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1966-01-01 | Coatings of a poor thermal conductor on metallic components may shorten the lengthy cooldown process prior to operation of cryogenic equipment, as shown first by Cowley, Timson, and Sawdye [^1]. Consequently, the operation and response of low-temperature systems may be improved by coating fluid-exposed surfaces of hard... | Cooldown of Insulated Metal Tubes to Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_57 |
1966-01-01 | The rating of electrical generators and transformers has risen from 50 MVA to more than 600 MVA during the last twenty years. This has been possible through higher stresses on conductors, insulators, and magnetic materials. The progress made simultaneously on dielectric and magnetic materials has kept the corresponding... | Cryogenics and Aluminum in Electrical Manufacturing | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_73 |
1966-01-01 | The purpose of this program was to evaluate the mechanical properties of electroformed nickel in order to determine its suitability for aerospace structural applications at room and cryogenic temperatures. In order to understand the interest in electroformed nickelj it is well to quickly review the electroforming proce... | Mechanical Properties of Electroformed Nickel at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_45 |
1966-01-01 | It is apparent that one of the most important of the basic criteria for structural materials for use in space vehicles is a maximum strength/weight ratio consistent with the additional requirements of toughness, fabricability, and compatibility with manufacturing, storage, and service environments. Liquid-propellant ve... | New Weldable High-Strength Aluminum Alloys for Cryogenic Service | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_46 |
1966-01-01 | Interest in the P-V-T behavior of mixtures at low temperatures has increased considerabiy in recent years. Such data are important with regard to the calculation of thermodynamic properties, gas separation and liquefaction, possible uses of mixtures as refrigerants, and phase equilibrium correlations, as well as to the... | The P-V-T Behavior of Nitrogen, Argon, and Their Mixtures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_42 |
1966-01-01 | In a previous paper [^1] it was shown that vapor-liquid data could be correlated by means of a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state. This result was unexpected in view of the simplicity of the equation, compared to other more complex equations which seemed to be necessary for the correlation of this type of data. | Calculation of Enthalpy Data from a Modified Redlich-Kwong Equation of State | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_43 |
1966-01-01 | The design of present and future aerospace systems demands that every advantage in a material’s capability be utilized in meeting the weight-strength requirement, Some of the advantages that can be utilized with great benefit are (1) proper choice of materials for the intended use, (2) use of biaxial strength increases... | Cryogenic Design Data and Criteria of Aerospace Materials Subjected to Uniaxial and Biaxial Stress States | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_49 |
1966-01-01 | The present investigation is part of a program to provide accurate, low-temperature, phase-equilibria data for binary systems of both technical and theoretical importance. It was pointed out in a previous paper [^1] that, particularly in the solid-vapor region, there was a deficiency of data for several systems of inte... | Solid-Vapor Equilibrium in the System Helium-Methane | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_37 |
1966-01-01 | The requirement for long-duration (greater than one or two years) space flights is rapidly approaching, and the passive type insulation systems (surface coatings, foams, cork, superinsulations, etc) used for cryogenic tankage In short-duration flights (less than 24 hr) will probably be replaced by active insulation sys... | Investigation of Potential Low Temperature Insulators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_33 |
1966-01-01 | Until recently, little work had been done on binary liquid-vapor systems with neon as one of the components. This was possibly due to the high cost of neon, which made it somewhat impractical to work with. However, in recent years the cost of neon has decreased, and the interest in neon has correspondingly increased. T... | Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibria of the Neon-Normal Hydrogen System | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_38 |
1966-01-01 | The advantages of having operating environments in the temperature region below 5°K for low noise levels in masers and other amplifiers for radio telescopes, communications satellites, military radar, superconducting computers, and other electronic equipment are now generally recognized. Because of the duty cycle and l... | Design of a Closed-Cycle Helium Temperature Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_12 |
1965-01-01 | Stainless steels are widely used in cryogenic construction, but this material is known to creep at low temperatures. The effect is important enough to often cause a breakdown of cryogenic equipment. | Creep Properties of 18–10 and 25–20 Stainless Steels at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_12 |
1965-01-01 | Many AIS I 300 series steels are used for a variety of applications at cryogenic temperatures. For some applications an accurate knowledge of Young’s modulus and the shear modulus is very useful. For this reason, the elastic moduli of a number of materials were measured isothermally at low temperatures in conjunction w... | An Anomalous Decrease of the Elastic Moduli at Very Low Temperatures in Some 300 Series Stainless Steels | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_5 |
1965-01-01 | Although helium containing no more than 5 to 50 ppm of total impurities is commercially available in quantity, there sometimes is a need for higher purity, particularly in fundamental helium research and for use as a carrier gas in chromatography. | Simple Technique for the Ultrapurification of Helium | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_48 |
1965-01-01 | The use of reinforced plastic laminates in applications encountering cryogenic temperatures is receiving increased attention from industry and government agencies. Such increased usage is logical since reinforced plastics have capabilities under this environment either unique or superior to other types of materials. Pl... | An Assessment of Test Specimens and Test Techniques Useful to the Evaluation of Structural Reinforced Plastic Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_14 |
1965-01-01 | The use of cryogenic fluids in rockets and missiles has resulted in a need for expanding knowledge of cryogenic engineering. One of the more acute problems encountered has been the static sealing of cryogenic fuel lines. The work described in this paper, while specifically oriented for the Saturn V launch vehicle, has ... | The Development of a New Cryogenic Gasket for Liquid-Oxygen Service | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_16 |
1965-01-01 | The requirement for cryogenic propellants, such as liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid fluorine, and oxygen difluoride in current and proposed missiles, booster rockets, and space vehicles, has focused attention on the determination of properties of materials at extreme subzero temperatures. The need for thermal des... | Thermal Conductivity of Reinforced Plastics at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_18 |
1965-01-01 | Currently, large amounts of liquefied gases such as oxygen and hydrogen are used for space vehicle propellants. Aluminum alloy structural components of increasing design complexity, which are in contact with these liquids, must often withstand high stresses at extremely low temperatures. Aluminum forgings and welded st... | Metallurgical Evaluation of a New Aluminum Casting Alloy Developed for Space Vehicle Use at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_4 |
1965-01-01 | This paper describes a method of providing cryogenic refrigeration for lead selenide, indium antimonide, etc., detectors in military systems. The technical history and philosophy of the unit are discussed. | Continuous Cryogenic Refrigeration for Three to Five Micron Infrared Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_59 |
1965-01-01 | Experience indicates that with the development of materials with higher strengths, the tendency toward catastrophic low-ductility fractures increases, particularly at cryogenic temperatures. Continued efforts to use these higher-strength materials in structural units and yet to ensure against catastrophic low-ductility... | Evaluation of Fracture Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_9 |
1965-01-01 | The problems associated with the expulsion of liquid in a zero gravity environment have long been recognized. Expulsion bladders have been used successfully in ambient temperature conditions, but little research has been directed toward the development of bladders for cryogenic liquids. During the past 20 months an int... | Expulsion Bladders for Cryogenic Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_46 |
1965-01-01 | Recent development of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for space vehicles has created a requirement to establish design criteria which will eliminate potential hazards due to propellant leakage or venting into confined areas. | A Combustion Test Program to Establish Design Criteria for Liquid-Hydrogen-Fueled Space Vehicles | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_30 |
1965-01-01 | One of the most important problems of the design and metallurgical engineers is the proper selection of engineering alloys for structural applications in cryogenic-fueled missiles and space vehicles. The basis for selection of a material is dependent upon many factors, the most important of which are strength, resistan... | Mechanical Properties of Several 2000 and 6000 Series Aluminum Alloys | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_8 |
1965-01-01 | This paper presents the results of an experimental program to determine the effect of cryogenic temperatures on spark ignition of hydrogen in oxygen and nitrogen mixtures. The parameters investigated are breakdown voltage, quenching distance, flammability limit, and spark ignition energy. Analytical methods for predict... | Spark Ignition Parameters of Cryogenic Hydrogen in Oxygen and Nitrogen Mixtures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3108-7_31 |
1964-01-01 | Until recently, data on the fatigue behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures have been sparse, and information of this type for nonmetallic materials has been practically nonexistent. A preliminary search of published data revealed only a limited amount of information on fatigue characteristics of materials at c... | Tensile Fatigue Testing at Temperatures Down to 20°K | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_16 |
1964-01-01 | Large vessels for the storage of cryogenic fluids are field-erected, rather than assembled in a factory, because it is difficult to ship parts much larger than 12 ft in diameter. It is impractical to insulate these field-erected tanks with high-efficiency multilayer insulations by conventional methods, so a new techniq... | Quilted Superinsulation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_6 |
1964-01-01 | A variety of components now available or under development must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures for efficient operation. Infrared detectors and other semiconductors represent one group of such devices which dissipate less than 2 w of heat when in operation, and many produce less than 0.1 w of heat. | Cooling to Cryogenic Temperatures by Sublimation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_59 |
1964-01-01 | At present, the 2000(Cu), 5000(Mg), 6000(Mg-Si) series provide most of the aluminum alloys used in cryogenic applications. Established alloys in the 7000(Zn) series, including 7075, 7079, and 7178, are more sensitive to notches than many of the alloys of the above types [^1,2] and have not been seriously considered. Re... | Notch Sensitivity of Aluminum-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_13 |
1964-01-01 | Knowledge of the influence of adsorbed impurities upon catalyst effectiveness is of theoretical and practical interest. The ortho-parahydrogen conversion mechanism in heterogeneous catalysis involves the adsorption of hydrogen. Any adsorbate which competes with hydrogen may be expected to reduce the catalyst effectiven... | Effect of Adsorbed Nitrogen on Catalytic Activity of Ortho-Parahydrogen Conversion Catalysts | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_26 |
1964-01-01 | Several years ago, the aluminum industry Introduced the high-strength, weldable aluminum-magnesium alloys, particularly alloy 5083, to the engineering industry for use as pressure-vessel and cryogenic-tankage material. Since then, this organization has been directing its research efforts toward the development of a hig... | Performance of a New Cryogenic Aluminum Alloy, 7039 | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_14 |
1964-01-01 | The metastable superheat Δ T attainable by a liquid above its saturation temperature is important in nucleate boiling. Aside from the boiling description, however, a knowledge of AT also provides criteria for heat transport transition when bubble formation is entirely suppressed. A nonboiling liquid may be heated to th... | Metastable Superheat in Nucleate Boiling of Cryogenic Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_9 |
1964-01-01 | The need for more extensive tabulations of thermodynamic property data for the cryogenic fluids and for tabular values where previously only graphical data were available was recognized several years ago for use in the work being carried out in this laboratory. As a consequence, a program was undertaken in the Cryogeni... | The Correlation of Thermodynamic Properties of Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_3 |
1964-01-01 | This paper provides expressions for heat and mass transfer to the frost surface and information regarding the frost formation which can be used by designers of cryogenic systems with uninsulated surfaces, and furthers the general understanding of the frost* phenomena. | Analysis of the Frost Phenomena on a Cryo-Surface | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_11 |
1964-01-01 | The problem of sealing pressurized containers in cryogenic applications has been quite significant in the development of launch vehicles for space applications. Two basic concepts of sealing are involved: (1) seals, such as O-rings, lip seals, flat gaskets, etc., used in sealing joints of cryogenic storage containers a... | Development of Organic Sealants for Applications at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_19 |
1964-01-01 | The insulating effectiveness of multilayer insulations and the influence of different physical conditions on their performance are of prime importance in the use of liquid hydrogen in future space missions. To better define the problems associated with the storage of liquid propellants in space [^1] we are investigatin... | The Performance of a Double-Guarded Cold-Plate Thermal Conductivity Apparatus | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_7 |
1964-01-01 | There have been many national and international scientific and technological gatherings in recent years in which the subject of discussion has centered around physical and chemical investigations at extremes of environment. Phenomena at extremely high pressures, at very high temperatures, and at cryogenic temperatures ... | Chemical Reactivity and Synthesis at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_1 |
1964-01-01 | The improved postlaunch reliability of important components and systems in the space program is due, in part, to increased emphasis on check-out and performance tests under simulated space conditions. The size of chambers used for these tests has continued to increase to accommodate the larger vehicles. It has been pos... | Helium Refrigerators for Operation in the 10°–30°K Range | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0525-6_60 |
1963-01-01 | The temperature dependence of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure was investigated in the range from 9-573°K. It was found that the temperature dependence of the intensity of the fine structure features was quantitatively accounted for by applying the Debye-Waller factor. A change in position of the features w... | X-Ray Absorption Fine-Structure Investigations at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-8685-8_27 |
1963-01-01 | The first part of this paper will be a discussion of some of the physical limitations encountered in far infrared spectroscopy using the echellette grating monochromator with filters to separate orders. An inclusive discussion of the methods of far infrared spectroscopy using gratings and filters will be omitted becaus... | Methods of Far Infrared Spectroscopy | 10.1007/978-1-4684-8685-8_3 |
1962-01-01 | A mechanical properties test program has been completed between 300° and 4°K on several annealed austenitic stainless steels. The extensive results are in the process of being correlated for final publication. However, some of the properties show an interesting anomalous behavior and are worthy of preliminary discussio... | Martensitic Transformation Products and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_60 |
1962-01-01 | It has been well established that the characteristics of single-crystal germanium doped with certain impurities are suitable for resistance thermometry at low temperatures. Indium was used as the dopant by Estermann [1] and by Friedberg [2], whereas Kunzler et al. [3] have described in detail a four-lead thermometer us... | Gallium-Doped Germanium Resistance Thermometers | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_63 |
1962-01-01 | The uniaxial mechanical properties of most structural metals tested at liquid-hydrogen temperature show the yield, ultimate, and weld strengths to be substantially increased over their room-tempe rature values. The tensile notch and impact strengths, however, are generally lower than their room-temperature values, indi... | Biaxial Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Weldable Aluminum Alloys | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_56 |
1962-01-01 | Liquid neon is a cryogenic fluid possessing unique characteristics. Previously, there has been only limited discussion of these characteristics since it was not readily available for use. Now neon has become available in quantity; consequently, an understanding of its characteristics, design of equipment and the techni... | Liquid Neon and Advanced Techniques Used in Design of Liquid-Neon Equipment | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_72 |
1962-01-01 | The need for multiple restart capability in liquid rockets and auxiliary power units in satellites has made the development of suitable methods of delivering liquid from a container under a zero-gravity environment of prime Importance. The problems of delivering cryogenic liquids under a zero-gravity environment are co... | Expulsion Bladders for Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_19 |
1962-01-01 | Elastomers offer the cryogenic engineer a dramatic demonstration of how the properties of some materials change radically when cooled to cryogenic temperatures. These materials have room-temperature properties of high extensibility and forcible quick retraction but, without exception, become hard and glass-like when su... | The Application and Behavior of Elastomers at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_42 |
1962-01-01 | The efficient design of low-temperature hydrogen heat exchangers requires detailed heat-transfer information relevant to temperature gradients, heatfluxes, surface conditions and geometry, materials of construction, flow rates, and other important variables. This investigation determined only the relationship between t... | An Experimental Investigation of the Individual Boiling and Condensing Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Hydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_49 |
1962-01-01 | The mechanical properties of metals and alloys are greatly influenced by the type and concentration of solid-state defects. Such defects, regardless of the method of their production, are capable of moving about if the temperature is sufficiently high. It is by this mechanism that the effects of nuclear irradiation as ... | Tensile—Compression—Shear Loop for Irradiation Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_53 |
1962-01-01 | In selecting an aluminum alloy for cryogenic service, the design engineer must consider the form of the mill product, its thickness, and the type of service condition it will encounter. All factors must be properly weighed, and the alloy selected should be that which has the best properties at the operating cryogenic t... | Tensile and Impact Properties of 7075-T6 and 7079-T6 Plate, Hand Forgings, and Tensile Properties of Plate MIG Weldments between 75° and -320°F | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_57 |
1962-01-01 | In recent years, large amounts of liquefied gases such as oxygen and hydrogen have been used for steelmaking and for rocket and missile propellants. Structural components which contain these liquids must often withstand high stresses at extremely low temperatures. To obtain design data for structures which will be expo... | Tensile Behavior of Parent-Metal and Welded 5000-Series Aluminum Alloy Plate at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7_58 |
1961-01-01 | Several methods are used to transfer cryogenic liquids. These vary from mechanical means, such as with a transfer pump, to pressurizing with a gas. There have been a number of papers describing these techniques in past conferences. The pressurizing gas may be the same as the fluid being transferred to avoid contaminati... | Pressure Phenomena During Transfer of Saturated Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_28 |
1961-01-01 | The theory of superconducting rectification is based upon “resistance switching.” A superconducting element can be shifted from a superconducting state (zero resistance) to a normal state (resistive) and back again by varying the intensity of a magnetic field surrounding the element. | Superconducting Rectifiers | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_15 |
1961-01-01 | The recent and continued development of long range space and missile vehicles powered by cryogenic fuels and/or oxidizers has created the need for reliable, accurate, and simplified systems for control and/or measurement of liquid level. | A New Method for Detection of Liquid Level of Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_43 |
1961-01-01 | Superconductivity, the simultaneous total disappearance of electrical resistance and the appearance of perfect diamagnetism, is a strange property of certain elements and alloys which appears in temperature ranges close to absolute zero. | Superconductivity | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_14 |
1961-01-01 | The interest in the use of aluminum alloys for cryogenic applications has stemmed from the long-recognized increases in tensile properties of these alloys at depressed temperatures [1–4]. The fact that the elongations, as well as the strengths, of most aluminum alloys increase as temperature decreases, and that the red... | New Data on Aluminum Alloys for Cryogenic Applications | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_67 |
1961-01-01 | This paper has two purposes: the first, to present a broad picture of low temperature cooling with specific reference to operation under space conditions; and second, to outline steps contributive to the development of successful designs of low temperature cooling. | Spaceborne Cryostats for Continuous Operation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_10 |
1961-01-01 | This paper presents a quantitative description of a floating insulation for the surfaces of cryogenic fluids stored in open-topped dewar flasks. The technique makes use of polystyrene beads, which provide good thermal insulation, conform to a complex surface geometry—such as partially immersed equipment—and act as a go... | Floating Polystyrene Beads as Insulation for Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_58 |
1961-01-01 | Increasing demand for helium containing less than 50 ppm total impurities for missile and atomic energy applications requires reliable determination of the trace impurities in Grade-A helium,** The impurities should be identified and their concentrations should be known within a tolerance of 1 ppm. | A Method and Apparatus for Concentrating Trace Impurities in Analyzing Grade-A Helium | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_42 |
1961-01-01 | Recent developments in semiconductor physics have produced infrared detector materials with increased detectivity out to the 40 μ wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum, In order to realize maximum sensitivity to wavelengths above approximately 6 μ, it is necessary to cool the detecting elements to temperatu... | Infrared Detector Refrigerators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_37 |
1961-01-01 | The large-scale use of cryogenic liquids is becoming commonplace. For some time now, missile launching sites have used large quantities of liquid oxygen and nitrogen. Liquid hydrogen and fluorine may soon be in use as primary rocket propellants and certain research and development programs within the AEG and NASA requi... | An Analytical Method for Estimating Gas Requirements in the Pressurization and Transfer of Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_27 |
1961-01-01 | An elastomer O-ring lightly squeezed against a flat surface makes an excellent seal at ordinary temperatures, as has been amply demonstrated by the widespread acceptance of O-ring seals for countless applications. It is natural to hope that similar simple seals can be used for service at cryogenic temperatures. When an... | Elastomers for Static Seals at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_23 |
1961-01-01 | Very low temperatures are encountered in current and proposed missiles and space vehicles due to title use of cryogenic propellants such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen and due to the near absolute zero temperatures encountered under certain conditions in outer space. Tjerefore, the properties of engineering mater... | Properties of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_64 |
1961-01-01 | In connection with its many liquid propellant rocket-engine programs over the last five years, Rocketdyne has had extensive experience in the design and development of components for cryogenic environments. A partial list of components would include propellant gate valves, poppet and swing-type check valves, relief val... | A Simplified Determination of Crystallinity of Fluoroplastics and the Prediction of Their Behavior at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_66 |
1961-01-01 | Progress in the field of cryogenic engineering during the last few years has introduced many new problems relative to the handling, storage, transfer and use of cryogenic liquids. Even though the handling and use of these liquids in large quantities is no longer a difficult task, more efficient and feasible methods mus... | Evaluation of Ball Bearing Separator Materials Operating Submerged in Liquid Nitrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0534-8_26 |
1960-01-01 | The performance of any cryogenic storage and transfer system depends in no small measure on the vacuum-tightness of various joints. The workmanship which may be obtained in any assembly involving welding or soldering may well provide some uncertainty in the mind of the designer and can easily be responsible for poor pe... | Vacuum Gaskets for Use at 20°K | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_68 |
1960-01-01 | Properties of 9 Per Cent Nickel Low Temperature Steel | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3105-6_42 | |
1960-01-01 | A calorimetric method^1 has been used for trace oxygen analysis in the CEL-NBS hydrogen liquefier. In this method any oxygen present is catalytically combined with the hydrogen to form water. The resulting temperature rise of the gas is measured by a sensitive thermopile. The analyzer is capable of detecting as little ... | Modification of a Calorimetric Oxygen Detector for use with Non-Equilibrium Hydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3099-8_28 |
1960-01-01 | Temperature control of a spontaneously cooling object by means of regulated electric heating may be achieved with a low-level, dc amplifier of thermocouple or bridge signals [1,2] together with a dc power-regulating amplifier [3–6]. The use of dc heating current avoids ac pickup by low-level circuits in the cryostat. A... | An Improved dc Power Regulator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_67 |
1960-01-01 | The ever increasing interest in cryogenic fluids for research and the economic advantages of liquid supply to small consumers of atmospheric gases has dictated the need for high performance portable cryogenic containers. To meet this need Einde Company has devoted a great deal of research effort in this direction. The ... | High Performance Cryogenic Containers | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_13 |
1960-01-01 | Two types of flowmeters have been calibrated volumeixically in liquid hydrogen. Two turbine-type flowmeters (a 1½-in.-diameter 5 to 110 gpm, and a 1-in.-diameter 2 to 40 gpm) have been calibrated within their respective ranges. A 1-in. orifice flowmeter has also been calibrated within the same range. | Results of Flowmeter Calibration in Liquid Hydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_36 |
1960-01-01 | Pump designers have for many years experienced the phenomena of a difference in the cavitation performance of a single pump handling different fluids. From a data correlation view point the mixed fluids such as jet fuels and water with entrained air present the most difficult problem. However, the single fluids such as... | Comparison and Correlation of Centrifugal Pump Cavitation Test Results Handling Liquid Oxygen and Water | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_22 |
1960-01-01 | This paper describes some of the work done at the Boeing Airplane Company on crew compartment environmental control. Primarily, the discussion will be about a test run to determine the feasibility of a cryogenic — supplied “wash-through” cabin conditioning system. This system was designed to provide a “shirtsleeve envi... | Crew Compartment Environmental Control Utilizing Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_37 |
1960-01-01 | Many investigators including Pecklet, Clark and Ellis have performed tests and made theoretical analyses of dynamic bubble behavior in order to explain formation, growth, collapse and shape change of these bubbles. However, the majority of these investigations have been made for static conditions of the primary phase. | An Analysis of Dual-Phase Flow at the Inlet to a Centrifugal Cryogenic Pump | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_23 |
1960-01-01 | The title, “Theory Versus Practice in Low Temperature Engineering” indicates that theory and practice are incompatible. It is not incompatability that we are talking about, but the difference between laboratory and large scale industrial practice in low temperature engineering. We will consider low temperature refriger... | Theory versus Practice in Low Temperature Engineering | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3099-8_54 |
1960-01-01 | The production and distribution of liquefied atmospheric gases is considered today by many to be a major industry. The most important of these gases is oxygen. In 1953, according to the Bureau of the Census, production in the United States of high purity oxygen amounted to 25 billion cubic feet. This is enough to fill ... | Cryogenic Engineering in the Production and Distribution of Liquefied Atmospheric Gases | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3099-8_34 |
1960-01-01 | The fuel load in today’s missiles usually consists of at least one cryogenic liquid. In a missile second stage this cryogenic liquid is heated significantly by aerodynamic friction. To get maximum use from a propellant load, it is desirable to determine the effect of aerodynamic heating on the pool of cryogenic liquid.... | A Survey of Stratification in a Cryogenic Liquid | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_53 |
1960-01-01 | Early attempts to describe the basic nature of radiation damage were based upon measurement of physical changes occurring in materials, which were bombarded at or near room temperature. Almost at the outset of research in this field, it was recognized that some radiation induced defects might be mobile below room tempe... | Reactor Irradiations at 15°K | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3102-5_18 |
1960-01-01 | Close examination reveals that liquid level devices measure either the position or height of a liquid surface above a fixed reference point, or the hydrostatic head or pressure developed by the liquid. A level measurement need not be expressed strictly in terms of inches or feet, nor in terms of the hydrostatic pressur... | Ultrasonic Gaging of Cryogenic Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_35 |
1960-01-01 | Fundamental studies of the basic nature of radiation effects have been conducted in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory graphite reactor by the Low Temperature Group of the Solid State Division. It was discovered that many radiation induced defects were not observed at room temperature because they thermally anneal at mu... | Liquid Helium Temperatures in an Atomic Reactor | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3105-6_19 |
1960-01-01 | During the past several years, interest has grown tremendously in more efficient thermal insulations for cryogenic applications. The requirements of minimum weight and size as well as efficient operation have placed severe demands on insulation in many of the systems using liquid oxygen. Even more stringent requirement... | Low-Temperature Insulating Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_20 |
1960-01-01 | The design of any airborne device requires the most efficient use of materials of construction as well as the selection of the most suitable materials. In the design of missiles this problem is made most acute by two factors: (1) every ounce of excess weight exacts a tremendous penalty in reduced performance and (2) th... | Mechanical Testing of Aluminum Weldments | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_9 |
1960-01-01 | The design of a plant for the liquefaction of gases at extremely low temperatures can be investigated with many-variations in cycle arrangements, choice of working fluid, operating pressures and component characteristics. One has the problem of judging the reasonableness of the choices made, In a recent paper Gifford^1... | Preliminary Design Studies of Low Temperature Refrigeration Plants | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3105-6_3 |
1960-01-01 | An analysis of the requirements for a vehicle capable of travel in space will almost invariably reveal the necessity for cryogenic liquids. Elemental gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, and fluorine constitute the ultimate in high-energy chemical propellant systems and are certain to play a prominent role in the coming gen... | Cryogenic Tankage for Space Flight Applications | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_11 |
1960-01-01 | In using the technique of overlaying a metal componen with some other material in order to capitalize on certain surface properties (e.g., low frictional coefficient) possessed by the material, but lacking in the metal, one of the major problems to be encountered is that of satisfactory attachment. Research in the fiel... | Bonding Plastic to Metal for High Strength at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_10 |
1960-01-01 | When an examination is made of rocket engine propellants which are characterized as high performance in value, it is apparent that these are dominated by fluids which are characterized as cryogenic in nature. Table I compares characteristic velocity values for some high-performance propellant combinations with some pre... | Facilities for Testing Rocket Engine Components Using Cryogenic Fluids as Propellants | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_14 |
1960-01-01 | Papers presented at previous cryogenic engineering conferences by this company^1, 2, 3 described the principles and many of the applications of the Norelco gas refrigeration machine in the range of 70° to 190° K. The objectives of this paper are twofold: 1) To describe extensions to the design of the present machine wh... | Ultra Low Temperature Production and Control in Environmental Testing and Application Facilities | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_14 |
1960-01-01 | The usefulness of low temperature mechanical testing in helping to solve various problems related to the strength and ductility of metals has been generally recognized in the academic fields and by those actually engaged in cryogenic engineering. However, its usefulness is relatively unknown in the general field of eng... | The Performance Characteristics of Low Temperature Tension Testing Apparatus and Its Application in Industry | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3102-5_23 |
1960-01-01 | As a result of the rapid increase of technical literature in general and the exceptionally rapid growth of the cryogenic field in particular, ordinary library techniques have become inadequate for rapid retrieval of specific information. A number of storage and retrieval systems [1–4] have been devised for large-scale ... | The Cryogenic Data Center | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_66 |
1960-01-01 | Neon, which has a normal boiling point of 27.24° K, is a possible cryogenic fluid for the region above liquid helium and hydrogen and below liquid nitrogen. Neon has a relatively high refrigerating capacity at low temperatures and is chemically inert. For temperatures approaching the boiling point of hydrogen, it is a ... | Thermodynamic Properties of Neon | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_4 |
1960-01-01 | This and the following paper are progress reports in our continuing study of the catalyzed conversion of ortho and parahydrogen. Last year^1 we presented some converter design data based on experiments with a new hydrous ferric oxide gel catalyst. These data consisted of space velocity versus conversion curves for orth... | Flow Conversion Kinetics of Ortho and Parahydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_25 |
1960-01-01 | The so-called temperature stratification phenomenon, which has been observed in containers of cryogenic fluids under certain conditions, is of sufficient interest in the field of cryogenic engineering to warrant special investigation. Areas in which the results of such research may be applied profitably include those c... | An Experimental Study Concerning the Pressurization and Stratification of Liquid Hydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_56 |
1960-01-01 | When we began, about 8 years ago, to work specifically on exceedingly high-quality insulations, the best commercially available insulating systems consisted of powders such as perlite or Santocel in vacuum, having an apparent thermal conductivity of approximately 1 · 10^-3 Btu/hr-ft- °F between -300 and 70°F. Of the th... | Characteristics and Applications of Some Superinsulations | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0537-9_24 |
1960-01-01 | In the design and construction of containers for low temperature liquefied gases, the primary effort is usually-directed at minimizing heat transfer to the cold liquid. Designs where other factors are more important still endeavor to obtain minimum heat leak consistent with the other more significant considerations. | Some Methods for Reducing Heat Leak Through Support Members in Liquefied Gas Storage Vessels | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_36 |
1960-01-01 | The development of the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber as a detector of high energy charged particles comes as a natural outgrowth of the work done by D. A. Glaser. Glaser’s work showed by experiment^1 and theory^2 that an ionizing particle passing through a superheated liquid leaves a track made up of bubbles, which ar... | Performance of a Piston-Expanded Bubble Chamber | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_37 |
1960-01-01 | Cryogenic fuels, oxidants, and inert working fluids are important to propulsion systems for missiles. Turbopumps for handling these fluids may have bearings, seals, and other parts lubricated by the cryogenic liquids. The physical and chemical properties of most cryogenic liquids of interest are such that they might be... | Wear and Friction in Liquid Nitrogen with Austenitic Stainless Steel Having Various Surface Coatings | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9_6 |
2024-03-01 | This paper presents a single-step automatic tuning procedure and an estimator of key parameters of the drill-string system used in deep drilling applications. It is aimed at precise tuning of an external vibration suppression system based on speed control loop of the drilling electrical drive tuned for “stiff” motor-si... | Single-step auto-tuning of external active damping control strategy for a drill-string speed-controlled electrical drive | 10.1007/s11081-023-09799-8 |
2024-03-01 | The large integration of renewable energy sources into power systems causes frequency fluctuation, low-frequency oscillations, and deterioration in power system stability. High penetration of wind and solar power also causes a high-frequency nadir and a high rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) after large disturbances.... | Simultaneous Power Oscillation Damping and Frequency Control in AC Microgrid Considering Renewable Uncertainties: A Coordinated Control of Multiple Robust Controllers with Imperfect Communication | 10.1007/s40998-023-00649-y |
2024-03-01 | In this paper we would like to address the classical optimization problem of minimizing a proper, convex and lower semicontinuous function via the second order in time dynamics, combining viscous and Hessian-driven damping with a Tikhonov regularization term. In our analysis we heavily exploit the Moreau envelope of th... | A fast continuous time approach for non-smooth convex optimization using Tikhonov regularization technique | 10.1007/s10589-023-00536-6 |
2024-03-01 | Testing wave energy converters in the ocean could be expensive and complex, which necessitates the use of numerical modeling. However, accurately modeling the response of wave energy converters with high-fidelity simulations can be computationally intensive in the design stage where different configurations must be con... | Performance characterization and modeling of an oscillating surge wave energy converter | 10.1007/s11071-023-09248-2 |
2024-03-01 | Considering the limited research on the dynamic properties of silty soil treated with biological enzymes, this study aimed to investigate the effects of enzyme content, confining pressure, and loading frequency on the dynamic properties of bio-enzyme-modified silty soil. Nonlinear equations were established for the dyn... | Research on the Dynamic Elastic Modulus and Damping Ratio of Silty Soil Improved by Bioenzyme | 10.1007/s10706-023-02632-0 |
2024-03-01 | In this paper, we introduce the numerical study of the stochastic Duffing-Van der Pol equation under both multiplicative and additive random forcing. The study involves the use of the Wiener-Chaos expansion (WCE) technique and the Wiener-Hermite expansion (WHE) technique. The application of these techniques results in ... | Numerical solutions of stochastic Duffing-Van der Pol equations | 10.1007/s13226-022-00361-3 |
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