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1975-11-01 | On-site detection speeds response to flammable cryogenic gas leaks. | A cryogenic line leak detector | 10.1007/BF02593024 |
1975-09-01 | High-speed turboexpanders with gas bearings for cryogenic helium plants | 10.1007/BF01152485 | |
1975-09-01 | Hydraulic shocks in dead-end branch pipes of cryogenic equipment | 10.1007/BF01152479 | |
1975-09-01 | Development of cryogenic techniques and refrigerating-machine construction in the USSR | 10.1007/BF01152474 | |
1975-04-01 | Experimental investigation of hydraulic characteristics of filters for cryogenic systems | 10.1007/BF01144751 | |
1975-03-01 | In cats under nembutal or chloralose anesthesia, unilateral temporary cryogenic blockades of the primary visual cortex were performed and their influence on unitary responses to restricted light spots was tested in the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus. No significant effect could thus be observed, at variance with previo... | A study of geniculate unit activity during cryogenic blockade of the primary visual cortex in the cat | 10.1007/BF00234766 |
1975-02-01 | Effect of heat treatment on properties of steel 03Kh13AG19 at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF00679169 | |
1975-01-01 | Deuterium, a heavy hydrogen isotope, is used in certain bubble chambers and also for experiments in nuclear fusion. However, the greatest demand for deuterium is associated with nuclear reactor technology, particularly for reactors of high power output. These reactors have attained importance because they can use natur... | Heavy Water Production by Cryogenic Processing | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_54 |
1975-01-01 | Transition boiling is one of the least investigated domains of heat transfer. This is due both to the complexity of the process and to the fact that in most studies the boiling curve is investigated at fixed heat flux. Present progress in cryogenic technology and increased demands on the precision in calculations of th... | Heat Transfer in Transition Boiling of Cryogenic Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_35 |
1975-01-01 | Liquid helium is an indispensable cryogen for devices operating at temperatures below 10 K. Examples are semiconductor and superconductor far-infrared detectors and superconductive sensors, magnets, and logic elements. For planned scientific experiments associated with space missions, such as the Stanford/NASA gyroscop... | Sensor for Distinguishing Liquid-Vapor Phases of Superfluid Helium | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_31 |
1975-01-01 | Present progress in plasma research has been promising to the point that several groups have started to study technological problems (including safety issues) of controlled thermonuclear reactors (CTR) [^1], in particular Tokamaks. Similar conceptual design studies have also been carried out for inductive energy storag... | Temperature Excursions during Loss of Magnet Coolant Accidents with Thermalization of Energy of Large Superconducting Solenoids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_14 |
1975-01-01 | The process design engineer usually relies upon correlations for predicting the liquid-vapor equilibria of multicomponent systems. These correlations require accurate binary data—both as a test and as a source of binary interaction parameters. With this problem in mind, the authors have compiled and evaluated liquid-va... | On the Consistency of Liquid-Vapor Equilibria Data for Binary Mixtures of Methane with the Light Paraffin Hydrocarbons | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_57 |
1975-01-01 | Optimization studies seem to indicate that a typical Tokamak power reactor will have a thermal output of 5000 MW, a major radius of 13 m, and a minor radius of 5 m. The D-shaped superconductive toroidal field magnets for such a reactor will probably have a bore of 25 m. Radiation damage to the plasma containment vessel... | Engineering Considerations of the Toroidal Magnet and Dewar for Uwmak-11—a Wisconsin Tokamak Fusion Reactor Design | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0208-8_10 |
1974-12-01 | Determination of the conditions for the start of surface boiling of a cryogenic liquid | 10.1007/BF01137345 | |
1974-11-01 | In 4 dorsolateral thalamic nuclei (LA, DLAmc, DLLd and DLLv) short latency evoked responses were recorded after electrical or photic stimulation of the contralateral eye. Electrical stimulation of these 4 nuclei led to bilaterally evoked responses in the wulst, where previous experiments had demonstrated an oligosynapt... | The dorsolateral thalamus as a relay in the retino-wulst pathway in pigeon (Columba livia) | 10.1007/BF00235744 |
1974-06-01 | The effect of heat leakage to the outside surface of a heat bridge on the temperature variation along such a bridge has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. | Temperature variation along a cylindrical heat bridge in cryogenic pipelines | 10.1007/BF00829828 |
1974-05-01 | Use of cryogenic treatment to restore worn plug gages | 10.1007/BF01137271 | |
1974-05-01 | Terminology in cryogenic engineering | 10.1007/BF01137269 | |
1974-04-01 | Smalley committee to offer aflatoxin check meal series | 10.1007/BF02639717 | |
1974-01-01 | The research in the field of large scale application of superconductivity is supported in FRANCE by three different sources. | Programs on Large Scale Applications of Superconductivity in France | 10.1007/978-1-4684-2784-4_11 |
1974-01-01 | The effects of cavitating cryogenic liquids at elevated static pressures on metals | 10.1007/BF00728550 | |
1974-01-01 | Design of processes for cooling cryogenic equipment | 10.1007/BF01146128 | |
1974-01-01 | The good combination of strength and toughness of HF9-4-X steels permits them to be used for heavily loaded high-pressure tanks [24], submarine hulls, and parts of nuclear reactors [18], as well as for cryogenic applications [25]. | Medium-carbon structural steels with high strength and toughness alloyed with 9% Ni and 4% Co | 10.1007/BF00679202 |
1974-01-01 | Isolated newborn rat heart cells were cultured for several days, then subjected to a standard procedure of trypsinization, slow freezing in 10% dimethylsulfoxide, storage at −180° to −190°C for 1 to 3 days, rapid thawing, and recultivation. The same cells were recycled two more times in identical procedures. Morphologi... | Reanimation of cultured mammalian myocardial cells during multiple cycles of trypsinization-freezing-thawing | 10.1007/BF02616070 |
1973-06-01 | Results are shown of an experimental study with regard to the equilibrium or departure from it during the cooling of cryogenic liquids by vapor evacuation or by paddling with bubbles of an uncondensable gas. | Experimental study with regard to the cooling of cryogenic liquids | 10.1007/BF00831676 |
1973-02-01 | Results are shown of a study concerning the critical film boiling of various cryogenic liquids. The physical mechanism of this process is analyzed and recommendations are made for calculating it. | A study of critical film boiling under natural convection | 10.1007/BF00828854 |
1973-01-01 | During the past two decades we have witnessed and participated in a phenomenal growth of the applications and requirements of large-scale cryotechnology. A necessary ingredient for this growth has been a concomitant increase in sophistication of the instrumentation techniques necessary for the surveillance and regulati... | Cryogenic Instrumentation at and above Liquid Hydrogen Temperature—Present and Future | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3111-7_33 |
1973-01-01 | Thermocouple circuits [^1,2] vary widely, depending on their particular application. The circuit most commonly used for multiple thermocouple applications, as shown in Fig. 1, incorporates a single reference junction located outside of the process column. This conventional design approach will be compared with a “diffe... | The Use of Difference Thermocouples in Cryogenic Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4684-3111-7_38 |
1973-01-01 | The ability of Type II superconductors to maintain zero electrical resistance under direct current conditions while in the presence of high magnetic fields has led to various current and proposed future uses for superconducting coils. These include high energy physics applications, containment coils for controlled ther... | Superconducting Coils | 10.1007/978-1-4615-8978-5_4 |
1972-08-01 | A unit for investigating the low-cycle fatigue of alloys at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF01529706 | |
1972-07-01 | The optimal strength, ductility, and toughness of alloy KhN40MDTYu at cryogenic temperatures result from quenching + aging or from deformation with no heat treatment: σ_b = 180kg/mm^2, σ_0.2 = 100–120 kg/mm^2, δ=20%, ψ=15%, a _n=5–7 kg-m/cm^2 at −253°C. | Mechanical properties of alloy KhN40MDTYu at low temperatures | 10.1007/BF00647882 |
1972-06-01 | The strength of welded joints in high strength stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF01529922 | |
1972-04-01 | Attachment for studying optical properties of crystals in the vacuum-ultraviolet region at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF00646166 | |
1972-02-01 | The influence of stress concentrators on the properties of steel in cryogenic technology | 10.1007/BF01527580 | |
1972-01-01 | Determination of the strength of materials and welded joints at cryogenic temperatures by bending tests on discs supported around the periphery | 10.1007/BF01527691 | |
1972-01-01 | The thermal behavior of the Apollo cryogenic gas storage system is directly related to gravity because of stratification effects. Several interesting things happen when this system is operated in the near-zero-gravity environment of orbital and translunar flight. Stratification is very evident when the thermal performa... | Zero-Gravity Thermal Performance of the Apollo Cryogenic Gas Storage System | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_15 |
1972-01-01 | A superconducting prototype linear accelerator for protons of 60 MeV and a radio-frequency particle separator are being developed at this Institute. The prototype accelerator [^1], which should demonstrate the feasibility of a large high-current accelerator, will be composed of a 10-m helix type structure for accelerat... | Continuously Cooled Superconducting Linear Accelerator and Particle Separator Models at 4.4 and 2°K | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_25 |
1972-01-01 | Among the various modes of heat transport to liquids, film boiling is considered to be an inefficient mechanism. However, in many practical engineering applications it occurs. Consequently, film boiling must be studied and understood for design applications. Film boiling is invariably encountered in quenching of metals... | A Review of Film Boiling at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_40 |
1972-01-01 | Two-phase flow is difficult to avoid in cryogenic systems. Each time such systems are cooled to operating temperatures, two-phase flow is encountered unless the system pressure is maintained well above the critical pressure. In addition, many applications involve the low-pressure vaporization of cryogenic liquids in he... | Techniques for Determining Average Density and Related Parameters in Two-Phase Cryogenic Flow Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_23 |
1972-01-01 | This paper outlines the recent trends in cryogenic fluid production in the United States. Some predictions for the near future are made. They are based on recent growth patterns and estimates of the impact of certain technological advances. | Trends in Cryogenic Fluid Production in the United States | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_1 |
1972-01-01 | Current space program plans indicate a nuclear vehicle will be developed for operation as a cargo/personnel shuttle between earth orbit and lunar orbit, between low earth orbit and synchronous orbit, and possibly for use with interplanetary probes. The economic feasibility of such a nuclear shuttle is expected to be hi... | Orbital Propellant Depot System | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_16 |
1972-01-01 | Glass fibers have shown outstanding strength and strength-to-density ratio properties that make their application to pressure vessels particularly attractive. The application has been generally in the form of filament-wound glass-reinforced plastic [^1]. However, after extended periods of static or dynamic loading at a... | Static and Dynamic Fatigue Behavior of Glass Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels at Ambient and Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4684-7826-6_17 |
1971-10-01 | Mechanical properties of high-strength stainless steel of transitional class ÉP288 (Kh16N6, SN-2A) at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF01527505 | |
1971-01-01 | Because of its low temperature, a cryogenic fluid can film-boil by simply bringing it in contact with an ambient or room-temperature surface. As a result, film boiling is an important aspect of cryogenic heat transfer. It is also important in conventional boilers, in quenching, and in similar applications. | Experimental Effects of Pressure, Subcooling, and Diameter on Thin-Wire Film Boiling of Liquid Nitrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_52 |
1971-01-01 | It is well known that the magnetic properties of soft ferromagnetic alloys are affected by temperature. In this respect a great deal of work is reported in the literature on the effects of elevated temperatures, but only a few references concerning low-temperature properties are available to design engineers. One of th... | Magnetic Properties of Commercial Soft Magnetic Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_6 |
1971-01-01 | This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of saturated film pool boiling from flat horizontal surfaces. Nitrogen at atmospheric pressure was used as the boiling fluid. Heat-transfer results were obtained over a range of temperature differences of approximately 1000°F (plate temperatures of 100 to... | Film Pool Boiling of Nitrogen from Flat Surfaces | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_51 |
1971-01-01 | An ion implanted silicon sensor is presented where conductivity variation of the semiconductor with temperature is monitored, the useful range of temperature measurement being determined by the doping concentration of the implanted layer. The advantages of ion implanted technology with respect to other methods are poin... | Ion Implanted Thermoresistive Device for Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-642-80660-5_54 |
1971-01-01 | Ion implantation of nitrogen in silicon has been studied at 28 °K and 283 °K. Van der Pauw Hall measurements and sheet resistivity have been used to characterize the electrical properties of the implanted layer. Low temperature implants produce an essentially total amorphous layer which upon annealing shows enhanced ca... | Nitrogen Implantation of p-Silicon at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-642-80660-5_67 |
1971-01-01 | The frequent use of Apiezon grease as a thermal bonding agent at cryogenic temperatures has led to interest in its physical properties [^1]. Westrum, Chou, Osborne, and Flotow [^2] have carried out heat-capacity measurements on a 32.54-g sample of Apiezon T grease. Their results reveal a broad anomaly in the temperatur... | The Glass Temperature and the Specific Heat of Apiezon N and T Greases | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_7 |
1971-01-01 | For purposes of either operational control of a reaction or reactor design, a mathematical expression relating the overall reaction rate to the composition of the fluid phase is essential. From the viewpoint of design or control, the fewer parameters in this expression, the better. Unfortunately, theory has not yet mad... | A Comparison of Rate Expressions for the Low-Temperature Para-Orthohydrogen Shift | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_12 |
1971-01-01 | The film-boiling data presently available over a wide range of pressures seem to be very limited. More data are required in order that theoretical equations and the effects of pressure and diameter on film boiling can be ascertained. This study was initiated to provide data for the above reasons and to provide design d... | A Study of Film Boiling of Corresponding-States Fluids over a Wide Pressure Range with Cylindrical Heaters | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_50 |
1971-01-01 | Thermal radiation even at low temperatures is important when conduction and convection heat transfer are minimized, as under certain vacuum situations found in space simulators and cryogenic storage vessels. But in such cases, the radiative heat transfer cannot be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. The uncertain... | Total Normal Emittances of Some Real Surfaces at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_57 |
1971-01-01 | Film-boiling heat transfer between two liquids at different temperatures has been under extensive investigation recently in consideration of propellant-spillage accidents [^1]. If liquid propellants spill accidently during test-stand or launching operations, a catastrophic explosion resulting from the detonation of the... | Liquid or Solid on Liquid in Leidenfrost Film Boiling | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_56 |
1971-01-01 | The mechanical properties of polymers differ fundamentally in many respects from those of metals and much of this difference can be ascribed to the characteristic structures of these two classes of material. Most polymers consist of long molecular chains which are built up from a large number of single molecular units ... | The Properties of Nonmetals | 10.1007/978-1-4684-1887-3_4 |
1971-01-01 | If slush as well as liquid hydrogen is to be used effectively as a fuel or propellant in space missions, it is apparent that accurate and convenient instrumentation must be available to (1) continuously monitor the quantity (total mass) of hydrogen available in storage vessels; and (2) show the mass flow rate during an... | Instrumentation for Storage and Transfer of Hydrogen Slush | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_28 |
1971-01-01 | Cryogenic nitrogen is inert, inexpensive, and generally available in large quantities at many research centers. It is used for cooling equipment, heating or cooling other fluids, as a modeling fluid, and in many cases as the primary test fluid in a heat-transfer and fluid-dynamics research, ntwo is a Fortran iv family... | NTWO—A Nitrogen-Properties Package | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_10 |
1970-08-01 | Urgent problems in the investigation into the load-carrying ability of cryogenic pressure vessels | 10.1007/BF01527722 | |
1970-01-01 | The application of cold has been employed from time immemorial to relieve the discomfort of inflammation and injury but it is a description of the more specific uses of temperatures at, or well below, freezing point that will be discussed in this chapter. Cryosurgery can be considered under the following headings: 1. C... | Cryogenic Surgery | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9933-0_8 |
1969-10-01 | Mit einem aus einer Analysenwaage konstruierten Spezialgerät wurden Untersuchungen an je vier Leber- und vier Hirngewebsproben zur Frage der Haftfähigkeit der Cooperschen Kältesonde am Gewebe vorgenommen. Gemessen wurden Zugkraft und Dilatation in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur. Es erwies sich, daß die Haftfähigkeit e... | Untersuchungen zur Gewebehaftung in der Kryochirurgie | 10.1007/BF02044670 |
1969-09-01 | Structure and properties of steels for operation at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF00653158 | |
1969-05-01 | 1. The toughness of nickel, stainless, and complex alloyed martensitic steels at room and cryogenic temperatures can be increased by stabilizing 10\2-25% austenite in a dispersed state. 2. A large amount of stable austenite can be obtained in Fe\t-Ni, Fe\t-Cr\t-Ni, and other martensitic steels by heating them 30\2-80\d... | Increasing the ductility of martensitic steels by heat treatment | 10.1007/BF00648621 |
1969-01-01 | Very few mechanical property tests have been conducted on welded or brazed copper and copper alloys. The only published low-temperature results are those of Lismer [^1] who tested welded copper-nickel alloys. These alloys (Cu-20, 30% Ni) exhibited Increased tensile and notch-tensile weld strengths as the temperature wa... | Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Welded and Brazed Copper | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_10 |
1969-01-01 | Analysis of theoretical and practical work in the literature indicates that slush hydrogen can be manufactured and transferred through facility piping to a point near a launch vehicle. The rate of flow of the solids, i.e., the product of the volumetric rate of flow, the slush density, and the slush solid fraction at th... | Prelaunch Slush Hydrogen Loading Factors Affecting Instrumentation and Control | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_38 |
1969-01-01 | It has been shown that a method of loading a specified solid fraction of slush hydrogen aboard a vehicle on the launch pad is feasible. This is based upon a loading equation derived from an energy balance of a slush tankage system over time[^1,2] using surface level as a controlling parameter. | Use of Capacitance Level Gauging for Prelaunch Loading of Slush Hydrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_39 |
1969-01-01 | The NASA Centaur vehicle utilizes Flexible Linear Shaped Charges (FLSC) containing 7 to 15 grains of RDX/ft to perform various separation functions (Fig. 1). Although the systems have consistently performed satisfactorily on flight vehicles, a few unexplained propagation failures occurred during early development tests... | Investigation of Propagation Failures of Flexible Linear Shaped Charges at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_58 |
1969-01-01 | Future orbital lunar, and Interplanetary space flights require long-term storage of cryogens for life support, power from fuel cells, and propulsion. Successful accomplishment of these missions Is enhanced by optimization of high-performance Insulation and other system conditions such as Initial cryogenic state (e.g.. ... | Slush and Subcooled Propellants for Lunar and Interplanetary Missions | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_3 |
1969-01-01 | Recent advances in the engineering of cryogenic systems, especially the liquefaction of natural gas, have made new demands on equations of state. Accurate representation of the thermodynamic properties of methane and mixtures containing methane at low temperatures is now required for process calculations. | Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for Methane at Cryogenic Conditions | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_6 |
1969-01-01 | Due to the rapid growth of cryogenic technology and the accompanying rise in the use of high vacuum insulation, thermal radiation of metais at cryogenic temperatures has become an area of increasing importance. A recent review article [^1] of the subject indicates the extent to which the development of experimental as ... | Predictions of the Total Emissivity of Metals at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_29 |
1969-01-01 | A heat-driven refrigerator was first patented by Vullteumier in 1913. Related designs were patented by Vannevar Bush in 1938 and K. W. Taconis in 1951. While all of these involve different physical apparatus, they are similar in principle of operation. All produce refrigeration at a low temperature, with power being su... | Steady-State Operation of the Idealized Vuilleumier Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_44 |
1969-01-01 | A principal objective of controlled, thermonuclear fusion research has been the stable confinement of a hydrogen plasma. Material containers are not suitable, but magnetic fields are known to exert strong forces on the electrically charged particles of a plasma. A cusped field, increasing in all directions away from th... | Large Superconducting Baseball Magnet | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_12 |
1969-01-01 | In the past 20 years, a great need has been developing for compact cryogenic refrigerators to give reliable cryogenic temperatures (2° to 150°K) in small regions, possibly only 1 to 100 cc in volume. As a result, there has been a great deal of activity in the development of small cryogenic refrigerators. | Compact Cryogenic Thermal Regenerator Performance | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_45 |
1969-01-01 | Indicator diagram of a high pressure pump for cryogenic liquid | 10.1007/BF01136879 | |
1969-01-01 | Adsorptive purifiers are fixed-bed units in which the carrier gas containing the impurity to be adsorbed is passed through a packed bed of adsorbent. In this type of operation there are two distinct mass transfer processes: the diffusion of the impurity through the gas phase to the surface of the adsorbent, and diffusi... | The Kinetics of Adsorption of Methane and Nitrogen from Hydrogen Gas | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_5 |
1969-01-01 | The exhaust piume of rocket engines fired In the vacuum of space experiences an extremely wide expansion. The compact packaging on space vehicles, due to weight and space limitations, very often subjects equipment to engine exhaust plume heating. The impingement heating rates cannot be measured In the laboratory becaus... | Hydrogen Peroxide Motor Exhaust Heating to Components at Cryogenic Temperatures in the Vacuum of Space | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0549-2_57 |
1967-12-01 | The main parameters of cryogenic vacuum chambers are examined and the possibility of their calculation by the Monte Carlo method is shown. An algorithm for calculating the parameters and its realization on a computer are described. | Calculation of the parameters of cryogenic vacuum chambers by the Monte Carlo method | 10.1007/BF00828977 |
1967-10-01 | Steels and alloys for cryogenic technology | 10.1007/BF00655794 | |
1967-06-01 | The most promising alloy for cryogenic technology of those tested is AT2-2. In the α+β alloys VT3-1 and VT14 the plasticity decreases sharply at −196°C, and therefore they cannot be recommended for operation below that temperature. | Titanium alloys for cryogenic technology | 10.1007/BF00657591 |
1967-03-01 | Effect of cryogenic temperatures, vacuum, and gaseous media on friction and wear of materials | 10.1007/BF00716211 | |
1967-01-01 | Certain in-orbit experiments, which are presently in the planning stage, have stringent low-temperature environmental requirements. In the case to be considered here, it is necessary to maintain a cylindrical interior having a volume of several cubic feet at a spatially uniform temperature. The magnitude of the tempera... | Systems for Environments in Space at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_13 |
1967-01-01 | The accurate measurement of low-temperature volumetric properties of fluids is becoming increasingly important in the field of cryogenics. These properties are necessary for the prediction of the physical behavior of cryogenic systems and are utilized also in the calculation of thermodynamic properties. | Low Temperature Determination of P-V-T Properties of Gases and Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_73 |
1967-01-01 | The production of reliable phase equilibria data for systems of cryogenic fluid mixtures has been of increasing importance in the last several years. Until recently, the data for systems containing neon were conspicuously lacking. At present, however, data have been published for several systems containing neon with an... | Liquid-Vapor Equilibria of the Neon-Helium System | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_75 |
1967-01-01 | In an earlier paper, a new refrigeration cycle was described by Gifford and McMahon [^1,2]. Since this first paper, several other papers have described performance, improvements, and embodiments of this thermodynamic cycle [^3–5]. Several papers point out that the Gifford-McMahon cycle is particularly inefficient when ... | Performance of a 4°K Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_58 |
1967-01-01 | Nickel-base alloys are of particular interest for applications at cryogenic temperatures for a number of reasons. They possess a face-centered cubic crystal structure which is known to retain its toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero. Also the nickel-base alloys have excellent high temperature proper... | Mechanical Properties of Several Nickel-Base Alloys at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_54 |
1967-01-01 | Liquid helium in an open system frequently is used to provide cooling at 4.2°K. In lieu of liquid helium supply systems which may be impractical for many applications (particularly, mobile, airborne, and space requirements), a refrigerator may be required to maintain the temperature of the apparatus. A survey has been ... | Size and Power Requirements of 4.2°K Refrigerators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_59 |
1967-01-01 | In setting up a magnet installation considerable engineering effort is needed for both the power supply and the cooling plant. For a 100-kOe facility we have seen that the power required is around 2 MW, and for 250 kOe around 12 MW, which is within the realm of heavy industrial equipment. Yet for some experiments the s... | Power Supplies | 10.1007/978-1-4899-6612-4_5 |
1967-01-01 | The maraging steels are now well known for their desirable combination of high strength and good toughness at room temperature [^1–3]. Room temperature tensile strengths up to 350 ksi have been obtained with aged material; however, the fracture toughness is somewhat lowered at these high strengths. Nevertheless, reason... | Cryogenic Properties of 18Ni-9Co-5Mo and 18Ni-7Co-5Mo Maraging Steel Sheet | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_55 |
1967-01-01 | Since the inception of space vacuum simulation, there has been a need to create, at least in a small test volume, the pressure existent in space, 10^-12 to 10^-16 torr. Although this level of vacuum has been achieved in research-type facilities, requiring extreme care and expense, the conduct of a test in such a system... | Sorption Pumping of Residual Gases at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_16 |
1967-01-01 | There are some applications where aluminum alloy castings, because of the ease with which they can be made into relatively complex shapes, would be very desirable for service at cryogenic temperatures. Parts which would require extensive machining from plate or hand forgings and are too intricate for the effective use ... | Notch Toughness of Some Aluminum Alloy Castings at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_49 |
1967-01-01 | The Burnett method is an experimental technique, introduced by Burnett [^1] in 1936, which makes it possible to obtain accurate P-V-T data for pure gases and gas mixtures without requiring volume and mass measurements of the test gas at each experimental point. The mathematical formalism of the method has been presente... |
P-V-T Behavior of Neon at Temperatures from 70° to 120°K and Pressures to 300 Atmospheres | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_74 |
1967-01-01 | With the approach of complex space missions and long cruise times, a rapid cooldown of the cryogenic propellant line becomes mandatory. Some of the problems of long chilldown include propellant waste and delayed engine starting. Early liquidsolid contact during cooldown of engine suction lines is required to damp out l... | A Comparison of Cooldown Time between Internally Coated and Uncoated Propellant Lines | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_35 |
1967-01-01 | The purpose of the experimental investigation of boiling on shrouded spheres was to provide a basis for the design of high-pressure, low-temperature gas storage tanks. Shrouded helium tanks were considered for use in the Saturn V space system. Several such tanks were connected in series and were cooled by liquid nitrog... | Cooldown of Shrouded Spherical Vessels in Liquid Nitrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_39 |
1967-01-01 | During the coast phases of space flight, or under orbit conditions, there will be extended periods of time during which high energy liquid propellants and other liquids will be subjected to a state of virtual weightlessness. Liquid orientation is necessary for venting the propellant tank to keep the vapor pressure with... | Dynamics of a Cryogenic Liquid in an Electric Field | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_10 |
1967-01-01 | Development of a cryogenic superconductive gyroscope for gimballed platform mounting was initiated in an effort to determine whether operation in the cryogenic environment would avoid random changes in drift behavior which limit accuracy of conventional gyroscopes. At temperatures near absolute zero, the materials used... | A Superconducting Gyroscope for Gimballed Platform Application | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_68 |
1967-01-01 | The thermal insulation for a cryogenic stage is closely related to the intended mission of the space vehicle. For a low-orbit, short-duration flight (less than 1 hr), the thermal insulation is used primarily to restrict the heat flux into propellants induced by kinetic heating while passing through the earth’s atmosphe... | Thermal Insulation for Liquid Hydrogen Space Tankage | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_29 |
1967-01-01 | A small, open-cycle, Joule-Thomson helium refrigerator has been developed, capable of producing 500 mW of refrigeration in the 4°K range. The AC-3L CRYO-TIP^® refrigerator* uses liquid nitrogen and commercial gas cylinders of hydrogen and helium as working fluids. It is readily adaptable to a variety of experiments thr... | A 4°K Joule-Thomson Laboratory Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0489-1_57 |
1966-01-01 | The current Interest in the use of cryogens in the solid phase is focused upon their application as heat sinks for cooling electronic components, particularly infrared detectors, in aircraft and spacecraft [^1–5]. The solid-cryogen cooler stores a solid mass of cryogen in a vented dewar system. The item to be cooled is... | Cooling with Solid Cryogens—A Review | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_21 |
1966-01-01 | In a series of recent articles the authors have described the results of liquid-vapor phase equilibrium studies of several low-temperature systems for which little or no data were previously available. The systems studied and the ranges of temperature and pressure covered in each study are shown in Table I. | Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the System Neon-Oxygen From 63° to 152°K and at Pressures to 5000 PSI | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_39 |
1966-01-01 | Stainless steels with a high nitrogen content are commonly used at high temperatures because of their superior creep-rupture strengths and their resistance to intergranular corrosion [^1]. It has recently been noticed that the nitrogen content also has a marked effect on the yield strength of such steels [^2], as shown... | Tensile and Creep Properties of a High Nitrogen Content 18/10 (AISI 304-L) Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_48 |
1966-01-01 | Cryogenic liquids play an important role in many phases of industry and the space program. A knowledge of their physical and thermodynamic properties, e.g., density, heat capacity, surface tension, etc., is needed in solving many problems. It is essential to determine these properties accurately, preferably with relati... | Method for Determination of Density of Cryogenic Liquids and Mixtures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_31 |
1966-01-01 | This paper describes how NASA MSFC uses and manages the cryogenic propellant program for Saturn applications. It also discusses the use of more stringent purity requirements in this specific program. | Saturn Vehicle Cryogenic Programs | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0522-5_28 |
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