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1980-01-01
Hydrogen is an excellent fuel because of (1) the widespread availability of water, its most common source, (2) the rapid recycling from hydrogen to water (regenerating its source quickly), (3) the resulting cleaner environment (almost no pollution caused from its use), (4) the potentially high efficiency in almost ever...
Liquid Hydrogen as an Automotive Fuel
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_92
1980-01-01
One of the main components of the detector experiment CELLO in the e^+e^- storage ring PETRA at DESY/Hamburg is the superconducting magnet system. The magnets have been developed as a joint project by CEN/Saclay and Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. CEN has built the thin-walled main solenoid with a length of 3.5 m and ...
Superconducting Compensating Solenoids for the Cello Detector Experiment at Petra
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_19
1980-01-01
The volumetric expansion coefficient (∂ ln V /∂ T )_ p has been found useful in heat-transfer analyses. Yaskin et al . [^1] demonstrated its usefulness in groupie hehum heat-transfer data in the near-thermodynamic critical region. The author [^2] demonstrated the usefulness of the energy expansion coefficients (∂ ln V ...
Reduced Volumetric Expansion and Isothermal Compressibility Factor Plots
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_78
1980-01-01
The design and installation of test facilities for the determination of macro-mechanical and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced polymer materials at temperatures down to 4.2 K are presented. Construction and performance details are given for the following test equipment, developed at CERN: 1 Quasi-static-tensile an...
Tests of Composite Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures: Facilities and Results
10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_28
1980-01-01
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California is presently developing a 30-MJ Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit for stabilizing an electric transmission system[^1] The SMES system will be installed on the Pacific AC Intertie that connects southern California and the Pacific Nort...
A 50-Liters/Hr Helium Liquefier for a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_66
1980-01-01
The tensile properties of stable austenitic stainless steels such as AISI 310 (Fe-25Cr-20Ni-2Mn-0.08C) have a regular temperature dependence with trends similar to the classical behavior expected for metals and alloys having the facecentered cubic structure [^1]. The classical behavior consists of a smooth monotonic in...
Temperature Dependence of Yielding in Austenitic Stainless Steels
10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_11
1980-01-01
This project is concerned with an example of a device intended to make the most effective use of available energy sources, a principle of increasing importance in present-day circumstances. The machine is intended to provide cooling power to around liquid nitrogen temperatures, especially in unfavorable or remote envir...
A Closed-Cycle Thermally Activated Regenerative Cryogenerator
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_67
1980-01-01
The development of ac power transmission cables, operated at cryogenic temperatures, has been pursued for both resistive and superconducting configurations because of their ability to transmit large blocks of power over a narrow right-of-way at high efficiency[^1–3].The eventual success of these new transmission concep...
A Study of Refrigeration for Liquid-Nitrogen-Cooled Power Transmission Cables
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_68
1980-01-01
Since the effect of mechanical loading on the superconducting properties of Nb_3Sn will be crucial for the development of large Nb_3Sn magnets, much work has been done on this subject [^1–4]. Although most results show an initial increase of the critical current upon uniaxial loading before stress-induced degradation, ...
Stress Effects in Nb_3Sn-Nb-Bronze Composites
10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_66
1980-01-01
The high-tip speed experiment described in this study involves a cryogenic rotor designed to test an advanced cooling system for the rotor of a superconducting generator. The experiment does not include an actual superconductor field winding but does include a helium chamber typical of the winding space in an actual su...
Experimental Simulation of a Cryogenic System for a Large Superconducting Rotor
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_32
1980-01-01
The majority of the cryogenic systems installed for cooling superconducting magnet systems over the past ten years have been aimed at providing a reliable experimental facility for proving the viability of superconductor systems and for advancing the state of the art of superconducting magnets. As a result, the criteri...
Economics of Cryogenic Systems for Superconducting Magnets
10.1007/978-1-4613-9856-1_40
1980-01-01
If new sources of energy are to be fully exploited then an efficient energy storage system must be developed to meet variable demand. This is so because, in most cases, energy demands are periodic in nature whereas energy supply operates most efficiently on a constant output basis.
Storage of Hydrogen
10.1007/978-1-349-02635-7_4
1980-01-01
The fail-safe performance of advanced cryogenic structures, such as superconducting motors, generators, and magnets, can depend greatly on the ability of structural materials to sustain high stress and strain in the presence of flaws. Materials that have been widely used in these structural applications are stainless s...
Cryogenic Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack-Growth Rate Properties of Inconel 706 Base Material and GAS Tungsten-ARC Weldments
10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_14
1980-01-01
The increase in the ductility of F.C.C. metals at cryogenic temperatures is due to the strain propagation facilitated by the increase in the work-hardening rate. In order to apply these characteristics to practical forming processes, the influence of cryogenic temperatures on the formability of copper and aluminium she...
Press Formability of Face-Centred Cubic Metals at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-349-05172-4_27
1979-11-01
Non-steady-state mass transfer in materials with large outgassing, used for the heat insulation of cryogenic vessels, was investigated experimentally and theoretically.
Mass transfer in evacuation of materials with large outgassing
10.1007/BF01102227
1979-11-01
Apparatus for calibrating and checking gas-content gauges for bubbling two-phase cryogenic flows
10.1007/BF00827893
1979-08-01
Modeling of nonstationary regimes of two-stage cryogenic refrigeration units
10.1007/BF01174834
1979-08-01
Increasing the efficiency and reliability of a helium cryogenic assembly as a result of improving the turboexpander unit
10.1007/BF01174830
1979-07-01
Results of investigations on the production of cryogenic helium cycles with minimal losses due to irreversibility of the thermodynamic processes are elucidated.
Cryogenic helium cycles with minimal losses due to irreversibility of the thermodynamic processes
10.1007/BF00861321
1979-07-01
Creep of cryogenic steels and alloys
10.1007/BF00703668
1979-05-01
An investigation has been made to improve the low temperature mechanical properties of Fe-8Mn and Fe-12Mn-0.2 Ti alloy steels. A reversion annealing heat treatment in the two-phase (α + γ ) region following cold working has been identified as an effective treatment. In an Fe-12Mn-0.2Ti alloy a promising combination of ...
The improvement of cryogenic mechanical properties of Fe-12 Mn and Fe-8 Mn alloy steels through thermal/mechanical treatments
10.1007/BF02658317
1979-03-01
Tensile specimens machined from metal-matrix, oriented-fiber composites (aluminum alloy reinforced with high strength stainless steel wire) were heated to 260°C and cooled in air to produce a tensile residual stress state in the matrix. Some of the test pieces were cooled to the temperature of boiling nitrogen, held at...
The effect of cryogenic cooling on the tensile properties of metal-matrix composites
10.1007/BF02658344
1979-02-01
Evaluation of the thermal stability of cryogenic vessels cooled by a low-temperature product
10.1007/BF00768226
1979-01-01
The design and construction feasibility of cryogenic structures (struts) of laminated composites for superconductive energy storage magnets^1 is considered. Energy storage magnets are in the form of large solenoids in deep underground tunnels with stored energies of 1000 MWh to 10 000 MWh. The composite structures supp...
Laminated Fiberglass Composites for Cryogenic Structures in Underground Superconductive Energy Storage Magnets
10.1007/978-1-4615-7522-1_25
1979-01-01
Cryogenic Engineering
10.1007/978-1-4684-3620-4_11
1979-01-01
In recent years more emphasis has been placed on the analytical potential of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for the study of organic materials [1,2,3]. We wish to report on static SIMS experiments on a few simple molecules condensed on a copper substrate held at low temperatures. For the experiments we used an ...
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Small Molecules Held at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-3-642-61871-0_87
1979-01-01
Flux-jump stabilized superconducting magnets are usually impregnated with epoxy to prevent wire movement and enhance stability. Hoop stress experienced by the windings when the magnet is energized would otherwise cause wire movement, leading to localized heating and, quite probably, thermal runaway.
Effect of Strain on Epoxy-Impregnated Superconducting Composites
10.1007/978-1-4615-7522-1_20
1979-01-01
A technological assessment of long distance transport of natural gas in liquefied form was carried out for the Government of Canada, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources.^1 This was done to determine its viability as an alternative to vapour phase pipelines, with special application for use in the Arctic.
An Outline Design for a Cryogenic Internally Insulated Liquefied Natural Gas Pipeline for Arctic Gas Recovery
10.1007/978-1-4615-7522-1_29
1979-01-01
Superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) units are large potential users of fiberglass reinforced polymer matrix composites. A 1000 MWh unit would require 1.6 Gg of material.^1 The superconducting magnet requires low thermal conductance structural supports to transmit the magnetic loads from the 1.8 K conductors ...
Compressive Fatigue Tests on a Unidirectional Glass/Polyester Composite at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-4615-7522-1_18
1979-01-01
Large high-pressure vessels designed for ambient or high temperatures are not presently capable of containing gaseous helium at equivalent pressures when at cryogenic temperatures. Problems associated with achieving and maintaining high pressures at cryogenic temperatures as they involve seal designs were studied. The ...
High-Pressure Cryogenic Seals for Pressure Vessels
10.1007/978-1-4684-7470-1_239
1978-11-01
Effect of cryogenic temperatures on lubricating greases
10.1007/BF00719515
1978-11-01
Machine for testing materials for low-cycle fatigue by bending under conditions of low and cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF01160017
1978-09-01
Accumulation of oxygen in cryogenic storage vessels for biological products
10.1007/BF01144872
1978-08-01
Change in the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys AMg6 and 5083 and their welds at cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF01528895
1978-08-01
A relationship connecting the discharge of the gas-cooling cryogenic flow inlets to the discharge of the gas returning in the reverse flow is obtained, for which the cold-productivity of the refrigerator, which is required, is a minimum.
Optimal gas discharge through cryogenic flow inlets in refrigerator cooling of superconducting magnetic systems
10.1007/BF00860212
1978-07-01
Models are proposed for the heat transfer of an ac conductor cooled by a cryogenic liquid. On the basis of numerical solutions, various thermal situations are analyzed.
Models of heat transfer of a cooled ac conductor
10.1007/BF00866012
1978-06-01
Device for connecting flexible metal hoses with vessels for cryogenic liquids
10.1007/BF01146832
1978-05-01
Technique and equipment for dispersion analysis of cryosols and suspended microadmixtures in cryogenic liquids
10.1007/BF00821073
1978-03-01
Cryogenic technique in gynecological practice
10.1007/BF00556572
1978-03-01
Effect of pressurization by an internal pressure on the cyclic strength of welded cryogenic pipelines
10.1007/BF01143856
1978-01-01
In the development of targets for laser fusion, there is considerable interest in producing a uniform spherical shell of liquid or solid deuterium-tritium mixture (1:1 ratio). It is felt that fuel in this form, compressed and heated by laser beams, would give optimum energy yield [^1,2]. Fabrication of this target begi...
Development of Cryogenic Targets for Laser Fusion
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_84
1978-01-01
The ultimate performance from infrared bolometers under low-background radiation conditions is obtained when they are operated at the lowest possible temperatures. This paper presents the results of a high-altitude balloon flight test of a He^3 cryostat recently developed for the cooling of bolometers in balloon-borne ...
Test Flight Results of a Balloon-Borne He^3 Cryostat
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_79
1978-01-01
Shells used as laser-fusion targets [^1] (both glass and polymer) are filled with deuterium or a mixture of deuterium and tritium by in-permeating the fuel gases through the shell walls [^2]. In the case of glass shells, the in-permeation is accomplished at elevated temperatures (i.e., T≥ 300°C), and upon completion of...
Cryogenic Handling of Polymeric Laser-Fusion Pellets
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_87
1978-01-01
Considerable quantities of low-thermal-conductance, high-load-carrying strut material are needed for large magnet systems such as the Wisconsin Superconductive Energy Storage Magnet [^1,2]. For this magnet, struts are required which can carry the high compressive loads from the magnet coils at 1.8 K to the room-tempera...
Compressive Strength of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composites at Room Temperature and 77 K
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_29
1978-01-01
Turn-to-turn electrical shorts in a superconducting magnet can occur during coil winding or coil assembly under compression. Shorts may also appear due to additional magnetic pressure during energizing of the magnet. During the fabrication of the U. S. Superconducting Magnet System for the bypass loop of the U-25 MHD f...
Effects of Electrical Shorts on Cryostatic Stable Superconducting Magnets
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_26
1978-01-01
The pulsed carbon monoxide laser is a very promising candidate for laser induced chemistry because it is emitting laser light on many lines between 4.8 and 5.8 μm. In this spectral range many interesting chemical compounds can be vibrationally excited as e.g. ketones, olefines, imines and metal carbonyls.
A Simple High Energy TEA CO Laser
10.1007/978-3-540-35942-5_22
1978-01-01
For several years work has been under way at Brookhaven National Laboratory to develop an ac superconducting power transmission line. The current design considers a flexible, force-cooled cable using Nb_3Sn superconducting tapes wound in the form of a double helix [^1]. Although Nb_3Sn can now be fabricated with the lo...
Nb_3Sn Conductors for AC Power Transmission: Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_50
1978-01-01
Fusion reactors and large experiments will require extensive developments to meet their needs for pulsed energy. Nondissipative, superconducting inductive energy storage for pulsed power will be needed both for high- ß theta-pinch [^1] and for low- ß tokamak ohmic heating [^2–4] systems to achieve overall power balance...
0.54-MJ Superconducting Magnetic Energy Transfer and Storage
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_6
1978-01-01
In another paper [^1], the results of specific heat measurements on 10 metallic alloy samples were considered. This paper discusses specific heat measurements on four composite (i.e., fiber-reinforced) materials, one of which (boron/aluminum) is essentially metallic, and the other three are resin-based. The resin-based...
Specific Heats of Some Cryogenic Structural Materials II—Composites
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_31
1978-01-01
Although a number of successful magnets have been wound from Nb_3Sn superconductors, the low ductility of these conductors has prompted investigations of the mechanical properties of composites containing Nb_3Sn. Various measurements have indicated that critical currents ( I _ c ) of multifilamentary Nb_3Sn superconduc...
Mechanical Properties of Multifilamentary Nb_3Sn Superconductors
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_36
1978-01-01
Comparison of cryogenic supply systems of surgical instruments for local destruction of extensive lesions of biological tissue
10.1007/BF00557017
1978-01-01
The steels commonly specified for structural applications at LNG and lower temperatures, 9% Ni steel, austenitic stainless steels, and Invar alloys, all have a relatively high nickel content. While the nickel addition contributes significantly to good low-temperature properties of these alloys, it also adds substantial...
Fe-Mn Alloys for Cryogenic Use: A Brief Survey of Current Research
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_8
1978-01-01
The goal of the laser fusion program is the production of energy from nuclear fusion reactions induced by focusing powerful laser beams on very small targets that contain a mixture of deuterium and tritium (DT) fuel. If the laser beams can sufficiently compress and heat the target in a short enough time, the fuel will ...
A New Method for Producing Cryogenic Laser Fusion Targets
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_83
1978-01-01
Refrigeration without lubrication, vibration, and noise has heretofore been accomplished in at least three distinct forms; thermoelectric junctions that pump heat across a semiconductor PN junction [^1], ammonia-water systems that remove heat in an adsorption-percolation-condensation-evaporation cycle [^2], and chemiso...
Cryogenic Refrigeration Concepts Utilizing Adsorption Pumping in Zeolites
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_54
1978-01-01
The defining points of the International Practical Temperature Scale issued in 1968 (IPTS-68) [^1] involve five boiling points and three triple points from 13.81 to 273.15 K. Shortly after its adoption, the many fixed points involved in the new definition were found to be quite difficult to realize even for national la...
Alternate Sets of Fixed Points for Simplified Realizations of IPTS-68
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_61
1978-01-01
The design of a circular, cryogenically stable high-current Al—TiNb composite conductort is presented (see Figs. 1 and 2), such that the extremely soft but highly desirable high-purity aluminum is tightly and completely confined inside thin shells of high-strength aluminum. The conductor is also reinforced with high st...
High-Current Al-TiNb Composite Conductor for Large Energy Storage Magnets
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_41
1978-01-01
Laser-induced fusion has been demonstrated by illuminating deuterium—tritium-filled spherical glass shells with a Nd:glass laser [^l,2]. These shells were filled with DT fuel mixtures to pressures from 10 to 150 atm,‡ and have had diameters in the range of 40 to 150 μ m. The DT fusion reaction occurs as the irradiated ...
Point-Contact Conduction-Cooling Technique and Apparatus for Cryogenic Laser Fusion Pellets
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_86
1978-01-01
Evacuated porous materials have seen wide use as cryogenic insulations for many years [^1,2] and numerous studies [^2–9] have addressed the technology of heat transport in these powder, fiber, foam and multilayer types of insulation. Although they are comprised of a wide variety of materials, the mechanisms of heat tra...
Heat Transfer in Microsphere Insulation in the Presence of a Gas
10.1007/978-1-4615-9083-5_39
1978-01-01
Multifilamentary Nb_3Sn superconductors are presently manufactured either by diffusing tin to niobium filaments from the surface of a copper matrix strand, or by providing tin in a tin—bronze matrix for reaction with the filaments. This paper describes recent work using both of these processes. A variation of the exter...
Performance of Multifilament Nb_3Sn Conductors for High-Field Applications Prepared by Competing Processes
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_43
1978-01-01
Nickel-containing steels are frequently selected for use at cryogenic temperatures because of their excellent toughness or strengths. For example, 304 stainless steel containing 8% Ni is characterized by very high toughness at cryogenic temperatures, but has relatively low strength. In contrast, 18% Ni, 200 grade, mara...
Cryogenic Properties of a New Tough-Strong Iron Alloy
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_11
1978-01-01
Energy conservation and ecological concerns are vital considerations in any energy development program. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach to electric power generation offers a unique combination of high-efficiency large-scale power generation and the capability of meeting air quality standards even when high-sulfu...
Commercial Realization of MHD—A Challenge for Superconducting Magnets
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_1
1978-01-01
Past experience has shown that cryogenic fluids can be used safely in industrial environments as well as sophisticated laboratories, provided that all facilities are properly designed and maintained, and personnel handling these fluids are adequately trained and supervised. There are many hazards associated with cryoge...
Safety with Cryogenic Systems
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_90
1978-01-01
The loss of ductility of iron and other b.c.c. metals in the cryogenic temperature range is thought to be caused by a rapid decrease in dislocation mobility with decreasing temperature. This is indicated by the large temperature dependence of yield stress at cryogenic temperatures. Mechanisms responsible for this pheno...
Surface Film Effects on Deformation Behavior of Iron Single Crystals at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_13
1978-01-01
Cryogenically cooled infrared telescopes are being developed in the United States and in Europe for flight on the NASA Space Shuttle and the European Spacelab, respectively. The latter will carry such telescopes among other experiments into orbit by the Shuttle some time in 1980. Infrared telescopes on Spacelab will en...
Liquid Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope for Astronomical and Atmospherical Measurements from Spacelab
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_77
1978-01-01
An initial investigation of the cryogenic fracture behavior of a solution-treated and double-aged Inconel 718 nickel-base superalloy revealed rather poor ductility and fracture properties. This low ductility and fracture toughness was attributed to a pronounced contiguous grain boundary metal carbide network, which for...
The Influence of Processing and Heat Treatment on the Cryogenic Fracture Mechanics Properties of Inconel 718
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_19
1978-01-01
The measurements discussed in this paper are part of a comprehensive experimental program to obtain orthobaric liquid densities for the major components of LNG and their mixtures using a magnetic suspension densimeter. The present measurements on methane plus ethane were made to evaluate vapor recirculation as a method...
Liquid Mixture Excess Volumes and Total Vapor Pressures Using a Magnetic Suspension Densimeter with Compositions Determined by Chromatographic Analysis: Methane Plus Ethane
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_73
1978-01-01
A large cryogenic tensile test apparatus has been constructed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) as part of the Nb_3Sn conductor program. This equipment was designed so that mechanical measurements can be made at 300, 77, or 4.2 K and critical current can be measured under simulated operating conditions as a fu...
Evaluation of Large, Multifilament Nb_3Sn Conductors with a New 12-Tesla Tensile Test Apparatus
10.1007/978-1-4613-9853-0_34
1978-01-01
Leidenfrost film boiling data of discrete masses of a cryogenic fluid were first reported by Keshock and Bell [^1,2]. These authors attempted to correlate their cryogenic data using the equations developed by Baumeister et al . [^3] from standard laminar film boiling theory. This theory had been found to successfully c...
Effect of Ice Contamination on Liquid-Nitrogen Drops in Film Boiling
10.1007/978-1-4613-4039-3_36
1977-12-01
Mechanical properties of alloy 01205 at cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF00670258
1977-11-01
1. Investigations of the cyclic strength of materials with cooling to 4.2°K made on a UNV-5 machine make it possible to reduce by 50–70% the time for testing 16 samples in comparison with the time required for testing the same number of samples on previously known machines. 2. The consumption of liquid helium is reduce...
Machine for fatigue tests of materials at cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF01528869
1977-10-01
Effect of sharp notches and cracks on the transition to quasibrittle fracture of structural metals ductile at cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF01528915
1977-09-01
Experimental results on the thermal conductivity of silica gels, including metallized gels, at cryogenic temperatures are presented.
Thermal conductivity of certain adsorption materials at the temperatures 10–200°K
10.1007/BF00860546
1977-09-01
Determining the conditions of quasibrittle failure of constructional metals which are ductile at cryogenic temperatures
10.1007/BF01528590
1977-09-01
Striate cortex in unanesthetized, paralyzed rhesus monkeys was cooled to assess the effects of temporary blockade of corticogeniculate fibers on responses of lateral geniculate neurons. Most neurons recorded under the thermode became inexcitable on cooling. After the onset of cooling, superficial layers became inexcita...
Effects of cryogenic blockade of visual cortex on the responses of lateral geniculate neurons in the monkey
10.1007/BF00236182
1977-05-01
Nonstationary heat and mass transfer in laminar-vacuum insulations are investigated experimentally and theoretically in application to their operating conditions in cryogenic vessels.
Heat and mass transfer in laminar-vacuum insulation
10.1007/BF00860599
1977-04-01
Activity of adsorbents in the cryogenic purification of hydrogen
10.1007/BF01144404
1977-04-01
The results of an experimental study of thermally induced oscillations are presented. Relations are given for the determination of the stability limit and amplitudes of the oscillations.
Thermally induced oscillations of helium in cryogenic apparatus
10.1007/BF00867034
1977-03-01
1. Cryogenic applicators having heat exchangers as thin-walled vessels show no effect from the material on the size of the frozen zone. 2. The heat-exchanger material should be chosen on the basis of design considerations, manufacturing convenience, or sterilization requirements.
Effects of heat-transfer material on the working parameters of cryosurgery instruments
10.1007/BF00556140
1977-01-01
At the present time, the major mechanical properties of structural materials at cryogenic temperatures have been studies of short-term static loading. Both experimental procedures and equipment for testing in static tension, flexure, compression, and shear are well developed and rather efficient for temperatures of liq...
Mechanical Property Measurement Techniques of Structural Materials At Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_12
1977-01-01
An electrical insulator in low-temperature equipment is stressed not only by the electrical field but also by mechanical forces, partly due to thermal gradients. At cryogenic temperatures some electrical properties, such as the dielectric losses, may be expected to improve. However, some mechanical properties of the di...
Surface Flashover Voltage of Spacers in Vacuum at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_33
1977-01-01
Cellular glass blocks are used as a load-bearing thermal insulation in the base of low-temperature storage tanks and in cryogenic tanks used to store liquid natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen, and ethylene. Approximately 75% of the large, above-ground LNG storage tanks buih since 1958 have utilized cellular glass blocks as ...
Cellular Glass Insulation for Load-Bearing Application in the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_26
1977-01-01
Evacuated uncoated microspheres are a promising insulation for cryogenic systems such as storage and transportation of LNG and onboard storage of cryogenic fuels in aircraft. For these applications the uncoated microspheres offer several advantages over metallized microspheres. Cost, which ranges frotn $2 to $50 per kg...
Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Uncoated Microsphere Cryogenic Insulation
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_28
1977-01-01
Superconducting composites within large-scale magnets can be subjected to high stresses. These stresses arise from several sources, chief among them being the winding tension and prestressing during construction of the magnet, the ther-momechanical forces incurred during thermal cycling to cryogenic temperatures, and e...
Effect of Stress on the Critical Current of NbTi Multifilamentary Composite Wire
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_54
1977-01-01
An application area for cryogenic structural materials requiring immediate attention is superconducting electrical machinery such as the two 5 MVA superconducting prototype generators recently developed by Westinghouse. One of the major candidate structural materials is Inconel X750, which is being utilized for the tor...
Microstructures of Inconel X750 for Cryogenic Structural Applications
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_6
1977-01-01
Copper has a higher yield strength than aluminum at low temperatures and therefore has been used for stabilizing material in practically all applications of superconducting composite cable.[^1] Only recently [^2,3] has serious consideration been given to high-purity aluminum; increased availability and decreasing cost ...
Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Dilute Aluminum-Gold Alloys at 300, 77, and 4.2 K
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_57
1977-01-01
Within the High-Temperature Chemistry Group (CMB-3) at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory hollow micro-targets for fusion experiments are routinely filled with 50–50 DT gas at pressures ranging from 1 to 1000 atm and temperatures of 300–400°C. Li(D,T) targets are also prepared using the exchange of LiD spheres with triti...
Tritium Handling and the Preparation of DT-Containing Micro-Targets for Laser Fusion Experiments
10.1007/978-1-4684-8103-7_18
1977-01-01
The chemical identity of the primary electron acceptor of photosystem I has been an active area of investigation for several years. Early proposals were that a chlorophyll molecule might be involved as a primary acceptor for photosystem I ( Kamen 1961, 1963). The discovery and characterization of a soluble chloroplast ...
Primary Electron Acceptors
10.1007/978-3-642-66505-9_10
1977-01-01
The use of superconductors in rotating electrical machinery results in high rotor stresses at cryogenic temperatures, and requires the availability of structural materials that must meet stringent performance requirements. This paper discusses the potential advantages of composite materials for such applications, the r...
Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers to Rotating Superconducting Machinery
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_21
1977-01-01
The Advanced Research Projects Agency is currently supporting research to characterize the properties of various structural materials at liquid-helium temperature. The objective is to obtain design data for superconducting motors and generators. Fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites are included in this program be...
Static Tensile Properties of Boron-Aluminum and Boron-Epoxy Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_22
1977-01-01
The Space Shuttle carries more than 500,000 kg of Uquid oxygen (LO_2) and 100,000 kg of liquid hydrogen (LH_2) propellant. Seals for this main propellant system therefore must provide extremely high reliability under prolonged service at cryogenic temperatures. The chief threat to consistently reliable operation is not...
A Promising New Cryogenic Seal Candidate
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_64
1977-01-01
Advanced cryogenic machinery such as present-generation 5 MVA superconducting generator prototypes[^1,2] contain welded rotor components that experience high rotational stresses at extreme cryogenic temperatures to 4.2 K. To ensure achievement of a reliable failure-safe design of such components, adequate characterizat...
Evaluation of Inconel X750 Weldments for Cryogenic Applications
10.1007/978-1-4613-9850-9_8
1976-09-01
Cryogenic apparatus for local freezing and irrigation
10.1007/BF00558743
1976-09-01
Procedure for calculating the cooling of cryogenic liquids under a regime of boiling and surface evaporation
10.1007/BF01153699
1976-07-01
Alloy AMg5 is more suitable for operation at cryogenic temperatures, since its mechanical properties are superior to those of alloy AMg6.
Mechanical properties of alloys AMg5 and AMg6 at −196°C
10.1007/BF00703807
1976-06-01
A new material PAM-50 for making guide bushings for cryogenic equipment
10.1007/BF01154406
1976-05-01
Cryogenic technique in the treatment of neoplasms of the oral cavity and pharynx
10.1007/BF00556425
1976-05-01
Cryogenic instruments for treatment of tumors of the head and neck
10.1007/BF00556424
1976-05-01
Device for cryogenic action in subatrophic and atrophic rhinitis and pharyngitis
10.1007/BF00556423
1976-01-01
Outlook for using mixture throttling cycles in cryogenic systems
10.1007/BF01143488
1975-12-01
Questions of cooling and freezing cryogenic fluids by evacuating the vapor space are examined. The results of a theoretical investigation are compared with experimental data.
Cooling of cryogenic fluids by evacuation of the vapor space
10.1007/BF00863715