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2021-01-01 | Grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the primitive plant species domesticated for human food and animal feed. Like any other food legumes, it is rich in protein, healthy fats, vitamins and micronutrients. However, among pulses, this crop has a distinction of having homoarginine and β-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-diamino- l -propionic acid). While the former makes it a functional healthy food, the later a toxic food. The presence of ODAP has caused much damage to its cultivation and consumption among growers and consumers as it is known to cause irreversible spastic paraparesis (paralysis) of lower limbs, if overconsumed continuously for a longer period as survival food. Many countries have put forth ban of its trade, leading to serious marketing issue. In this chapter, priority traits for genetic biofortification of grass pea and the genetic variability reported in the existing germplasm have been reviewed. Suitable analytical methods for estimating ODAP, protein and homoarginine concentration have been outlined. Further genetic variability for the target traits has been discussed along with currently available breeding methods and tools for mainstreaming biofortification efforts in grass pea. For low or no ODAP concentration in future varieties, recent advances in biotechnology and genomics-assisted breeding approaches are pertinent to deploy in this crop species. | Breeding for Better Grain Quality in Lathyrus | 10.1007/978-3-030-59215-8_6 |
2021-01-01 | In the present study, a magnetic adsorbent, rhein-coated magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle (RMNP), for Pb 2+ and Mg 2+ had been developed, and adsorption mechanism was studied via low-field NMR. RMNP was characterized by TEM, FTIR, and XRD. RMNP could adsorb and remove Pb 2+ and Mg 2+ from water and was successfully applied to remove Pb 2+ and Mg 2+ from wastewater, with satisfactory recovery rates and high adsorption capacities. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity for Mg 2+ and Pb 2+ was approximately 69.3 and 64.9 mg g −1 of RMNP, respectively, which was better than some results reported. Low-field NMR results showed that Pb 2+ or Mg 2+ enhanced the T 2 relaxation time of RMNP, which suggested that RMNP selectively coordinated with Pb 2+ or Mg 2+ and led to the aggregation of RMNP, furthermore removal of Pb 2+ or Mg 2+ from water. The standard curves for △T 2 -cation concentration exhibited good line correlation. The linear ranges were from 4.2 × 10 −6 to 2.0 × 10 −4 mol L −1 for Pb 2+ and from 5.0 × 10 −6 mol L −1 to 1.0 × 10 −4 mol L −1 for Mg 2+ , respectively. The limits of detection were 1.4 × 10 −6 mol L −1 for Pb 2+ and 2.1 × 10 −6 mol L −1 for Mg 2+ , respectively. In short, low-field NMR could clearly display the interaction between RMNP and Pb 2+ or Mg 2+ , even be used to detect Pb 2+ or Mg 2+ in suitable condition. Besides, this method could be expanded to study the interaction between other magnetic adsorbents and analytes. | Adsorption mechanism of rhein-coated Fe3O4 as magnetic adsorbent based on low-field NMR | 10.1007/s11356-020-10541-5 |
2021-01-01 | The challenges of developing a micro electromagnetic power generator are to increase the flux density from the thin permanent magnet and reduce the resistance of the micro high-winding-density coil. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel MEMS power generator for low-frequency-vibration energy harvesting employing a 16-poles thin magnet plate and a high-aspect-ratio spiral micro array coil. Transient magnetic analysis has proved that the multi-pole magnet thin plate (8.9 × 8.9 × t0.5 mm) magnetized by laser assisted heating helps increase the output power from the generator compared with the unidirectional one. The high-aspect-ratio spiral micro array coil (width: 80 µm, thickness: 160 µm, total turns: 144) fabricated by the combination of multilayer SU-8 micro moldings, copper plating, and silver paste screen printing is beneficial for increasing coil density and reducing resistance, thus improving output power. The vibration experiment showed that in terms of no consideration of spring and guideway structure, when the magnet is directly vibrated by an actuator, the induced voltage, generated power, and power density were 1.63 mV, 0.12 µW and 1.03 µW/cm 3 , respectively at an excitation frequency of 10 Hz with an amplitude of 2 mm. When a 3D-printed cantilever beam was adopted as the spring and guideway structure for the resonant prototype, the counterparts were 8.48 mV, 3.34 µW and 5.22 µW/cm 3 , respectively at 38 Hz and 2 mm excitation (corresponding to a vibration acceleration peak of 11.6 g). | Energy Scavenging From Low Frequency Vibrations Through a Multi-Pole Thin Magnet and a High-Aspect-Ratio Array Coil | 10.1007/s40684-020-00276-6 |
2021-01-01 | Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) is a promising technique for improving oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. This paper is proposed to analyze the effects of water salinity and injection rate on the oil recovery of LSWF, and to measure the wettability alteration of sandstone surface. This study performed 9 groups of core flooding experiments by injecting different salinity water, and recorded the oil recovery for each group. Furthermore, the formation water (FW) and the preferred low salinity water (FW-100) were injected under 6 different injection rates ranging from 0.10 mL/min to 0.75 mL/min, results of which were compared to analyze the influence of injection rate. The oil recovery raised at first and then decreased due to the increase of water salinity and injection rate. The preferred water salinity was about 2384.6 mg/L for the sandstone core sample. On the other hand, when the water injection rate was less than 0.30 mL/min, the oil recovery of FW-100 flooding was greater than that of FW flooding. However, once the water injection rate was higher than 0.40 mL/min, an opposite experimental result was obtained. The contact angle between core slice and oil droplet increased 5.26° after aging 50 h by 50 times dilute formation water. The incremental oil recovery by LSWF in sandstone could be best explained as wettability alteration which is related to clay minerals, oil composition and divalent cations concentration. This paper innovatively analyzed the preferred water salinity and injection rate of LSWF in sandstone, which is helpful for further application in oilfield. | Experimental Study for the Effects of Water Salinity and Injection Rate on Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_117 |
2021-01-01 | This study is focused on analyzing the effects of overloaded vehicles on low volume roads and their comparison with standard axle load of 81.60 kN. The overloads assumed are 1.25 times, 1.50 times and 2.0 times the standard axle load. The main objective of this research is to check the trends in the values of tensile strain, vertical strain and vertical surface deflections in pavement with respect to subgrade modulus and high pressure intensities. Results indicate that the effect of overloading and varying pressure intensities is significant on compressive strain; however effect on tensile strain is comparatively insignificant. The compressive strains increase by almost 95% when overloading is increased by 2 times the standard axle load while a significant rise of almost 50% is also seen when overloading is increased by 1.25 times the standard axle load. When the overloading is 2 times the standard axle load, it has been observed that fatigue cycles decrease by almost 40% while varying the subgrade modulus. Also, for the same condition of 2 times overloading, the fatigue cycles decrease by almost 70% while varying the pressure intensities. Further analysis reveals that the cumulative cycles reduce by almost 95% for both the cases and hence, highlights the importance of overloading in design criteria. The allowable overload limit in India is 1.25 times the standard axle load and hence, design charts are created for overloading phenomena by using 1.25 times the standard axle load as the ultimate load to create realistic and long-lasting design of low volume roads. | Critical Pavement Response Analysis Under Overloading for Design of Low Volume Rural Roads | 10.1007/978-3-030-79857-4_2 |
2021-01-01 | Professor Wang once served as the president of the China Society for Technology of Plasticity (CSTP). He also hosted and chaired the 4th International Conference of Technologies of Plasticity (ICTP) in Beijing, in 1993, to bring the event for the first time to China. During the 60 years’ academic career life on metal forming, he has published 17 books and more than 300 academic papers, and won international and national Awards 5 times, including invention award and science & technology progress award, etc. The main contributions of Professor Wang include: developing the engineering plasticity Engineering plasticity theory and promoting its applications, inventing the dieless hydroforming method for large-scale spherical shells, solving the technological problems of several key national projects of China, leading internationalization of Chinese community of plasticity engineering, and supervising a group of talents on metal forming. | Professor Z. R. Wang’s Contributions to Metal Forming Theory, Technology, and Education | 10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_26 |
2021-01-01 | Starch, a common constituent of higher plants, is the major form in which carbohydrates are stored. This chapter first introduces chemistry structure, synthesis, digestion, metabolism, and bioavailability of starch. Based on its digestion rate and extent, starch is classified into rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch. Resistant starch cannot be digested in the small intestine but can be fermented in the large intestine. This chapter introduces five kinds of resistant starch and commercially manufactured products and describes the fermentation process of resistant starch in detail, including the metabolism pathways, the bacteria involved, and end products. The fermentability of resistant starch depends on its physical and chemical structure. Particularly, short-chain fatty acids, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate, are produced during fermentation of resistant starch. These short-chain fatty acids have considerable bioactives. As a result, consumption of resistant starch has many benefits, including the prebiotic effect, decreasing protein fermentation, keeping colon healthy, the hypoglycemic effect, the anti-obesity effect, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, improving mineral absorption, etc. | Starch | 10.1007/978-981-15-4148-3_48 |
2021-01-01 | Low saline water flooding (LSWF) in sandstone is an emerging technique for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, understanding the nature of the process is still limited and debated. Hence, there is a need to better understand the molecular level insights into the interactions between the rock–oil–water. This study elucidates the interaction phenomenon occurred between different reservoirs components considering smectite-rich clay, dead crude oil and different concentrations of brine (1500–50,000 ppm) for designing customized flooding fluid for specific reservoir type. The interaction study has been done using different analytical methods including X-ray diffraction patterns, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, powder wettability and contact angle measurements. The results reveal that 1500–3000 ppm range of salinity is working better during EOR. However, the composition of smectite and crude oil present in the reservoir is the key factor on which the oil recovery also depends. The saline water extracts different polycyclic aromatic structures from the oil sample. The study proves that the monovalent cation like Na + is more compatible to exploit oil as compared to divalent cations like Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . | Interaction of Clay–Crude Oil–Injection Brine: An Experimental Approach for Understanding the Effectiveness of Low Saline Water (LSW) During Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) | 10.1007/978-981-33-6133-1_4 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter explores the next focus of NASA, a manned mission to Mars. In order to accomplish this feat, intermediate technological steps need to be accomplished, including the Asteroid Redirect Mission and advanced rocket and spaceship development built to deliver large payloads over long distances. Reasons for traveling to Mars are outlined along with the technological challenges and need for strong financial support to accomplish the goal by the 2030s. Elon Musk’s vision and plans to colonize Mars is featured along with the controversial one-way Mars One mission. | Going to Mars | 10.1007/978-3-030-56835-1_5 |
2021-01-01 | 2′- O -methylation (Nm) is an RNA modification commonly found on rRNA and snRNA, and at the mRNA 5′-cap, but has more recently been found internally on mRNA. The study of internal Nm modifications on mRNA is in the early stages, but we have reported that this sort of Nm modification can regulate mRNA abundance and translation. Although there are many methods to determine the presence of Nm on rRNA, detecting Nm on specific mRNA transcripts is technically difficult because they are much less abundant than rRNA. Some of these methods rely on the fact that Nm modification of RNA disrupts reverse transcription reactions when performed at low dNTP concentrations. In this chapter, we describe our approach to using quantitative PCR in conjunction with reverse transcription at low dNTPs, which is sensitive enough to detect changes to Nm modification of mRNA. | Assessing 2′-O-Methylation of mRNA Using Quantitative PCR | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1374-0_11 |
2021-01-01 | ChIP-seq is a powerful technique that allows the detection of chromatin localization for proteins and epigenetic modifications. However, conventional ChIP-seq usually requires millions of cells. This becomes a daunting task for applications in which only limited experimental materials are available. For example, during mammalian embryo development, the epigenomes undergo drastic reprogramming which endows a fertilized egg with the potential to develop into the whole body. Low-input ChIP-seq methods would be instrumental to help decipher molecular mechanisms underlying such epigenetic reprogramming. Here we describe an optimized ChIP-seq method—STAR (Small-scale TELP-Assisted Rapid) ChIP-seq—that allows the detection of histone modifications using only a few hundred cells. This method is proven to be robust in epigenomic profiling in both embryos and cultured cells. | Tracking Histone Modifications in Embryos and Low-Input Samples Using Ultrasensitive STAR ChIP-Seq | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0958-3_16 |
2021-01-01 | Atmospheric particulate matter or PM is one of the pollutants certainly most considered by professionals, both for the impact it has on the environment and for the impact, it has on human health. The official measurement methods for the detection of PM give information at long intervals and in pre-established sites giving a poor resolution from this point of view. For years, sensor manufacturers have tried to address this shortcoming with new portable devices, which have a very low sampling time (a few seconds) and a low price called the Low-Cost PM Sensor (LCPMS). This work shows a comparison of the performance of an LCPMS set. The test is carried out in the laboratory where a test chamber has been created capable of providing a controlled environment in which to test the devices. | Study and Characterization of LCPMS in the Laboratory | 10.1007/978-3-030-69551-4_24 |
2021-01-01 | During the last few decades, keen attention has been paid to the advanced steels with the ultra-fine-grained (UFG) microstructure manufactured by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques. Although these materials often demonstrate prominent mechanical properties, the detrimental environmentally induced effects, such as hydrogen embrittlement (HE), which may appear during their service life, have been just scarcely studied. In particular, the influence of the hydrogen concentration and strain rate, which are among the main factors controlling HE, in general, has not been considered in UFG ferritic steels as yet. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the effect of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and fracture mode of the low-alloy steel processed by ECAP in comparison with the conventionally fabricated counterparts. The ECAPed and as-received specimens of the low-alloy steel grade 09G2S were cathodically hydrogen charged at different current densities and then subjected to tensile testing at two different strain rates. The diffusible hydrogen concentration in the specimens before tensile testing was assessed by the hot extraction method. After hydrogen charging both as-received and ECAPed specimens demonstrate HE the extent of which increases with the increasing hydrogen concentration and decreasing strain rate. It is found that the ECAPed steel occludes much higher hydrogen concentration than the as-received one. At the given hydrogen concentration, the ECAPed specimens demonstrate stronger hydrogen-induced ductility loss as well as a fundamentally different fracture mode in comparison to the as-received counterparts. | Effect of Hydrogen Concentration and Strain Rate on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Ultra-Fine-Grained Low-Carbon Steel | 10.1007/978-3-030-66948-5_10 |
2021-01-01 | With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles in our country, parking and parking management are becoming more and more difficult. Use information technology to improve the use of parking spaces and improve the efficiency of parking management, it is an effective way to alleviate the parking problem. In 2015, the research on "Internet + parking" accelerated rapidly in China. And various intelligent parking system models are introduced. Firstly, the parking conditions at home and abroad are studied, and the existing parking systems are analyzed. It is found that the current parking system can hardly be used in public parking areas such as residential areas, roadside and square. In order to solve the core part of intelligent parking system in public parking IoT Low energy consumption parking space control. Using new detection technology, parking lock control technology, wireless sensor network technology, solar charging technology, power management technology. Parking space detection module, parking lock control module and wireless sensor network module and power control management module with additional solar charging are designed. There are three problems specifically for intelligent parking in public parking lots: parking detection and automatic control, low-energy wireless signal transmission, efficient power management, effectively improve the performance of intelligent parking system and reduce energy consumption. This paper uses advanced wireless technology to construct and design intelligent parking system. Through the research on the development and management characteristics and application examples of intelligent transportation in developed countries such as Europe and America, based on China's basic national conditions and advanced wireless communication technology, radio frequency technology and computer technology research, establish an integrated system. Finally, the performance and power consumption of the intelligent parking system are tested, to ensure the feasibility of the system, this kind of system has certain application value in the scenario of resource sharing and intelligent management of public parking spaces. | Low power consumption and reliability of wireless communication network in intelligent parking system | 10.1007/s12652-020-02183-9 |
2021-01-01 | Landslides have been occurring frequently because of rainfall, which leads to serious consequences, often plugging rivers, disrupting transportation, communication, and other lifeline projects and posing a serious threat to people's life and property. Therefore, effective early warning system for rainfall-induced landslide is particularly important. This research presented the development of early warning system that includes soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and data transmission system. Some tests were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the developed system under different water contents. Test with different sample depths under the same water content was also used to verify the accuracy of this system. The results show that, the sensitivity of the sensor is affected by the initial state, and it takes about 10–20 min to reach the stable measurement state. With the increase of water content in soil samples, the resistance value obtained by the system decreases accordingly, which is consistent with theoretical results. The tests of early warning system also worked well under different depths of the same soil sample. The development of the current warning system is the basis for predicting landslides in the future, and lower development costs and accurate test results make it possible to be widely adopted to both the developed and developing nations. | Developing a Sustainable System for Early Warning Against Landslides During Rainfall | 10.1007/978-981-16-0077-7_75 |
2021-01-01 | The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the largest technological evolutions of computing. With the rapid development of communication, there was a tremendous growth of IoT technology across various fields. IoT devices might be resource-constrained like sensors, actuators, and embedded devices with the IEEE 802.15.4. IoT enables widespread and ubiquitous IoT applications: transportation, logistics, safety and security, health-care, manufacturing, etc. IoT application without sensing devices is impracticable. These sensing devices are battery-powered and constrained by inadequate energy in terms of communication and computation. The optimized communication directs to a more extended network lifetime. Least hop count, enhanced scalability, and connectivity are onerous issues that can be addressed entirely by a clustering mechanism. We conduct comprehensive simulation studies for performance analysis and comparative study of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). with the conventional approaches in the IoT ecosystem. The experimental outcomes prove that the intended approach outperforms closely-related works. | LIENE: Lifetime Enhancement for 6LoWPAN Network Using Clustering Approach Use Case: Smart Agriculture | 10.1007/978-3-030-75004-6_5 |
2021-01-01 | In this chapter basic information for hydrogen is provided. | Hydrogen Characteristics | 10.1007/978-3-030-58244-9_15 |
2021-01-01 | The wind power is considered as a clean energy. However, the noise produced by wind turbines, namely infrasound and low frequency noise (below 500 Hz) are responsible for several pathologies in the humans. The aim of this study was to assess the sound pressure level of infrasound and low frequency noise, produced by wind turbines, in housings nearby wind farms. The measurements were carried out in 3 houses near the “S. João 2” wind farm (Penela, Portugal). It was considered two measuring points for each house (inside and outside). For the measurements it was used a sound level meter CESVA SC420 and the Q-TRAK Plus IAQ Monitor with Probe Model 8592 for measure air velocity. For statistical analysis it was used IBM SPSS Statistics v.26. It was found that, despite the increase in distance (between the different houses and the wind farm), there was no decrease in sound pressure levels. The houses nearby “low vegetation” present higher sound pressure level for infrasound and low frequency noise. Infrasound and low frequency noise levels are higher “outside” the houses. For lower air velocities, the values of infrasound and low frequency noise are higher. Regarding the behavior of the variation of noise frequencies, it was found that the sound pressure levels were higher in the houses furthest from the source. It was concluded that there are several factors that influence the propagation of noise. Therefore, it is important to consider measurements to minimize the impacts on the population and invest in prevention policies concerned with public health and which define safe setbacks. | Infrasound and Low-Frequency Noise Produced by Wind Turbines in Housings - Case Studies | 10.1007/978-3-030-75315-3_45 |
2021-01-01 | This paper proposed a vehicle monitoring system for low-emission zone application based on OBD (on-board diagnostics) technology. The proposed system is composed of OBD, GPS, 4G mobile communication, and Internet cloud computing technologies. The proposed system could implement in real time the function of vehicle status surveillance and could be applied to low-emission zone (LEZ) application. The monitored features cover vehicle identification number (VIN), malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) status, and number of diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs). These vehicle information, i.e., VIN, MIL, and DTC, as well as GPS data will be sent to the Internet cloud computing server using 4G mobile network for LEZ application. Once the system discovers the vehicle does not meet the LEZ standards and drives into LEZ, the proposed system could inform the user and management department to deal with this violation situation. The system presented in this paper provides a new way to control the LEZ and has high potential for the applications of vehicle monitoring management. | Development of a Vehicle Monitoring System for Low-Emission Zone Application Based on OBD Technology | 10.1007/978-981-16-1209-1_19 |
2021-01-01 | Based on the distribution network practical-test-platform, the research work on the realization technology of arc grounding fault in distribution network can be carried out. In this paper, the arc grounding fault model is established, the development process of intermittent arc grounding fault is described in detail, and an arc grounding fault simulation device and a simulation flow are designed. The simulation example of the distribution network practical-test-platform is built on the PSCAD software, and the intermittent arc grounding fault of the neutral ungrounded system and the low resistance grounding system is simulated and analyzed. | Research on Realization Technology of Arc Grounding Fault on Distribution Network on Field Test Data | 10.1007/978-3-030-80531-9_11 |
2021-01-01 | Low back pain is exceedingly common. Most patients with low back pain present acutely or subacutely. The clinician is frequently faced with the task of determining whether or not the individual low back pain patient has an emergent or unstable underlying condition. The approach to the patient with acute or subacute low back pain includes a search for red flags in the history and careful physical and neurological examinations that can indicate the likelihood of an underlying urgent or emergent condition. In the absence of red flags, patients can be treated conservatively for 1 month or more without diagnostic testing. Patients who have or develop red flags should undergo urgent and sometimes emergent investigation. Low back pain emergencies include infections (vertebral osteomyelitis and/or epidural abscess), primary and metastatic spine tumors, thoracic aortic dissection, expansion or rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a large lumbar disc protrusion or extrusion with compression of the cauda equina, and thoracolumbar fractures. | Low Back Pain Emergencies | 10.1007/978-3-030-75778-6_2 |
2021-01-01 | There are multitudinous applications of comparator in diversified areas, notably used in data converters. Since many years, single stage, dynamic type latch as well as double tail comparators have been designed using CMOS technology. But there is a trade-off among the energy consumption and time delay. Concurrently, to alleviate the short channel effects of the design, which is based on traditional CMOS, FinFET has loomed as the most assuring surrogate by its enormous gate control characteristic across the channel region. Here, we examined the performance of a latest dynamic type latch comparator, and a modern design of dynamic type latch comparator is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, 18 nm FinFET technology is considered as a platform for the design of this comparator. The proposed comparator has shown splendid performance with respect to energy consumption, delay, in comparison with the other latest comparator through simulation with Cadence. | Design of Low-Power Dynamic Type Latch Comparator Using 18 nm FinFET Technology for SAR ADC | 10.1007/978-981-33-4684-0_61 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays, the Internet of things is spread everywhere. We can do a lot of tough work with IoT and robotics which are very difficult for people to do. This work presents a system that is an IoT-based robot, which can collect data from remote abstruse places and that place may be virus affected. The robot can be controlled with and smartphone via Bluetooth communication. The robot is capable of sending the data to a cloud server. From the cloud server, the collected data can be monitored from all over the world. An app is used to control the movement of the robot and another app has been build to monitor the data with smartphones. This works may help the virus-affected people. | Low-Cost Smartphone-Controlled Remote Sensing IoT Robot | 10.1007/978-981-16-0882-7_49 |
2021-01-01 | In view of the fainting situation of modern Chinese students in the process of sports and sports body side, the wearable detection method is realized, and the real-time monitoring of students’ physical quality through cloud computing is realized, and the research and design of students’ physical fitness monitoring system is realized. The sensor, Android system and low-power Bluetooth technology are used to realize the light-weight and portable exercise load detection system. The data is transmitted to cloud computing to realize the sensor data processing, so that the step counting can be carried out, and the precise measurement of the movement energy consumption can be carried out through the linear relationship between the acceleration integral of human body motion and the consumption of motion energy source. Using the combination of exercise energy consumption and step rate, it can effectively meet the needs of students’ sports load detection, and also can provide students with scientific and effective sports standards, so that students can get the best exercise load, and help teachers set reasonable planning for students, and effectively improve the scientific nature of sports. Finally, the system is tested, which shows that the load designed in this paper has a high detection accuracy of sports load, which can fully show the students’ physical state and effectively improve the efficiency of students’ sports training. | Sports Detection System Based on Cloud Computing | 10.1007/978-981-33-4572-0_255 |
2021-01-01 | Relying on the fund support of the Jilin Province Education Department “13th Five-Year” science and technology research project JJKH20190974KJ, this paper explores and practices a four-rotor aircraft, which is suitable for agricultural low-altitude remote sensing field, and achieves the goal of low cost and easy operation. This paper expounds the functional requirements, structural design and implementation scheme of the four-rotor aircraft. The importance of cascade PID control in real-time and veracity is emphasized. The hardware selection scheme and freedom degrees control method of the system platform are described in detail. The project product is in the pilot stage. The system runs stably and the effect is good. | Structure Design of Four-Rotor Aircraft Suitable for Agricultural Low-Altitude Remote Sensing | 10.1007/978-3-030-70042-3_124 |
2021-01-01 | Eco-hydraulic modeling for flow assessment has increased in recent years due to complex hydraulic factors that control different life stages of ecological habitat. Both the Halda and Karnafuli Rivers play a vital role in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. In almost every dry season they experience lower inflow. In this study, a 1D eco-hydraulic model, which is representing a Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM), and a 2D eco-hydraulic model for inflow regimes (CASiMiR), are applied to selected areas. To study low and minimum flow regimes two key factors, the Weighted Usable Area (WUA) and the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) were applied. Based on the flow during flood tide and long term flow variability, a flow series was investigated to simulate suitable environmental flow regimes. Both models predicted similar trends in incremental discharge variation during minimum inflow and average minimum inflow operating in the in a range of 25–30.1 m 3 /s. Although, difficulties arise while acquiring river bed topography data in the 2D eco-hydraulic model set up, reasonable prediction accuracy and geometry of regime could be obtained. However, insufficient bathymetric data necessitated the application of 1D eco-hydraulic simualtion which yielded reasonable performance while taking suitable eco-hydraulic factors into account. | Predicting Low Flow Thresholds of Halda-Karnafuli Confluence in Bangladesh | 10.1007/978-3-319-54612-4_22 |
2021-01-01 | For large-scale adoption of photo-voltaic (PV) system in low-voltage (LV) network, power quality issues bring several challenges, especially with inter-harmonics. However, a clear picture of the analytic model of inter-harmonics is still lacking.Thus, this paper explores the DC voltage perturbation caused by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm that is one of source of inter-harmonics appear in grid current in three-phase inverter. Then, harmonic/inter-harmonic amplitude-frequency analytical model is analyzed, based on PWM switch function, impedance model and filter structure.Finally, with the proposed model, the most important control parameters perturbation step size and sampling rate of MPPT, have impact on inter-harmonic characteristics with experiment test, performed on a three-phase grid-connected PV system. The Matlab/Simulink simulation and analysis results are presented to validate the proposed model. | Analytical Model for Inter-harmonics Current Caused by MPPT of Grid-Connected PV System in LV Network | 10.1007/978-981-33-6606-0_26 |
2021-01-01 | The most important component needed for all wireless and communication systems is the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). In this paper, a four-stage low-power differential ring voltage-controlled oscillator (DRVCO) is presented. The proposed DRVCO is designed using new differential delay cell with dual delay path and Hara inductor to obtain a high frequency VCO with low-power consumption. Results have been obtained at supply voltage of 1.8 V using 0.18 µm TSMC complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The tuning range for the proposed VCO varies from 4.6 to 5.5 GHz. This low-power VCO has a power consumption of about 5–10 mW over a control voltage variation of 0.1–1.0 V. The proposed VCO circuit at an offset frequency of 1 MHz achieves a phase noise of −67.9966 dBc/Hz. The figure of merit of proposed circuit is −135 dBc/Hz. | A Low-Power Hara Inductor-Based Differential Ring Voltage-Controlled Oscillator | 10.1007/978-981-15-8297-4_8 |
2021-01-01 | Additive manufacturing has gained significant attentions from industrial and academia. Personal design and fabrication have been enabled by different 3D modeling software. The design phase typically takes several iterations. Printing these iterations consumes a lot of time and materials. Although several works have been proposed to speed up 3D printers for quick design iterations, the cost of 3D printer depreciation has not been considered. This paper aims to minimize the iteration cost and time of printing a 3D objects preview, using a low-cost printer. The printer is designed based on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique with total cost <100$. Moreover, the compatibility of two wireframe systems with the developed printer to facilitate printing intermediate low-fidelity previews have been examined. The printer slices the 3D model along its vertical axis into horizontal slices, extracts the contours, and finally supports the developed printer to fill the space between slices with a zigzag pattern. The results show that printing time using WirePrint system is less than using WeaveMesh system. The proposed fabrication solution saves more than 75% of the total cost of the conventional printing methods. | An Efficient Method for Rapid Fabrication Using Low Cost 3D Printer | 10.1007/978-3-030-62066-0_40 |
2021-01-01 | The Additive Manufacturing (AM), which employs the arc to fuse the metallic wire (WAAM) is attracted much attention for producing metallic parts. This technique shows a high rate of the material deposition and low production costs when compared to other metallic AM technologies. In the current work, an industrial welding robot has been employed for building ER70S6 steel walls according to the additive manufacturing method. First, two deposition strategies were considered to build the thin walls layer by layer—i.e., the same deposition direction and alternating deposition direction strategies. After that, the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of thin walls built with the most suitable strategy were investigated. The results indicate that the alternating deposition direction strategy allows achieving thin walls with more regular height. The roughness of the side surface of the thin walls is about 0.23 mm. The microstructure of ER70S6 thin walls changes from region by region: the upper region consists of lamellar structures; the middle region features granular structures; and the lower region shows mixed lamellar and equiaxed structures. The hardness also varies according to these three regions. The upper region shows the highest average value of hardness (~191 HV), followed by the lower region (~178 HV), and the middle region (~163 HV). Finally, the ER70S6 walls built by WAAM exhibit the anisotropy in terms of tensile strengths in the horizontal and vertical directions. | Additive Manufacturing of Thin-Wall Steel Parts by Gas Metal Arc Welding Robot: The Surface Roughness, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties | 10.1007/978-3-030-57835-0_5 |
2021-01-01 | The EU Emission Trading System (ETS) represents an essential part of the European policies on Climate Change, targeting the most polluting organizations, which cover 45% of the GHG emissions. However, no common framework has been proposed yet for “non-ETS organizations.” The reduction of direct emissions in most of the cases is not enough for significantly tackling climate change, but an approach that encompasses also indirect emissions should be adopted, as promoted in the Carbon Footprint of Organisations (CFO), for achieving the ambitious targets set in the European Green Deal. The application of the CFO supports organizations in defining and monitoring the effects of mitigation actions: thanks to CFO, organizations are encouraged to innovate their management system, improve the use of resources, strengthen relationships in the supply chain, beside obtaining a reduction of their costs. In this context, the LIFE Clim’Foot project has given a contribution to foster public policies for calculation and reduction of the CFO. The project has dealt with two key aspects: (i) the need for national policies addressing GHG emissions of non-ETS organizations and the strategic role of structured and robust tools, such as national databases of Emission Factors; (ii) the relevance of organizations’ training in fostering their commitment to account for and mitigate GHG emissions. This chapter illustrates the development and application of Clim’Foot approach for promoting the calculation of the CFO and definition of mitigation actions and to highlight the results of the testing phase in Italy. The approach is described in terms of (i) the toolbox developed (national databases of emission factors, training materials and carbon footprint calculator), (ii) the voluntary program set up to engage public and private organizations and (iii) the role played by decision-makers. Strengths and weaknesses of the Clim’Foot approach are discussed, together with opportunities of replicability and transferability of the results to support the development of a dynamic European network for carbon accounting. | Toward a Low-Carbon Economy: The Clim’Foot Project Approach for the Organization’s Carbon Footprint | 10.1007/978-981-33-4373-3_4 |
2021-01-01 | In recent years, problems of ecology and climate change have become the subject of discussion at international forums. National governments, along with non-governmental environmental organizations, equally assess them as one of the key risks in terms of their long-term consequences for sustainable economic growth of all countries of the world without exception. It is not surprising that these issues were not spared by the corporate sector: following market signals, as well as under the pressure of the tightening requirements of the regulatory environment, the largest foreign TNCs in the energy sector, which are also the largest polluters, have long been transforming their own business models, paying more and more attention to the implementation of areas of low-carbon economy. The purpose of this study is to identify trends and prospects for the development of these areas in the Russian business environment. In particular, the authors of the article analyze corporate practices and measures of Russian TNCs in the oil and gas industry aimed at combating or adapting to climate change and aimed at reducing their carbon footprint. | Corporate Practice of Implementing Measures to Combat Climate Change in the Russian Oil and Gas Companies | 10.1007/978-3-030-75405-1_20 |
2021-01-01 | In this paper, the Low Noise Amplifier is realized using 180 nm CMOS technology for 2–5 GHz using cascade-cascode topology. The circuit used the cascode topology which gives the high gain value and cascode topology provides the low noise figure at high frequency. Source degeneration technique help in increasing the linearity of the circuit. The maximum value of the gain, i.e. S 21 is measured to be 12.277 dB. Input reflection co-efficient, i.e. S 11 is −15.789 dB at 2.520 GHz, whereas the output reflection co-efficient, i.e. S 22 is −30.936 dB at 4.1 GHz and S 12 , i.e. the power reflection from port 2 to port 1, its minimum value at 2 GHz is −98.974 dB. Noise figure minimum is 2.440 dB at 2.863 GHz and maximum value is 3.470 dB at 5 GHz. | Realization of CMOS 0.18 µm Low Noise Amplifier for 2–5 GHz Using Cascode-Cascade Topology | 10.1007/978-981-15-8586-9_22 |
2021-01-01 | The article discusses the results of modelling an ultra-low-noise reference oscillator based on a dielectric resonator with unloaded Q factor of 20,000. The design and technical characteristics of the resonator with mechanical frequency tuning from 9.85 to 10.1 GHz and electrical frequency tuning within 2.4 MHz using a varactor are given. The resonator in the entire tuning range has a loaded Q factor more than 7200. It is shown that using a low noise amplifier HMC-C072 as a part of oscillator based on a dielectric resonator and utilizing a special electrical tuning scheme, it is possible to achieve phase noise level less than −130 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset in the entire frequency tuning range. | Ultra-Low-Noise Reference Oscillator Based on a Dielectric Resonator with Mechanical and Electrical Frequency Tuning | 10.1007/978-3-030-58868-7_68 |
2021-01-01 | Environmental violence takes form of both ‘spectacular’ events, like ecological disasters usually recognised by the general public, and ‘slow violence’, a type of violence that occurs gradually, out of sight and on a long-term scale. Planetary seas and oceans, loaded with cultural meanings of that which ‘hides’ and ‘allows to forget’, are the spaces where such attritional violence unfolds unseen and ‘out of mind’. Simultaneously, conventional concepts of nature and culture, as dichotomous entities, become obsolete. We all inhabit and embody the world differently, as variously situated people, divided by national, sexual, bodily and economic status, and as very variously situated nonhumans in an increasingly anthropogenic world. This chapter focuses on subtle ‘slow violence’ unfolding through the instances of submerged chemical weapons, so-called dead zones, invasive species and high- and low-trophic mariculture in the Baltic and North Sea regions. It zooms in on the select cases of such ‘environed bodies’, their stories of excruciating slow violence and yet also on unexpected encounters with care and hospitality. The aim is to unfold a low - trophic theory for the naturecultural research on violence and care within environmental humanities, and to engage a coexistential ethics of environmental adaptability informed by feminist posthumanities. | Environmental Violence and Postnatural Oceans: Low-Trophic Theory in the Registers of Feminist Posthumanities | 10.1007/978-3-030-56930-3_13 |
2021-01-01 | We conducted whole-genome sequencing of four inbred mouse strains initially selected for high (H1, H2) or low (L1, L2) open-field activity (OFA), and then examined strain distribution patterns for all DNA variants that differed between their BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J parental strains. Next, we assessed genome-wide sharing (3,678,826 variants) both between and within the High and Low Activity strains. Results suggested that about 10% of these DNA variants may be associated with OFA, and clearly demonstrated its polygenic nature. Finally, we conducted bioinformatic analyses of functional genomics data from mouse, rat, and human to refine previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for anxiety-related measures. This combination of sequence analysis and genomic-data integration facilitated refinement of previously intractable QTL findings, and identified possible genes for functional follow-up studies. | Whole-Genome Sequencing of Inbred Mouse Strains Selected for High and Low Open-Field Activity | 10.1007/s10519-020-10014-y |
2021-01-01 | The shale and tight sandstone reservoirs, the important parts of unconventional oil and gas resources, are extremely difficult to be exploited due to the complex geological features and the diverse modes of occurrence of fluids. CO 2 huff-n-puff technology, an important and efficient method of EOR, is expected to be widely applied in unconventional reservoirs. In order to understand and evaluate the application potentiality of this technology in different unconventional reservoirs, a series of CO 2 huff-n-puff experiments were carried out in both shale and tight sandstone cores. The effects of core types, dissolved gas, operating pressure, and number of cycles were investigated to evaluate the different development effects of CO 2 huff-n-puff technology in different unconventional reservoirs. The cumulative amount of injected CO 2 during the soak period was analyzed to understand the differences of CO 2 dissolution and diffusion processes in shale and tight sandstone reservoirs. The results show that the oil recovered by CO 2 huff-n-puff technology in tight sandstone reservoirs is higher than that in shale reservoirs due to the difficulty of the dissolved oil being extracted in the organic matter. The existence of dissolved gas can further enhance recovery factors in both shale and tight sandstone reservoirs and partly improve the extraction of oil by CO 2 in the organic matter of the shale. Moreover, the increased pressure beyond MMP still has effect on the recovery factor in shale reservoirs but has little effect in tight sandstone reservoirs. In addition, more cycles of CO 2 huff-and-puff are conducive to enhancing oil recovery in the shale, compared to the tight sandstone. Therefore, different production measures should be adopted in CO 2 huff-n-puff technology for different unconventional reservoirs. | An Experimental Comparison of CO2 Huff-N-Puff Process in Shale and Tight Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_120 |
2021-01-01 | The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest hydroelectric dam recently built in Yantse River in China whose installed generation capacity is about 10 times larger than that of the Hoover Dam. This chapter explains the revolutions in energy technologies: electricity generations from fossil fuels as well as other sources that are either low-carbon emitting or renewable such as solar PV panels, offshore wind turbines, nuclear energy are reviewed. The array of energy generation technologies is compared with the hydroelectricity system with regard to the carbon intensity of energy generation as well as the economic cost of supplying energy. This chapter explains how the current and future global warming may give an incentive to build large hydroelectric dams in some geographic locations. The global hydroelectric capacity has nearly doubled during the past two decades through the constructions of massive dams such as the Three Gorges and is predicted to increase at a faster rate in the next decade. This chapter explains the world largest dams and ongoing dam projects and sheds light on the countries that relies predominantly on hydroelectricity such as Brazil, China, and Canada. | Energy Revolutions: A Story of the Three Gorges Dam in China | 10.1007/978-3-030-66680-4_7 |
2021-01-01 | Maintaining clean drinking water is a key factor in maintaining sustainable development and a healthy environment. In addition to monitoring water quality at water tanks, it is important to monitor water distribution network (WDN) and pipes where water is being transported. Intrusion in WDN can be triggered by transient low-pressure events. This intrusion may result in the contamination of drinking water supplied to consumers, which may have major health impacts. This experimental study was performed to monitor and count E. coli bacterial intrusion into WDN. Two experiments were performed to investigate (1) the effect of low and negative pressure in WDN on bacterial intrusion; (2) the propagation and growth of bulk bacterial intrusion in WDN; (3) premeditated bacterial contamination of water sources (tanks). It was found that the rate at which bacteria reaches customers is very comparable however, higher risks are found with premeditated bacterial intrusion. It was also found that there is a small chance for E. coli bacteria to be intruded into the system after sudden low/negative pressure events. The experiment shows that high pressure within water networks pumps out water of the system then the mixture (water and contaminants) is sucked back into the network. It was observed that contaminants were not able to be significantly intruded into the system if water pumps were shut down for a short period of time. The minimum time required for contaminant to be intruded into the system was found to depend on the water pressure prior water pumps which were turned off. | Monitoring and Counting E. coli Bacterial Growth During Low-Pressure Events in Drinking Water Distribution Networks | 10.1007/978-3-030-67028-3_15 |
2021-01-01 | The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used for monitoring displacements of civil engineering structures. The second author and his colleagues developed an automatic GPS system to continuously monitor 3-dimensional displacements with millimeter accuracies. The system has been used to hundreds of fields in Japan, e.g., landslides, dams, etc. However, the cost of the sensor and the monitoring system are still quite expensive compared to standard geotechnical instruments. In this paper, the performance of a new low-cost GPS sensor with an average process is investigated to verify the applicability and reliability for displacement monitoring. This is done by performing experiments in which data are processed by the kinematic method. The standard deviations are improved by taking the average of the kinematic results. | Performance of a New Low-Cost GPS Sensor with an Average Process for Slope Displacement Monitoring | 10.1007/978-981-16-0053-1_15 |
2021-01-01 | Each and every day new technology is being established which is miniaturized and challenging the low power than existing design. All the gates used in the design is reversible to achieve low power and less complexity. In past few decades reversible enlarges its applications in modern computing environment. Reversible gates can be executed using any Boolean function. In a modern computing environment adders plays important role for addition process as well as for subtraction. This paper proposes a modified reversible parallel and serial adder/subtraction circuit using Dual Key Gate (DKG) and SG gate. The performance of parallel adder/subtractor circuit design using dual key gate and serial adder/subtractor using dual key gate with SG gate is simulated and synthesized using Xilinx. The performance of this circuit is compared with existing design using Feynman gate and toffoli gate based on complexity, low power and Garbage input/outputs. | Low Power Reversible Parallel and Serial Binary Adder/Subtractor | 10.1007/978-3-030-57835-0_12 |
2021-01-01 | The first design goal is to design a low-power device that meets the system requirements. Leakage power is a careful parameter when designing low-power devices because it plays a major role in increasing the total power consumption of the device. In IC designing, the major concern we have to take is packaging (density) and lower leakage parameters in that denser medium, but still the reliability issues occur in the circuitry. When we are talking about priority encoder in the IC, then at that time we have to take these issues seriously; out of that, noise is the major issue which affects due to variation of temperature, low supply voltage, and variable threshold voltage. This paper focuses on the calculation and analysis of noise of CMOS-based and FinFET-based priority encoder circuit. Minimum noise was found to be lowest at 0.7 V in case of FinFET-based priority encoder. | Noise Voltage: A New Dependability Concern in Low-Power FinFET-Based Priority Encoder at 45 nm Technology | 10.1007/978-981-15-5224-3_40 |
2021-01-01 | The use of polymer flooding to further enhance oil recovery after the sandstone oil field entering the high water cut period is a relatively common method for third oil recovery. Homogeneous core flooding experiments show that there is no significant improvement for oil displacement efficiency during polymer flooding after high-speed water flooding in low-viscosity sandstone reservoirs. The improvement of oil displacement efficiency is mainly contributed by subsequent water flooding. The function of the polymer flooding is to control the microscopic water flow direction by profile control, and improve the microscopic wave efficiency of the subsequent injection water. At the same time, increasing the viscosity of the polymer has little effect on improving the sweep efficiency. Therefore, the potential for enhanced oil recovery by polymer flooding is limited after high-speed water flooding in low-viscosity sandstone reservoirs. | Study on the Potential of Enhanced Oil Recovery by Polymer Flooding in Low-Viscosity Sandstone Reservoirs with Extremely High Water Cut | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_256 |
2021-01-01 | Various low-noise amplifier (LNA) topologies are discussed. LNA is the first receiver block in the receiver side whose performance plays an important role for the remaining blocks. Common source topology is the most preferable technique to improve the gain. Resistive feedback is used to stabilize the circuit while common source with inductive load used to match input impedance. Common gate topology used to improve the impedance matching at input side, whereas distributed amplifier topology increases the gain. Source degeneration and distributed amplifier topology are also discussed. | A Review on Low-Noise Amplifier for Wideband Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-6707-0_40 |
2021-01-01 | Fossil fuel-based energy generation and day-by-day increasing load on power are prominent issues which are globally discussed. Electricity is an essential need for any nation’s development. 67% of electricity production is generated from the thermal power sector in India at present and 30% of carbon emission globally accounted from coal-fired thermal power plant. This paper is focused on the energy-economic analysis of all categories of lighting systems for the implementation of energy-efficient infrastructure in urban and rural areas of Indian states to achieve economic and environmental goals while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and escalating resilience to climate change impacts. The employment of solar photovoltaic (SPV)-based lighting system is anappropriate solution for eminence light for households with least consumption of energy and able to map the decarbonized economy. The major comparative study of all the mentioned lighting system has been investigated. The single unit of 11 W (equivalent to 60 W, 13 W of conventional bulb and CFL respectively) LED-based lighting system is able to save yearly 40–41 unit of energy consumption, and it can reduce 82% of carbon emission also as compared to equivalent lighting systems. | Energy-Economic Study of Smart Lighting Infrastructure for Low-Carbon Economy | 10.1007/978-981-33-4320-7_20 |
2021-01-01 | In this study, we isolated sclerotia, soil mesofauna, and ectomycorrhizal fungi from soils in Fagus forests in northern and central Japan. We detected fungal species in soil mesofauna by using microbial community profiling methods, and the ectomycorrhizal fungal community profiles in soil were compared to those extracted from sclerotia and mesofauna samples. Our results indicate that Acari and Collembola play a major role in the regulation of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils. We noted a relationship between soil pH and exchangeable aluminum content and sclerotia formation. Our findings also suggest that fungivory of Acari and/or Collembola toward sclerotia-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi is a key biological factor regulating sclerotia formation in forest soils. | Relationships Between Soil Mesofauna, Ectomycorrhizal Fungi, and Sclerotia in Forest Soils | 10.1007/978-981-33-4252-1_3 |
2021-01-01 | Air pollution is currently one of the main issues affecting urbanized areas worldwide. Local administrations monitor these harmful gases by means of reference monitoring stations provided by regional/national environmental protection agencies. These stations, however, have limitations due to coarse spatial coverage of the whole municipality, low time-frequency, and high costs. In this framework, the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE) and the Tuscany Region Environmental Protection Agency (ARPAT) agreed to an initiative to create a low-cost network aimed at monitoring air quality over an Italian urban area. The rural town of Capannori, located in the Tuscany region (Italy), was chosen as a testing area since it lies within a critical area both affected by a variety of emission sources and weather conditions unfavourable to pollutant dispersion. The air quality analysis was carried out by means of several innovative low-cost stations named AIRQino, equipped with sensors for collecting air pollution (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , O 3 , CO, CO 2 ) and meteorological parameters (air temperature and relative humidity). Concentrations of PM were mainly considered in this work for providing indicative air quality measurements to supplement fixed measurements collected by the official urban monitoring network. This work, still ongoing, has two main objectives: (i) to show the robustness of AIRQino at measuring PM concentrations; (ii) to investigate the PM concentrations dynamics at higher spatial and time scale distribution compared to the reference station. | An Integrated Low-Cost Monitoring Platform to Assess Air Quality Over Large Areas | 10.1007/978-3-030-63089-8_63 |
2021-01-01 | With the development of point cloud data acquisition technology, 3D scanners are becoming more and more widely used. The 3D scanner collects data such as the shape and surface characteristics of specific target in reality and processes it to obtain a three-dimensional model of the target, which can be used in many fields, such as industrial design, biomedicine, and film production. This article introduces the design and working principle of a low-cost portable 3D scanning device. The equipment uses laser scanning target surface. Compared with existing products on the market, it has a lower cost and smaller size. It is suitable for mass production and can be widely used in engineering fields. | Design of a Portable 3D Scanning Device | 10.1007/978-981-16-1843-7_56 |
2021-01-01 | With the gradual depletion of traditional fossil fuels, it is essential to find sustainable alternatives, such as wind energy. Wind turbines, despite the many advantages, generate mechanical and aerodynamic noise, causing an impact on the health of the nearby population. This study aimed to verify whether the vegetation could be an acoustic barrier. Also aimed to verify the influence of the distance between wind turbines and housings. The measurements were made in the surroundings of ‘Lousã I’ wind farm (Lousã, Portugal), in areas with and without vegetation and close to housings. Measurement points were defined at 100 m, 500 m, 1000 m, 1300 m and 2000 m, for a total of 80 measurements in order to calculate the levels of infrasound and low frequency noise. For measurements, it was used the sound level meter CESVA SC420, the Q-TRAK Plus IAQ Monitor with Air Velocity Probe Model 8592 for measure air velocity and the software IBM SPSS Statistics version 26, for statistical analysis. It was possible to verify that, in areas with low vegetation, the noise level was higher, i.e. , in areas where there are trees, the noise tends to be lower than in areas with low vegetation. It was also found that the highest levels of infrasound and low frequency noise were located closer to the wind turbines. Nevertheless, the levels still high at 2000 m. It is concluded that the characteristics of the vegetation may influence attenuation. However, the attenuation is not enough to prevent it from reaching residential areas. Thus, it is importance to consider this source and this noise as a potential public health issue. | Variation of Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise Produced by Wind Turbines, Regarding Distance and Vegetation - Case Study | 10.1007/978-3-030-75315-3_46 |
2021-01-01 | The deteriorated indoor environment not only creates thermal discomfort but also coerce the inhabitants to utilize energy-intensive cooling measures. This calls for a design outline to improve the indoor environment in order to sustain good health. Interior design, despite a subject of individual choice and socio-cultural practices, has a spin-off influence on the indoor environment. The objective of this study is to identify and explore the association between interior design parameters and indoor ventilation perception. The study was initiated with a target-group primary survey of 80 low-income households. Information pertaining to the tenement’s room characteristics, fenestration design aspects, occupant behaviour and furniture details were reckoned. Logistic Principal Component Analysis (LPCA) coupled with an ordered probit regression model, were performed to analyse the impact of indoor built-environment on indoor ventilation perception. Results explained that the households with smaller room area, attached to the double-loaded corridor, located at lower floors and with higher household size had a higher proclivity towards experiencing poor ventilation. A strong and statistically significant correlation was also observed between window-related variables, such as number, location, opening schedule with ventilation perception. This study establishes that interior design parameters might strongly impact the indoor ventilation, and hence should be rationally designed for a better future and also should be incorporated in future low-income habitat design guidelines. | Analysing the Impact of Interior Design on Indoor Ventilation in Low-Income Housing of Mumbai | 10.1007/978-981-33-4114-2_20 |
2021-01-01 | Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) do Perfluorocarbons (PFC) not affect stratospheric ozone depletion; however, they have extremely long atmospheric lifetimes. They are very stable because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry, and it is because of their inertness that PFCs are powerful greenhouse gases (GHGs). CF 4 has a global warming Global warming potential (GWP) over 100 years 6,630 times more potent than CO 2 , whereas C 2 F 6 and the lesser known C 3 F 8 have GWPs of 11,100 and 8,900, respectively. The high GWP of atmospheric PFCs led to an increase of public concern about the effects of their accumulation in the earth’s atmosphere in the 1990s. At that time significant PFCs were only considered to occur during ‘anode effects Anode effects ’ (AEs) in the aluminum industry. There was a renewed worldwide concern about greenhouse gases which focused attention on PFC emissions from aluminum smelting Aluminum smelting . In response, aluminum producers initiated aggressive programs to decrease both the frequency and duration of AEs at most smelters globally. International voluntary programs to reduce AE frequency and duration proved to be exceptionally successful as PFC emissions were reduced in ten countries by 31%–78% relative to 1990 levels; the overall average reduction in PFCs Perfluorocarbons (PFC) for countries was 46%. This paper provides a historic overview of the discovery of PFCs, and highlights some of the first investigators in every phase of the journey to understand, measure, account for, and reduce the emission of these potent GHGs. | Awakening of the Aluminum Industry to PFC Emissions and Global Warming | 10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5_77 |
2021-01-01 | In the present era, high-performance computing is the most important feature for Artificial Intelligent and IoT applications. For edge devices, low power dissipation at high-performance computing capability is the highest priority constraint. Scale down the power supply voltage to reduce power dissipation is most effective. At lower supply voltage, data reliability is the major concern for the memory designers. In this paper, data-driven multi-threshold-based 10 T static random access memory (SRAM) cell with ultra-low leakage power and improved read/write stability at low supply voltage is proposed. With the utilization of differential data-dependent power supply mechanism and high threshold cross-coupled inverters, the energy efficiency of the proposed cell increased significantly. By the use of low threshold voltage transistors in the read buffer circuit, we observed a reduction in the read access time and enhanced the read reliability at low supply voltage. To perform read and write operations in the proposed memory cell, a single bitline is used. The leakage power of the proposed 10 T cell is compared with the conventional 6 T, differential data-aware power supply (D2AP) 8 T, and threshold voltage technique-based Vth_9T, (D2P) 11 T and from the obtained simulation results, it is concluded that the proposed cell has 50%, 50%, 48%, 46% less leakage power at 300 mV supply voltage. Read SNM achieved by proposed cell of 1.31X and 2.62X higher as compared to Vth_9T and data-dependent power supply (D2P) 11 T, respectively, at the same time, conventional 6 T and (D2AP) 8 T are unstable. | Data-Aware Near Subthreshold 10 T SRAM Cell for Ultra-Low Power Application | 10.1007/978-981-16-1570-2_13 |
2021-01-01 | During the last decades we have witnessed the performance improvement and the aggressive growth of the complexity of integrated circuits (ICs). The progressive size reduction of transistors in recent technological nodes has allowed and even compelled IC designers to perform analog tasks in the digital domain, increasing the demand for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This work presents the design and implementation of a low power, differential, asynchronous successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The ADC works in a flexible range of sampling rates, from a few kS/s up to 12.0 MS/s, being suitable for application in a wide spectrum of low power systems and subsystems, such as biosignal recorder interfaces and frontend of wireless receivers. At maximum sampling rate, the post-layout simulated circuit achieved an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.65 and a power consumption of 151.4 µW, leading to a Figure of Merit of 15.8 fJ/Conversion-step; at 10.0 kS/s sampling rate, the ENOB is almost the same, 9.63, but the power consumption is reduced to only 0.26 µW. The occupied area of the implemented ADC is 0.074 mm 2 . | A low-power 10-bit 0.01-to-12-MS/s asynchronous SAR ADC in 65-nm CMOS | 10.1007/s10470-020-01742-6 |
2021-01-01 | A compact Planar Inverted-F Antenna design for off-body communications, in the ISM band (2.4–2.5 GHz), is presented. Slots are properly introduced in the radiating element of the PIFA in order to reduce the resonant frequency, thus achieving compactness. The proposed design is based on a textile substrate, making it suitable for integration into garments and clothing items. A lateral coaxial feed mechanism is also employed to reduce the antenna profile. Simulation analysis in terms of antenna return loss and gain is presented as validation. | Compact Wearable PIFA on Textile Substrate | 10.1007/978-3-030-68418-1_4 |
2021-01-01 | Human footprints were discovered at Happisburgh, UK, in 2013. This paper describes their discovery and the difficulties of recording such enigmatic remains in a coastal environment. The geological and environmental context in which they were found is given, together with the evidence of the dating of the site to either 850,000 or 950,000 years ago. The implications of how humans coped with long, cold winters of northern Europe is discussed; the evidence of a family group indicates that seasonal migration is highly unlikely, leaving the possibilities of either physiological adaptations, such as functional body hair, or the use of technologies such as shelter, clothing and fire. The second part of the paper shows the various ways in which the footprints have reached wide and diverse audiences through media reports, exhibitions and books. They show the powerful messages that footprints can generate through the ideas and emotions that they provoke and the immediacy of their connection with the deep past. | Steps from History | 10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_9 |
2021-01-01 | Protein–protein interactions underlie cellular structure and function. In recent years, a number of methods have been developed for the identification of protein complexes and component proteins involved in the control of various biological pathways. Tandem affinity purification (TAP) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method enabling the isolation of high-purity native protein complexes under mild conditions by performing two sequential purification steps using two different epitope tags. In this protocol, we describe a TAP-MS methodology for identifying protein-protein interactions present at very low levels in the fungal cell. Using the 6xHis-3xFLAG double tag, we start the affinity purification process for our protein of interest using high-capacity Ni 2+ columns. This allows for greatly increased sample input compared to antibody-based first-step purification in conventional TAP protocols and provides a large amount of highly concentrated and preliminarily purified protein complexes to be used in a second purification step involving FLAG immunoprecipitation. The second step greatly facilitates the capture of low-level interacting partners under in vivo conditions. Our TAP-MS method has been proven to secure the characterization of low-abundance protein complexes under physiological conditions with high efficiency, specificity, and economy in the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and might benefit gene function and proteomics studies in plants and other research fields. | Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) of Low-Abundance Protein Complexes in Filamentous Fungi Demonstrated Using | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1613-0_8 |
2021-01-01 | Under the continuously growing demand for energy-efficiency and high-performance of present computer and communication systems, the approximate computing paradigm emerges as an effective option to satisfy design requirements feasible at different hierarchy levels. In this paper, the implementation design process of an approximate core processor is introduced. This hybrid precise/approximate processor is based on an open-source RISC-V architecture, aiming to characterize the impact and evaluate the overhead of approximate arithmetic circuits, when integrated under the core hierarchy, after completion of physical design. | Towards an Energy-Efficient Approximate Computer Implementation | 10.1007/978-3-030-75680-2_93 |
2021-01-01 | To decarbonise the electricity generation sector under the International Energy Agency’s 2 °C scenario, electricity generation from less efficient subcritical coal plants needs to be completely phased out by 2050. In addition, large potential exists in the Southeast Asia region for the deployment of high-efficiency, low-emission (HELE) electricity generation technologies. A cost–benefit analysis of HELE technologies against the less efficient subcritical electricity generation plants is thus carried out to find a persuasive scenario supporting a quicker transition from subcritical stations towards HELE technologies in the region. A levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) analysis is carried out for both the coal-fired technologies under four potential policy scenarios. To evaluate the LCOEs, scenario 1 does not take into consideration any carbon pricing or costs associated with the desulphurisation (deSO x ) and denitrification (deNO x ) facilities. Scenario 2 (scenario 3) incorporates carbon pricing (costs associated with the deSO x and deNO x facilities), while scenario 4 includes both carbon pricing and costs associated with the deSO x and deNO x facilities. A novelty of this study is that it includes advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) plants, and a sensitivity analysis is performed under each scenario to evaluate the uncertainty affecting the future coal prices on coal plants with 20- and 25-year lifespans. This study demonstrates that HELE technologies are competitive against the subcritical plants under all four scenarios, and both the technologies derive benefit from lifetime extensions and low coal prices. It is revealed that future deployments of HELE technologies can be expedited by factoring in carbon pricing in the LCOE costs of coal-fired power plants under scenario 2. It thus necessitates strengthening the carbon pricing policy for coal-fired power plants in Southeast Asia to support a quicker transition from less efficient subcritical stations towards HELE coal-fired technologies. | Expediting Transition Towards HELE Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Technologies in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Economic Analysis of HELE and Subcritical Coal-Fired Technologies | 10.1007/978-981-16-2000-3_6 |
2021-01-01 | A large number of laboratory studies and field application examples show that surfactant and its compound flooding system are still one of the main methods for improving oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs at present. The main oil displacement mechanisms include ultra-low interfacial tension, emulsification, and changing wettability, etc. In this paper, a new type of anionic-nonionic Gemini surfactant GAES is combined with cationic surfactant CTAB to obtain an ultra-low interfacial tension combined system, which can reduce the oil-water interfacial tension to 1.84 × 10 –3 mN/m at 200 mg/L. Compared with other three typical oil displacement systems through physical simulation experiments, the oil displacement mechanism of different systems was studied from the aspects of interface characteristics, emulsification performance, viscosity performance and wetting performance. The results show that the CTAB/GAES ultra-low interfacial tension system has the best interfacial properties, moderate wettability change ability and a certain pressure-reducing and injection-increasing performance. It can improve the recovery factor by 14.7% in the 12.2 × 10 −3 μm 2 permeability core, which was the best of all. Therefore, the combined system showed a powerful EOR potential for the low permeability reservoir. | Study on a Novel Anionic-Nonionic Gemini/Cationic Combined Flooding System in Low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_281 |
2021-01-01 | The quality and energy consumption of wireless communication are the key factors that restrict the wide application of wireless sensor networks in greenhouse system. A reliable wireless monitoring and control system with low power for greenhouse was designed. The acknowledgement (ACK) mechanism was adopted to improve the wireless communication quality. The low power listening (LPL) technology was used to reduce the energy consumption of wireless nodes. In addition, the software watchdog was adopted to improve the anti-jamming capability of nodes. Test results show that there is no data packet loss during wireless transmission process. The current of nodes by using the LPL technology is much lower than that under the three working states of transmit, receive, and idle. The wireless monitoring and control system can meet the actual requirements of greenhouse microclimate. | A Reliable Wireless Monitor and Control System with Low Power for Greenhouse Microclimate | 10.1007/978-981-15-5073-7_22 |
2021-01-01 | Since many years diesel engines are powering commercial vehicles. Of late, governments are promoting the use of natural gas (NG) as a fuel for such vehicles to reduce pollution. Thereafter, natural gas engines have witnessed faster development, especially for use in commercial vehicles. City bus is probably the most common NG commercial vehicle, dedicated to ferry passengers across the city. Some places impose a safety speed limit on such vehicles considering local traffic conditions. Thus, a typical scenario faced by such vehicles includes low drive speeds, high loads, frequent halts for passenger pick up and drop, signals, etc. Such vehicles thus need high torque at low engine speeds to manage these daily occuring conditions. Aim of this paper is to enhance torque at low-engine speed zone. Number of options such as the use of a turbocharger, direct injection of fuel, variable valve actuation, programmable waste-gates, etc. can help to realize higher engine outputs. The intent here is to study the effect of compression ratio and understand the extent of change in torque in engine low-engine speed region. Current study consists of modelling a reference commercial vehicle engine of six cylinders. A virtual model is built and its ability to represent actual engine performance from testbed is verified. Further, such model undergoes iterations of change in compression ratio and different parameters are studied for their relation with torque. | Strategies for Low Engine Speed Torque Enhancement of Natural Gas Engine Used for Commercial Vehicles: Observations with Compression Ratio | 10.1007/978-981-15-3639-7_22 |
2021-01-01 | In this paper, 28 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) low noise amplifier (LNA) and a down converter for 5G is designed using 65 nm CMOS technology. This design is used with a standard radio receiver chain and each block is tuned to its best performance to obtain the necessary overall specifications. Typical single-stage common source (CS) cascode with degenerative inductor topology is used for LNA to meet high gain requirement. The designed LNA has a peak gain of 16.43 dB, noise figure (NF) of 3.6 dB, good linearity ( P 1dB of 10 dBm) and −3 dB bandwidth of 2.2 GHz. A modified Gilbert cell topology is used for down converter which gives a conversion gain of −2.2 dB from 27.5 to 29.5 GHz frequency, third-order intercept point IIP3 of 10 dB at 28 GHz from a 1.5 V supply voltage and a 1 Vpp of local oscillator (LO) drive. With the proposed LNA and down converter, a direct conversion receiver is analyzed. Cascaded gain of 39 dB, NF of 4.2 dB, third-order intercept of −23.3 dBm and a low error vector magnitude (EVM) of −37.76 dB is observed for 64 QAM with a received power of −100 dBm for the receiver. | 28 GHz 5G Receiver Design Using 65 Nm CMOS and Performance Analysis Through Simulation | 10.1007/978-981-15-5546-6_2 |
2021-01-01 | This paper admits a low-noise amplifier (LNA) designed by taking bio-medical applications into considerations. The amplifier is designed based on two gain stages, supply insensitive gain stage and inverter gain stage. Input-referred noise of the proposed amplifier is 18.02 mV rms and it consumes a power of 0.012 mW. The amplifier produces a gain of 86.5 dB. Bandwidth of the proposed amplifier is 227 Hz with cut-off frequencies as 227 Hz (higher) and 1 MHz (lower). The entire system is built in 45 nm technology with supply voltage of 0.6 V. | An 86 DB Gain 18.06 mVrms Input-Referred Noise LNA for Bio-Medical Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-5546-6_67 |
2021-01-01 | The optimization problem for a two-stage supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer under the carbon tax regulation is investigated in this paper. Consumers’ low-carbon awareness level is considered in the decision models. Optimal decision policies, corresponding emissions, and profits are calculated for the decentralized decision-making mode. Under the decentralized mode, the two-stage supply-chain optimization problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game model, where the manufacturer and retailer were the leader and follower, respectively. The manufacturer decides the emission-reduction levels per product unit and the retailer decides the retail price per unit product. The optimal decisions are derived using the reverse-solution method. The influence of the regulation parameters and consumers’ low-carbon awareness level on the optimal decision policies, the corresponding emissions, and profits is discussed in detail. Finally, numerical experiments confirmed the analytical results. | Supply Chain Design Optimization Considering Consumers’ Low-Carbon Awareness Under Carbon Tax Regulation | 10.1007/978-3-030-49889-4_8 |
2021-01-01 | This paper describes Internet of things (IoT)—What it is far, the way it works, its applications and the way much it is steady. Almost all gadgets primarily based on emerging technologies are equipped with diverse types of sensors and controllers and have embedded intelligence. Because of all this, they are turned into “smart gadgets”, and they can be controlled from everywhere internationally with much less consumption of strength and energy. Connections between various devices through net are a new paradigm and discover lot of scope for researchers and industries. In this paper, it is far discussed how IoT generation has emerged as most trending era in today’s generation and feature turn out to be base for the destiny evolution in technologies . | Internet of Things: Architecture, Applications and Future Aspects | 10.1007/978-981-15-9938-5_18 |
2021-01-01 | A detailed explanation on the design of low-noise amplifier is given in this paper. The wideband low-noise amplifiers are implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The various designs of low-noise amplifiers, such as the LNAs which reduce power dissipation, occupy less area, and consume less power, are presented in view of this paper. A low-noise amplifier design employs different methods, such as using center-tapped inductors, by interconnecting the stages, which are explained in this paper. | A Clear View on Design of Low-Noise Amplifiers Using CMOS Technology | 10.1007/978-981-15-4851-2_14 |
2021-01-01 | We discuss the current understanding of COVID-19’s neurological implications, their basis, and the evolving clinical consensus with a focus on cerebrovascular stroke. We further illustrate the potential significance of these implications with the aid of an accompanying case report outlining the disease course and treatment of a COVID-19 patient suffering from ischemic stroke and pulmonary embolism. The ever-growing strain on the global healthcare system due to the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 requires focused attention on urgent care of independent, coexisting, and associated comorbidities, including cerebrovascular accidents. For illustration purposes, we outline the case of a 68-year-old female presenting with COVID-19 subsequently complicated by bilateral pulmonary embolism and a right-sided cerebrovascular accident. The patient was successfully managed pharmacologically and discharged without significant neurological deficit. The evidence for a hypercoagulable state in this patient along with discussion of mechanistic bases, corroborative evidence from the literature, along with relevant guidance on screening, treatment, and prophylaxis is offered. Greater study of the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related cerebrovascular complications and revisiting current guidelines on their management including potentially heightened levels of thromboprophylaxis are warranted. | Management and Prevention of Cerebrovascular Accidents in SARS-CoV-2–Positive Patients Recovering from COVID-19: a Case Report and Review of Literature | 10.1007/s42399-021-00744-3 |
2021-01-01 | The global attention towards climate change has led national governments and the international community to the definition of plans aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all economic sectors. Recently, attention has focused also on the tourism sector, and especially on the lodging industry, which consumes high amounts of resources and energy to satisfy guests expectations in terms of offered services and comfort conditions. In this sector, eco-certifications or green labels are spreading, perceived as useful marketing tools to communicate the hoteliers’ environmental efforts to consumers, who are becoming more and more sensitive to ecological matters. However, the wide offer of green labels and the lack of appropriate information are contributing to increase costumers’ confusion and perception of real “green”. The present paper focuses its attention on a set of currently available tools to evaluate the environmental performances of hotels, in order to enquire if and to which extent they are able to inform about the sustainability of accommodation structures. Starting from the wide number of certification schemes available on the market, 19 multi-attribute, third-party green labels were compared, aiming to explore the role that energy efficiency measures play in the certification procedure. | Environmental Performances in Green Labels for Hotels – A Critical Review | 10.1007/978-3-030-48279-4_109 |
2021-01-01 | As the current computer design level continues to improve, the process equipment and production line management levels are relatively stable. The intelligent and automatic 3D garage-type has shown a diversified development trend. Several garage types are currently in everyday use, including vertical lifting type, vertical lifting type, simple lifting type, horizontal shifting circulation type, channel stacking type, etc. The 3D lifting garage has a simple structure, small floor space, low operating cost, and the most extensive application requirements. However, this study summarizes the application status and development prospects of smart lifting 3D garages first. Then the system analyzes the working principle and mechanical structure characteristics of the smart lifting 3D garage, analyzes the control requirements, and designs the semi-automatic control system of the 3D garage S7–1200—it including the PLC control program and the man-machine interface. Finally, the overall system control effect is verified through simulation. This study meter has superficial operation characteristics, a high degree of automation, fast operation speed, high stability, and has deep development value and application prospects in specific markets. | Study of Smart Lifting 3D Garage Design Based on the Low-Cost PLC Control System | 10.1007/978-3-030-69717-4_46 |
2021-01-01 | The given paper is aimed to investigation of the energy efficiency issues for IoT solutions, based on combined sensor and contactless systems. The combined energy-efficient solutions are namely the hierarchical organized infrastructure WSNs and self-organized ad-hoc WSNs, which are widely interoperable with the 4G/5G base stations and micro-cells, the backboned Wi-Fi access points as well as with inexpensive and energy-efficient RFID/NFC reader farms. In regard to provide the energy-efficient WSN protocols, a holistic multi-layered approach is used, which is based on Low-Duty-Cycle-Principle, energy-harvesting, LEACH Clustering and topology optimization, efficient OS and software frameworks, enabling data reduction. | Energy Efficiency for IoT | 10.1007/978-3-030-74556-1_12 |
2021-01-01 | The technique of reversible logic can be applied on any digital, VLSI and quantum computing applications for optimization of power. A decoder and an encoder are the basic building blocks that can be used to realize any logic network. This pair can be used in communication system applications as transceivers. A new 4 × 4 reversible gate named FADE is proposed in this paper which is novel, unique and first of its kind as it performs the operation of three combinational logic circuits simultaneously, i.e., a full adder, a 2:4 decoder and a 4:2 encoder simultaneously. The design of the proposed reversible gate is coded using Verilog, synthesized and simulated using Xilinx software. It is implemented and tested on FPGA XC3S400-5PQ208. This gate would act as a threshold in designing complex arithmetic logic circuits and thus enhance the performance of computing systems. | Reversible Fade Gate as Decoder, Encoder and Full Adder | 10.1007/978-981-15-8221-9_123 |
2021-01-01 | The paper presents an improved terrain profiling system with high-precision range measurement method for underwater surveyor robot. Extensive research has been carried out in the area of terrain profiling in different scenarios; however, limited work has been performed for underwater environment. In the present work, a surveyor robot has been designed using ultrasonic range sensor for terrain profiling in underwater environment. The dynamic nature of underwater scenario adds significant noise to the acoustic signals leading to inaccurate range measurements. The noise embedded in the data in underwater environment degrades the working of the surveyor robot leading to uncertainty in terrain profiling, surveying, and navigation. Different digital signal filtering techniques are used to remove noise from data, leading to a better estimate of the range data and improved signal-to-noise ratio. Two sets of range measurement data in an underwater setup have been estimated using signal processing techniques. The results show that low pass FIR filter improved the results as compared to Moving Average method; however, the high value of standard deviation of the results depicts that FIR filtering is not adequate for accurate range measurement and thereby faithful working of underwater robot. Kalman filter being a recursive estimator provides an optimal solution for estimation and data prediction tasks and is efficient in filtering the noisy data from an input sensor. However, its filtering performance is dependent on the selection of measurement noise covariance R used in the predictor-corrector model. In an actual underwater data streaming environment, it is very difficult to obtain the optimal value of R from complex device configuration. In order to avoid a poor selection of R and to determine its best estimate directly from the sensor data, an analytical method using Denoising Autoencoder is used in the present work. The results show that the Kalman filter method using Denoising Autoencoder estimated the range data accurately. The terrain profile for an underwater test setup was generated by simultaneously recording the position of the robot and the elevation data filtered using the above method. The results are in good agreement with the actual terrain profile of the test setup. | An Improved Terrain Profiling System with High-Precision Range Measurement Method for Underwater Surveyor Robot | 10.1007/978-981-15-5148-2_9 |
2021-01-01 | The development of IoT applications is lightning fast in terms of technology and solutions in all areas of life. This brings opportunities and challenges wireless sensor network which requires low-power and long-range devices. LoRa technology is a new wireless communication standard designed to address these challenges. The industrial LoRaWAN protocol shows its ability for long-range data transmission, long autonomy, and high scalability. In this paper, we propose to experiment with a LoRaWAN network for IoT applications in Danang City area. Evaluation of LoRa coverage in real-life measurement shows an average communication range of 6 km with a maximum distance of 26 km. | Industrial LoRaWAN Network for Danang City: Solution for Long-Range and Low-Power IoT Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-7527-3_7 |
2021-01-01 | We experimentally register stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering (SLFRS) in the suspension of brome mosaic virus (BMV) in phosphate buffer with very high conversion efficiency. We identify two components of the SLFRS spectrum as the breathing and quadrupole modes of BMV and determine damping characteristics and gain factors for these modes. We show that, using the core–shell model for BMV and taking into account the influence of the environment, the acoustic properties of individual components of such a composite nanosystem can be determined. Thus, we define the sound velocity in the RNA core of BMV, in view of spectral characteristics of SLFRS. | Stimulated Low-Frequency Raman Scattering in Brome Mosaic Virus | 10.1007/s10946-020-09935-0 |
2021-01-01 | The detection of incipient faults in three-phase induction motors is a fundamental pillar in the preventive maintenance at the industrial level. Three-phase motors are used in most industrial processes, and thus it is essential to know in advance the fault being generated by the motor, with the objective of avoiding a production stop, there are in the market equipment that help to detect incipient faults, but their cost is very high and it is necessary to process in a computer the information obtained from the equipment to determine the fault. The proposed prototype is a low-cost and easy to use system which detects two types of electric faults, broken bars and short circuits in the windings. Authors describe the general architecture of the prototype, parameters for determining the fault and give details about the implementation and tests of the prototype in WEG W22 High Eff motors. The results obtained show that when the amplitude of the power spectrum in the sidebands varies at particular frequencies, an incipient fault is determined. | Detection of Incipient Faults in Three-Phase Motors Through Analysis of Stator Currents | 10.1007/978-3-030-89941-7_18 |
2021-01-01 | Scaling down of CMOS technology requires vital reduction of leakage power in low-power applications. Power gating technique is generally employed in the standby mode to reduce static power consumption but it increases delay of the logic cells badly and the ultimate result of the circuit is besmirched to a great extent in deep submicron circuits. This paper utilizes feedback mechanism for reducing dynamic and static power during active and standby mode, respectively, and power gating technique is also engaged for further minimizing static power during standby mode. Novel optimal power gates such as NOT, NAND, NOR, and EX-OR are developed and simulations are done with 45 nm CMOS technology and 0.6 V supply voltage for the 32-bit ripple carry adder. Proposed adder using optimal power NAND gate accomplishes 46 percent reduction in dynamic power consumption and 84.3 percent reduction in static power consumption and 28.98 percent reduction in power delay product. | Low-Power Deep-Submicron CMOS Adder Using Optimized Delay Universal Gates | 10.1007/978-981-15-8221-9_47 |
2021-01-01 | The relationship between non-monotonic concentration dependencies of the size of the dispersed phase (nanoassociates), physicochemical properties (specific electrical conductivity, pH), and fluorescence intensity (λ ex 225 nm, λ em 340 nm) of a multi-component dispersed system based on herbicide N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine and its effect on the development of some hydrobionts and on the inhibition of Triticum vulgare wheat root growth in the range of calculated concentrations 1·10 −19 −1·10 −3 g L −1 is established for the first time. The obtained results indicate that coherent changes in fluorescence intensity, physicochemical properties, and bioeffects are related to the rearrangement of nanoassociates which accompanies the dilution of the systems. | Interrelation of physicochemical, spectral, and biological properties of self-organized multi-component aqueous systems based on N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine in the low concentration range | 10.1007/s11172-021-3060-3 |
2021-01-01 | The world is progressing with the rapid germination of technology. In this IoT era, all technologies are automated and smart. Home automation is one of them, and the kitchen is an essential part of home automation. Nowadays, it is an area of the reformation in the intelligent and automated system in the kitchen. Nowadays, users are facing lots of issues regarding monitoring and remembering ingredients left in the containers. Hence, we have designed an android application for the ingredient measurement system as part of home automation. In the proposed system, BLE technology is used for data communication so that the power requirement is significantly less (a small battery can last long around five years). A sensor is installed into each container so that we know how much ingredients are left in the containers. Using this application, users can check the measurement and monitor ingredients with low-power BLE technology. | Low-Power IoT-Based Smart Ingredient Measurement System | 10.1007/978-981-16-1335-7_13 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter examines the transition to low-carbon electricity in Poland and Hungary from a security–of–supply point of view. Despite large differences in emphasis, both countries aim to increase electricity generation, decrease import dependence and reduce or eliminate coal-based electricity, while turning to renewables and nuclear energy. In Poland, instead of a coal-dominated electricity mix accompanied by wind, natural gas and biomass, a coal–wind–natural gas–nuclear portfolio may emerge by 2040. In Hungary, the nuclear–natural gas–coal–biomass composition is scheduled to transform into a nuclear–solar–biomass–natural gas focus. While electricity is expected to be predominantly low-carbon in Hungary in 2040, such sources may provide only a bit more than half of the Polish power generation. | Pathways for a Low-Carbon Electricity System in Poland and Hungary | 10.1007/978-3-030-55085-1_8 |
2021-01-01 | Herbert’s chapter examines the ways that early modern Britons used bodies of water—specifically, the supposedly miraculous waters of medical springs in cities such as Bath, Tunbridge Wells, and Epsom—to refigure themselves. Early modern Europeans believed firmly in the curative powers of mineral waters, and at these sites, many different kinds of people sought relief from disease and injury: women, men and children; the poor and rich; people from Britain and abroad. By drinking British spring water, pumping it over their bodies, and plunging into mineral pools to swim, these health-seekers attempted to change themselves for the better. However, if spas were imagined as places of health, they we also seen as sites of physical danger, sexual ambiguity and even social unrest. | Creatures of the Bath: Transformations at the Early Modern British Spa | 10.1007/978-3-030-66568-5_7 |
2021-01-01 | Increased number of vehicles are causing higher consumption of petroleum fuels leading to depletion of conventional fuel reserves. Hence, there is a need for alternative fuel, which will fulfil the demand. Biodiesel is one of the environment-friendly, renewable alternative biofuel which can be obtained from vegetable oils. Blends of various biofuels were used by researchers but there are limitations on the percentage of vegetable oil in diesel as emission norms are becoming stringent. Recently, the Government of India has announced that country is going to implement BS VI emission norms by 2020 and higher blends, i.e. B20 and above B20 are not satisfying these norms. Presently, very limited information is available on the use of lower biodiesel blend as a fuel in diesel engines. In this work, efforts are made to study the effect of lower blends of Karanja biodiesel as a fuel in a diesel engine to evaluate its performance and emission characteristics. The engine performance test was conducted on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine with lower blends of Karanja biodiesel (B5, B7, B10), B20 and diesel fuel to find brake thermal efficiency and BSFC. HC, CO, CO 2 and NO x emissions also have been monitored. Results showed the brake thermal efficiency of all lower blends (B5, B7, B10) is high compared to diesel fuel at full load of the engine. BSFC of all lower blends (B5, B7, B10) is low at part load and almost the same as that of diesel fuel for maximum load. HC and CO emissions were less compared to diesel fuel. Also, a significant reduction of NO x was observed for B5, B7, B10. | A Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine for Lower Blends of Karanja Biodiesel | 10.1007/978-981-15-3639-7_19 |
2021-01-01 | Urbanization is one of the main important factors leading to urban flooding, which has caused major damage to the environment and society. Controlling urban flooding has become a new challenge for urban planners. There are many reasons of urban flooding in Delhi. It may occur due to increased urbanization, low rate of infiltration and poor infrastructure for storm water drainage network, improper drainage system. For controlling urban flooding, there is one of the control source solutions that help in reducing the urban flooding that is low impact development techniques. Low impact development (LID) is a new innovative technique for managing storm water at the source and helps to improve the water quality as well. It is most popular method which helps to reduce the hydrologic as well as water quality which effects by urbanization. The storm water management model (PCSWMM) is a widely used rainfall-runoff simulation model which has ability to model LID techniques. The LID used in this study is infiltration trench, green roof and rain water harvesting. The result obtained from the model (with LID) found to be satisfactory with the ground reality. In this present study, PCSWMM has been used for the first time for modelling storm water drains of the urban area (Delhi city, India), and the results obtained from simulation are in good consent with the observed data. Thus, the present study will help the flood managers to manage excess surface runoff during storm more efficiently in urban cities. | Applications of Low Impact Development for Managing the Storm Water Surface Runoff in Urban Areas | 10.1007/978-981-15-6463-5_26 |
2021-01-01 | In this project, design of low-power Ku band CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and low-noise amplifier for satellite communication is proposed. The proposed LNA provides low input impedance, low noise figure, and high gain which makes it suitable for use in satellite receivers to amplify low-power signals. This NMOS LC VCO has main advantage in low phase noise and low power. This VCO is designed on concept of negative resistance generated by MOSFETs impedance which reduce the phase noise. This circuit is designed using UMC 90 nm CADENCE ADE. For this circuit, we use 1.2 V power supply. Its average phase noise is −109.18 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The oscillator requires approx. 0.001127 $${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$$ mm 2 of chip area. It is highly useful for satellite communication. | Designing of Low-Noise Amplifier and Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for Satellite Receiver in Ku Band | 10.1007/978-981-15-7486-3_58 |
2021-01-01 | Water scarcity is a threat to livelihood in the modern world. Many countries have taken actions to manage water resources and create awareness among people regarding water scarcity. A water management system must be used to avoid wasting water and reduce the consumption of water. The existing smart water management systems are not affordable for low-income people. This chapter aims to frame an intelligent architecture with minimum cost for the management of water resources in public and private buildings. The proposed research used the concept of the Internet of things and Artificial intelligence techniques to implement the smart water monitoring system. The proposed work utilized Raspberry Pi and low-cost sensors to monitor water resources. The output of the research system is found to be better compared to existing systems. | An Efficient Low-Cost Smart Water Monitoring System Based on the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence Techniques | 10.1007/978-3-030-63068-3_3 |
2021-01-01 | The structural system’s vibration analysis plays a prime role in dynamic experiments as researchers attempt to study the effects of the variables that are responsive to the damage occurring in the structure. However, they require data acquisition of nearly a comprehensive-state of the structure and high manipulations. To analytically evaluate the structural behavior, vibration analysis can be worked out by statically establishing some horizontal inertia forces, on the basis of scaled ground accelerations. The structural parameters such as stiffness, mass, vibration signatures illustrated through frequencies, mode shapes, and stress–strain energies are thus identified. In setting this context, this paper discusses the development of a low-cost uniaxial shake table which can analyze any type of 3-D model that helps in detecting the inelastic behavior of the frames at a reasonable cost. The description of the test specimen, instruments, setup procedures, and results is also presented. | Design and Development of Low-Cost Medium Size Shake Table for Vibration Analysis | 10.1007/978-981-15-5101-7_19 |
2021-01-01 | Wireless communication is becoming increasingly popular in factory automation and process control systems, especially when moving components are used. One reason for this growth is the benefits that wireless communication offers, which include lower installation costs than wired networks, less mechanical wear and tear and the ability to provide critical information even about the moving components. Robust and reliable wireless communication solutions must accommodate the demanding and changing conditions of the existing industrial environment, such as the variable number of communication elements, possible interference, a large area for which to provide communication and an organic amount of available battery power. For mobile industrial environments, sensor networks appear to be candidates that can meet many or even all of these requirements. Several types of such communication solutions are available and are in use. This paper focuses on selected wireless networks that can be considered to be enabling technology for the new generation of manufacturing systems. | Low-Level Wireless and Sensor Networks for Industry 4.0 Communication – Presentation | 10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9_38 |
2021-01-01 | Gas turbine aero engines are a specific class of turbomachinery wherein compression system and turbine are realized as spinning discs on an interconnecting shaft. Fan-bladed disc undergoes an unsteady aeroelastic phenomenon known as flutter during various operational regimes, which might lead to structural failure of blades. Study of this mode of flutter induced structural response by measuring casing vibration is of interest in health monitoring of aero engines. In this paper, authors present a novel application of detecting the rotating blade flutter based on the feature space constructed using statistical parameters, recurrence plots (RP) and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) of engine casing vibration data. Feature vectors thus obtained are visualised in several 3D vector space plots to cluster the data points which separate flutter mode from the normal mode of operation. Results obtained through the proposed method have been compared with engine flutter test results obtained through dedicated rotating blade strain gauge instrumentation. | Gas Turbine Engine Fan Blade Flutter Detection Using Casing Vibration Signals by Application of Recurrence Plots and Recurrence Quantification Analysis | 10.1007/978-981-15-5701-9_31 |
2021-01-01 | Middle-up LC-MS antibody characterization workflows using reduction or IdeS digestion for a focused assessment of N -glycan profiling of three representative glycoengineered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely, obinutuzumab (GlycomAb technology, Glycart/Roche), benralizumab (Potelligent Technology, BioWa, Kyowa Kirin) and mAb B (kifunensine) and compared to mAb A, produced in a common CHO cell line. In addition, EndoS or EndoS2 enzyme are used for quantitative determination of Fc-glycan core afucosylation and high mannose for these antibodies, as requested by health authorities for Fc-competent therapeutics mAbs critical quality attributes (CQAs). | Fast Afucosylation Profiling of Glycoengineered Antibody Subunits by Middle-Up Mass Spectrometry | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1241-5_5 |
2021-01-01 | Shuang229 block in Western Liaohe Basin is close to Qingshui hydrocarbon generation depression. The main target reservoir of lower sub member of the first member of Shahejie formation ( $$ {\text{E}}_{ 3} {\text{s}}_{ 1}^{ 3} $$ ) is fan delta front underwater branching channel microfacies. The rock types are mainly medium sandstone and fine sandstone, which are of low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Affected by the tight characteristics of the reservoir, the reservoir in this block has two types of high resistance and low resistance. The lithology and logging display of the low resistance reservoir is approximately the same as the water layer’s, and the logging response is too similar to identify the oil layer from the water layer. According to the core analysis and logging, oil testing and production testing data, the logging response mechanism of oil layers in tight reservoirs is analyzed in terms of lithology, grain size, shale content and pore structure. Due to the forming mechanism of low resistivity reservoir, the complex pore structure and high irreducible water saturation is caused by its fine lithology, high content of carbonate minerals and clay minerals. Therefore, the identifying oil layer research is based on reservoir characteristics such as lithology, physical property, electrical property etc. Then the identifying log-curve is optimized, the sensitive curve is constructed, the identification intersection chart is established, and the secondary interpretation of the oil layer is carried out. The coincidence rate of logging interpretation is 87.1%. The research ideas and methods can provide technical reference for reservoir identification of the same type of tight reservoir. | Well Logging Identification of Tight Reservoir in Shuang229 Block | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_44 |
2021-01-01 | US life under neoliberalism confused the power of economic markets with democracy, powered the rise of an anti-democratic oligarchy, and led some economists to call for radical economic redistribution. The ideology also ignored the structural-historical reality of racism, as was apparent in “culture of poverty” morality and Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing (1989), which misperceived the dead-end of “low road capitalism” evident in the film. As Abramowitz and others have noted, the political realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties underway since the 1970s, by leading to the rise of polarization, negative partisanship, and racial resentment, has thoroughly reshaped the possibilities for moderate political discourse and legislative compromise. The cutthroat politics of Newt Gingrich and the rise of talk radio speeded this transformation. As a result, films like Lincoln (2012), with its emphasis on social cohesion, racial justice, and the future of democracy, arrived too late to change the politics of the nation. According to Van Dijk and others, the Internet is solidifying this polarization by celebrating neoliberal notions of individual freedom and reshaping the norms of sociality, including the public/private distinction that has been a part of human life since the Pleistocene. By selling access to minds and emotions, the Internet has fostered both the rise of movements like Black Lives Matter and the alternative reality politics of Trumpism. | Neoliberalism and Political Realignment, 1980–2015 | 10.1007/978-3-030-81377-2_7 |
2021-01-01 | Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients have high metabolic demands related to wound healing after conditioning regimens, infectious events with associated febrile states, and in allogeneic HCT recipients, the systemic inflammatory state and local tissue damage imposed by acute graft versus host disease (GvHD). In the long term, ongoing inflammatory conditions and maldigestion/malabsorption can contribute to a chronic wasting syndrome. Understanding the anabolic and catabolic states seen in the HCT population, as well as issues related to the restriction of diet for these patients, is essential. While we seek to optimize the nutritional state of the patient, it is also important to recognize that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be a portal of entry for systemic infection. As such, the identification of an appropriate diet that limits further infectious risk in this immunocompromised patient population is essential. Thus, the rationale for a controlled low bacteria diet, GvHD diet restrictions, and general diet guidelines are provided. Also reviewed are the goals for nutrition during HCT and guidelines for initiation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN) are given, with additional recommendations including a discussion of the ongoing debate regarding L-glutamine. Also included is a discussion on gut microbiome with pre- and probiotics. | Nutrition | 10.1007/978-3-030-53626-8_7 |
2021-01-01 | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked the world by its spread and contagiousness. There is no approved vaccine and no proven treatment for this infection. Some potential treatments that have already been associated with antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects are under investigation. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a photon-based therapy that uses light to mediate a variety of metabolic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Antiviral photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a branch of photodynamic therapy based on the reaction between a photosensitizing agent and a light source in the presence of oxygen, which can produce oxidative and free radical agents to damage the viral structures such as proteins and nucleic acids. This chapter aims to discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of PBMT and aPDT in the context of the novel coronavirus. Studies indicate that PBMT and aPDT could be useful in many viral and bacterial pulmonary complications like influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS, but we found no direct study on SARS-CoV-2. With a combination of PBMT and aPDT, we may be able to combat COVID-19 with minimal interference with pharmaceutical agents. It might improve the efficacy of PBMT and aPDT by using monoclonal antibodies and preparing new photosensitizers at the nanoscale that target the lung tissue specifically. More animal and human studies would need to take place to reach an effective protocol. This chapter would encourage other scientists to work on this new platform. | Photobiomodulation and Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID-19 Management | 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_30 |
2021-01-01 | The article discusses the issue of climate changes and corporate responsibility. Corporate sustainable development imposes attention to environmental problems, that makes companies to switch to environmentally friendly technologies, reducing carbon emission, cutting natural sources’ deployment. It was researched that decarbonization of corporations may give not only social contribution, but also financial benefits. The most vulnerable for the “green economy demand” companies of energy industry were put to the sample and the economic effect of decarbonization was computed. The calculation allows to continue discussion about sustainable development of corporations alongside their environmental responsibility. | Decarbonization as a Factor of Sustainable Corporate Development Within Climate Change | 10.1007/978-3-030-60929-0_10 |
2021-01-01 | The Internet of Thing (IoT) applications such as industrial, agriculture, smart home applications are demanding strong requirements about distances and power consumption. LoRa (Long Range) is a novel solution for these requirements. LoRa is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology. LoRa technology can be applied to public, private or hybrid networks. Multi-hop LoRa linear protocol is a new protocol using LoRa technology. In the paper, we evaluate the performance of this protocol by data reception rate, successful tree construction rate in different condition. Our results show that LoRa linear protocol has high reliability and easy to apply to the real-environment. | Performance Evaluation of Linear LoRa Network Protocol | 10.1007/978-981-15-9354-3_7 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays, educational robotics is part of the learning activities in many K-12 schools. With the increasing interest in Computer Thinking education and acknowledging the importance of using tangible devices, many different educational robots for primary education have become available. With them, new research activities bring about new results concerning the use of robots in classes and how they can improve learning in STEAM areas. In this paper, a prototype of a new robot for primary school is presented. It has similar features to many other robots used in early school years (e.g. easy robot’s interface and one or two sensors, motor actuators), but with the advantage of having a low cost, being a do-it-yourself (DIY) kit and including a participation strategy, clarifying some of the learning targets, addressing the concept of alignment in learning activities. | Azbot-1C: An Educational Robot Prototype for Learning Mathematical Concepts | 10.1007/978-3-030-91885-9_49 |
2021-01-01 | With the increasing number of low-yielding wells, the beam pumping units cannot meet the requirement of high efficiency due to the limit of stroke and pumping speed. In order to improve production efficiency and reduce energy consumption, a high efficiency oil recovery device with ultra-long stroke and ultra-low speed is developed. The device is directly driven by a motor and reducer without driving chains. And it simplifies the transmission link. The stroke and the pumping speed are both adjustable within 0–50 m and 0–12 h −1 respectively. However, there is no balance system in this device, which results in waste of resources due to reverse power generation during downstroke. Meanwhile, in order to further reduce the one-time investment and improve the power saving rate, an oil recovery technology with two devices sharing a set of power is formed. The efficiencies of pump and system are greatly improved. The rod and tube wear is reduced so that the pump inspection cycle is extended. On this basis, the single-engine and double-well oil recovery technology is formed to balance the load of the two wells. Thus the electricity and power generation are utilized by each other. This device is expected to further reduce the one-time investment and energy consumption, and provide reliable technical support for the economical, effective and sustainable development of the oilfield. | High Efficiency Oil Extraction Equipment with Ultra-long Stroke and Ultra-low Speed and a Kind of Technology of Exploiting Double Wells with One Motor | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_84 |
2021-01-01 | Kidney disease is the 12th most common cause of death worldwide, and the need for dialysis in developing countries is increasing exponentially. Peritoneal dialysis offers many theoretical advantages over haemodialysis, especially in rural areas where electricity, water and skilled nursing staff are lacking. There are numerous reports of excellent outcomes using PD even in very low-resource settings with peritonitis rates similar to those seen in developed countries. Many hurdles need to be overcome though to achieve these outcomes, and this chapter reviews the options available and how to offer patients the best outcomes. | Peritoneal Dialysis in Developing Countries | 10.1007/978-3-030-70897-9_29 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Electrodynamic characteristics of a low pressure (electron collision frequency much lower than the field frequency) capacitive high frequency (HF) discharge maintained by electromagnetic field with a frequency between 10 and 1000 MHz are studied analytically and numerically. The discharge is assumed to fill completely a cylindrical metallic discharge chamber that contains a large area active electrode and a substrate holder connected to HF generators. The discharge is sustained by surface waves propagating along the plasma–space-charge sheath–metal interface. General analytical expressions governing impedance of the discharge are derived treating it as a two-point network. It is demonstrated that excitation of higher-order field modes substantially modifies position of current and voltage resonances related to propagation of surface waves along the three-layer structure as functions of electron density. Regimes of field excitation by symmetric and antisymmetric fields are analyzed within the framework of the matrix sheath model. Contribution of sheath formed near the sidewall of the vacuum chamber to the impedance must be taken into account in the case of excitation by an antisymmetric field. Obtained results qualitatively agree with numerical calculation of the impedance and field space distribution in the discharge carried out by using the COMSOL Multiphysics ® software package. | Features of Electromagnetic Field Excitation in a Capacitive HF Discharge. II. Symmetric Discharge Completely Filling Vacuum Chamber under Symmetric and Asymmetric Excitation | 10.1134/S1063780X21010050 |
2021-01-01 | In the development process of ultra-low permeability reservoir, due to the dual heterogeneity of matrix and fracture, it is difficult to establish effective pressure system, and water flooding occurs along the fracture. Based on the analysis of the fractured ultra-low permeability reservoir production mechanism, the imbibition characteristics and the main influencing factors of the fractured ultra-low permeability reservoir are studied by means of laboratory imbibition experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance technology (NMR). The results show that the imbibition of hydrophilic core mainly occurs in the early stage of imbibition, and there are optimal imbibition time and optimal water injection times in the imbibition process. The first soaking process has the most obvious imbibition effect; the imbibition effect mainly displaces the crude oil in the small channel and the wall of the large channel, and the displacement effect mainly acts on the crude oil in the large channel. Through the nuclear magnetic resonance technology, the displacement and imbibition effect can be calculated quantitatively; for ultra-low permeability reservoir, the reasonable injection speed suitable for imbibition and displacement is between 0.03–0.1 ml/min. The main influencing factors of imbibition include wettability, permeability, injection rate, engineering factors and working system. According to the characteristics of ultra-low permeability reservoir, the development mode of “volume fracturing + imbibition” is put forward. Applying the research results to KB oilfield, the recovery degree is predicted to be 4.1% higher than the original development plan after 7 years. The research content has guiding significance for the development of hydrophilic fractured ultra-low permeability reservoir. | Study on the Technology of Imbibition in Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_212 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays forest fires are so rare in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and other floodplains of the southeastern USA that these floodplains appear fireproof. Fire was once much more common across the Southeastern Coastal Plain Coastal Plain , including in these forested floodplains. Even so, fire was not the fundamental ecological disturbance in floodplain forests that it was in adjacent uplands; flooding served that role here. Other disturbances, like hurricanes, tornados, and beavers opened floodplain forests and may have been antecedents to fires. Since the arrival of Europeans, the disturbance regime Disturbance regime in perhaps no other ecoregion in the continental USA has been so fundamentally altered. Levee- and dam-building have radically changed the hydrology Hydrology of most of these river floodplains. Logging, agricultural conversion, urbanization, and road-building have further altered ecosystem structure and function. Fire is exceedingly rare in modern, closed-canopy floodplain forests, where fuels remain moist year-round, well-drained sites are converted from canebrakes Canebrake Rivercane to crop fields, and fires that once burned across adjacent uplands are either halted by habitat fragmentation Fragmentation or actively suppressed. This chapter will discuss the role of fire in floodplains of the southeastern USA in the context of other ecological and human-caused Human-caused disturbances historically, presently, and looking to the future. | Fire in Floodplain Forests of the Southeastern USA | 10.1007/978-3-030-73267-7_6 |
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