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2021-01-01 | In the present work, an attempt is made to study the effect of n-butanol as primary fuel along with diesel and thevetia peruviana methyl ester (TPME) as secondary fuels under reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode of combustion. Experiments have been conducted on single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine runs at 1500 rpm at 50% load for RCCI mode of operation by varying percentage of n-butanol in injected fuels. The results show that RCCI engine operated with 10% of n-butanol mixed with diesel exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as compared with other percentages of n-butanol in injected fuels. Nitric oxide (NOx) and smoke emissions were reduced significantly for RCCI combustion mode. Beyond 10% n-butanol in injected fuels there is penalty of lower BTE and higher emissions. | Experimental Studies on RCCI Engine Powered with n-Butanol and Thevetia Peruviana Methyl Ester | 10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_10 |
2021-01-01 | The corrosion resistance of tubing pipes of four strength groups is evaluated: E, Λ, K and D by measuring the saturation current density of steel anodic dissolution. It is shown that tubing of increased strength (groups E and Λ) has lower corrosion resistance compared with pipes of strength groups D and K. The low corrosion resistance of tubing of strength groups E and Λ is associated with the formation of adverse structural components, in particular high-carbon martensite having a high dislocation density. Formation of this structure is due to the fast cooling rate of the pipes in sprayer equipment. In order to increase the corrosion resistance of tubing of strength groups E and Λ it is recommended that additional heat treatment consisting in particular of quenching and tempering is performed in order to relieve internal stresses within the steel. | Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Tubing of Various Strength Groups | 10.1007/s11015-021-01082-4 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract Based on positron annihilation and low-temperature gas (CO 2 ) sorption data, we discuss the nature of size distribution of micropores in a number of polynorbornenes with various substituent groups in the side chain. The local stiffness of highly permeable glassy polymers suggests that they are microheterogeneous. In this case, distributions that are bimodal in nature seem quite possible, although unimodal cases cannot be excluded either. The positron annihilation data are consistent with these concepts and correlate with permeability. At the same time, the positron and sorption data on porosity are found to have discrepancies, which are explained either by limited mobility of the positronium atom or by inaccuracy of description of the sorption curve according to the density functional theory (NLDFT) and the Monte Carlo method (GCMC). | Microporosity of Polynorbornenes by Positron Annihilation and Sorption Data | 10.1134/S0018143921010112 |
2021-01-01 | This paper presents the results of an empirical study on the production formula establishment of multi-component pellets (MCP) from the PP plastic powders of food nylon wastes (PPPPW) and sawdust of wood processing plants in Vietnam. The MCP production efficiency and the calculated low heat value (LHV) of the finished-good pellets are two objective functions of the production formulas, while the ratio of the composition of the mixture of PPPPW and sawdust, the size of the materials, and the moisture content of the mixture are the influencing factors. Experimental results have determined that the ratio of the mixed ingredients of 15% PPPPW and 85% sawdust with its moisture content of 13%, the finished product efficiency of 64%, and the calculated LHV of MCP of 5631 kcal/kg could be obtained. The empirical results also showed the new feasibility of combining daily-life PP plastic bag waste treatment with sawdust from wood processing plants to not only create a useful energy source for production but also help solve the current problems of plastic waste treatment for society. | Study on the Production Formula Establishment of Multi-component Pellets from Sawdust and Food Plastic Waste | 10.1007/978-3-030-69610-8_95 |
2021-01-01 | Sahoo, Rudra Swarup Samantasinghar, Umakanta Acharya, Adyasa Priyadarsini Biswal, Priyabrata Environmental pollution is a major issue for public health and safety. Air contamination is one of the inherent causes of environmental issues. The reported monitoring and tracking systems have low precision, low sensitivity, and demonstrated laboratory scaled devices which cannot be accessed by the public. Therefore, improved observatory systems are highly essential. To overcome the limitations of reported systems, we propose a three-step air pollution monitoring system, where we can evaluate the data in three stages, that is a public display, website, and mobile application. An IoT kit was prepared using the MQ-135 Gas sensor, DHT11, LCD, and NodeMCU. We have deployed our developed system in our institution to provide local awareness among the general public and academic individuals as well as a platform for research and development under the smart city application. We can also monitor the data such as temperature, humidity, dew point, air quality index on a website so that individuals will be able to acquire relevant data from the database. A normal user or a person suffering from respiratory disorder is also capable of monitoring the data and will be able to take the required actions to prevent the upcoming unwanted situations. The power consumption and cost of the proposed system are the two important features of any modern devices. Hence, the authors here also give a sight of the power consumption as well as prospective of powering IoT devices through energy harvesting, which is not discussed in many reported literatures. | Implementation of Low-Cost and Low-Power-Based Temperature and Air Quality Monitoring System for a Local Area in Odisha | 10.1007/978-981-33-4866-0_2 |
2021-01-01 | The low-silica and low basicity Basicity sintering is an effective measure for improving iron grade of sinter and reducing the slag Slag amount of ironmaking and steelmaking Steelmaking . Sintering of the mixture at basicity Basicity (1.9, 1.8, and 1.7) and SiO 2 content (5.0, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, and 4.6) were conducted in a sintering pot, and the microstructures of typical sinters were taken into comparison in this work. Experimental results show that with the basicity Basicity decreases from 1.90 to 1.70, there is an obvious change in the tumbler strength index Tumbler strength index (TI) of sinter; SiO 2 content affects mainly on the yield, but to a lesser extent on the TI of sinter. At the basicity Basicity of 1.70 and SiO 2 content of 4.60%, the TI of sinter is 58.53% which is 5% lower than the sinter at basicity Basicity of 1.90 and SiO 2 content of 4.98%. At basicity Basicity of 1.80 and SiO 2 content of 4.60%, the sinter obtains a good performance (yield of 76.07% and TI of 60.09%), which is close to the indexes of sinter at relatively high-silica and high basicity Basicity ( basicity Basicity of 1.90 and SiO 2 content of 4.98%), indicating that low SiO 2 content Low SiO 2 content and low basicity Low basicity sintering can be implemented. | A Case Study of Sintering with Low Silica Iron Ore | 10.1007/978-3-030-65241-8_14 |
2021-01-01 | Mid to long-term monitoring of earth flow displacements is essential for the understanding of their kinematic features, process dynamic and evolution, and designing of mitigation measures. This paper summarizes methods, results, and interpretations of monitoring activities carried out between 2006 and 2020 at three earth flow sites in southern Italy characterised by structurally and lithologically complex slopes: (1) the Montaguto, (2) the Mount Pizzuto, and (3) the Pietrafitta landslides. By integrating traditional monitoring techniques and specifically developed low-cost sensors, kinematic and evolutive features of the three earth flows were analyses allowing detailed reconstruction of the relationship among basal-slip surface geometry, deformation styles and pattern, geomorphic structures, movement velocity and sediment discharge during ordinary and extraordinary movements. Final results highlight that earth flows are composed of distinct kinematic zones with characteristic longitudinal velocity profiles. Velocity variation along a kinematic zone, which is controlled by the basal and lateral geometry of the slip surface, is consistent with the distribution of structures on the ground surface of the flows, reflecting stretching and shortening of material during movement. Seasonal movements characterized by alternation between relatively slow persistent movement and acceleration are induced by material recharge passing through each kinematic zone and depends from this amount. Finally, it is empathised the use of low-cost sensors for displacement monitoring associated with traditional instrumentations, which give the advantage to obtain multiple stations distributed over large areas and reduce the cost of expensive monitoring campaigns. | Defining Kinematic and Evolutive Features of Earth Flows Using Integrated Monitoring and Low-Cost Sensors | 10.1007/978-3-030-60311-3_2 |
2021-01-01 | In the Volga-Vyatka region of the Russian Federation, gray forest and sod-podzolic soils, characterized by low-humus content, acidic reactions by the environment and low agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological indicators of fertility, have become very common. Their share is also high in the Chuvash Republic, where sod-podzolic soils (Derno Podsols) alone occupy about 36,000 hectares, but due to their low productivity most of these lands are currently withdrawn from agricultural use. The low thickness of the upper humus horizon on these soils (14–18 cm) negatively affects microbiological activity, air, nutrient and thermal conditions, the erosion resistance of the arable layer of soil and, as a result, crop yields. The steps taken in recent years by the ministries of agriculture of individual regions and the heads of regional agricultural services for the development of fallow lands that have been withdrawn from circulation of land have not, unfortunately, yielded the expected results. The absence of anti-erosion and soil protection measures led to a noticeable depletion of these soils, which has already had a negative effect in the first years of the cultivation of these lands. Practically everywhere, the profitability of the cultivation of crops (namely, they occupy the main place in the first links of field crop rotations) has dropped to zero and below. And in the existing conditions of the market economy, the economic feasibility and high scientific and practical competitiveness of the products produced are becoming the determining factors of economic efficiency. That is why it is so important at the present stage of developing soil-protective biologized farming systems to properly organize crop rotations with a scientifically based alternation of profitable crops and to develop efficient cultivation technology especially for them. | The Use of No-Till and Mini-Till on Soils of the Volga-Vyatka Region | 10.1007/978-3-030-67448-9_28 |
2021-01-01 | The application of robots in the field of lower extremity rehabilitation is becoming more and more extensive. Research on the real-time feedback of force and torque of lower extremity rehabilitation robots is very important to reduce the error during feedback. At present, multidimensional force sensors are mostly used for feedback, but the structure of multidimensional force sensors is complicated. This paper proposes to attach the resistance strain gauge to the structure of the lower limb rehabilitation robot to simplify the sensing structure and make the structure itself a sensing system. The traditional bridge used in the force sensor is redesigned, and the structure is analyzed with ANSYS. The strain changes with the length of the structure when the force is applied. Finally, MATLAB is used to simulate the output of the bridge, and an effective signal output is obtained. | Robotic Manpower Feedback Study on Lower Limb Rehabilitation | 10.1007/978-981-16-7213-2_1 |
2021-01-01 | The structural properties of cast aluminum parts are strongly affected by the solidification in the production process. The solidification dynamics determines the Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS), directly affecting the structural strength of the alloy. Simulation techniques enable the integrated design of chassis parts and their production equipment. However, in order to effectively predict the SDAS formation, the simulation models need to be investigated and calibrated. The present research investigates the SDAS formation models and identifies a robust relation to be used in Design by Simulation phases for AlSi7Mg0.3 parts. | Simulation and Experimental Validation of Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing for AlSi7Mg0.3 Chassis Parts in Low Pressure Die Casting | 10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_6 |
2021-01-01 | From the last century, the demand for energy is increasing at a significant rate. So, there is a requirement of new energy sources that will meet the current energy demand. The best solution for this problem is developing such a technology that will convert the low-grade heat, i.e., industrial waste heat to high-grade energy through the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). In this research work, thermodynamic modeling and analysis of the Rankine cycle by using different organic working fluids are done. The comparison of organics fluids is done on the basis of dry, wet and isentropic fluid category. From this research, it is understood that the dry working fluids are the best option for low output ORC system. Organic fluids, i.e, R123 and R245fa, give the best output for the low output ORC system. Low output ORC systems can be widely used for domestic purpose, rural areas and small-scale industries. | Selection of Optimum Working Fluids for Low-Power Output Organic Rankine Cycle | 10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_9 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter revisits the recent background of organogels and hydrogels from the viewpoint of structures and properties depending on the solvent. Typical gels have a fibrous network composed of gelators, which supports the solvent molecules, either water or an organic solvent. As a result of such a structure, gels have specific or sponge-like viscoelastic properties, and on the basis of these properties, gels have been used for spreading or spraying and in buffers, cushions, and containers. For the preparation of gels, potential gelators are synthesized and tested in various solvents. The number of gelator–solvent combinations in these tests may exceed a hundred, because the experimentalist needs to try all possible gelator–solvent pairs to obtain gel products. Recent reports suggest that Hansen’s solubility parameters, which make use of intermolecular interactions between the gelator and solvent, can predict and analyze gelator processes. More elaborate experimental and theoretical studies have explored gel materials as attractive devices for exploring basic properties and in more realistic applications. | Organogels and Hydrogels: Functions and Structure Governed by Interactions Between Gelators and Solvents | 10.1007/978-981-16-5395-7_15 |
2021-01-01 | An equiatomic quinary MgAlMnFeCu high-entropy alloy (HEA) has been synthesized successfully by mechanical alloying (MA). Phase evolution of MgAlMnFeCu HEA has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS/XEDS). Milling up to 60 h leads to the formation of a mixture of two phases consisting of a BCC phase ( a = 2.87 ± 0.02 Å) and ϒ-brass-type phase ( a = 8.92 ± 0.03 Å), with ~ 2 μm powder particle size. The as-milled alloy after spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 900 °C exhibits an experimental density of 4.946 ± 0.13 g cc −1 , which is 99.80% of the theoretical density. SPS leads to the formation of C15 Laves phase (MgCu 2 -type; a = 7.034 ± 0.02 Å) and B2 (AlFe-type; ( a = 2.89 ± 0.02 Å) intermetallic along with the ϒ-brass-type phase. The SPSed sample has exceptional hardness value (~ 5.06 GPa), high compressive strength (~ 1612 MPa) and appreciable failure strain (~ 6.4%) coupled with relatively low density. Various thermodynamic parameters have been considered for understanding the phase evolution and their stability during MA. | Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline MgAlMnFeCu Low-Density High-Entropy Alloy | 10.1007/s12666-020-02114-4 |
2021-01-01 | Electrochemical studies and microstructure analysis of directionally solidified hypoeutectic and eutectic aluminum-copper alloys were performed. Optical and scanning electron microscopy studies of corroded specimens with columnar and equiaxed microstructures in 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 1 M NaCl solutions were conducted. Low-rate potential scanning and alternating current (AC) electrode impedance measurements were conducted to study the corrosion resistance of four aluminum-copper alloys. The concentration of Cu in the alloys proved to be a key factor in the corrosion resistance of the Al-Cu alloys, which controlled the fraction of α and θ phases and the morphological distribution of these phases. The addition of Cu provides cathodic sites that increase adjacent anodic activity and higher corrosion susceptibility of the Al-Cu alloys, as compared with pure Al. Arise in the Cu amount that is linked to an increased concentration of the Al 2 Cu intermetallic or theta phase results in a higher susceptibility to corrosion for the studied alloys. A microstructural morphology related to a decreased area of contact between the α -phase and the Al 2 Cu intermetallic phase enhances the corrosion resistance of the Al-Cu alloys. For the Al-1wt.%Cu alloy increasing the content of Cl − produces a beneficial result related to a more resistive passive film. For the rest of the studied alloys with nobler corrosion potentials, the increase in Cl − results in a decrease in their corrosion resistance. | Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum-Copper Alloys with Different Grain Structures | 10.1007/s11665-020-05344-1 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract A numerical thermodynamic model is proposed for one of the most important geological fluid systems, the ternary H 2 O–CO 2 –NaCl system, at P-T conditions of the middle and lower crust and crust-mantle boundary (up to P = 20 kbar and up to T = 1400°C). The form of the model is analoguous to the model developed earlier for the system H 2 O–CO 2 –CaCl 2 . The model is based on an equation for the Gibbs excess free energy for the fluid H 2 O–CO 2 –NaCl, also including terms responsible for the interaction of the fluid with the solid phase of NaCl. The model allows predicting physical-chemical properties of fluids, which participate in the majority of deep petrogenic processes: the phase state of the system (homogeneous or multi-phase fluid, presence or absence of solid NaCl), chemical activities of the components, densities of the fluid phases, and concentrations of the components in the co-existing phases. The P-T dependencies of coefficients of the equation for the Gibbs excess free energy are expressed via molar volumes of water and CO 2 at corresponding pressure and temperature. The numerical parameters of the model are obtained by fitting experimental data on the phase state of the fluid system in the range of pressures from 1 to 9 kbar and temperatures from 500 to 930°C. Our parametrization of the P-T dependencies provides applicability of the model for pressures and temperatures beyond the experimental region, namely up to P = 20 kbar and up to T = 1400°C. The validity of the model above these P-T parameters is limited due the properties of the thermodynamic description of the CO 2 employed. | Thermodynamic Model of the Fluid System H2O–CO2–NaCl at P-T Parameters of the Middle and Lower Crust | 10.1134/S086959112006003X |
2021-01-01 | Bangladesh has the limited experiences to reduce the greenhouse gases being spewed out by more developed countries, nor can they hope to reverse what has been done. The country has instead become a hotbed for adaptation strategies and experimentation, where some innovative models are being developed and explored. Aid agencies, donors, and nongovernmental organizations have begun pitching in to help Bangladesh to prepare for a changing climate. Meanwhile, back in more developed countries, where we should be reducing our emissions through what in climate change speak is called mitigation, instead we seem stuck in endless rounds of debates about how to proceed. Throughout the world climate change has become an issue that is afforded less importance given the severity of the problem. This issue of climate change is given rather less value than other crises that exist all around the world. As climate change is a gradual process and as its effects are not immediate, many people all around the world underestimate this issue, whereas others deny the existence of the phenomenon existence. As a result of these efforts, Bangladesh has become the first low-income country to adopt low-carbon zone guidelines and a roadmap that, when fully implemented, will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17% in the country’s industrial zones. In order to prepare for the worsening effects of climate change the Bangladesh government has put forward some plans and policies. But sadly, these plans and policies remain only in this study as they have not been brought in to action effectively. For the human race to mitigate this problem there is no way other than to reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the low carbon development framework on an international, regional, and national level. It is necessary for the world, as well as for Bangladesh. | Climate Change Impacts and Mitigation Strategies to Develop the Low Carbon Themes in Bangladesh | 10.1007/978-3-030-71950-0_11 |
2021-01-01 | An ultra-low IFT (interfacial tension) is required between the liquid–liquid systems to dislodge the crude oil completely from the pores of the formation. As a huge amount of alkali is used for this purpose, scale formation and formation damage near wellbore region is a common issue. To perform an economically and environmentally viable process, it is obligatory to design the process with low and optimum concentration of alkali. Moreover, if the concentration of alkali is properly designed according to the oil chemistry, the alkali flooding alone could result in a favorable recovery for high acid number crude oil. So, the present study utilized low concentration of NaOH, to understand the behavior of alkali at the IFT of hydrocarbon–water system. Hydrocarbons like heptane and benzene were selected to understand the influence of hydrocarbon type on the IFT reduction. It was found that the IFT between the hydrocarbon–water system continuously decreases with an increase in NaOH concentration; moreover, a minimum concentration of 100 ppm is required to initiate reduction reaction. It is evident to state that IFT is dependent upon type of the hydrocarbon, because the enhanced reduction is observed in aromatics–water system using NaOH due to stronger cation-π interaction. | Effect of Sodium Hydroxide on the Interfacial Tension of Hydrocarbon—Water System | 10.1007/978-981-15-8506-7_35 |
2021-01-01 | Abstract The paper presents the results of applying the membrane gas separation technique to the recovery of CO 2 and its subsequent utilization by converting into ammonium carbamate. One-sided surface modification of homogeneous polyvinyltrimethylsilane (PVTMS) films by treating in low-temperature air plasma for 30 and 60 s has been carried out. The transport and gas separation properties of the modified samples has been investigated, and values for the permeability and diffusion coefficients of CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 have been experimentally obtained. On the basis of the experimental data, the effective coefficients of gas solubility in the modified film have been determined. It has been found that by modification within 30 s, the CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 separation factors are increased by two and three times, respectively, relative to the initial values. To assess the possibility of using the new membranes, mathematical modeling of a single-step membrane process for the separation of biogas components under steady-state and non-steady-state has been carried out. It has been shown that the proposed membrane modification method makes it possible to significantly increase the performance of the membrane unit: for example, the recovery of CH 4 under steady-state conditions is increased from 70 to 86%, and the CO 2 content in the permeate increases from 68 to 82 mol %. The reaction of ammonium carbamate production from CO 2 and ammonia in recycled vegetable oil as a solvent has been successfully conducted using the calculated characteristics of the membrane module based on modified PVTMS. | Enhancement of Gas Separation Properties of Polyvinyltrimethylsilane by Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment for Carbon Dioxide Utilization in “Green Chemistry” Processes | 10.1134/S251775162101008X |
2021-01-01 | Sulige gas field has entered a stable production stage, which is a typical representative of low permeability sandstone gas reservoir of strong heterogeneous in China. Due to more and more development wells are being developed, it is necessary to re-evaluate the reservoir resource. With the development degree increase, the reserves producing degree increase, which challenge the long-term stable production and later production capacity construction. Evaluating the used geological reserve is necessary to make clear the remaining unproducing reserve in order to achieving long-term stable production. In this paper, the He-8 and Shan-1 member of Su X Block in Sulige Gas field which has the most abundant data is taken as the researching objective to re-calculate geological reserve by volumetric method. According to the current various well patterns and their respective control degrees, the “method of area controlled by single well” is adopted to calculate the used geological reserve of various well patterns so as to determine the used geological reserve scale and distribution. Results show that the total used geological reserves account for 62.86% of the recalculated reserves of this block. It is feasible to achieve long-term stable production. The research results play an important role in the further well deployment and lay the foundation for the study of stable production technical policy. It also could provide certain reference for efficient development of other blocks of the Sulige gas field and other similar gas reservoirs of other gas fields. | New Method for Evaluating the Used Geological Reserves of Low Permeability Sandstone Gas Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_31 |
2021-01-01 | Shah, Miral Chaudhury, Bhaskar Bandyopadhyay, Mainak Chakraborty, Arun Accurate investigation of the physics of magnetized Low-Temperature Plasmas (LTP) involving drifts and instabilities is a challenging task. Electrons in such plasmas are magnetized, whereas ions are not completely magnetized. Presence of different collision mechanisms due to high neutral density (compared to plasma density), and in homogeneous magnetic fields, leads to complex plasma transport involving several time and length scales. Although computationally expensive, simulation of such plasmas using a kinetic model is the best way to improve the current understanding of such systems. In this paper, we present a 1D-3V Particle-In-cell Monte-Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) based simulations of such plasmas, wherein the ROBIN negative ion source (consisting of an LTP source with a magnetic filter) installed at IPR, Gandhinagar is taken as a testbed problem for the validation of the model. Results from our 1D-3V model provide a good match with the available experimental results from ROBIN. Finally, we conclude the paper by summarizing the limitations of our 1D simulations and the requirement of more accurate 2D simulations in such scenarios. | 1D-3v PIC-MCC Based Modeling and Simulation of Magnetized Low-Temperature Plasmas | 10.1007/978-981-15-8061-1_32 |
2021-01-01 | The battery of individual equipment has always been the component that occupies the largest volume. Therefore, the flexible thin-film solar cell is an ideal energy source for individual equipment. This paper tested volt-ampere characteristics of three kinds of solar cells, that are, respectively, made of Si, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskite. The research investigates the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum operating power, and photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the test data are analyzed and discussed. The results show that when the light irradiance ≤ 1000 W/m 2 , with the increase of light irradiance, the short-circuit current and the maximum operating power increase linearly, and the open-circuit voltage increases more and more slowly in logarithmic relation, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Si solar cells increases rapidly first and then decreases slowly. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of CIGS thin-film solar cells basically remains while the light irradiance ≥ 500 W/m 2 . | Weak Light Characteristic Acquisition and Analysis of Thin-Film Solar Cells | 10.1007/978-981-15-8411-4_192 |
2021-01-01 | Understanding the post-impact properties are essential while designing a new material system. Serviceability and sustainability are matters to protect the assembly from accidents since transportation and assembly operations experience many micro-damages in the material system. Researchers carried out several experiments to understand the post-impact performance of the laboratory scale specimens. Upon conducting the low velocity and other impact studies, the tensile, compression after impact (CAI), and related static properties have been measured and reported by the researchers. Even though the exploration is wider to analyze in the literature, a categorization is needed to proceed the further research in this field. Challenges are classified as conducting experiments, measuring the data, visualizing the results, data correlation and interpretation. Present review also contexted in a similar fashion to create a deeper insite about the post-impact characteristics. | Post Impact Behavior and Compression After Impact Properties of Polymers and Their Composites—A Review | 10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_4 |
2021-01-01 | The present investigation, influence of different heat treatment processes which will yield better tensile strength and microstructures of 8-mm-thick plates metal inert gas welded IS2062-EN9 joint. Mechanical properties of the joint increased with annealing heat treatment processes, higher grain size was measured at welded zone, and it decreased. It is found that the joint fabricated at a low heat input condition showing excellent mechanical and metallurgical properties. After annealing heat treatment process, tensile strength improved around 14.52%, the pearlite phase increased from 36.75 to 47.15%, and ferrite phase has decreased from 59.36 to 50.61% and other decreased from 3.88 to 2.24%. The tensile strength is improved due to grain size that was observed to be 7.5 before heat treatment and 9 after annealing heat treatment, and ferrite phase is transformed into pearlite phase. | Experimental Investigation of Heat Treatment Processes on Dissimilar IS2602-EN9 MIG Welded Joint | 10.1007/978-981-15-4488-0_39 |
2021-01-01 | Since the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) with version 4.0 of the Bluetooth Core Specification was introduced by Bluetooth Special Interest Group in 2010, the BLE technology has been developing in a wide variety of applications such as the Internet of Things, sports and fitness equipment, home automation, health care, and mobile payment for bringing a comfortable life to the human. In this work, we propose the hybrid mobile application which can remotely control the BLE-based humidifier device. A free and open source ionic framework is used for building beautiful cross-platform hybrid applications. Our proposed application needs to work on both Android and iOS mobile operating systems, and the latter requirement of the application is to control the functions of humidifier device such as turn on and off, adjust the operating time and power of humidity, and receive current humidity percentage, temperature level, and water indicator status from the humidifier. | An Implementation of Ionic-Based Hybrid Mobile Application for Controlling Bluetooth Low-Energy-Based Humidifier Device | 10.1007/978-981-33-6420-2_7 |
2021-01-01 | The high cost and poor durability are the pressing issues that need to be addressed before pushing the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to the market. The primary effort is made on the electrocatalysis by lowering the loading of Pt-group which are scarce and expensive but remain as the most efficient material until now. State-of-the-art Pt and Pt-based electrocatalysts usually offer an exceptional electrocatalytic activity as well as durability toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) , but the trick lies in their well-controlled surface structure and composition. Theoretical discussion based on the first principle about the cathodic ORR in this chapter will provide new insights into material choice, surface element distribution and the closed crystallographic orientation designs for electrocatalysts. Therein, alloying Pt with 3d transition metals, Pt shells and {111}-facets are regarded as excellent characteristics for improving the ORR performance. The experimental strategies including chemical routes, electrodeposition and thermal annealing for achieving those well-designed structures are then concluded. Besides, we also shed light on the hinder for practical application of those electrocatalysts in the PEMFCs. | The Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction on Platinum and Its Alloys | 10.1007/978-3-662-56070-9_2 |
2021-01-01 | Objective The use and commercial value of hyaluronic acid (HA) as an important element in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetics industry is because of its purity. Four recombinant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum containing different genes were used to produce HA. Results The production parameters were measured and strain 183.2, with the highest amount of HA (2.15 mg/ml), was selected for further experiments. HA was precipitated by different ratios of ethanol-isopropanol at 4 °C and − 20 °C. Active charcoal (1%) was added to the solvent precipitation mixture at pH 5 and 10. Finally, to achieve more purity and separation, gel filtration chromatography was used. The best result was obtained using an ethanol-isopropanol ratio of 1:1 of at − 20 °C, followed by active charcoal treatment at the acidic pH, and three fractions of the chromatography with molecular weights of 27, 27–110, and < 27 KDa were more analyzed with electrophoresis and FTIR. Conclusions The present study described a simple, economical, and reproducible method resulting in a high yield for low-MW HA from C. glutamicum . | Preparation, purification, and characterization of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid | 10.1007/s10529-020-03035-4 |
2021-01-01 | Rapid urbanization and a consumption centric economy have created an enormous pressure on the environment. Air, water and soil pollution are a global problem. The affects of pollution are more apparent in developing countries such as China and India, because of various economic and demographic factors. In major cities, such as New Delhi, Beijing, the air pollution reaches hazardous levels, especially during winters. Air quality measurement is the first step toward mitigating the effects of air pollution; hence, there has been an effort to set up air quality measurement stations all over the world. However, the availability of these measurement stations is sparser in developing countries, where the air quality is lower. Hence, there is a need for low-cost air quality measurement devices. The following work presents a brief overview of various low-cost approaches to measuring air quality. | Air Quality Measurement Using Low-Cost Sensors—A Review | 10.1007/978-981-15-9712-1_43 |
2021-01-01 | In this paper, we investigate the effect of outbreaks of Arctic air on changes in sea surface temperature in the areas of the North subpolar hydrological front as well as variations in mean daily values of the North Atlantic Oscillation index. We introduce a new technique for detection of Arctic air outbreaks applicable for identification of these phenomena in the areas of baric depressions such as the Icelandic Low. | North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Air Outbreaks | 10.1007/978-3-030-53521-6_21 |
2021-01-01 | In the article taking into consideration working broadband mills from the economical cybernetics point of view an analytical method of forecasting and increasing efficiency was proposed using the evaluation and the extension of life expectancy of low-reliable parts and joints of the main equipment of principal lines. To achieve this, mathematical models of the gradual failure of such elements were developed by different criteria of kinetic strength and wear resistance of the material structure. The complex methodology allows not only evaluating the expected durability level of the elements and the adequate productivity of a broadband mill but to analytically research possible design solutions to increase the life expectancy of low-reliable elements, decrease pauses for repair and therefore provide the highest possible level of efficiency of the main equipment of the researched mills on the stage of their reconstruction. | Forecasting and Analyzing the Efficiency of the Working Broadband Mill Equipment | 10.1007/978-3-030-54814-8_30 |
2021-01-01 | Authors in recent publications shared their personal “gripe” for the modeling capabilities not reasonably calibrated before the start of their application in gas turbine combustion technology programs conducted since 1973. Concurrently, the supporting fundamental research results did not provide the insight needed for making critical design decisions during the technology and/or product development phase. Therefore, a joint effort was kicked off in 2012 on fundamental research to gauge what it takes to calibrate or validate the models while in parallel support hypothesis-based technology development approach specifically targeted for developing swirl-venturi lean direct injection (SV-LDI) technology. As summarized in this paper, based on this pilot project’s output to date, for a properly formulated applicable fundamental research with limited resources, it takes much longer than what Mongia had wished for since 1973. | Fundamental Combustion Research Challenged to Meet Designers’ Expectations | 10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_11 |
2021-01-01 | Nowadays, biomedical, aerospace, electronics, and military industries have high demand for miniaturized components due to their rapid technology development on high precision devices. Micro milling process is one of the processes that is expected to be able to produce micro-size 3-dimensional features onto workpiece. This process can be considered as costly and difficult due to dimensional effect and low cutting energy generated. It can be considered that one of its crucial components in the process is the micro size tool itself. The study challenges the capability of low cost micro milling tool during machining aluminum alloy 6065 and AISI 1045 steel material, where a 1.0 mm end mill tungsten carbide (WC) tool is chosen. The experiment is conducted using a different combination of machining condition. The surface roughness of the workpiece and size of wear length is measured using a 3D measurement laser microscope. It can be observed that the wear length increases proportionally with cutting length, resulting to the increment of the surface roughness. Machining process of higher strength material tends to wear the tool faster, shortening the life of the tool, although the machining process is possible. It is assumed that a proper selection of machining parameter is required to reduce tool wear rate and promotes a longer tool life. | Tool Wear Observation During Unconventional Low Speed Machining Using Low Cost Micromilling | 10.1007/978-981-15-9505-9_53 |
2021-01-01 | “Algarrobos” are a set of multipurpose tree species of the Prosopis genus, which consequently can have several breeding aims, including timber production, non-timber forest products and environmental services such as recovery of saline soils. The low-intensity breeding strategy for this group is presented here, detailing the identification of seed production areas in the natural forest for P. alba , P. chilensis , and P. flexuosa . Hybrid swarms are quite common, so the analysis of specific purity of natural stands is a basic step to manage the genetic resources of these species. Such analyses are conducted by means of morphological characters of leaves and isozyme patterns of seeds and can lead to the prescription of thinning in order to create seed production areas. Those basic materials are evaluated through provenance trials. The interest on using P. alba for afforestation has promoted the initiation of a high-intensity breeding program, including multi-site progeny testing with BLUP estimation, and backward, forward, family, and individual selection. The initial strategy of a unique base population dispersed in the entire Argentine Chaco was recently changed for the delineation of breeding zones. Vegetative propagation was adjusted as a useful tool for genetic improvement. Selection and breeding of beneficial soil microorganisms (rhizobia and mycorrhizae) accompany the breeding of the tree species: specific molecular markers were used for taxonomic identification and genetic characterization, and their symbiotic ability was evaluated. | Genetic Breeding of Prosopis Species from the “Great American Chaco” | 10.1007/978-3-030-56462-9_10 |
2021-01-01 | In this chapter, we will describe the detection of gravitational waves with space-based interferometric gravitational wave observatories. We will provide an overview of the key technologies underlying their operation, illustrated using the specific example of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We will then give an overview of data analysis strategies for space-based detectors, including a description of time-delay interferometry, which is required to suppress laser frequency noise to the necessary level. We will describe the main sources of gravitational waves in the millihertz frequency range targeted by space-based detectors and then discuss some of the key science investigations that these observations will facilitate. Once again, quantitative statements given here will make reference to the capabilities of LISA, as that is the best studied mission concept. Finally, we will describe some of the proposals for even more sensitive space-based detectors that could be launched further in the future. | Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observatories | 10.1007/978-981-15-4702-7_3-1 |
2021-01-01 | In the recent decade, the use of plasma technology for dry reforming of methane has gained significant interest. Owing to the adverse effects caused by the greenhouse gases like CO 2 and CH 4 on climate change, the valorization of these pollutants is imperative, and is also a challenging task. The current study focuses on developing a double dielectric barrier discharge (DDBD) reactor for the conversion of CO 2 –CH 4 mixture to synthesis gas (H 2 + CO). The non-thermal plasma was generated using two co-planar quartz electrodes with the outer one wrapped with copper tape that was grounded, and the inner stainless steel rod connected to a high-voltage source. A discharge gap of 2 mm, and a discharge length of 70 mm were maintained. The effects of specific energy input (SEI) and CO 2 :CH 4 composition on the conversion of CO 2 and H 2 /CO ratio were studied. The power dissipated in the reactor was calculated from the Lissajous plot by measuring the instantaneous charge deposited inside the discharge volume. The effective conversion of CO 2 increased with increasing SEI, and it was maximum for CH 4 :CO 2 of 50:50 (vol.%/vol.%). These are attributed to higher residence time of CO 2 , which favors the production of CO and O by electron-induced dissociation, and electron dissociative recombination reactions. | Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Assisted Conversion of Biogas to Synthesis Gas | 10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_12 |
2021-01-01 | Microbial surfactants have achieved a significant space in diverse applications in environmental clean-ups, sequestering contaminants such as hydrocarbons, and soil contaminated with heavy metals, as stable food additives, and pharmaceutical formulations because of their biodegradability, stability to the extreme environmental conditions. Although, industrial production of BSs has not been attained stipulated demand due to their low yields and production cost incurred during the bioprocess. The present book chapter took the opportunity to elaborate on the existing experimental strategies that have been implemented to make the BS production cost-effective which includes utilization of the inexpensive agro-industrial residues optimized and effective bioprocesses and hyper-producer strains developed using metabolic engineering and recombinant tools. The necessities for next-generation novel hyper-producer BS producing strains should be under the following lines, extension of substrate spectrum, increased metabolic flux specific to the substrates, low-level of by-products generation, and better bioprocess control. Recombinant/mutant strain with enhanced yields may be a tool to decrease substrate price and improve productivities sufficiently so that in due course a point is attained, where commercial production of BS develops economically viable. Soon, BS may be efficiently on a large scale as greener amphiphiles. | Commercial Production, Optimization, and Purification | 10.1007/978-981-16-2705-7_3 |
2021-01-01 | The present study signifies the impact of study of power radiation, chemical reaction, thermophoretic, and MHD flow for a dense viscous fluid having viscosity and thermal conductivity dependent on temperature. The study is performed in the presence of radiation for lower stagnation point considering an isothermal cylinder. Using similarity transformation for governing flow are nonlinear partial differential equation is obtained which is then transformed into ordinary differential equation considering various physical parameters these equations were solved and the results are demonstrated. The effect of different parameters is studied and is represented in the form of graphs. The effects of S.F.C and Nusselt number on the isothermal cylinder are also represented in tabular form. | The Impact of Energy, Chemical Reaction, Power Radiation, and MHD-Free Convection in the Presence of Thermophoresis | 10.1007/978-981-33-4080-0_33 |
2021-01-01 | Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydroquinone resulting in a crosslinkable nanoparticle. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was used to polymerize this nanoparticle to obtain a polymeric structure with a bridging CNC structure to which cyclodextrin (CD) was attached in order to better capture hydrophobic biomolecules. X-Ray Microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance methods provided the main characterization data proving the successful modification process. This CD-modified nanocomposite adsorbent was used for the removal of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein for the first time. Adsorption performance in a continuous system was ~ 99% for both cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein with agreement between experimental data and mathematical models performed. Overall, results indicate that cyclodextrin modified poly(HEMA-GMA- g -CNC) is a promising material for use as an adsorbent for biological and biomedical applications. | Cholesterol removal via cyclodextrin-decoration on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-grafted poly(HEMA-GMA) nanocomposite adsorbent | 10.1007/s10570-020-03534-7 |
2021-01-01 | Porous bituminous pavement is an alternative road surfacing technology that allows water to permeate through pavement surface. The gradation of the pavement structure is kept such that it allows enough void between the aggregates particles for water to go through it freely. Porous bituminous pavement also decreases the surface runoff of nearby areas. This technique can also be used as an additional way of storm water mitigation and ground water replenishment. This paper has focused on replacing the conventional open graded bituminous mix with Low Dense Polyethylene (LDPE) coated aggregates under medium traffic load. Today waste plastic is vastly available and has become an inherent part of daily life. Apart from this, disintegration of pavement surface due to rainwater accumulation is a major problem presently. The focus of this study is to determine aggregate coated with Low Dense Polyethylene (LDPE) in open graded porous bituminous mix under medium traffic load to improve their performance. This paper also looks for an unconventional and effective way for safe disposal of waste plastic to check environmental degradation as well as to find moisture susceptibility of pavement under anti-stripping agent. In this study, dry process of aggregate coated with LDPE with three different plastic contents i.e. 0.50, 0.75 and 1% have been used for preparing open graded porous bituminous mixes. Marshall Mix design is performed for determining the Optimum Binder Content (OBC) Optimum Binder Content (OBC) , Marshall Stability, Flow, Marshall Quotient for normal and modified samples and found that 0.50% LDPE content is giving desired value as compared to the normal one. | A Study on Porous Bituminous Pavement as an Alternative Method for Ground Water Management | 10.1007/978-981-33-6412-7_6 |
2021-01-01 | Throttling and depressurization can realize surface low pressure gathering and transportation and save well construction cost. Downhole choke of the slip type is a matching tool for downhole throttling technology of gas well. During the simulation test, it is found that after the slip is anchored and sealed, the side of the slip is greatly worn, and the teeth on the inner wall of the oil tube are obviously bitten after anchored. Therefore, the contact mechanical state analysis between the slip and the oil tube, the slip and the cone of the chock is carried out. Solidworks (2014) is used to build the solid model, and it is used to analyze the stress of the tool structure. The simulation results show that under the condition of not changing the overall size of slips, by improving the state of contact surface between slips and cones, the end of contact surface is changed from a straight line to a 2° arc, the maximum contact stress between slips and oil pipes is reduced from 924 MPa to 577 MPa, and the stability of slips is improved. The improvement of tool performance improves the reliability of downhole throttling technology and provides technical support for the economic and efficient development of high pressure and low production gas wells. | Simulation Analysis and Structural Optimization of Anchoring Performance of Slip Type Downhole Choke | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_142 |
2021-01-01 | The use of composites from the past few decades has been outstanding. Composites are becoming very popular due to their high specific strength. The main aim of this research is to analyze the behavior of the composite structure under low-velocity impact. In this paper, curved composite panels were studied under single and multiple impacts where impact analysis is done numerically. Numerical analysis includes finite element modeling and finite element analysis of the structure through Abaqus software. Different parameters were obtained, and the results of which include deformation, stress distribution, contact force, and energy absorbed by the structure. Numerical results were compared for different materials as well as impacts and are validated with literature data. | Low Velocity of Single and Multiple Impacts on Curved and Hybrid Curved Composite Panel for Aircraft Applications | 10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1_17 |
2021-01-01 | Affordable and sustainable housing is among the critical challenges in most countries worldwide, and specially in developing countries where big proportion of the population live under the poverty line. In the arid territories of Kenya, more than half of the population in urban areas live in informal settlements (UN-Habitat 2017 ) without provision of basic services such as water, electricity, sanitation or waste management, and housing units made of iron sheets can hardly protect people from the extreme climatic conditions. Housing is hardly affordable for majority of the population, however, the wide availability of appropriate building materials such as soil and stone quarries can greatly reduce the cost of housing without compromising the quality of the construction while contributing reduce its carbon footprint. This article is based on the experience of the project Climate Resilient Low Cost Buildings In Marsabit County , Kenya, funded by the Nordic Development Fund, which highlights how the sustainable building design and the use of appropriate building technologies with local materials can facilitate access to housing while contributing to socio-economic development of women, youth and local economies. | Sustainable and Affordable Building Technologies in Northern Kenya | 10.1007/978-3-030-75315-3_48 |
2021-01-01 | The article studies the influence of the surface layer properties on the tribotechnical characteristics of plain machine tool slideways. The aim of the study is to enhance the efficiency of cinematic friction pairs, which operate under the conditions of slow movements. The influence of the modified geometrical, physical and chemical properties of a surface layer, a type of lubrication, as well as that of the power and cinematic conditions on the friction coefficient and wear rate have been considered in the tribological contact. The optimal composition and formulation of a powder material have been developed to apply low-wear coatings. The paper presents the results of the wear test, which were carried out for the comparative evaluation of the wear resistance of the contacting surfaces under the conditions of boundary friction, with the properties of the active surface layer being modified and various materials being used. The advantages and disadvantages of laser infusion for plasma spray-coated surfaces have been specified. It has been concluded that the maximum wear resistance of friction pairs is reached by applying wear-resistant self-slagging coatings on the contacting surface followed by a laser infusion and laser finishing and strengthening treatment. | A Study of the Influence of Surface Layer Properties on the Tribotechnical Characteristics of Plain Machine Tool Slideways | 10.1007/978-3-030-54814-8_143 |
2021-01-01 | This paper describes design and implementation of low power Bandgap Reference (BGR) using chopper stabilized amplifier. The design focuses on reduction of power, output variation due to device mismatch and noise. First order compensated BGR with chopper amplifier is designed in CMOS-65 nm technology. Simulated across 18 process corners with temperature variation from $$-30\,\boldsymbol{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ - 30 ∘ C to $$125\,\boldsymbol{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ 125 ∘ C along with Monte Carlo analysis, achieves $$1.0012\pm 0.56\boldsymbol{\%}$$ 1.0012 ± 0.56 % V and dissipates power less than 3.12 µW. Due to the implementation of chopping technique, output variation due to device mismatch is decreased by 95% (137.6 mV to 6.51mv) as compared to BGR without chopping technique. 1/f Noise reduction of 88% ( $$116\,{\varvec{\mu}}{\varvec{V}}/\sqrt{{\varvec{H}}{\varvec{z}}}$$ 116 μ V / H z to $$14.06\,{\varvec{\mu}}{\varvec{V}}/\sqrt{{\varvec{H}}{\varvec{z}}}$$ 14.06 μ V / H z at 1 Hz) was observed. Curvature trimming has reduced the variation of output across Process, Voltage and Temperature (PVT) by 71% (20.3 mV to 5.79 mV). | Low Power Bandgap Reference Using Chopper Amplifier | 10.1007/978-981-16-0275-7_9 |
2021-01-01 | Automation is the key for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to gain profit and win market. Investment required for automation projects are normally high and would cost extra whenever upgrade is needed. Sometimes, present automation system cannot adapt to the change and must be replaced. These matters cause SMEs to consider whether to invest on automation or not. This paper proposes a concept for an automation system which can be integrated into larger systems with reasonable prices. A case study in footwear industry is analyzed and prototype of automated conveying system is fabricated to demonstrate the opportunity of this concept. The result of implementation proven that SMEs can save up to 50% of the cost if applying the proposed concepts. | Case Study: Prototyping a Low-Cost Integrated Automation System in Footwear Industry for Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam | 10.1007/978-3-030-69610-8_11 |
2021-01-01 | The estimation of the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) properties of heterogeneous rocks is influenced by the scale of the heterogeneity in relation to the dimensions of the test specimen, which will enable the testing of a suitable representative volume element. This places constraints on the testing techniques and the problem can be compounded when the rock has low permeability that presents challenges for saturation of the rock and required time for conducting basic tests to evaluate the deformability and transport properties relevant to fluid flow and heat conduction. The paper proposes the use of multiphasic techniques estimating THM properties of the heterogeneous Cobourg limestone. | Multiphasic Approaches for Estimating THM Properties of Heterogeneous Rocks | 10.1007/978-3-030-64514-4_12 |
2021-01-01 | This paper presents a review of existing biomechanical models Biomechanical model and technologies relevant to the study of soft tissues Soft tissue of below-knee amputees. Special attention is paid to related studies on biomechanical measurements of soft tissues Soft tissue , including the approaches for measuring forces and pressure distributions between stump and socket, and also estimating the deformations of soft tissues under loads. Mechanical properties of soft tissues related to their time-dependent and large deformation behaviours are discussed in the context of viscoelasticity and hyperelasticity. We review techniques used to measure the shapes of residual limbs, including volume fluctuations. We also survey methods for measuring tissue deformation Tissue deformation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and camera-based devices. The motivation for this review is to highlight techniques and methods for characterising soft tissues Soft tissue of below-knee amputees, and to discuss their limitations in order to guide future studies. | Characterising the Soft Tissue Mechanical Properties of the Lower Limb of a Below-Knee Amputee: A Review | 10.1007/978-3-030-70123-9_8 |
2021-01-01 | Previous studies have suggested that maternal exposure to air pollution might affect term birth weight. However, the conclusions are controversial. Birth data of all term newborns born in Xi’an city of Shaanxi, China, from 2015 to 2018 and whose mother lived in Xi’an during pregnancy were selected form the Birth Registry Database. And the daily air quality data of Xi’an city was collected from Chinese Air Quality Online Monitoring and Analysis Platform. Generalized additive models (GAM) and 2-level binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of air pollution exposure on term birth weight, the risk term low birth weight (TLBW), and macrosomia. Finally, 321521 term newborns were selected, including 4369(1.36%) TLBW infants and 24,960 (7.76%) macrosomia. The average pollution levels of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 in Xi’an city from 2015 to 2018 were higher than national limits. During the whole pregnancy, maternal exposure to PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , and CO all significantly reduced the term birth weight and increased the risk of TLBW. However, NO 2 and O 3 exposure have significantly increased the term birth weight, and O 3 even increased the risk of macrosomia significantly. Those effects were also observed in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. But during the third trimester, high level of air quality index (AQI) and maternal exposure to PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO increased the term birth weight and the risk of macrosomia, while O 3 exposure was contrary to this effect. The findings suggested that prenatal exposure to air pollution might cause adverse impacts on term birth weight, and the effects varied with trimesters and pollutants, which provides further pieces of evidence for the adverse effects of air pollution exposure in heavy polluted-area on term birth weight. | Impact of air pollution exposure during various periods of pregnancy on term birth weight: a large-sample, retrospective population-based cohort study | 10.1007/s11356-020-10705-3 |
2021-01-01 | Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) allows the chromatin profiling of proteins of interest for which specific antibodies are available. Because it is performed on intact chromatin in situ, CUT&RUN provides exceptional signal over background, making it an ideal choice for chromatin profiling on primary cells available at limited numbers. Here, we describe its application to the profiling of histone post-translational modifications in germ cells isolated from mouse embryos from 12.5 up to 18.5 days postfertilization. This approach can be applied to as low as 100 isolated germ cells, allowing the generation of multiple genome-wide profiles from the cells obtained from a single embryo. | Chromatin Profiling in Mouse Embryonic Germ Cells by CUT&RUN | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0958-3_17 |
2021-01-01 | The increasing demand for a low-cost and renewable carbon fibre precursor has driven the focus on bio-based precursors. Cellulose-lignin composite fibres are a new approach toward this direction. The combination of cellulose and lignin into a composite fibre could solve some of the current limitations for pure cellulose and lignin fibres. This study investigated the treatment of the composite fibres with boric acid with focus on carbon yield, stabilisation rate and fibre fusion, which is a typical defect in carbon fibre production. The influence of boric acid on the mechanism of stabilisation was studied. The stabilisation time was reduced by 25% through treatment with the reduction of fibre fusion, while the carbon yield increased significantly in comparison to the untreated fibres. | Effect of boric acid on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin filaments as precursors for carbon fibres | 10.1007/s10570-020-03584-x |
2021-01-01 | Orthopaedic and dental implant treatments have allowed to enhance the quality of life of millions of patients. Total hip/knee arthroplasty is a surgical replacement of the hip/knee joint with an artificial prosthesis. The aim of joint replacement surgery is to relieve pain improve function, often for sufferers of osteoarthritis, which affects around a third of people aged over fifty. Nowadays, total hip and knee replacement (THR) surgeries are considered routine procedures with generally excellent outcomes. Given the increasing life expectancy of the world population, however, many patients will require revision or removal of the artificial joint during their lifetime. The most common cause of failure of hip and knee replacements is mechanical instability secondary to wear of the articulating components. Thus, tribological and biomechanical aspects of joint arthroplasty are of specific interest in addressing the needs of younger, more active patients. The most significant improvements in the longevity of artificial joints have been achieved through the introduction of more wear resistant bearing surfaces. These innovations, however, brought about new tribocorrosion phenomena, such as fretting corrosion at the modular junctions of hip implants. Stiffness mismatch between the prosthesis components, non-physiological stress transfer and uneven implant-bone stress distribution are all involved in premature failure of hip arthroplasty. The development of more durable hip and knee prostheses requires a comprehensive understanding of biomechanics and tribocorrosion of implant materials. Some of these insights can also be applied to the design and development of dental implants. | Biomechanical and Tribological Aspects of Orthopaedic Implants | 10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_2 |
2021-01-01 | The CO 2 flooding technology has achieved successful applications and results in marine sedimentary low porosity and permeability reservoirs in the USA. It not only complements producing energy quickly and brings high oil displacement but also avoids the poor water injectivity. For continental sedimentary extra-low permeability reservoirs (0.1–1 mD) of Ordos Basin in China, the lithology changes rapidly and pore structure is complex, the formation fluids composition change greatly after advanced water injection and volume fracturing [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, in the process of CO 2 flooding in these reservoirs, the interaction among CO 2 and rocks and formation fluids will change the reservoir physical properties and then affect the ultimate recovery [ 4 ]. In this paper, a series of experiments of the CO 2 -rock interactions and CO 2 -fluid interactions were conducted to investigate the dissolution and scaling mechanisms of CO 2 under the reservoir conditions, corresponding numerical simulations had been done to evaluate the effect of the CO 2 dissolution and scaling on ultimate oil recovery. The results show that temperature, pressure difference and scaling ions content have a great impact on the formation of inorganic salt precipitates. The higher the temperature, the less the precipitate; the greater the pressure difference, the more the precipitate; the higher the scaling ions content, the more the precipitate; precipitation and dissolution occur simultaneously, it demonstrates that the improvement of reservoir physical properties by dissolution is greater than the damage of inorganic precipitation to reservoir physical properties. The experimental results show that the porosity, permeability and pressure are all exponential relations, which can be used to establish the exponential characterization method of porosity and permeability change rate after CO 2 formation water rock interaction. Based on the above analysis, the dissolution plays a dominant role in the process of CO 2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs, which is the main factor affecting the rock porosity and permeability [ 5 ]. This experiment has guiding significance for the study of CO 2 flooding mechanism and EOR in similar reservoirs. | The Experimental Research on CO2-rock-fluid Interactions in Extra-Low Permeability Reservoirs of Ordos Basin | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_173 |
2021-01-01 | Nanoemulsions are a class of two-phase liquid systems with an internal phase droplet size of less than 200 nm. Although two-phase emulsion systems have been known for decades, the concept of nanoemulsions is fairly recent. Nanoemulsion stability is far more reliable than traditional two-phase “macro”-emulsion systems, which has led to nanoemulsions becoming an attractive option for the delivery of diverse categories of lipophilic small molecule drugs and bioactive agents. This chapter presents an overview of the theories underlying the formulation of emulsions for maximum stability and potential for scale-up. Both low and high energy dispersive techniques have been discussed with suggestions of suitable equipment. Various techniques for formulation have been discussed with specific attention to the nature of the drug and suitability of the excipients. Correlations have been established between stability of nanoemulsions and the nature and concentration of the surfactant, cosurfactant, oil phase, and temperature. A brief section has been devoted to the in vitro characterization of nanoemulsions with reference to instrumentation and techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the application of nanoemulsions in anticancer drug delivery, with examples on how these novel delivery systems can enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs while significantly reducing the toxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents. | Nanoemulsions: An Emerging Technology in Drug Delivery | 10.1007/978-3-030-50703-9_17 |
2021-01-01 | This research focuses on leaching low nickel matte Low nickel matte through sulfuric acid Sulfuric Acid under atmospheric pressure, in which the Ni/Fe/Co enter into solution, noble elements and Cu 2 S remain in the residue and the sulfur in Ni/Fe/Co sulfide is converted to H 2 S. The subsequent process can be divided into three parts: (1) Fe in the solution can be removed by forming hematite or goethite and Ni/Co can be separated by organophosphorus extractants; (2) the noble elements and Cu 2 S can be further treated in copper smelting Smelting process; and (3) H 2 S can be transformed into elemental sulfur by Claus process. Compared with pyrometallurgy Pyrometallurgy for copper-nickel sulfide ores, this method has advantages, such as low equipment requirement of atmospheric leaching Leaching , high recovery for noble elements and cobalt Cobalt , convenient storage of sulfur than sulfuric acid Sulfuric Acid and producing nickel Nickel sulfate that can be directly used in ternary materials. The whole process achieves the comprehensive utilization Comprehensive utilizations of low nickel matte Low nickel matte with technical and economic benefits. | Sulfuric Acid Leaching for Low Nickel Matte Under Atmospheric Pressure | 10.1007/978-3-030-65647-8_18 |
2021-01-01 | An artifact appearing during the cathodic transient of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of low-loaded platinum on carbon (Pt/C) electrodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) was examined. The artifact appears as an oxidation peak overlapping the reduction peak associated to the reduction of platinum oxide (PtOx). By varying the nitrogen (N 2 ) purge in the working electrode (WE), gas pressures in working and counter electrode, upper potential limits and scan rates of the CVs, the artifact magnitude and potential window could be manipulated. From the results, the artifact is assigned to crossover hydrogen (H 2X ) accumulating in the WE, once the electrode is passivated towards hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) due to PtOx coverage. During the cathodic CV transient, PtOx is reduced and HOR spontaneously occurs with the accumulated H 2X , resulting in the overlap of the PtOx reduction with the oxidation peak. This feature is expected to occur predominantly in CV analysis of low-loaded electrodes made of catalyst material, whose oxide is inactive towards HOR. Further, it is only measurable while the N 2 purge of the WE is switched off during the CV measurement. For higher loaded electrodes, the artifact is not observed as the electrocatalysts are not fully inactivated towards HOR due to incomplete oxide coverage, and/or the currents associated with the oxide reduction are much larger than the spontaneous HOR of accumulated H 2X . However, owing to the forecasted reduction in noble metal loadings of catalyst in PEMFCs, this artifact is expected to be observed more often in the future. Graphical abstract | Hydrogen Oxidation Artifact During Platinum Oxide Reduction in Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of Low-Loaded PEMFC Electrodes | 10.1007/s12678-020-00627-6 |
2021-01-01 | Enhancing hydrocarbon recovery is an ongoing practice in the petroleum industry. Multiple approaches are developed and proved their effectiveness in increasing reservoirs recovery. One of the recent approaches is the Low Salinity Water Injection which is known in the industry by “LoSal”. The determination of the optimum low salinity of the injected water and the mechanism behind its ability to enhance the hydrocarbon recovery are still the subjects of interest for many researchers and industry professionals. Despite the value of the LoSal water injection, it brings with it a considerable challenge to the future formation evaluation, namely the determination of the fluids’ saturation. The mixing of the low salinity injected water with the original high-salinity formation water creates variable water salinity across the reservoir. This is known in the industry by the “mixed-salinity” problem. The horizontal and the vertical heterogeneity of the permeability and porosity across the reservoir is the main factor that controls the “mixed-salinity” distribution in the injected volume. The challenge of calculating the fluids’ saturation exists for both the infill drilling wells and the monitoring wells. For the infill drilling wells, the saturation calculations require accurate formation water resistivity values, R w , which became variable due to the mixed-salinity. For the monitoring wells, the fluids saturation calculations require accurate formation water sigma absorption, Σ w , which also became variable for the same reason. The inability to determine the current R w and Σ w on foot-by-foot basis results in incorrect calculations of the water and hydrocarbon saturations. This creates an economic burden on the reservoir management. The existing methods to interpret the fluids saturation in mixed-salinity reservoirs face the challenges of accuracy, effect of borehole environment and high-data acquisitions cost. A forward modeling is developed to illustrate the problem and its impact on the reservoir decisions making process. A solution to the challenges is proposed, investigated, and proved both theoretically and in the laboratory. The proposed solution is based on lowering the LoSal water resistivity, prior to injection, to be equal to the original formation water resistivity without changing its low salinity. This is achieved by mixing the LoSal water with either acid or alkaline based on the reservoir condition. The acid or alkaline will reduce the resistivity of the LoSal water while keeping its low salinity unchanged. The determination of the required volume of the acid or the alkaline is calculated using the conductivity mixing law and the solution is tested on core plugs. The possible effects of the acid on the formation lithology, specially the clay content is discussed and proved to be negligible due to the very low acid volume required. This is also supported by previously published measurements. | A novel approach to solve the water saturation challenges in reservoirs under LoSal water injection | 10.1007/s13202-020-01034-9 |
2021-01-01 | The introduction of new risk categories to an organization represents a major transition in organizational priorities and management practices. The challenges of climate risk to business will most likely be varied, vast, and complex. A tentative fivefold proposition of how climate risk exposures will challenge business is introduced in this chapter. | Climate Risk and Organizational Challenges | 10.1007/978-3-030-78244-3_1 |
2021-01-01 | Lignocellulosic biomass as an abundant source of renewable carbon has received abundant interest for the production of bio-based chemicals. Challenges and opportunities for the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as renewable, low-cost and low/non-toxic media for the valorization of biomass are discussed in this chapter. | Challenges and Opportunities | 10.1007/978-981-16-4013-1_8 |
2021-01-01 | In present study, the notch geometry, constraint conditions, loading conditions and peak equivalent strains have been accounted to review classical hypotheses for estimation of localized stress/strain values. Two dimensional and three dimensional FE analyses have been performed on planner and tube geometry for validation of classical schemes based on strain energy conservation on maximum principal stress/strain plane and von-Mises equivalent stress/strain. These geometries (plane 2D and tube) have single central circular hole subjected to three different equivalent peak strain levels. The hypotheses based on conservation of strain energy on equivalent stress and strain values results in better predictions of localized stress for plane stress, plane strain and tube geometries. The hole diameter was also varied to study the effect of strain gradient. It has been brought out that for given equivalent peak strain, the percentage difference between predicted and FE localized stress results is nearly similar for various hole diameters. Further, a three dimensional tube geometry with intermediate constraint level was also analyzed and the suitability of classical hypotheses have been brought out w.r.t. FE outcome. | Review of Various Hypotheses Used to Correct Notch Elastic Stress/Strain for Local Plasticity | 10.1007/978-981-15-4779-9_10 |
2021-01-01 | Elucidating the molecular organization at synapses is essential for understanding brain function and plasticity. Immunohistochemistry is widely used as a sensitive and specific method in morphological studies. There are specific antibodies directed against receptors, ion channels, and their interacting molecules; however, it is sometimes difficult and ineffective to visualize synaptic proteins by conventional immunocytochemistry. This is mainly owing to the fact that the cross-linking of proteins by chemical fixation hampers the accessibility of antibodies to antigen molecules. This is particularly true for receptors and ion channels condensed in the synaptic cleft, postsynaptic density, or trigger zone of action potentials. To overcome this problem, researchers have devised methods to improve immunohistochemical detection of proteins that are hidden or prone to be hidden in condensed molecular matrices. Of these methods, mild chemical fixation by low paraformaldehyde concentrations or fresh frozen sections is often effective in detecting such hidden proteins. Moreover, pretreatment of sections with proteases such as pepsin is a prerequisite to detect proteins embedded in the core of the postsynaptic density, for example, NMDA-type glutamate receptors and their interacting PSD-95 protein family. In this chapter, we introduce these improving techniques for light microscopic immunohistochemistry. | Immunohistochemistry for Ion Channels and Their Interacting Molecules: Tips for Improving Antibody Accessibility | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1522-5_14 |
2021-01-01 | Methods like low-temperature liquid nitrogen gas adsorption and scanning electron microscope were used in the study to investigate pore and fissure structures of three coal samples of different metamorphic degrees. And the findings show that the volume of nitrogen adsorbed by coal samples of metamorphic degree differs noticeably, that surface fissures and internal pores of samples stay various. With metamorphic degree increasing, the specific surface area of coal body decrease slowly at first and then increase sharply. But the pore diameter of samples increases initially and decreases afterwards, the proportion of micropore diameter rises, and fissures develop, then the number of large and medium pores reduces, while transition holes increases. Combination of low-temperature liquid nitrogen gas adsorption and scanning electron microscope can better characterize the pore and fissure structures of coal, which provides the study of coal gas adsorption-desorption and diffusion and coal mine safety production with a theoretical foundation. | Research on Properties of Pore Fissures Based on the CART Algorithm | 10.1007/978-3-030-51556-0_61 |
2021-01-01 | The development is essential part of human society which offers the opportunities in the sectors like information technology, supply chain, food-farming, infrastructure and more others. Since, last several decades universally the living standard of the human society is upgrading. Currently available and upcoming smart technologies will reduce the efforts involved in day to day activities. The development of society is endless process with respect to the time. Due to depletion in water availability will affect the rate of development and burden on water sources. This burden can be optimizing through reuse of treated wastewater by low cost Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DWATS). In this paper the said system is developed by using locally available materials and discussed its performance. As per guidelines of USEPA 2012 for water reuse the pH ranges with 6.5–8.4, TDS ranges from 450 to 2000 mg/L and Electrical Conductivity (EC) 0.7–3.0 µs/cm. The experimental result has pH at inlet 7.78 and 6.4 at outlet whereas The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is 116 mg/L at inlet to 86 mg/L at outlet of system. The Electrical conductivity (EC) observed 213 µohm/cm at inlet to 163 µohm/cm at outlet with 23.47–27.85% change in conduction and 57.69–86.41% in BOD where as 66.67–69.96% change in COD when tested at inlet and outlet. | Water Pollution and Its Prevention Through Development of Low Cost Wastewater Treatment System | 10.1007/978-3-030-51485-3_35 |
2021-01-01 | Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is a popular method for characterizing cytosine methylation because it is fully quantitative and has base-pair resolution. While WGBS is prohibitively expensive for experiments involving many samples, low-coverage WGBS can accurately determine global methylation and erasure at similar cost to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Moreover, low-coverage WGBS has the capacity to distinguish between methylation in different cytosine contexts (e.g., CG, CHH, and CHG), can tolerate low-input material (<100 cells), and can detect the presence of overrepresented DNA originating from mitochondria or amplified ribosomal DNA. In addition to describing a WGBS library construction and quantitation approach, here we detail computational methods to predict the accuracy of low-coverage WGBS using empirical bootstrap samplers and theoretical estimators similar to those used in election polling. Using examples, we further demonstrate how non-independent sampling of cytosines can alter the precision of error calculation and provide methods to improve this. | Estimating Global Methylation and Erasure Using Low-Coverage Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS ) | 10.1007/978-1-0716-1294-1_3 |
2021-01-01 | Investigating the chromatin landscape of the early mammalian embryo is essential to understand how epigenetic mechanisms may direct reprogramming and cell fate allocation. Genome-wide analyses of the epigenome in preimplantation mouse embryos have recently become available, thanks to the development of low-input protocols. DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) enables the investigation of genome-wide protein-DNA interactions without the requirement of specific antibodies. Most importantly, DamID can be robustly applied to single cells. Here we describe the protocol for performing DamID in single oocytes and mouse preimplantation embryos, as well as single blastomeres, using a Dam-LaminB1 fusion to generate high-resolution lamina-associated domain (LAD) maps. This low-input method can be adapted for other proteins of interest to faithfully profile their genomic interaction, allowing us to interrogate the chromatin dynamics and nuclear organization during the early mammalian development. | DamID to Map Genome-Protein Interactions in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0958-3_18 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter analyses the physical structure of the Tulipp Platform, defining the hardware characteristics in order to have a deeper understanding of the architecture and its capabilities. A clearer approach to the hardware components translates into a more precise vision of to which extent the Tulipp Hardware Platform can be utilised for image processing solutions. The system offers flexibility to communicate with a great variety of devices with standardised protocols, aiming a robust solution for a wide spectrum of embedded applications, entirely prepared to work under environmental scenarios with autonomy. Thus, within a huge range of possibilities, the Tulipp Platform has been designed to be a robust approach to embedded systems, image processing applications, with a low-power consumption and high performance. | The Tulipp Hardware Platform | 10.1007/978-3-030-53532-2_3 |
2021-01-01 | Phycobilisomes (PBS), the major light-harvesting antenna in cyanobacteria, are supramolecular complexes of colorless linkers and heterodimeric, pigment-binding phycobiliproteins. Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin commonly comprise peripheral rods, and a multi-cylindrical core is principally assembled from allophycocyanin (AP). Each AP subunit binds one phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore, a linear tetrapyrrole that predominantly absorbs in the orange-red region of the visible spectrum (600–700 nm). AP facilitates excitation energy transfer from PBS peripheral rods or from directly absorbed red light to accessory chlorophylls in the photosystems. Paralogous forms of AP that bind PCB and are capable of absorbing far-red light (FRL; 700–800 nm) have recently been identified in organisms performing two types of photoacclimation: FRL photoacclimation (FaRLiP) and low-light photoacclimation (LoLiP). The FRL-absorbing AP (FRL-AP) from the thermophilic LoLiP strain Synechococcus sp. A1463 was chosen as a platform for site-specific mutagenesis to probe the structural differences between APs that absorb in the visible region and FRL-APs and to identify residues essential for the FRL absorbance phenotype. Conversely, red light-absorbing allophycocyanin-B (AP-B; ~ 670 nm) from the same organism was used as a platform for creating a FRL-AP. We demonstrate that the protein environment immediately surrounding pyrrole ring A of PCB on the alpha subunit is mostly responsible for the FRL absorbance of FRL-APs. We also show that interactions between PCBs bound to alpha and beta subunits of adjacent protomers in trimeric AP complexes are responsible for a large bathochromic shift of about ~ 20 nm and notable sharpening of the long-wavelength absorbance band. | The structural basis of far-red light absorbance by allophycocyanins | 10.1007/s11120-020-00787-y |
2021-01-01 | The latest intergovernmental panel on climate change update includes a methodology to estimate perfluorocarbon Perfluorocarbon (PFC) (PFC) emissions generated during reduction cell start-up. Alcoa has sampled PFC emissions to estimate tier 3 PFC emission slope from aluminum cell operation including cell start-up, for low and high voltage PFC emissions High voltage PFC emissions . Results obtained show that cell start-up methodology will impact the PFC emission slope. Thus, some aluminum smelters will have similar PFC emission slope coefficients for cell start-up and older cell in operation, while others will have different PFC emission slope coefficients for start-up and older cell. Based on this, Alcoa smelters in Canada have put in place a procedure to analyze and use different slopes or integrate both results into one slope depending on the number of pots started during a given period. | Low and High Voltage PFC Slope Coefficient Monitoring During Pot Start-Up | 10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5_62 |
2021-01-01 | Genetic studies of forest tree species begun in Argentina with poplars, pines, and eucalypts in the 1950s with the analysis of productive traits, and native species were considered only since 1980s. In this introductory chapter, the main forest ecoregions of Argentina are described: Alto Paraná rainforest, Yungas rainforest, Chaco subtropical dry forest, sub-Antarctic temperate forest, Espinal xerophytic forest, Monte xerophytic scrubland, and Paraná riverside wetland forest. The state of the forests in Argentina is presented together with the main causes of degradation and deforestation. Official trade statistics for timber and non-timber products of native tree species reveal the economic relevance of the natural forest exploitation: main harvested species are presented. Initiatives for forest protection are discussed: National Law N° 26.331, other regulations promoting the afforestation with native species, and the National Restoration Program. The role of the National Institute of Seeds is considered, and the registered propagation materials of Argentine native species are listed. The certification of the sustainable use of native forests is a social safeguard: national standards (CERFOAR) and international standards applied in Argentina (FSC). International commitments of Argentina for the native forest play currently a determinant role: accession to the UNFCCC, COP21, UN REDD Program, Montréal Process, and Convention on Biological Diversity. Meaning of domestication and low-intensity breeding of native forest tree species are discussed, and the main elements of the breeding chain of a low-intensity improvement program are presented. Finally, the aim and scope of the present contribution are made explicit. | Native Forests Claim for Breeding in Argentina: General Concepts and Their State | 10.1007/978-3-030-56462-9_1 |
2021-01-01 | The low-carbon transition (peaking) initiatives of Chinese cities will aim at meeting SDG and climate change requirements. These cities set their unique targets and paths for low-carbon transition (peaking) based on their own energy mix, industrial structure and renewable energy endowment. Taking Beijing as an example, this chapter analyses the trend of energy consumption and CO 2 emission under varied policy measures and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. | Low-Carbon Transition (Peaking) of Chinese Cities: The Case of Beijing | 10.1007/978-981-33-6100-3_3 |
2021-01-01 | This effort is anticipated with three-dimensional finite element model of a steam turbine blade having fir tree roots to obtain the blades vibration response with the variant in fixing state on blade root interfaces. Fir tree root of the object blade has three faces (Top, Middle, and Lower) of different contact areas at both side of blades, i.e., suction side and pressure side. In view of that, different contact configurations are considered and free vibration responses have been studied in all these cases of blade root fixity. At last, different variants of natural frequency and mode shape are obtained. | Vibration Response of Fir Tree Root Blades with the Variation in Fixing Condition on Blade Root Interfaces | 10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_83 |
2021-01-01 | In order to select the best lighting source for the indoor space of the public buildings on the lower floor of Zhengzhou City, the algorithm of selecting the best lighting source for the interior space in an office building in Zhengzhou City was studied. The illumination evaluation index system is established, and the technical and economic indexes are regarded as sub-targets. Each sub-target is determined by several indexes together, and the illuminance value is calculated. It is found that the glare evaluation value of LED lighting technical index is obviously lower than that of the other two lighting sources. The results show that the LED lamp is the best lighting source in the interior space of the public building in Zhengzhou. | Selection Algorithm of the Optimal Lighting Source in the Interior Space of the Low-Rise Public Building | 10.1007/978-981-16-0115-6_100 |
2021-01-01 | Low-molecular-weight hydrogels (LMWG) can be formed by electrochemical methods. Unique to the electrochemical method, gelation is localized on the electrode surface; therefore, thin hydrogel films can be prepared in seconds while thicker gels can be prepared in minutes. Furthermore, hydrogels are suitable for use in a range of characterization methods. Here, we describe techniques to form hydrogels using cyclic voltammetry and potentiometry. | Forming Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogels by Electrochemical Methods | 10.1007/978-1-0716-0928-6_12 |
2021-01-01 | This article explores Brazil’s relationship of trade dependency to China and its implications for the former’s attempt to lead the way into a low-carbon bioeconomy. While actors from Brazil’s sucro-energetic sector try to rescale the use of agrofuels as a clean source of bio-based energy, China’s growing demand for Brazilian resources places a structural constraint on any Brazilian attempt to move away from fossil developmental paradigms. The chapter shows how green narratives of South-South cooperation—entailing the “low-carbon bioeconomy” on the Brazilian side, and the concept of “ecological civilization” on the Chinese side—collide with the high-carbon qualities of Sino-Brazilian trade. Importantly, Brazilian exports to China are currently adding to the carbon-intensive quality of the global economy. Additionally, bilateral trade is indicative of a new pattern of global inequality in which Brazilian geographies of oil, iron ore and soy extraction provide the material basis for China’s economic transformation. | Contested Resources and South-South Inequalities: What Sino-Brazilian Trade Means for the “Low-Carbon” Bioeconomy | 10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_13 |
2021-01-01 | The low spatial frequency error (LSFE) was an important component of the measurement error of star trackers. In order to improve the star tracker measurement accuracy better than 1 arcsecond, the calibration method of LSFE was studied. Firstly, the error composition, source and importance of ground calibration were introduced. Then, the traditional calibration and evaluation methods were described, and the problems in the application of the method to the star trackers which accuracy better than 1 arcsecond were analyzed. Then, according to the consistency of LSFE in a small range of field and the random characteristics of high spatial frequency errors (HSFE), an error separation and calibration method was proposed. Finally, the new calibration method was simulated and verified by experiments based on a sub-arcsecond precision star tracker. The Experimental results show that the calibration residual of the new method is 1.96/100 pixels, which is 38% lower than the traditional calibration method. This method is accurate, stable and reliable, and can be used for ground calibration of various space starlight measuring instrument such as star tracker and star camera. | Ground Calibration of Star Tracker Low Spatial Frequency Error | 10.1007/978-981-33-4102-9_90 |
2021-01-01 | We use well-known urodynamic examination procedures and measurement devices to identify Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), usually in the clinical environment. Some home-use devices do exist but have their deficits in ease of use and improve the quality of life (QoL). This article presents a newly developed urodynamic data acquisition device named UroDy suitable for home use. The UroDy device records the voided volume and the urine flow rate, elapsed time to the maximum flow, and the total amount of voiding time. The new proposed battery-powered device architecture and its usage concept ensure an easy-to-use approach for elderly users. It is easily washable, with sufficient battery capacity to perform 91 measurements in an estimated time from 3 to 7 days without additional charging. We performed preliminary measurements of voided volume, flow rate, and urine temperature. Further clinical studies are now essential to validate and evaluate all the proposed system architecture and usage concepts. | Development of a Portable Device for Urodynamic Data Acquisition Suitable for Home Use | 10.1007/978-3-030-73909-6_10 |
2021-01-01 | Fuel injection strategy has become the heart of modern diesel engine due to its better commend on combustion process which ensures improvement in performance (BSFC, torque) and combustion noise (CN) with simultaneous reduction of emissions. In this experimental research work, impact of quadruple (epMa), triple (pMa) and double (pM) injection strategies have been studied on a typical six cylinder low-temperature combustion (LTC) CRDI diesel engine. Experiments were conducted at five different speeds (low to high) and three engine load conditions (20%, 60% and 100% of maximum torque, respectively) with higher EGR fraction of 45% and fixed main injection timing (Crank angle) using conventional diesel (BS-IV) fuel. The comparative study shown that quadruple (epMa) injection strategy is superior to provide optimum (BSFC, overall emissions) results in comparison with triple and double injection strategies for all aspects. Smoke level is marginally higher at lower-speed range for quadruple injection scheduling, whereas NOx emission level is the lowest among the injection strategies. Quadruple injection is capable of reducing combustion noise around 2–3 dBA at low loads and speeds over other two injection strategies. | Comparative Analysis of Combustion Noise, Performance and Emission of LTC Diesel Engine with Multiple Injections | 10.1007/978-981-15-7711-6_65 |
2021-01-01 | This paper investigates the performance of a recently developed reverse flow slinger combustor with methanol. The study has been undertaken with an aim of developing an effective way of burning methanol in gas turbine engines. Methanol is seen as a future alternative to fossil fuels for power generation because of its clean-burning, renewable, and sustainable nature. However, its combustion in gas turbine engines imposes several technical challenges due to its relatively different properties compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels, such as low calorific value and low viscosity. The novel combustor employed in the current study potentially provides a viable solution for methanol combustion in stationary gas turbines. The combustor design facilitates internal preheating of combustion air from the exhaust products and enhances the flame stability and ignition characteristics, particularly at lean conditions. The combustor performance was investigated with methanol and stable combustion was achieved at very low fuel–air ratio of 0.022. Ultra-low levels of NO x and CO emissions were obtained with them being less than 5 ppm and 1500 ppm, respectively. Unburned hydrocarbons at the combustor exit were found to be less than 0.5% (vol). | Investigation of Reverse Flow Slinger Combustor with Methanol | 10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_38 |
2021-01-01 | In modern stem cell therapy, stem cells preservation is one of the major challenges. The present study aims to develop an advanced desiccation technique for the preservation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cryopreservation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one of the options for its long-term storage. The established techniques of preserving MSCs using cryopreservation aims to preserve cells at ultra-low temperatures using either liquid nitrogen or a deep freezer. However, limitations include cross-contamination, regular maintenance, the requirement of continuous liquid nitrogen supply, and electricity cost. A new technique of storing dried samples at ambient temperature has been developed utilizing desiccation. In this study, we desiccated the mesenchymal stem cells using a low-cost, power-free 3D printed whirligig model. It is an improved and effective method for preserving many different types of cells. We concluded that trehalose was introduced efficiently into the cells using fluid-phase endocytosis. We observed the effect of drying with trehalose solution at spinning speeds ranging from 2000 to 4000 rpm. To characterize the desiccation actuated cell death, we performed proliferation and viability analysis of post-desiccated MSCs by MTT assay. 60% of the cells were shown to survive this whirligig model based spin-drying in the presence of trehalose following immediate rehydration. Additionally, we explored apoptosis using the Annexin V-FITC detection kit and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry using DCFH-DA dye. In brief, this work provides a plausible methodology for preserving MSCs by desiccation. | Designing a Low-Cost Spin-Drying Desiccation Technique Using 3D Printed Whirligig Model for Preservation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells | 10.1007/978-981-15-6329-4_35 |
2021-01-01 | To mitigate the consequences of global warming and climate change, concerted efforts are being undertaken, across the world to switch over from the fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The potential of biological resources to meet the growing energy demand is significant. Low carbon and decarburization are viewed as an effective way to mitigate enhanced CO 2 emissions and an integral part of the energy transition. Currently, low carbon and decarburization is an international policy priority towards search in eco-friendly energy supply options with enhanced energy efficiency. In the low-carbon economy, bioenergy is essentially important for the benefits it renders to the bioeconomy, socio-economic benefits and it is in fact a valuable substitute to fossil fuels. Indeed, the bioenergy is essential component of “low-carbon energy mix”. Further, technological developments in the bioenergy sector coupled with dynamic initiatives in energy policy provide a sustainable low-carbon pathway. | Renewable Energy for a Low-Carbon Future: Policy Perspectives | 10.1007/978-981-15-7321-7_12 |
2021-01-01 | A miniaturized wireless electronic nose for the detection of diseases through the breath is introduced in this communication. The device presented has an electronic design similar to previous prototypes, but with a smaller size and consumption. It is equipped with four miniaturized digital gas sensors and an integrated temperature and humidity sensor. Power is provided by a battery that can be charged through a micro USB connector. The system is connected through a low-energy Bluetooth connection. Different biomarkers corresponding to three diseases have been selected to verify the capacity of the prototype to discriminate among them. CO, NO and NO 2 have been selected as biomarkers of COPD or asthma, and acetone for diabetes. The e-nose has been used to measure the selected biomarkers at different concentrations, corresponding with different levels of gravity of illnesses. The target compound mixtures are generated from calibrated gas bullets and permeation tubes, with relative humidity up to 50%. | Disease Biomarkers Detection in Breath with a Miniaturized Electronic Nose | 10.1007/978-3-030-69551-4_6 |
2021-01-01 | The release of large volume of dyes through industrial aqueous effluents has become a growing concern, as effluents containing dyes are harmful to the environment and to living things. In this scenario, different methods (physical, chemical and biological) were developed for dye removal from wastewater. However, environmental and economic constraints can hamper industries’ access to these technologies. Therefore, this chapter explores the use of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), considered an economically viable, efficient and environmentally low-impact technology for the recovery of dyes. Inherent aspects, such as classification of dyes, composition and behaviour of phases and influence on the recovery of dyes in ATPS, are examined. | Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: An Alternative Process for Industrial Dye Recovery | 10.1007/978-981-15-6564-9_3 |
2021-01-01 | The urgent need to make natural fibre composites suitable for semi-structural applications demands a thorough assessment of their behaviour under different loading conditions and strain rates. In this regard, low velocity impact represents a severe hazard to the composite industry due to the resulting complex damage scenario able to markedly impair the mechanical properties of composite structures. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the resistance to low velocity impacts of natural fibre composites, with a view to highlighting the effects of the various factors that influence the impact resistance of traditional fibre reinforced composites. The potential of natural fibre composites and differences with the behaviour of the synthetic counterparts are addressed, along with the areas that need improvement for a better exploitation of natural fibre composites in semi- or structural applications. Literature survey highlighted that also for natural fibre composites the toughness of the matrix dictates the energy absorbed at perforation, the damage resistance and tolerance, which are largely independent of fibre architecture. Another important feature, for energies far from perforation, is the less detrimental role played by delamination compared to synthetic laminates. | The Potential of Biocomposites in Low Velocity Impact Resistance Applications | 10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_8 |
2021-01-01 | Recent high ambient concentration of particulate matter (PM), such as air pollutants, has its multimodal effects on the environment and human health especially for the least developing countries because of the high cost associated with monitoring it. The aim of this study is to introduce a low-cost air quality monitoring (AQM) sensor to assess human exposure to support the health impact assessment and environmental policy formulation. A low-cost AQM sensor using light scattering technology, AirVisual (AV) pro was used in four sites in Dhaka city of Bangladesh in a period of five and a half months spreading from Feb 2019 to Aug 2019. Validation of the equipment was done comparing it with two equivalent equipment-HIM-6000 portable air quality monitor and BAM-1020 continuous particulate monitor. The correlations between the AV pro and BAM-1020 were found fairly strong ( R 2 = 0.77) at the US Embassy in Dhaka. The correlations between the AV pro and HIM-6000 were found also very strong ( R 2 = 0.91) at Mirpur Cantonment. This study defines the four heterogeneous environments in Mirpur–12, Mirpur Cantonment, Baridhara, and Darus Salam to conduct extensive statistical analysis of spatial, seasonal, diurnal, and temporal variations of air pollution. The results showed that Mirpur–12 to be the most polluted zone (mean PM 2.5 = 122.62 µg/m 3 , mean PM 10 = 186.84 µg/m 3 ) after application of low-cost AQM sensor. It also revealed changes in PM concentrations in terms of time, meteorological condition, and place. Maximum PM concentration occurs when the traffic volume is high in the morning and evening and reduces from pre-monsoon to monsoon. This paper also highlights the utility and vulnerability of a low-cost monitoring sensor like AV pro to measure the PM concentration. With the above analysis, further studies are needed to prove the relationship between health impact assessment and human exposure to PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration via low-cost sensors. | Application of Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Sensor to Assess the Exposure of Ambient Air Pollution Due to PM2.5 and PM10 | 10.1007/978-981-15-6887-9_16 |
2021-01-01 | Over the past decade, great efforts have been devoted to improve performance of wet-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) because of their potentials for next generation of flat panel displays and general lighting with low-cost processes, such as screen printing and ink jet printing. This chapter provides a review on some of the most promising low-molecular-weight materials for wet-processed OLEDs. Emphasis is placed on the design of wet-processable phosphorescent emitters and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, as well as their adjacent materials that enable multilayer structures by subsequent wet processing. | Low-Molecular-Weight Materials: Wet Processing | 10.1007/978-4-431-55761-6_45-1 |
2021-01-01 | We propose a safe design of squat exergame to maintain lower extremity strength that includes Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA). This is to optimise the game difficulty according to a Knee Shakiness (KS) parameter. We modulated two parameters to implement DDA namely, movement speed and Pneumatic Gel Muscle (PGM)-based assistance. The movement speed of the user relates to the frequency of squatting, and the PGM-based assistance was provided by pneumatic actuators called PGMs attached on the hip and knee joints of the lower extremity. We provided variable PGM-based assistance during the onset phase of the squat and a fixed PGM-based resistance during the end phase of the squat. We used collectible spherical objects in the exergame to maintain a good squat posture. The squat posture parameters, knee distance and squat depth showed improvement through the proposed design. Introducing DDA could also significantly reduce KS during the squats. | Ski for Squat: A Squat Exergame with Pneumatic Gel Muscle-Based Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment | 10.1007/978-3-030-78095-1_33 |
2021-01-01 | We propose a novel approach to improve the durability and energy efficiency of field- emission (FE) devices with a simple structure employing high crystallized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by high-temperature annealing as the cathode material. We succeeded in establishing the generality and efficacy underlying the electrical conductivity of a SWCNT by control of the crystallinity. We measured the FE durability and current fluctuation of the high crystallized SWCNTs, and found them to exhibit good stability for more than 1000 h with a high FE current density of 30 mA/cm 2 under an applied DC voltage. Moreover, we designed and successfully constructed elements of a planar electron emission source device composed of a cathode employing highly purified, crystalline SWCNTs dispersed homogeneously in organic solutions by a multi-step dispersion method. It was further confirmed that the field emitters with the high crystallized SWCNTs can be used in breakthrough applications with high loadings of over 3 A. Our new devices may have a significant impact as planar FE emission devices employing purified and high crystallized SWCNTs have a remarkable potential to indicate a new and excellent approach for establishing an artificial energy-loss free device. | A Novel Approach to Artificial Energy-Loss Free Field Emitters: The Outstanding Cathodic Durability of High Crystallized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | 10.1007/978-981-15-6779-7_29 |
2021-01-01 | Electrospun fiber made from electrospinning process is popular in the development of flexible devices. For polystyrene to be applied in various application that will experience physical endurance such as bending, pulling and folding; graphene oxide Graphene oxide was added as filler to enhance the mechanical strength of the fiber mat. Wet electrospinning Electrospinning of polystyrene and polystyrene embedded with low content of graphene oxide were carried out and the change of the physical characteristic was observed. Based on the morphology, the non-bead fiber diameter was decreased after the addition of the graphene oxide due to high conductivity of the polymer solution. In addition, the chemical reaction between polymer matrix is poorly resolved as shown in FTIR spectra of PS + GO, however in RAMAN spectra the G band of the GO peaks was observed in the PS + GO peak. There was also some interaction of GO polystyrene polymer chain as based on the XRD; the PS + GO peak were becoming less intense as compared to PS fiber. Finally, the mechanical strength of the PS + GO fiber was also increased upon the addition of the GO despite of the addition of GO is considered small, ranging around 0.01%, proving the dispersion of the low loading of nanofiller inside the fiber mat. | Effect on Addition of Low Loading of Graphene Oxide to the Physical Characterization of Electrospun Polystyrene Fiber Mat | 10.1007/978-981-16-4513-6_39 |
2021-01-01 | Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer is mainly used in the production of plastic bags and food packaging making up the largest volume of plastic pollutions. These polymers are potential substrates for bacteria in the bioremediation process. In this study, soil samples were collected from different plastic landfills in Iran and subsequently enriched in specific media (polyethylene as carbon source) to increase the population of LDPE-degrading bacteria. Seventeen PE-degrading bacteria, some novel, were isolated from Iranian soil samples and identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. These isolates were capable of degrading PE in a limited incubation period without the need for physicochemical pretreatments and comprise mostly of Actinobacteria which include the three genera of Streptomyces , Nocardia , and Rhodococcus . The isolates belonged to 17 different species of gram-positive Actinobacteria. In all, 11 species of the genus Streptomyces , 3 species of the genus Rhodococcus , and 3 species of the genus Nocardia were identified. The isolates with less than 99% 16S rRNA gene similarity to previously known species were suspected to be new species. Various analyses (weight loss, SEM, FTIR, and tensile strength test) to determine polyethylene biodegradation rate were carried out after a 60-day incubation period. Analysis of polyethylene biodegradation elucidates that Actinobacteria have a high ability for biodegradation of polyethylene-based plastics. Streptomyces sp. IR-SGS-T10 showed the highest reduction in weight of the LDPE film (1.58 mg/g/day) after 60 days of incubation without any pretreatments. Rhodococcus sp. IR-SGS-T11 shows the best reduction in the tensile property of LDPE film, while results from FTIR study for Streptomyces sp. IR-SGS-Y1 indicated a significant change in structural analysis. | A survey of intact low-density polyethylene film biodegradation by terrestrial Actinobacterial species | 10.1007/s10123-020-00142-0 |
2021-01-01 | DNA extracted from ancient biological materials is usually highly damaged and exists in minuscule amounts. Nucleases and adverse environmental factors (e.g., heat, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation) are observed to contribute to DNA degradation, which reduces the total number of DNA copies. However, with the introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeted amplification of specific genes is now possible. Although only short DNA could be obtained from PCR of ancient DNA due to DNA fragmentation, large DNA sequences, such as mitochondrial genomes, could be analyzed by assembling overlapping small PCR amplicons. More importantly, massive parallel sequencing (MPS), which allows simultaneous sequencing of billions of sequence reads, has greatly improved the quality and standards of ancient DNA analysis. Technical advances, such as the development of hybridization enrichment and methods to increase the recovery of short DNA fragments, have accelerated the application of MPS to ancient DNA analysis, and this made it possible to analyze whole genomes and mitogenomes. Although the vast amount of sequence reads generated by MPS have created new challenges in data processing, advances in these technologies have also expanded the possibilities of new research in the field of ancient DNA analysis. | Analysis of Low Copy Number DNA and Degraded DNA | 10.1007/978-981-15-3354-9_43 |
2021-01-01 | In the world has been stepped up the work to develop technologies for biomass thermal conversion into gaseous fuels that can be used for combustion in different types of boilers, in internal combustion engines, or for liquefaction. The main advantage of the biomass thermal conversion technology for synthesis gas is its low environmental impact compared to fossil fuels. Therefore, gasification is one of the most promising ways of converting wood fuel into energy. According to the results of experimental research, the regression dependence of the lower calorific heat of synthesis gas during thermal processing of wood into gaseous fuel was obtained from the relative humidity and fractional composition of wood, the amount of air fed into the gasification chamber. Were found the rational values of humidity and fractional composition of the wood, as well as the amount of air supplied to the gasification chamber, at which the lower calorific heat of the synthesis gas reaches the maximum. | Influence of Humidity of Wood Fuel on the Gasification Process in a Continuous Layer | 10.1007/978-3-030-57340-9_33 |
2021-01-01 | For Changqing Triassic extra-low permeability reservoirs,due to poor reservoir physical property, high filtration resistance, existing natural micro-fractures, water flooding development has great difficulty. Foam-assisted oxygen-reduced air flooding technology has distinct advantages for extra-low permeability reservoirs on improving oil recovery and it combines the advantages of foaming flooding and air flooding with low cost and obvious incremental oil effect. In the meantime, injection of oxygen-reduced air could reduce explosion risks which is significant for field implement. Recent years, based on the water flooding development, foam-assisted oxygen-reduced air foam flooding tests have been conducted. Relying on these tests, the micro-displacement mechanisms have been deepened, flooding systems have been developed for extra-low permeability high salinity reservoirs, and the matching injection-production parameter optimization technologies and safety monitoring and controlling system have been formed, the explosion limits and oxygen reduction limits have been determined, an overall technological process which is integrated and effective covering from the injection to the production has been established, and obvious effect has been obtained. The main purpose of this paper is to summarize achievements and knowledge of researches and tests and form a technical system, which has crucial significance to the further promotion in extra-low permeability reservoirs of Changqing oilfield, and also provides a certain degree of references for the development of similar reservoirs in the world. | Comprehensive Research on Foam-Assisted Oxygen-Reduced Air Flooding in Changqing Triassic Extra-Low Permeability Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-16-1123-0_16 |
2021-01-01 | In view of the unsatisfactory stimulation effect of the conventional fracturing technology in low-permeability complex fault block reservoirs, the exploratory large scale multi-stage fracturing pilot test with large displacement has been carried out to achieve the obvious stimulation effect and realize the breakthrough of oil production in single well. However, some problems of the conventional fracturing string, such as serious tool abrasion, frac string broken accident and heavy lifting workload after fracturing, were exposed during the frac operation with large displacement and large sand loading volume. The causes of the above problems were analyzed. The optimized design of core tools such as HPHT Y344 packer, pressure transmitting sand blaster with large-scale & wear-resistant function and hydraulic hold-down button with large inner diameter were verified by the test method. Meanwhile, the reasonable matching of choke diameter with operation displacement and scale was studied in depth. Three kinds of large scale multi-stage fracturing technologies, namely, fracturing the lower interval, dual-packer fracturing the target payzones by pulling up the string stage by stage and multi-stage fracturing without moving strings, have been developed, which meet the requirement of large-scale fracturing technology in vertical wells with flowback circulation rate of 8 m 3 /min, sand loading volume of 240 m 3 rated up to differential pressure of 80 MPa at 150 °C. The technologies have been applied to 156 wells with favorable frac stimulation effect, which provide the vital reference to further enhance the operation displacement and scale of other fracturing technologies and indicate a step up for improving the technical adaptability and performance. | Research and Application of Large Scale Multi-stage Fracturing Technology for Vertical Wells in Low Permeability Complex Fault Block Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_186 |
2021-01-01 | From the last couple of decades, image denoisification is one of the challenging areas in the image processing and computer vision domains that adds clarity to images by removing noise and makes them suitable for further processing. Images or videos captured by various visual sensors are degenerated during various circumstances such as sensor temperature, light intensity, target environment, erroneous electric instruments, and interference in the communication channels and required to be enhanced by various filtering techniques. Most of the real-world applications like student monitoring, vigilance system, traffic analysis, target detection, and classification use image smoothing to reduce artifacts present in the captured images and additionally demand its quicker execution. In this paper, we have explained different types of noise models normally degrade the quality of an image and the three most popular frequency domain smoothing filters (ideal, Gaussian, and Butterworth) are available to remove those noises. In addition to that, OpenCL kernels of those filters have been implemented for rapid denoisification and can be easily portable on wide verities of parallel devices. At last, performance evaluation has been carried out for both the CPU and GPU implementations to seek out their productiveness on those noise models in terms of time and precision. Various performance assessment metrics like entropy, root-mean-squared error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and mean absolute error are applied to determine the rightness of the above filters. | OpenCLTM Implementation of Fast Frequency Domain Image Denoisification Kernels for Parallel Environments | 10.1007/978-981-15-7486-3_52 |
2021-01-01 | The denim and jeans industry is a huge and powerful business segment that has proved over the past decade that it can take its responsibility and be a key driver for change for the apparel industry in general. The developments of substitutes for toxic chemicals and the invention of new, resource-saving technologies have lifted the possibility of sustainable practices to a new, never imagined level. This chapter is highlighting the best practices for applied sustainability, innovations and the latest developments in denim and jeans supply chains, from the choice of raw materials to utilization opportunities for used garments. | Greening the Blues—How Jeans Have Stood the Test of Time by Adapting Innovative, Forward-Thinking and Sustainable Production Practices | 10.1007/978-3-030-22018-1_10 |
2021-01-01 | Bioadsorption is an organic technique as different bioadsorbents prepared from agricultural waste, forest waste, industrial waste and algae can be utilized for the greatest expulsion of substantial metals from wastewater. In the present study, an attempt has been made to remove the chromium concentration in synthetic wastewater using rice husk and saw dust as adsorbent synthesized from agricultural waste. The rice husk was collected from an agricultural production process industry and sawdust collected from the local wood shop was used for adsorption of chromium after grinding and then passing through a sieve size of 300 µm. The maximum chromium removal efficiency of 90.7% and 82% have been observed using rice husk and saw dust as adsorbent, respectively, with an adsorbent dosage of 3 g at an initial chromium concentration of 10 mg/L. The maximum Cr removal of 92.1% has been observed at a pH value of 6 and minimum Cr removal of 75.8% has been found at a pH value of 2 using rice husk as adsorbent. Also, the maximum Cr removal efficiency of 85% has been observed at pH 6 and minimum Cr removal efficiency of 55% has been observed at pH 2 using saw dust as an adsorbent. The adsorption isotherm Langmuir and Freundlich model has also been used in order to fit the obtained data. The correlation coefficients for the removal of chromium from aqueous solution using rice husk and saw dust adsorbent has also been computed. From the present study, it can be compared that the correlation coefficients indicates the fact that Langmuir isotherm provides a better model as compared to the Freundlich model for rice husk as an adsorbent. The adsorption in such a system is based on monolayer sorption on to the surface limiting the finite number of identical sorption sites. | Removal of Chromium from Synthetic Wastewater Using Synthesized Low-Cost Adsorbents | 10.1007/978-981-16-1528-3_25 |
2021-01-01 | Demand for food, efficient use of resources and the need for climate change adaptation are conflicting objectives of today’s agriculture. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) could help to balance these contradicting requirements. A decisive advantage of a WSN is that data can be obtained from the sensors at any time without the physical presence of farmers. But in addition to a large number of technical challenges, a major challenge is to monitor necessary parameters with a sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution. The present work discusses those challenges as a case study. Furthermore, an approach to designing a WSN for sensor-assisted landscape monitoring is proposed, that aims to support small-scale real time acquisition of site-specific requirements. Continuous monitoring is intended to lay the foundation for agricultural management strategies to be adapted at any time using real-time information. | Challenges in Developing a Wireless Sensor Network for an Agricultural Monitoring and Decision System | 10.1007/978-3-030-64758-2_16 |
2021-01-01 | A leakage-tolerant low-power wide fan-in OR logic domino circuit is presented to decrease the leakage current and to enhance the noise immunity. Primarily, an efficient switching control in keeper network is developed to reduce the switching of keeper transistor in both phases, so that dynamic power and noise immunity can be improved. Further, a diode-connected NMOS transistor in evaluation network is incorporated in series with the footer transistor of standard domino circuits. This significantly decreases the leakage current and charge sharing because of the stacking effect. This reduction in leakage and charge sharing ensures the improvement in the noise margin. Furthermore, a current mirror and feedback NMOS transistors are also employed in the evaluation network to improve the speed of the circuit and fully discharge the dynamic node. The simulation results of proposed domino and reported domino circuits are designed using Spectre simulator under cadence virtuoso models of 45-nm technology which shows the 31% reduction in power dissipation (PD) and 1.53 times improvement in noise immunity at the similar delay compared to the standard domino circuits. | Leakage-Tolerant Low-Power Wide Fan-in OR Logic Domino Circuit | 10.1007/978-981-15-6840-4_52 |
2021-01-01 | The greatest challenge facing Egypt in the last decade is to create new communities in new areas due to the rapid increase in the human population. Egypt has vast areas of desert lands all over the country. Moghra is an area at the northeastern tip of the Qattara Depression that remnants of a larger paleolake. It is a part of the national mega reclamation project called “One and Half Million Feddan”. It is planned to reclaim 105,000 ha (250,000 Fadden, 1 Fadden = 4200 km 2 ) using groundwater in Moghra. Assessment of the Moghra aquifer system has great importance as it is the main source of agriculture in the region. The present chapter aims mainly to investigate the hydrogeological characteristics of the Moghra aquifer using geophysical methods and geochemical analysis of the groundwater. The water samples were collected from 140 productive wells to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater. Also, it is focused on the analysis and interpretation of the well logging data for 48 deep productive wells. Well logging was used to determine the variations in thickness for sedimentary deposits that affect the quality of groundwater. The physical properties of the Moghra aquifer such as groundwater potentiality, formation water resistivity, formation factor, porosity, and effective porosity, volume of shale, permeability, and formation density are included. The salinity of groundwater ranges between 3,090 and 5,350 ppm with an average of 4,220 ppm. The high salinity is due to the effect of saline lakes as well as the seepage of saltwater from the Mediterranean Sea, low recharge of groundwater and leaching of clay and shale lenses. The pH values of the groundwater range between 7.2 and 8.7. Sodium is the dominant cation compared to others followed by calcium and magnesium, increasing percentage of sodium ion due to interference of seawater. | Groundwater Quality and Potentiality of Moghra Aquifer, Northwestern Desert, Egypt | 10.1007/978-3-030-77622-0_10 |
2021-01-01 | The wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes are responsible for gathering the measurements from the monitored environments and transferring the data out of the field to be further processed. There are situations, where it is not possible to transfer large amounts of raw data, collected at the nodes, to the computing center. Fortunately, technological progress has made the WSN nodes pretty efficient, without sacrificing energy efficiency. Their computing power allows them to perform tasks that until now were only possible on regular computers. Such a task is, for example, to perform artificial intelligence algorithms. Unfortunately, the development of applications based on AI techniques is more difficult and time-consuming than the implementation of standard applications on these nodes. For this reason, the idea was born to design and implement a framework to support the creation of such applications. This paper describes the progress towards creating such a framework. The transmission of large amounts of data involves the necessity of continuous connection to the network. It has consequences for electricity consumption. Therefore, the aim of this framework is to help to create applications for nodes in such a way that most activities are performed as close to the source of collected data as possible. With energy efficiency and reliability in mind. | A Framework to Support Creation of AI Applications for Low-Power WSN Nodes | 10.1007/978-3-030-74728-2_7 |
2021-01-01 | The installation of dense seismometer arrays in Japan approximately 20 years ago has led to the discovery of deep low-frequency tremors, which are oscillations clearly different from ordinary earthquakes. As such tremors may be related to large earthquakes, it is an important issue in seismology to investigate tremors that occurred before establishing dense seismometer arrays. We use deep learning aiming to detect evidence of tremors from past seismic data of more than 50 years ago, when seismic waveforms were printed on paper. First, we construct a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the ResNet architecture to extract tremors from seismic waveform images. Experiments applying the CNN to synthetic images generated according to seismograph paper records show that the trained model can correctly determine the presence of tremors in the seismic waveforms. In addition, the gradient-weighted class activation mapping clearly indicates the tremor location on each image. Thus, the proposed CNN has a strong potential for detecting tremors on numerous paper records, which can enable to deepen the understanding of the relations between tremors and earthquakes. | Convolutional Neural Network to Detect Deep Low-Frequency Tremors from Seismic Waveform Images | 10.1007/978-3-030-75015-2_4 |
2021-01-01 | This chapter is concerned with the $$\mathcal {H}_\infty $$ fault estimation of a class of parabolic systems with distributed inputs and outputs. The fault in the considered parabolic system is characterized by a minimal state-space description of a low-pass filter, which incorporates fault’s prior knowledge. The fault estimator is designed by using the Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) approach. The sufficient conditions in the form of LMIs are developed to ensure the resulting error system is asymptotically stable with an optimized $$\mathcal {H}_\infty $$ disturbance attenuation level. The designed estimator gain matrices can be easily determined by using the standard optimization toolboxes. Finally, two numerical examples and simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the obtained results. | Fault Estimator for Parabolic Systems with Distributed Inputs and Outputs | 10.1007/978-3-030-49123-9_7 |
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