by deploying the standard operating parameters. However, this fuel blend produced higher hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions at all load conditions. This study replaces 55% of diesel by biofuels. | Challenges in Blending the Diesel–Ethanol Blends Using Butanol as Co-solvent Along with Diesel for Replacing the Neat Diesel to Fuel Compression Ignition Engines Suitable for Low-Temperature Application | 10.1007/978-981-16-0931-2_7 |
2021-01-01 | Water well profile control is the main way to control water channeling in low-permeability fractured reservoirs, and preformed particle gels (PPGs) are commonly used. A preformed particle gel was prepared and the synthesis conditions were optimized. The temperature and salt resistant performance, plugging performance were investigated and the field application was tested. The results showed PPGs exhibited good temperature and salt resistant performance. PPGs with larger particle size showed greater plugging strength but shorter valid period. Field tests suggested that multiple rounds of profile control should be employed using PPGs with different particle sizes to achieve deep profile control. | Profile control performance and field application of preformed particle gel in low-permeability fractured reservoir | 10.1007/s13202-020-01049-2 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Sandwich composites with nanoreinforced polypropylene core and aluminum face sheets were studied under low velocity impact using a finite element model. A three dimensional quarter model was implemented to simulate the drop weight impact response of sandwich structures. In order to consider the strain rate dependent behavior of the core and face sheets, the Johnson–Cook material model was used for both of the polypropylene and aluminum layers. Effects of the different weight ratio of nanoparticles, the core thickness and the impactor mass were studied on the impact outputs. Comparing the impact responses of the sandwich structures with different weight ratio of nanoparticles revealed that positioning a polypropylene layer with 0.5% weight ratio of graphene as the core of sandwich panel caused the minimum amounts of damage area and transverse displacement. Adding more amount of nanoparticles did not improved the mechanical response of the sandwich structures. Increasing the impactor mass caused an increase of the contact force and the contact duration. Increasing the core thickness caused a decrease of the contact duration and increase of the contact force. The finite element outputs were well validated against the experimental results. | FEM Analyses of Low Velocity Impact Response of Sandwich
Composites with Nanoreinforced Polypropylene Core
and Alu-minum Face Sheets | 10.1134/S1029959921010148 |
2021-01-01 | The complete earth is prone to natural hazards, cannot be prevented, but through an understanding of the earth condition and the processes which could culminate in damage to life and property, it is possible to minimize the damage through proper disaster management measures. Man-made hazards have today taken over natural hazards in terms of the loss of life and the long term effect on mankind and the ecosystem on the whole. Reddy et al. reported on laboratory electrokinetic experiments that were conducted on different soils, namely, commercial kaolin and Na-montmorillonite as well as a field-derived glacial till. The presented work is an attempt to study effect of various variables, i.e. type of anodic and cathodic purging solution, periodic supply as well as improvement of soil with application of low-frequency AC supply instead of DC supply. The complete study has been carried out on models having different length with the Nickel (Ni(II)) & commercially available Kaolinite being artificially spiked using Nickel Chloride salt. This study on feasibility of using different extracting solution at various use of 0.1 M Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) better as compared to 1 M Sodium Nitrate. The Nickel removal efficiency of organic acid such as citric acid was found to be low as compared to other solution, the best removal being achieved with 1 M NaCl. | Effect of Low-Frequency AC Supply and Purging Solution on Remediation of Nickel-Contaminated Soil Using Electrokinetics | 10.1007/978-981-33-6370-0_27 |
2021-01-01 | For water sensitive gas reservoir with high pressure in construction, the conventional fracturing fluid has some difficult problems, such as serious damage caused by water lock and high construction pressure, which seriously affect the gas well production. Using low damage high-density fracturing fluid with waterproof lock function as reservoir stimulate fluid is an effective measure to improve gas production of this kind of reservoir. Therefore, the research on the high-density fracturing fluid system with low concentration and waterproof lock function is carried out, including the selection of weighting agent, the research of waterproof locking agent, the optimization of low concentration fracturing fluid system, the evaluation of the adaptability of fracturing fluid to reservoir and the optimization of fracturing technology. The technology was applied in X well in Debei. The main fracturing scheme was continuous sand addition and crosslinked fracturing fluid. Crosslinked fracturing fluid was 680 m 3 , construction rate was 5–5.5 m 3 /min, proppant concentration was 385–328 kg/m 3 and total proppant was 31 m 3 . The flowback rate after fracturing was as high as 82.5%. The construction pressure and friction are lower than that of conventional fracturing fluid, and the damage to reservoir caused by fracturing fluid is effectively reduced. The successful application of the well proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the waterproof lock low concentration high-density fracturing fluid system, and also shows that it has a good application prospect in water sensitive gas reservoirs with high operation pressure. | Study on Waterproof Lock Low Concentration High-Density Fracturing Fluid System and Its Field Application | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_13 |
2021-01-01 | This paper presents a computational study on air–fuel combustion of bituminous coal in a 16 kW th test facility using low-Reynolds number (Re) turbulence models, along with radiation and char combustion sub-models suitably selected according to the furnace environment. The performance of three different turbulence models was investigated by comparing their predictions with the experimental measurements of temperature and species concentrations. A comparison of the numerical and experimental results shows that the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω model and the SST k-ω model with low- Re correction predict mean profiles of temperature and species concentrations reasonably well but significantly underpredict temperature in the core of the furnace at axial locations away from the burner. On the other hand, the transition SST k-ω model yields a better congruency between the experimental and numerical results and predicts the temperature and species concentrations with enhanced accuracy in comparison with the other turbulence models used in the present work. | A Computational Study of Entrained Flow Furnace with Swirl Burner Configuration and Low Turbulence Intensity Flow | 10.1007/978-981-16-0698-4_8 |
2021-01-01 | Due to the significant share in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sensitivity to climate change, agriculture and rural areas should be an important area of activity in the local development of a low carbon economy. However, this is rarely the case in Poland and other European countries. The paper evaluates the role and importance of rural resources (including forestry) for the local development of a low carbon economy. Based on a SWOT analysis the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats in the two key elements such as maintenance or increase of the ability to absorb CO 2 and reduction of GHG emissions from agricultural and forest lands are shown. Specific attention was paid to the potential of agriculture and rural areas in terms of the possible use of their resources in order to increase the C sequestration in biomass and soil and reduce GHG emissions, as well as the use of agricultural, agroforestry and agro-food processing with biomass for renewable energy development, including the production of biogas and biofuels. The information obtained from the SWOT analysis shows that this potential is based on considerable resources of agricultural and forest land in Poland. The goal of local governments and agricultural producers should be to identify and eliminate identified weaknesses and potential risks while implementing the relevant principles of a low carbon economy and low carbon development directions of rural areas. | Rural Resources (including Forestry) in the Local Development of Low Carbon Economy: A Case Study of Poland | 10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4_10 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter contains two parts. The first one offers a general vision of the Alboran area climate. The second part addresses the issue of large atmospheric circulation, synoptic cyclonic systems, and weather regimes in the North Atlantic-European (NAE) sector, aiming to relate the climatic behavior of Alboran with other regions of the NAE sector. The Alboran Sea, the westernmost sub-basin of the Mediterranean, is a 140-km wide channel with mountains fairly close to the coasts, which narrows down to 14-km wide in the Strait of Gibraltar, through which the only natural exchange of water between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean occurs. Consequently, the climate is Mediterranean-type characterized roughly by mild and rainy winters, and hot, dry summers, and a high variability. The high climatic variability is due to numerous relevant climatic mechanisms affecting the region, ranging from the midlatitudes North Atlantic storm track during the winter to tropical systems as Hadley Cell, Asian and African monsoons, El Nino Southern Oscillation, and Saharan dust outbreaks. However, Alboran presents notable climatic differences with other Mediterranean areas due to: (1) its geographical proximity to the Azores High, which forms a pressure pattern known as the NAO “seesaw” that plays a major role in local climate variability; (2) its distant position with respect to the local Mediterranean storm track; (3) its role as gateway of the Atlantic cyclones toward the Mediterranean basin (these circumstances make that, in winter, the Alboran area receives moisture from the Atlantic midlatitude storm systems); (4) the particular mesoscale circulations in the area caused by the interaction of synoptic atmospheric circulation with orography, being the easterly high winds in the Strait of Gibraltar, denominated Levanter winds, its most remarkable manifestation. The dimensions and morphology of Alboran and the frequent presence of a very stable layer, usually at around 1000 m height or less, make that the sub-basin behave as a channel for the atmospheric marine boundary layer, shallow enough to be blocked by mountains and generate mesoscale disturbances relevant for weather. | Alboran Sea Area Climate and Weather | 10.1007/978-3-030-65516-7_3 |
2021-01-01 | Amount of demolished concrete waste and plastic waste being accumulated in twenty-first centuries have been created big challenges for their disposal. At present, nearly 530 million of tons debris is generated in the country annually. Due to our society has become dependent on usage of plastic packaging, approximately 5.6 million ton of plastic products are consumed per annum. The degradation rate of waste is also a very slow process. Using recycled concrete aggregates and waste plastic in development of paver blocks is an interesting possibility for economy on wastage disposals. The objective of the research is to study the characteristics of developed paver block. This paper presents a recent study on properties of paver block prepared by recycled concrete aggregates by using molten plastic waste as binder. For the laboratory samples, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption and heat resistance parameters were measured. | Development of Cementless Recycled Concrete Aggregates Paver Blocks Using Molten Plastic Waste as Binder | 10.1007/978-981-15-6463-5_3 |
2021-01-01 | Due to the huge application of dye to color the product in many industries like pigments, leather, and textile, enormous amount of dyes are discharged through the effluent which is inherently dangerous to the surroundings as well as human health. Therefore, recently the dye elimination from industrial effluent has gained a massive attention. This book chapter presented the various developments on adsorption process for dye removal from industrial effluent. The chapter is furnished with the understanding of dyes with its classification and harmful effects, various treatment technologies, and adsorption of dyes using various low-cost adsorbents. Several traditional treatment methods such as physical, chemical, and biological are in use. Among all treatment technologies, adsorption occupies an eminent place because of its inexpensive method and effectiveness in dye removal. Although commercial activated carbon is most preferable as adsorbent in dye treatment, its application is restricted as it is very expensive. So, the increasing demand for finding inexpensive and effective treatment method forces to develop and look for more efficient low-cost adsorbents in dye removal from industrial effluent. Therefore, different low-cost adsorbents like naturally obtained material, industrial and agricultural waste or by-product, as well as synthesized product from low cost material and its applications in water treatment have been compiled here. These adsorbents have been studied to remove various types of dyes ranging from 80 to 99.9%. In addition, the other conventional treatment methods for dye removal from various wastewaters are also described in brief. | Remediation of Dyes from Industrial Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents | 10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_15 |
2021-01-01 | The hybrid rocket has been in use due to a super level of safety, low cost than the conventional type of rocket fuels. Normally hybrid propellant-based rocket engine not well appreciated due to the low rate of regression and poorly efficient combustion. The solution was sought in the use of low-melting solid fuel-like paraffin wax. A total of eight compositions of fuels were processed using paraffin wax, stearic acid Araldite, hardener, LDPE, EVA and carbon black. These fuel compositions were subjected to stress–strain analysis using universal testing machine INSTRON-model no: 1133. Based on mechanical strength, three samples, i.e. wax, one which has lower mechanical strength and one has higher mechanical strength were further studied for calorific value and regression rate. For sample-1 (P.W-100%) and sample-2 (P.W-90% + S.A-10%), the stress–strain curve is in a zigzag pattern like a brittle material. The maximum value of stresses is 1.003 and 1.176 MPa with corresponding maximum per cent strains are 4.064 and 3.098, respectively. For this particular type of paraffin wax, Young’s modulus is of 109.52 MPA. For sample-2, Young’s modulus is of 157.72 MPa. For sample-4(P.W85.47% + S.A8.54% + Araldite4% + Hardener(epichlorohydrin)0.85% + C.B0.85%), sample-5(P.W93.45% + Araldite4.67% + Hardener(epichlorohydrin)-0.93% + C.B-0.93%) the stress–strain curve pattern is like an elastic materials. For sample-3, 4 and 5, the maximum value of stresses is 0.656, 0.791, 0.547 MPa and corresponding maximum per cent strains are 2.653, 2.576, 1.93, respectively. For the three samples, 3, 4 and 5 the Young’s moduli are, respectively, 136.51, 75.52 and 56.41 MPa. Sample-6(P.W-81.87% + SA-8% + Araldite-4% + Hardener-0.81% + C.B-1% + LDPE-4%), sample-7(P.W-81.87% + SA-8% + Araldite-4% + Hardener-0.81% + C.B-1% + EVA-4%), sample-8(P.W-78.36% + SA-7.83% + Araldite-3.91% + Hardener-0.78% + C.B-1% + LDPE-4% + EVA-4%) the stress–strain curve is following the nature of an elastic materials but necking point. For sample-6, 7 and 8, the maximum value of stresses is 0.806, 1.132, 1.386 MPa and corresponding maximum per cent strains are 2.498, 9.704, 1.981, respectively. Similarly, the Young’s modulus is, respectively, 50.990, 22.62 and 225.62 MPa. Highest Young’s modulus has observed for sample-8 for sample dimension $$8 \times 2.5 \times 0.5\,{\text{cm}}$$ 8 × 2.5 × 0.5 cm . | Improvement in the Mechanical Properties of Paraffin-Based Propellant | 10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_11 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter reviews the various advanced combustion concepts that have shown immense potential of achieving excellent engine brake thermal efficiencies and extremely low engine-out NO x and smoke emissions. Advanced combustion concepts like partially premixed combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition are well suited to work with biofuels like methanol. However, each of these advanced combustion concepts has their challenges, which further paved the way for mixed-mode combustion concepts, where the aim is to utilize such advanced combustion concepts for their ability to deliver excellent engine efficiencies in duty cycle part of engine operating zone and switch to classical diesel combustion or SI combustion in rest of engine working map. Worldwide, there are number of research laboratories and universities which have already shown close to 50% brake thermal efficiencies with NO x emissions close to 0.25 g/kWh and smoke levels at 0.06 FSN at high load conditions. Engine with thermodynamic efficiencies level as high as 60% has already been demonstrated with very low engine-out emissions. Such research endeavours have already envisioned the way to achieve future emission levels of NO x (nitrogen oxides) at 0.027 g/kWh. However, there are some challenges like high pressure rise rates (PRR), low load combustion stability and high turbocharger efficiency requirements for maintaining high dilution, which have to be addressed in future research work. There are other socio-economic challenges which the research organizations, original equipment manufacturer (OEMs) and government have to address to make biofuels as mainstream transportation fuel worldwide. | Methanol: A Gateway to Biofuel Revolution in Global Heavy-Duty ICE-Based Transportation | 10.1007/978-981-16-1280-0_4 |
2021-01-01 | Industrial effluents of dyes is a vital source of water pollution, their release from textile industries into surface water affects the ecosystem by generating oversized volumes of outlets mixed with several dyes. These dyes cause harmful health effects and lead to significant health concerns to humans and affect the environment. This chapter implements a contribution to environment in a sustainable view through adsorption and biosorption approaches to remove the methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions and from a real effluent of textile industry. In this survey, efficiencies of several adsorbents such as mineral, organic, synthetic, and low-cost materials are established. A brief insight into methylene blue dye removal mechanism and comparison among various adsorbents—Duste Apatite (DA), Phosphogypsium (PG), Raw Clay (RC), Glebionis coronaria L. ( G. coronaria L.) , Diplotaxis Harra ( D. Harra) , acidic and basic sawdust acacia (A-HCl and A-NaOH)—along with their sorption properties and their characteristics are discussed. Due to its good sorption capacity, chemically treated acacia tree sawdust has been successfully applied for eliminating textile dyes from wastewater. A real final effluent of a textile industry was thus treated by sorption on both acidic and basic chemically treated acacia tree sawdust. | Current Treatment of Textile Dyes Using Potential Adsorbents: Mechanism and Comparative Approaches | 10.1007/978-981-16-2892-4_7 |
2021-01-01 | Mechanistic data science is heavily reliant on the input data to guide the analysis involved. This data can come from many shapes, sizes, and formats. This process is a key part of the scientific process and generally involves observation and careful recording. Costly data collection from physical observation can be enhanced by taking advantage of the modern computer hardware and software to simulate the physical experiments and generate further complementary data. Efficient data collection and management through a database can expedite the problem- solving timeline and help in rapid decision-making aspects. This chapter shows data collection and generation from different sources and how they can be managed efficiently. Feature-based diamond pricing and material property testing by indentation are used to demonstrate key ideas. | Multimodal Data Generation and Collection | 10.1007/978-3-030-87832-0_2 |
2021-01-01 | Every aspect of human activity and development indeed subjects water to a number of pressures at accelerated paces. Rapidly expanding populations, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, increasing energy demand, industrial production, land use changes, along with every infrastructure development works, among others, constitute a complex set of drivers who become source of pressure to the water bodies, and stress to their associated ecosystems. This chapter analyses a number of pressures and how they become sources of stress to water bodies but also on social systems. Thus three additional areas and interconnections (water and migration, water and food security and water and health) are presented to illustrate the associated drivers and pressures which ultimately yield stresses with unwelcome social and natural consequences. Each section ends with suggested actions to be taken in responding to threats and achieving realistic planning and efficient decision making for water management. | Drivers, Pressures and Stressors: The Societal Framework of Water Resources Management | 10.1007/978-3-030-60147-8_11 |
2021-01-01 | It is well understood that twinning during deformation plays an important role in deformation of Mg Magnesium and its alloys [ 1 – 8 ]. In hexagonal close packed (HCP) Mg alloys, the dominant deformation mode at room temperature is <a> slip on the basal (0001) plane Mg Magnesium [ 9 , 10 ]. The other slip systems—prismatic <a> slip, pyramidal <a> slip, and pyramidal <c + a> slip—require much higher stresses to activate during deformation [ 11 ]. Mechanical twinning allows for grains to easily deform along their c-axis [ 12 ] and has been the focus of significant, active research [e.g., 13 – 23 ]. | Understanding Twinning-Detwinning Behavior of Unalloyed Mg During Low-Cycle Fatigue Using High Energy X-ray Diffraction | 10.1007/978-3-030-65528-0_12 |
2021-01-01 | Electricity cost is one of the main determinants of the competitive structure of an aluminium smelter. Over the past few years, ALRO Group, the biggest industrial power consumer in Romania, has completed ambitious projects to reduce specific energy consumption. To reach the next level, in 2018, ALRO mandated Rio Tinto Aluminium Pechiney (RTAP) to supply AP12 Low Energy Low energy technology. To guarantee smooth technology transfer Technology transfer and validation and achieve step-change performance the AP Technology™ standard “cell development cycle” approach was used. ALRO and RTAP worked together as a team to execute specific activities such as a measurement campaign, modelling, risk analysis, readiness assessment, on-site and remote support, data analytics, Go/No Go. This article presents this project, which achieved a significant reduction in specific energy consumption, along with some of the supporting activities and tools. | AP12 Low-Energy Technology at ALRO Smelter | 10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5_84 |
2021-01-01 | ZnO nanorods structures with low dimensions were prepared by aqueous solution monitored through self-assembled hydrothermal method. The hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods were explored by primarily X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and contact angle. The ramification conveys that the ZnO nanorods were collected of high-aspect-ratio nanorods. Additionally, measurement of gas-sensing properties carried out for various concentration of gas viz 5–100 ppm, which validates that the ZnO nanorods were of good selectivity and response to poisonous NO 2 and could set out for NO 2 sensor to detect low-concentration NO 2 . | Hydrothermally Synthesised ZnO Nanostructure: Highly Sensitive Towards NO2 Gas | 10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_98 |
2021-01-01 | Aside from classical meteorological measurements from a wide variety of weather stations, so-called crowdsourcing approaches have been applied to the collection of meteorological data, as well as generally atmospheric measurements in recent years. The topic of this chapter is crowdsourcing, but it is also a broad overview of sensors applied in crowdsourcing and corresponding projects. This chapter first introduces the definition and typology of the relevant terminology, along with a short history of crowdsourcing. We describe and discuss aspects of both the typically employed low-cost measurement technology, as well as human factors that emerge from laypersons carrying out the measurements. This includes general considerations concerning measurement uncertainty, as well as possible measures to improve the data quality in mobile nonexpert sensing. Devices and sensors, ranging from dedicated devices over do-it-yourself sensors to internal smartphone sensors are discussed, as are a number of applications and projects that illustrate in which ways crowdsourcing approaches have been applied to the measurement of atmospheric parameters and what type of challenges have been addressed and which ones remain. | Crowdsourcing | 10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_44 |
2021-01-01 | One of the main downsides of fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates is their susceptibility to impact damage. Many different methods have been devised to either modify or engineer the composites to improve their impact resistance and tolerance. In this chapter, three types of engineered composites and their impact performances are presented and discussed. The engineered composites are (i) composites with core–shell polymer particles, (ii) composites with carbon nanotubes/nanofibers and (iii) composites with thermoplastic film interleaves. Core–shell polymer particles absorb large amounts of energy during impact, thus limit the damage done to the composite laminate. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have excellent stiffness and strength, making them suitable for reinforcing the interlaminar regions of composite laminates, leading to improved impact resistance. For composites with thermoplastic film interleaves, thermoplastic films with high intrinsic toughness modify the interlaminar regions of the composite laminate and enhance the overall toughness. The three types of engineered composites exhibit varying levels of improved impact performances compared to the unmodified composites. For each type of engineered composite, its impact response, the strengthening mechanisms and factors affecting its impact performance are deliberated. | Impact and Post-impact Analysis on Engineered Composites | 10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_7 |
2021-01-01 | Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode of combustion is one of the advanced combustion concepts under low-temperature combustion (LTC) which has been found out in resulting acceptable emission results in internal combustion engines particularly in reducing particle matter and oxides of nitrogen altogether. Various experimental, as well as simulation works, were done on IC engines on PCCI mode of combustion. Performance and emission results from these works were compared with the conventional IC engine mode of combustion, and better results were obtained. Studies also indicated that through fuel modifications for having different properties helps to get optimized load range operations and emissions under PCCI mode of operation. Tuning the EGR at different load ranges were also found very important in PCCI mode of combustion. Researchers found out the existing uncontrolled fluctuation of soot with that of oxides of nitrogen in the common diesel engine operation could be managed by PCCI, which is a low-temperature combustion strategy usually used for diesel-like fuels. PCCI mode showed results of thermal efficiencies close to diesel engines and also provides means of minimizing particle matter and oxides of nitrogen at the same time. Such findings used the conventional direct injection compression ignition engines with minor medications and low costs of operations. Various investigations also showed that further investigations should be done in making PCCI combustion more efficient for less NO x , HC, CO and better load limit ranges through the optimized matching of EGR level, time of injection and also blends of the fuel. The review aims in describing PCCI mode of combustion and basic parameters affecting this advanced combustion concept and also to summarize the results obtained from PCCI mode of combustion as a scheme to reduce emissions. | PCCI Combustion for Better Emissions in Diesel Engines | 10.1007/978-981-16-0976-3_17 |
2021-01-01 | This paper presents a short review on working phenomena, existing trends, and investigate study on the performance of Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation using high Reynolds numbers. The generators used in the MHD power generation are quite different from traditional electric power generation plants in such a way that they operate at high temperatures. Moreover, the MHD generators did not have any rotational parts, hence, no rotational and friction losses with generating elements. Like conventional generators, the MHD generators also rely on moving a conductor through a magnetic field. These use hot conductive plasma or liquid metals as the moving conductor through a magnetic field to generate the electric power. One of the major drawbacks of the plasma MHD power generation is, it requires a very high operating temperature as the ionized working gases at the temperature rating above 2,000 K. In this work, a low-melting-point gallium alloy is used to investigate the per-performance of the MHD power generator using high Reynolds numbers is analyzed. | A Short Review and Investigate Study on Performance of Magneto-Hydrodynamic Using High Reynolds Numbers | 10.1007/978-981-16-1186-5_31 |
2021-01-01 | To explore the adsorption removal mechanism of Mg–Al layered double oxides (LDOs) for low-concentration (≤ 5 mg L −1 ) Cr(VI), the adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and its influencing factors were studied by batch experiments. Cr(VI) adsorption reached equilibrium after 6, 11 and 15 h for initial Cr(VI) concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 mg L −1 , respectively, and the final adsorption efficiency exceeded 99.0%. The residual concentration of Cr(VI) was within the allowable limit of Drinking Water Quality Standard of World Health Organization (0.05 mg L −1 ). The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models well. Mg–Al LDOs showed effective adsorption efficiency in the range of pH 3–9, and the adsorption efficiency was influenced by anions competition (HPO 4 2− > SO 4 2− > CO 3 2− > NO 3 − > Cl − ). The analyses of XRD, SEM and FT-IR spectra suggested adsorption Cr(VI) on Mg–Al LDOs was caused by capturing dichromate ions to reconstruct its structure. Therefore, Mg–Al LDOs is promising adsorbents for the low-concentration Cr(VI) treatment in polluted surface water and groundwater. | Adsorptive Removal of Low-Concentration Cr(VI) in Aqueous Solution by Mg–Al Layered Double Oxides | 10.1007/s00128-020-03053-y |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Since the industries are vastly rising, the threat of toxic and hazardous substance to human beings and demands of the accurate sensor is increasing. Colorimetric sensors that detect substances by measuring the absorbance or fluorescence spectra shift are one of the most emerging strategies these days. However, conventional colorimetric gas sensors are limited to specific application due to the limitation of detecting only liquid phase substances. For practical applications of the colorimetric sensors, it is necessary to detect low concentrations of toxic and hazardous substances in gaseous media. Besides, operation with low power consumption and excellent selectivity and sensitivity should be considered for Internet of Things (IoT) application. In this paper, various efforts on the investigation of several materials, including dyes, polymers, metal–organic complexes, and metal oxides as active sensor elements of the colorimetric gas sensors for IoT application are summarized. This paper also reviews various kinds of colorimetric gas sensor that exhibit great sensing properties to toxic and hazardous gases and introduce a brief overview of the challenges of colorimetric gas sensors as a candidate for future IoT gas sensor technology. Graphic abstract | Colorimetric Sensors for Toxic and Hazardous Gas Detection: A Review | 10.1007/s13391-020-00254-9 |
2021-01-01 | The world economy is surging and newer technologies are evolving with the time. The construction sector is about to undergo a huge transformational change. The people of the world are looking forward to residing in houses made of sustainable materials. The people are concerned about increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The cement production is accompanied by huge greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, waste plastics are becoming a nightmare for the people residing in developed and underdeveloped countries, as the waste management becomes difficult in those places. This research discusses a potential solution to address the above-stated issues of concern, i.e., plastic waste into construction blocks with lower cost and rapid construction phases. A study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of using LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene), (major sources of waste and least recycled plastic) with waste materials like bottom ash, copper slag, and ceramic in different proportions to create blocks. This study compares the mechanical properties of different mix proportions of raw materials to find an optimum composition. This paper also investigates the pre-eminence of the newly developed composite block over the conventional brick in terms of economic viability, environmental sustainability, and construction superiority. | A Sustainable Approach to Turn Plastic Waste into Useful Construction Blocks | 10.1007/978-981-15-5001-0_5 |
2021-01-01 | Heat dissipator or heatsink is crucial for the reliability of MOSFET-based converters and inverters. Currently, products such as To-220 are low cost passive aluminium heatsink that fit to a single discrete MOSFET package did not followed by proper documentation about its thermal model and performance. Thermal modelling has been used widely for thermal studies, but the methods were often time consuming, complex setup, and require sophisticated equipments. This study proposed a different method in thermal modelling that is specifically applied to evaluate the performance of low cost heatsink through the Bump Test experiment. It emphasizes on rapid, simple setup and calculations. The experiment were finished in less than 1000 s in order to obtain dataset that were used to develop case to ambient thermal model of IRF840 n-channel MOSFET that was constructed by third order transfer function. Also, it was converted to Cauer equivalent RCs circuit to obtain physical meaning of heatsink block layers. The conducted experiments were applied to two different low cost heatsinks shapes; heatsink A resulted in a dissipation of MOSFET’s power limit to 4.21 W, while the attached heatsink B produced 5.38 W. In other words, heatsink B has 27.79% higher dissipated power handling, or 13.06% higher continuous Drain current utilization, than heatsink A. These values represented quantitative measure of heatsink performance. This study can be used as a technical reference for MOSFET based electronic circuit board fabricator in order to obtain rapid measure of low cost heatsink performance. | Rapid Thermal Modelling of Power MOSFET Using Bump Test Method to Evaluate Performance of Low Cost Heatsink | 10.1007/978-981-33-6926-9_6 |
2021-01-01 | The paper analyzes the prospects of using forestry waste as a raw material for the production of fuel resources (pellets). For each type of wood raw material the main quality parameters were measured: humidity, ash content, volatile substances content, The lower calorific value of the studied samples was calculated on the basis to the experimentally obtained data. The measurement results were compared with the requirements of European standards used in Ukraine. The studies have shown that sawdust from the dry lumber preparation shop without pre-treatment and sawdust from sawmilling and woodworking after pre-drying can be used to make pellets that meet the Swedish quality standard SS 18 71 20. | Measurement of Qualitative Characteristics of Different Types of Wood Waste in the Forestries Zhytomyr Polissya | 10.1007/978-3-030-74893-7_28 |
2021-01-01 | Discharge plasma technology is a new advanced oxidation technology for water treatment, which includes the effects of free radical oxidation, high energy electron radiation, ultraviolet light hydrolysis, and pyrolysis. In order to improve the energy efficiency in the plasma discharge processes, many efforts have been made to combine catalysts with discharge plasma technology. Some heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., activated carbon, zeolite, TiO 2 ) and homogeneous catalysts (e.g., Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , etc.) have been used to enhance the removal of pollutants by discharge plasma. In addition, some reagents of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) such as persulfate and percarbonate are also discussed. This article introduces the research progress of the combined systems of discharge plasma and catalysts/oxidants, and explains the different reaction mechanisms. In addition, physical and chemical changes in the plasma catalytic oxidation system, such as the effect of the discharge process on the catalyst, and the changes in the discharge state and solution conditions caused by the catalysts/oxidants, were also investigated. At the same time, the potential advantages of this system in the treatment of different organic wastewater were briefly reviewed, covering the degradation of phenolic pollutants, dyes, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Finally, some suggestions for future water treatment technology of discharge plasma are put forward. This review aims to provide researchers with a deeper understanding of plasma catalytic oxidation system and looks forward to further development of its application in water treatment. | Review on the treatment of organic wastewater by discharge plasma combined with oxidants and catalysts | 10.1007/s11356-020-11222-z |
2021-01-01 | Potato seed production requires virus-free plants. Potato virus X (PVX) is normally cleaned by thermotherapy, however, potato virus S (PVS) is one of the most difficult viruses to clean by thermotherapy. Cryotherapy is an optional technique to eliminate difficult viruses by traditional techniques. Both therapies induce oxidative damage leading to low survival. In the present investigation, the effect of SA to protect Solanum tuberosum plants infected with PVX or PVS from damage due to thermotherapy or cryotherapy was studied. Previously to therapies, nodal explants from plants PVX or PVS positive were sub-cultured for 30 d on MS medium containing SA 10 −5 or 10 −6 M. Thermotherapy: Plants PVX positive were subcultured for a supplementary 30 d period on MS SA-free, followed by thermotherapy (32–42 °C) for 35 d. Results showed SA induced thermotolerance during thermotherapy. PVX-free plants obtained in SA were significantly higher than in the control. SA increased CAT activity and reduced the H 2 O 2 content. Cryotherapy: Plants PVS positive, following cryotherapy, plant development and virus testing were carried out. Between 66.6% and 100% of the treated plants were virus-free compared to control plants which exhibited 0% survival. Thus, SA treatment in combination with thermotherapy or cryotherapy described, enhanced plant survival and virus cleaning in potato plants. | Potato Virus Elimination as Short and Long-Term Effect of Salicylic Acid Is Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Induction of Tolerance to Thermotherapy or Cryotherapy | 10.1007/978-3-030-79229-9_14 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract— The application of an electricity-generation technology involving the use, in a so-called organic Rankine cycle (ORC), of low-boiling working fluids holds promise for many fields of science and engineering in Russia. Many industrial and technological processes and operation of mechanisms and devices are often accompanied by releasing a large amount of low-grade (rejection) heat. As a rule, this heat is not usefully utilized and dissipates in the environment. Recovering the heat of exhaust gases from gas-turbine engines and diesel-generators in motor-road, railway, marine, and river transport; in gas transportation systems; in military engineering; etc. is one of the most promising application fields of this technology. In particular, an analysis of the technological parameters characterizing the operation of modern shipboard installations makes it possible to judge about the applicability of the ORC technology for improving their energy efficiency. However, the need to develop compact heat exchangers, which are designed through numerically analyzing the boiling and condensation of low-boiling working fluids (that are in themselves complex thermodynamic phenomena), is one of the most serious factors impeding the application of ORC installations in transport vehicles. The article presents a calculation procedure for preliminary designing the heat exchangers for ORC installations represented by a refrigerant vapor generator and a refrigerant condenser. The proposed procedure, which is based on the method of successive approximations, makes it possible to take into account the variability in the thermophysical properties of the used working fluids, the specific features of heat-transfer processes, changes in the geometrical parameters of the devices, the influence of process enhancement methods, etc. The article also gives results from testing the proposed procedure for the vapor generator and condenser of an ORC installation operating with R245fa fluoroorganic working fluid. The main geometrical and thermal characteristics necessary for designing the equipment of an ORC installation that recovers the heat of exhaust gases from Type 6M32 internal combustion engines used in a shipboard installation are obtained. | Designing the Main Heat-Transfer Equipment of an ORC-System for the Internal Combustion Engines of Shipboard Installations | 10.1134/S0040601520120010 |
2021-01-01 | Lower Bear Lake, in the San Bernardino Mountains, contains a Holocene paleohydrology record for southern California. The diatom and sediment geochemistry record indicates that the region experienced a wet Early Holocene followed by a gradual decrease in precipitation, which was punctuated by four strong and five weak pluvial episodes. The Lower Bear Lake record is compared with that of Silver Lake, a Mojave River terminal lake with headwaters in the San Bernardino Mountains, which exhibited several pluvial events at roughly the same time. The comparison is extended to records in relative proximity to Bear Lake (Dry Lake, Lake Elsinore, and San Joaquin marsh) and to two lakes with headwaters in the Sierra Nevada (Tulare Lake and Owens Lake). All exhibit a wet Early and early Middle Holocene wet interval and gradual drying through the remainder of the Holocene but differ in the expression of the pluvial episodes observed at Lower Bear Lake. The pluvial episodes are likely the result of changes in the storm track that affects the frequency and magnitude of winter storms in the area. These episodes are controlled by complex oceanic and atmospheric interactions and may be the result of the synchronous interaction of several teleconnections. | Diatom Record of Holocene Moisture Variability in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA | 10.1007/978-3-030-66576-0_11 |
2021-01-01 | In several countries artisanal beer producers are common and this tendency can be observed also in Brazil where a significant growth of the sector in recent years took place. This work explores an automation option directed to the production of small batches of beer where the important process variables such as times and temperatures are controlled. The implementation of the proposed automation makes use of low cost hardware, the Raspberry Pi 3, along with free software, the CraftBeerPi which easily allow the improvement of the quality and uniformity of brewing process. Since the hardware used has network communication capabilities, it is possible to remote monitoring the process, through “IoT” technology, which allows real-time checking of variables and alerts on all stages of the production process. A production line capable of producing 20 L of beer per batch was set up to perform the tests and prove the concepts, making it simple and effective to follow up and control the process variables by a mobile phone. The conclusions of this work are that the presented automation option has low cost and high flexibility, which makes it an innovative and attractive solution for artisans and small brewing business who seek to reproduce and compose beer recipes that would previously only be possible with the use of sophisticated and expensive equipment. | Low Cost Solution for Home Brewing and Small Brewing Business Using Raspberry Pi | 10.1007/978-3-030-55374-6_14 |
2021-01-01 | In this review paper, the low power sources available in the environment are outlined. Initially, the general block of the energy harvesting structure is presented and elaborated. The predominant application of various energy sources is identified. Moreover, the transducer devices and power management unit for harvesting the available energy from the environment are explained and discussed. Also, the merits and demerits of various energy harvesting techniques are furnished. Finally, most blooming and attractive microbial fuel cell energy sources are drawn, and a comprehensive review is constructed on their substrate and electrode material. This paper will be a guide to researchers to observe the so far results obtained from the microbial fuel cell. At last, this presents a clear picture of the available environmental energy sources and their harvesting energy interfaces. | A Comprehensive Review on Environmental Energy Sources for Low-Power Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-8221-9_28 |
2021-01-01 | In this paper, the low velocity impact analysis of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced hybrid nanocomposite plates is presented using variational differential quadrature (VDQ) method due to its numerical essence and the framework of implementation. The hybrid nanocomposite plate deformation is formulated based on classical plate theory and the contact force between the plate and projectile is estimated using Hertzian contact law. Also, a new micromechanics approach is presented to calculate the effective mechanical properties of the CNT/CF polymer hybrid nanocomposites. Five important factors including, random orientation and random distribution of CNTs, CNT/polymer interphase region, waviness and transversely isotropic behavior of CNT are incorporated in the micromechanical analysis. The accuracy of the present approach is verified with the available open literature results showing a clear agreement. The effects of various factors such as volume fraction and non-straight shape of CNT, CNT/polymer interphase region, CF volume fraction, random and regular arrangement of CFs, plate geometrical parameters and impactor velocity on the low velocity impact behavior of the CNT/CF-reinforced hybrid nanocomposite plates are studied. | A new numerical approach for low velocity impact response of multiscale-reinforced nanocomposite plates | 10.1007/s00366-019-00851-9 |
2021-01-01 | Photovoltaic received immense attention as the technology offers a clean, inexhaustible and cheap energy production applicable in a broad range. The basic working of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is summarized in this chapter. While silicon is the primary semiconducting material in the PV technology, recent developments are in the PV materials for cost-effective and better efficient materials. Various kinds of solar cells have developed in the past decade. Whereas various factors have affected the performance of a solar cell, photoanodes used in PV cells are the most critical component. This chapter deals with the investigation of various transparent conductive electrode (TCE) materials for photovoltaic applications that can replace indium tin oxide (ITO) which is the most widely used material because of its high transparency and excellent optoelectronic properties. Optical, electrical and power efficiency of various semiconductor Nanowire/Graphene nanocomposites are overviewed in this chapter. | Nanowires/Graphene Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-8307-0_7 |
2021-01-01 | The article presents the results of an experimental determination of the deformation characteristics of soil-crushed-stone samples under compression. The technique of manufacturing cylindrical specimens 20 cm high and 10 cm in diameter with different content of crushed stone in a mixture of fractions 50–10 and 10–20 mm is described. In addition, methods of saturation of samples with water and their testing by uniaxial compression are given. The rules for processing the experimental results are stated, which include: correction of the initial part of the graphical dependence of deformation from pressure and statistical processing of the results. The analysis of methods for calculating the deformation modulus is carried out, which are classified into three types: secant modulus, tangent modulus, and piecewise linear modulus. Basis on this analysis, a method for calculating the deformation modulus of a soil-crushed-stone sample under uniaxial compression was substantiated. As a result, the dependence of the modulus of deformation of the soil-crushed-stone sample on the moisture content of the soil and the content of crushed stone used in the soil-crushed-stone mixture was obtained. Based on the results of the experiment, a two-factor mathematical model was selected that allows calculating the deformation modulus of soil-crushed-stone material under uniaxial compression, depending on soil moisture and crushed stone content. Recommendations are given by the application of the research results for the development of an album of typical designs of pavements of the lowest type in the regions of the Omsk region. | Experimental Study of the Deformation Properties of Soil-Crushed-Stone Samples Under Compression | 10.1007/978-981-33-6208-6_51 |
2021-01-01 | The response of composite laminates from transverse impact loading is known to vary with the speed of impact. In Low Velocity Impact (LVI) conditions, boundary effects usually dominate since the impact duration is longer between the laminate and the impactor. The global damage modes in LVI is also distinctly unique, whereby large deflections often occur, which depend highly on the shear properties (both in-plane and interlaminar) of the material. Therefore, characterisation of impact resistance and damage on LVI conditions are crucial before material selection for structural design. In this chapter, the LVI behaviour of composite laminates under LVI loading is investigated. The type of damage under LVI is also highlighted and discussed to obtain a detailed understanding of the impactor mass and velocity effects. The extent of delamination is studied using ultrasonic C-scan and radiograph images. Finally, where possible, fractographic studies have been undertaken to understand the influence of the interlaminar toughness on the impact resistance. | Low Velocity Impact Testing on Laminated Composites | 10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_1 |
2021-01-01 | The effect of the chemical composition and microstructural parameters on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels serving in oilfield pipelines is studied. The causes of lowering of the corrosion resistance of the steels are determined. Recommendations are given for raising this characteristic without lowering the strength of the steels. | Effect of Chemical Composition and Parameters of Microstructure on Corrosion Resistance of High-Strength Rolled Products from Low-Alloy Steels in Aqueous Environments | 10.1007/s11041-021-00616-6 |
2021-01-01 | This paper focuses on the critical need to examine low velocity impact (LVI) on natural plant fiber composite (NFC) to avoid sudden material failure in the long run. Therefore, it is vital to conduct a short review on drop weight impact performance of several types of NFC currently trending in the market. To date, the impact testing is carried out using numerous parameters ranging from fabrication method to the type of composite materials. Therefore, producing a composite that had different impact resistance properties, since it had varies mechanical attribution such as its plasticity and ductility. The impacted plant fiber reinforced composite damage response behaviour were studied and analysed through the visual inspection, force–time graph and force–displacement graph. Through the findings, natural fibers do help improves the composite impact absorption capacity. Natural fibers have the potential huge potential to be used as an energy absorption structures. | Drop Weight Impact Testing on Plant Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix: A Short Review | 10.1007/978-981-16-0866-7_73 |
2021-01-01 | The current research will discuss on the low velocity impact properties of kenaf/jute/kenaf hybrid composites treated with sodium hydroxide solution. The after impact damage properties will be observed through ultrasonic C-scan and compression after impact analyses. Kenaf/jute/kenaf sequence with 30 wt% fibre loading was laid up in epoxy matrix and cured in room temperature. The hybrid composites can withstand up to 30 J impact energy without full penetration, but appeared to be severely damaged. The visual inspection through the naked eyes clearly shown the cracks propagated towards the sides of the samples. However, limitations occurred through the C-scan technique, as the damages captured were not fully in parallel to the visual inspection. This is due to the properties of natural fibres. The compression after impact testing showed a maximum force of 42 kN needed to break the samples, impacted with low impact energy. The maximum compression force reduced as the impact energy increased. | Low Velocity Impact, Ultrasonic C-Scan and Compression After Impact of Kenaf/Jute Hybrid Composites | 10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_6 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract The phenomenon of multiphasic survival curves found in drosophila is confirmed in experiments on daphnids. Mathematical modeling showed that the multiphasic nature of daphnids survival curves reflected abrupt changes in the death rate of objects during phase transition. The phase of a sharp increase in mortality observed at an early age in intact drosophila occurs in daphnids only as reaction to a negative impact. The induction of reactive changes by weak external signals resulted in decreased survival for young daphnids. A logical conclusion was made about the reaction readiness for each experimental individual. It is proven that the predisposition to reaction in daphnia persists for an indefinitely large number of generations. It is postulated that this reaction has an epigenetic nature. Earlier experimental materials suggest that a reaction of this type is widespread in natural surroundings. | Analytical Study of Patterns of the Survival Curves of Experimental Objects in Model Experiments on Daphnia magna
| 10.1134/S2079057021010434 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract The Aptian deposits on Spitsbergen Island are poorly studied. Moreover, there were no published data on fossil distribution in the Aptian and Albian in the vicinity of the town of Longyearbyen. This article provides new data on ammonite-based biostratigraphy of the Carolinefjellet Formation, indicating the presence of Beds with Tropaeum arcticum (middle Aptian) and Beds with Grantziceras (lower Albian). The age of the formation was verified and the presence of lower Albian strata was justified. The results of microscopic and isotope studies of five samples of glendonites collected from the middle Aptian of the Carolinefjellet Formation section are presented. Glendonites from the Carolinefjellet Formation are composed of three calcite phases: ikaite-derived calcite and two successive types of cement, which fill cavities and develop partially after the first-phase calcite. The O and C isotope compositions of glendonites were measured in five bulk samples from the middle Aptian interval of the section. The δ 18 O isotope composition of glendonites is significantly different from that of seawater, indicating the input of diagenetic fluids; the δ 13 C values are characteristic of sedimentary organic matter and methanotrophy. For the first time, findings of ammonites allowed us to clarify the stratigraphic intervals of glendonite occurrence and associated cold-climate episodes and prove the early Albian age of glendonites from the top of the Carolinefjellet Formation. | New Data on Stratigraphy and Distributions of Glendonites from the Carolinefjellet Formation (Middle Aptian–Lower Albian, Cretaceous), Western Spitsbergen | 10.1134/S0869593821010056 |
2021-01-01 | Incorporating functional ligands and biodegradable bonds into biocompatible low-molecular-weight (LMW) polymers, such as 1.8 kDa poly(ethylenimine) (PEI 1.8k), is a common strategy to improve the properties of LMW polymers including biosafety and delivery efficacy. This study demonstrates the hypothesis that introducing different functional ligands and linked reductive disulfides in PEI 1.8k will achieve superior siRNA transfection efficiency. By incorporating PEI-X (X represents cholesterol (Ch), heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA, F) and 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PBA)) functional ligands into PEI 1.8k and subsequently crosslinking with each other via disulfide bond links, reductive-responsive PEI-X-SS-X-PEI copolymers were constructed to enhance the cellular transfection via the synergistic effect of the high affinity of Ch, F and PBA to cell membranes and the disulfide reduction triggered intracellular disassembly of micelles and subsequent siRNA release. Extraordinarily, ternary Ch-SS-F-SS-PBA micelles exhibited the strongest siRNA transfection efficiencies in in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments due to the coordination of enhanced serum stability, promoted cell uptake and endosomal escape, and cell targeting ability. This strategy of constructed multifunctional polymer here we called “building-block crosslinking” showed a simple and smart way to synthesize new materials. Also this strategy of constructing ligands-directed reduction-sensitive micelles improves the transfection efficiency of LMW PEI and provides a valuable insight to develop novel gene delivery systems. 将功能性配体和生物可降解性键结合到生物相容性的低分子量(LMW)聚合物中, 如1.8k聚乙烯亚胺(PEI), 是提高LMW聚合物生物安全性和递送效率的常见策略. 本研究证明了在PEI 1.8k中引入不同功能性配体并使用还原性二硫键将其交联可获得超高siRNA递送效率. 通过将X (X代表胆固醇(Ch)、七氟丁酸酐(HFBA, F)和4-羧苯基硼酸(PBA))功能配体分别引入PEI 1.8k中得到PEI-X单体聚合物, 然后将三者通过二硫键相互交联可成功构建还原响应性PEI-X-SS-X-PEI共聚物. 利用Ch、 F、 PBA对细胞膜的高亲和力、 还原性二硫键触发的细胞内胶束解体及随后siRNA释放的协同作用, PEI-X-SS-X-PEI可显著增强siRNA的细胞转染. 这种三元型Ch-SS-F-SS-PBA/siRNA形成的胶束在体外细胞实验和体内动物实验中均表现出最强的siRNA转染效率, 这得益于胶束具有增强的血清稳定性、 提升的细胞摄取和溶酶体逃逸能力以及细胞靶向性的协同作用. 这种“嵌段交联”型的多功能聚合物的构建展示了一种简单并智能的材料合成方法. 同时, 这种配体介导构建还原敏感型胶束的策略提高了LMW-PEI的转染效率, 为开发新的基因递送系统提供了有价值的思路. | “Building-block crosslinking” micelles for enhancing cellular transfection of biocompatible polycations | 10.1007/s40843-020-1366-2 |
2021-01-01 | Soft soil particularly clayey soil has a very low value of California bearing ratio (CBR). As the CBR value is low the thickness of the granular layer is more, which is resulting in the higher cost of pavement. To overcome this issue, geosynthetics (geogrids) are mainly used in the granular layer of pavement as reinforcement. For cost-effectiveness and durability of pavement, geosynthetics are used from the last 2–3 decades but still, there is no proper design philosophy available for use of geogrid in the flexible pavement. To quantify the benefits of geogrid reinforcement, field studies were conducted on the geogrid reinforced test section constructed on Mandvi-Serulla state highway by using falling weight deflectometer (FWD). Results of FWD data confirmed that the modulus value of geogrid reinforced layer is increased by 1.40 times than that of the unreinforced granular layer. A finite element model was also developed in PLAXIS 2D to justify the benefits of geogrid reinforcement against fatigue and rutting failure. | Design and Performance of Highway Pavement Reinforced with Geosynthetic | 10.1007/978-981-33-6466-0_33 |
2021-01-01 | The open die forging/upsetting of bulk material to a cone shape involves high plastic deformation. The plastic strain causes major changes in the material’s mechanical and metallurgical characteristics. In order to gain a better understanding of these characteristic changes, experimental, analytical, and numerical models were developed and studied. First, sample material properties and friction conditions (with several lubricants) were measured. Next, analytical models ( upper bound Upper bound and slab method) simulated the forging forces and the results were compared to results from a finite element Finite element (FE) model. These were then compared with the experimental findings using C101 copper Copper . The preformed samples were surface etched with a grid pattern and the strain caused by the forming operations was measured from the grid changes. The flow pattern was inspected and compared with the outcomes using a similar material and a numerical model. A good resemblance was found between the experimental results and the theoretical models. | Open Die Forging of Copper Cone | 10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_44 |
2021-01-01 | A fast response high-voltage power supply for the electrostatic deflection system in a low-energy particle spectrometer is designed. The high-voltage power supply uses high-voltage optocouplers as the core amplifying devices, and the output stage is a two-arm push-pull amplifier composed of two high-voltage optocouplers. The experimental results show that the high-voltage power supply can output either positive or negative voltage from the same output port, and the output voltage range is from −3 kV to +3 kV, which can meet the demand of the electrostatic deflection system for the bipolar voltage supply. The adjustment speed of the output voltage is fast. The time of voltage rise or fall does not exceed 1.7 ms, which can speed up the scanning speed of the spectrometer and improve the time resolution. The output stage adopts a push-pull amplification structure, which can improve the temperature stability of the output voltage. The design satisfies the expected performance of the high-voltage power supply for the electrostatic deflection system. | Design of Fast Response High-Voltage Power Supply for the Electrostatic Deflection System in a Low-Energy Particle Spectrometer | 10.1007/978-981-33-4102-9_42 |
2021-01-01 | The presence of neighbor or overtopping plants is perceived by changes in light quality, which lead to several growth and developmental changes known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Among them, the analysis of hypocotyl elongation is an important SAS physiological output that has been successfully used to investigate photoreceptors and downstream signaling components. Here we describe the experimental setup and growth conditions used to investigate photoreceptors and their signaling mechanisms through the analysis of hypocotyl elongation in laboratory, using simulated low R/FR ratio, low blue light, and true/deep shade conditions. | Analysis of Shade-Induced Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1370-2_3 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter provides an overview on the range of hydrologic extremes occurring in Arctic Rivers, consisting of extreme low winter flows; river-ice jam breakup spring floods; snowmelt-driven peak spring/early summer flows; and in some instances, rainfall-driven peak flows in summer. These extreme conditions are mainly influenced by climatological drivers, and in particular, warming climate and enhanced wetness is causing substantial changes in the magnitude, variability and timing of extreme events. The most prominent historical changes in the Arctic include increasing trends in mean annual flow and winter low flow, and earlier timing of peak flow, which are attributable to warming temperature and increasing precipitation, and resulting changes in snowpack storage. Winter low flow is further enhanced by permafrost degradation as it promotes increased soil infiltration and subsurface water movement. Snowmelt-driven annual maximum flow, primarily, has been decreasing, consistent with increased warming and decreased snowpack. Secondary peak flow events in late summer, driven by extreme summer rainfall and possibly enhanced by glacial melt, have been occurring more frequently in some areas of the Arctic, exceeding snowmelt-driven peak flow events. There is also evidence of nonstationary changes in streamflow extremes, such as increasing recurrence intervals of snowmelt-driven floods of a particular magnitude. Future projections indicate continued and enhanced warming, and strong increases in the high-latitude precipitation leading to enhanced annual flows and low flows. Future changes in peak flow remain unclear as peak flow could either increase or decrease depending on the region and interactions between precipitation change and temperature increases. Alterations in hydrologic extremes in the Arctic will have major social and economic implications; thus, focused research aimed at understanding, predicting, and projecting the Arctic streamflow extremes is recommended. | Hydrologic Extremes in Arctic Rivers and Regions: Historical Variability and Future Perspectives | 10.1007/978-3-030-50930-9_7 |
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