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2023-01-01 | The effects of ozone addition and low-temperature chemistry (LTC) progression on DME/O $$_{2}$$ 2 detonations are evaluated with experimental detonation velocity and cell size measurements and one-dimensional ZND simulations. For $$ \phi = 1.2$$ ϕ = 1.2 and $$P_{\textrm{o}}= 22.7$$ P o = 22.7 kPa, detonations are experimentally investigated over a range of ozone enhancement levels (0.0–1.6-mol%), initial reactant temperatures (293 K and 468 K), and LTC progression times (250–6000 ms). A 33-K gas temperature rise from LTC heat release is observed for mixtures with 1.0-mol% ozone enhancement and initial temperature of 468 K, suggesting a limited extent of LTC progression in this study. Experiments showed minimal detonation velocity dependence on ozone enhancement level or LTC progression despite the increased radical pool. Average cell size is found to decrease 15–30% with 1.6-mol% ozone addition, indicating a greater reactant mixture sensitivity to detonation. To estimate the cell size, a center-of-exothermic-length induction length is defined and used with an empirical correlation to calculate a singular cell size when multiple thermicity peaks are present in ZND modeling. This approach shows good agreement with experimental findings. Cell size dependence on LTC progression is found to have a statistically insignificant variance for LTC progression times at the temperatures used in this study. | Effects of ozone addition and LTC progression on detonation of O
$$_{3}$$
3
-enhanced DME–O
$$_{2}$$
2
| 10.1007/s00193-022-01113-2 |
2023-01-01 | This article considers measures to reduce air pollution from autonomous heating facilities. At the present time autonomous heat supply is actively developing. Affordability, controllability, autonomy, economy allow to determine the choice of consumers. But unlike power plants, the design of small boiler units is quite simple. Such boilers have no tail heating surfaces and flue gas cleaning devices. Common solutions to improve energy efficiency often do not take into account the impact of emissions into the environment. This article proposes to consider ways to reduce the impact of emissions into the environment from a small boiler and a group of boilers. A comprehensive approach to improve the efficiency and ecological of the boiler is considered: analysis of the influence of fuel-air mixture parameters and increase of fuel efficiency, optimization of combustion process and reduction of harmful emissions formation; investigation of flue gas removal and dispersion of pollutants into the atmospheric air. This method will improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of operation from a single boiler and determine the optimal location of a group arrangement of boilers of small capacity. | Reducing emissions into the environment during the operation of small-capacity boilers | 10.2991/978-94-6463-330-6_18 |
2023-01-01 | With the increase of oil and gas exploration in China, deep, low permeability and unconventional reservoirs have gradually become an important field for increasing reservoir production, and higher requirements have been put forward for reservoir reconstruction fluids. Fracturing fluids not only need to meet the characteristics of high temperature resistance and low damage, but also need to meet the conditions of large-scale reconstruction. The first generation of clean fracturing fluid is based on surfactant, which has low damage and good viscoelasticity, but is mainly suitable for low and medium temperature reservoirs. With the further deterioration of reservoir quality, it is urgent to develop the second generation clean fracturing fluid. The high-temperature resistant cleaning fracturing fluid studied in this paper has the following advantages: (1) No vegetable gum, complete glue broken, less than 60 mg/l residue, low damage; (2) The maximum temperature resistance can reach 180 ℃; (3) Simple formula, no need to prepare in advance; (4) good viscoelasticity, with good sand-carrying performance. Through the analysis of the application prospect of high-temperature resistant clean fracturing fluid, it is considered that the fracturing fluid is more suitable for large-scale reservoir reconstruction and "factory" operation, and can partially replace guar gum fracturing fluid for development and utilization, and has a broad application prospect. | Research and Application Prospect Analysis of High Temperature Resistant Cleaning Fracturing Fluid | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_378 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract Changes in the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel containing trace amount of Zr—namely, Advanced Reduced Activation Alloy (ARAA) were presented in the temperature range of 573 to 873 K. The fatigue lifetime decreased significantly as the temperature increased from 573 to 823 K, but it was rather similar between 823 and 873 K, where the tensile properties deteriorated most rapidly. The decrease in lifetime at elevated temperatures is mainly due to the disappearance of the initial tempered martensitic structure during cycling resulting in rapid cyclic softening and local oxidation at surface slip bands which led to earlier crack initiation. The fatigue lifetime and cyclic softening behavior of ARAA were compared with those of the other conventional RAFM steels. Graphical Abstract | Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel at Elevated Temperatures | 10.1007/s12540-022-01209-5 |
2023-01-01 | Single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is an ultra-precision subtractive material removal process to achieve optical-finish surfaces almost on any material. Due to this capability to produce nano-level surface finish, it has become an important advanced manufacturing process for optics, semiconductors, biomedical, defense and aerospace sectors. However, due to its initial setup cost, its popularity and uses have been suppressed in many regions. As it is a nanoscale regime machining process, size effect has a major influence along with effective rake angle, tool wear, crystallographic orientation, ploughing, rubbing, burnishing, build-up edge, tool vibration, material swelling and elastic recovery. All these factors need to be studied to understand in order to improve the outcome of the process. Numerical simulation is one of the low-cost alternative methods to study the process and its influencing factors on product quality and process efficiency. These techniques can provide insight into the effects of cutting process that are often difficult see through physical experiments. Studies showed that the methods helped the researchers in understanding the insight of process, physics and origins of chip formations, microstructural behaviour during plastic deformation. Thus, it is ascertained that these alternatives methods if effectively designed may help to cut down the (a) operating and metrological cost and time, (b) predict the outcome of the processes and (c) optimize the process parameters without carrying out costly and tiresome experiments. The approach is found to be simple and economical and a possible substitute for costly, tedious and time-consuming physical experiments. | Ultra-Precise Single-Point Diamond Turning Process and Its Low-Cost Alternative Methods | 10.1007/978-981-19-8452-5_8 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract A bench for wear testing of powder coatings and metal counterbodies has been developed and manufactured under conditions of low climatic ambient temperatures. Thermophysical measurements of the operation of the “powder coating–counterbody” friction unit in cold conditions have been carried out. Wear tests were carried out during sliding friction of modified powder coatings at low climatic temperatures. Corundum additives Al 2 O 3 and ultrafine spinels CoAl 2 O 4 and CuAl 2 O 4 were used as modifying additives for wear-resistant powder coatings. For friction, counterbodies were used—pads made of ordinary and hardened ShKh15 grade steel. | Investigation of Wear of Modified Powder Coatings under Sliding Friction at Low Climatic Temperatures | 10.3103/S0967091223010126 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter examines the feasibility of treating municipal wastewater by an anaerobic hybrid filter (AHF) under subtropical or Mediterranean temperature conditions, reporting the state of the art of main anaerobic reactors by focusing on their advantages and drawbacks. It includes widespread laboratory work using AHF with one- and two-packing media operated at 35°C, 25°C, 20°C, and 15°C, and hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranging from 10 to 48 h. High removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (78–90%) and total suspended solids (TSS) (77–85%) were achieved at HRT under 12 h and 15°C. The fixed media acted like a semi-permeable membrane, ensuring a stable specialized biologic sludge in the upper medium and bottom of the reactors. It also presents a full-scale case study on sewage treatment of 7,500 inhabitants, using AHF combined with trickling filters (TF). The AHF started-up easily without special seeding, performed with stability, even in adverse flowrate and temperature conditions. Minimum COD removal efficiency (58%) was recorded at 15°C. Overall treatment performance was 82–88% of COD and 27–35% nitrogen removal. Pollutant concentrations meet lax environmental limits and could fulfill strict legislation. Electricity consumption (30 kWh/day) corresponds to 12.5% of COD aerobic oxidation. Biogas produced by anaerobic degradation is methane rich (80–90%) with low hydrogen sulfide content. These results demonstrate that AHF systems have potential in the pre-treatment/treatment of municipal wastewater under subtropical–temperature conditions. This technology is robust, economic, efficient, and easy to operate. | Application of Anaerobic Hybrid Filters for Sewage Treatment | 10.1007/698_2022_880 |
2023-01-01 | This article reviews about different kind of newer alternative cements to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which can reduce energy requirements and greenhouse gas emission. Some of these novel binders can be produced using low-grade industrial waste materials and fuels. The practical feasibility of these alternative binders can only be justified after comprehensive investigation of different physico-mechanical, microstructural, and durability attributes. In the presented study, nine prominent alternative cementitious binder systems, i.e., calcium sulfoaluminate–belite (CSAB) cement, alkali-activated cement (AAC), reactive belite-rich Portland cement (RBPC), magnesium oxides-based (MgO) cement, Belite–ye'elimite–Ferrite (BYF) cement, carbonatable calcium silicate cements (CCSC), limestone calcined clay cement (LC 3 ), calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement and calcium hydro silicate-based cement (Celitement), are discussed along with the raw materials required for synthesis, phases formed, required sintering temperature, etc. Along with the above, their current position has been depicted as compared to conventional OPC binder system. It was inferred that all the newer cementitious binders can be developed using industrial wastes such as—low grade limestone/clay, fly ash, and slags with attainment of the desirable physico-mechanical and durability properties along with cost and energy reduction by 25–55%. Development of the above alternative binder also leads to the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 15–50%. | Recent Progress in Newer Cementitious Binders as an Alternative to Portland Cement: Need for the 21st Century | 10.1007/978-981-19-4040-8_63 |
2023-01-01 | In order to solve the problem of high-value utilization of coal-to-oil residual direct coal liquefaction residual asphalt, it is compounded with SBS and aromatic oil to modify the matrix asphalt, and 9 compounding schemes are designed using orthogonal experimental methods. Dynamic frequency sweep tests using DSR and a simplified Carreau equation model fitted to the complex viscosity to obtain its zero shear viscosity; the creep recovery rate, irrecoverable creep flexibility and irrecoverable creep flexibility difference of each modified asphalt were determined by MSCR at different temperatures and stress levels, and the high temperature rheological properties of 9 composite modified asphalts were evaluated by grey correlation analysis of zero shear viscosity and high temperature rheological parameters. Bending beam rheological experiments were carried out on the aged composite modified asphalt to analyse its low temperature rheological properties based on the viscoelastic parameters and linear fitting of the Burgers model. The results show that: The high temperature deformation resistance of DCLR composite modified asphalt are better than the matrix asphalt, the most influential modifier is SBS, and the higher the dose, the stronger the high temperature deformation resistance. The unrecoverable creep flexibility J nr3.2 at 70 °C can better respond to the high temperature performance of asphalt, the ratio of 9% DCLR + 4% SBS + 2% aromatic oil DCLR composite modified asphalt with the best high temperature performance. Burgers model can better reflect the creep process of asphalt, DCLR composite modified asphalt has some defects in low temperature performance, the higher the dose of DCLR, the poorer the low temperature performance of the composite modified asphalt. The low temperature sensitivity of DCLR composite modified asphalt has been reduced, low temperature crack resistance has been slightly enhanced. | Rheological Properties of Composite Modified Asphalt with Direct Coal Liquefaction Residues | 10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_5 |
2023-01-01 | The V -notched specimens were additively manufactured from AlSi10Mg alloy powders using laser powder bed fusion technique with three different orientation conditions. The specimens were post-heat-treated at two temperature conditions, viz 270 and 320 °C, in order to improve its mechanical properties. The microstructures, hardness and toughness of the specimens were investigated by taking into account the effect of heat treatment temperatures, impact test temperatures and build orientations. The toughness obtained after heat treating at 270 and 320 °C was found to be considerably higher when compared to the as-printed specimens, with the heat treatment at 320 °C resulting in nearly twofold improvement over specimens annealed at 270 °C due to the precipitation of Mg 2 Si particles along with the disintegrated spherical Si particles. A transition from inter-track and interlayer mode of fracture to trans-track fracture is observed at lower temperature. The specimens annealed at 320 °C showing lower number of trans-track fractures as compared to specimens annealed at 270 °C. | Effect of Part Orientation and Low-Temperature Annealing on Impact Toughness of Laser Powder Bed Fusion-Processed AlSi10Mg | 10.1007/s11665-022-07083-x |
2023-01-01 | Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising semiconductor candidates for detecting ionizing radiation including X-rays, gamma-rays, and alpha particles. The great promise of halide perovskites for radiation detection is enabled by their high average atomic number Z for effective photon attenuation, high semiconductor resistivity for leakage current reduction, high charge carrier mobility-lifetime (mu-tau or μ-г) product for efficient charge collection, and the facile preparation and low material cost using solution-processing methods. However, a major unresolved challenge in the development of this fascinating new materials class is the accurate determination of the charge carrier dynamics and charge carrier transport properties. Currently, there are noticeable variations in the reported charge carrier mobility and carrier mobility-lifetime product for the same perovskite material compositions and stoichiometry. In this chapter, we first discuss the basics of charge transport in metal halide perovskites. The discussion covers the large class of halide perovskites that nowadays include three-dimensional 3D parent ABX 3 semiconductors, and their low-dimensional derivatives including two-dimensional (2D) layered, one-dimensional (1D) chain, and zero-dimensional (0D) cluster halide perovskites. Then, we summarize the literature reported charge carrier mobility values for the halide perovskites family including the reported data for both thin films and single crystal samples. A cross comparison of the reported carrier mobility values is provided through a discussion of the different methods and techniques adopted for determining the charge carrier mobility. Time-of-flight (ToF), Hall effect, space-charge-limited-current (SCLC), and the transient methods are discussed in this chapter. The chapter is summarized with a commentary on the future directions for enhancement of the charge carrier mobility in perovskites for radiation detection. | Charge Carrier Mobility of Metal Halide Perovskites: From Fundamentals to Ionizing Radiation Detection | 10.1007/978-3-031-26892-2_6 |
2023-01-01 | The nickel content effects on the strength, plasticity, and low-cycle life of hardened and aged specimens of different modifications of austenitic iron-nickel steels and alloys in the initial state and after preliminary high-temperature hydrogenation in hydrogen at a pressure of 30 MPa and temperatures of 293, 773 and 973 K were studied. At 293 K, hydrogen embrittlement of hardened materials weakens with increasing nickel concentration from 10 to 23 wt.%; it is insignificant in the concentration range of 23–45 wt.% and significantly increases with higher nickel content. After aging, materials with a nickel content of 23 and 36 wt.% are insensitive to the action of the hydrogen environment; at higher hydrogen concentrations, embrittlement intensifies. The structural state of aged materials significantly affects the degree of hydrogen embrittlement of their various modifications during short-term tensile tests and slightly less during low-cycle fatigue tests. In the range of Ni concentrations of 23–73 wt.%, the effect of hydrogen on the relative transverse narrowing remains almost stable. The relative elongation of more hydrogen-resistant modifications of materials and low-cycle life increases with increasing nickel content. At 773 K, the effect of nickel content on the relative transverse narrowing in gaseous hydrogen at a pressure of 30 MPa is slightly smaller but qualitatively the same as at 293 K. At 973 K, more heat-resistant high-nickel alloys embrittle in a hydrogen environment much more strongly than hard dispersion steels. Thermomechanical treatment, according to the quenching scheme, tension at room temperature, and aging for 16 h at 973 K significantly increases the plasticity of materials in the presence of hydrogen at the same strength. | Effect of Alloying and Heat Treatment on Embrittlement of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys in High-Pressure Hydrogen | 10.1007/s11223-023-00504-9 |
2023-01-01 | High manganese steels possess the same (similar) excellent low-temperature properties as nickel-based steels and are of greater research value for low-temperature applications because of their fully austenitic structure and the absence of low-temperature ductile-brittle transition. In this work, we tested the low-temperature tensile and impact properties of Fe24Mn0.45C high manganese steel and evaluated its value for use in liquefied natural gas tanks. It is observed the yield strength and tensile strength increased, but the elongation decreased as the temperature decreased. At liquid nitrogen temperature, the Fe-24Mn-0.45C steel exhibited a yield strength of 871 MPa, a tensile strength of 1248 MPa, and an elongation of 29.5%. The impact absorbed energy of the Fe-24Mn-0.45C steel was 131 J at room temperature and 80 J at liquid nitrogen temperature. The test results of low-temperature mechanical properties indicate that the high manganese steel is promising to replace 9% Ni steel for LNG tank applications. | Low-Temperature Tensile and Impact Properties of Fe24Mn0.45C High-Manganese Steel | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_142 |
2023-01-01 | This paper delivers the recent research progress on steel-concrete composite structures at cold-region low temperatures, which aims on the engineering constructions in the Arctic/cold regions. This paper summarizes the recent research progress of the authors on the ultimate strength behavior of steel-concrete composite structural members at low temperatures. The paper firstly reported the research progress on the low-temperature mechanical properties of constructional materials in the CFSTs that included mild steel and high strength steel Q690. Secondly, the steel-concrete bonding behaviors of CFSTs at low temperature were also studied through full-scale tests. Thirdly, the axial low-temperature compression behavior of CFSTs using mild steel tubes and NWC were experimentally studied. Finally, the ultimate strength behavior of steel-concretes-steel (SCS) sandwich composite beams at cold-region low temperatures. The influences of different parameters on low-temperature ultimate strength behaviors of SCS sandwich composite beams were discussed and analyzed. All these studies built the foundations and clear the obstacles of application of steel and composite structures used in the Arctic and cold regions with low-temperature environments. | Behaviors of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures at Cold-Region Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-981-19-7331-4_39 |
2023-01-01 | The existing literature proves that the mechanical performance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is sensitive to elevated temperatures, this being dependent on the type and amount of fibers. However, the majority of studies carried out thus far have focused on the assessment of the material behavior at elevated temperatures, disregarding the mechanical performance of FRCs at low temperatures. Taking this into account, an experimental program was carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of FRC subjected to temperatures ranging from 20 ℃ to –30 ℃; the attention was directed to the post-cracking tensile strength, i.e. the property which is of paramount importance for FRC. Additionally, different concrete mixes were analyzed, varying both the type and content of fibers. The obtained results allow proving that the residual post-cracking tensile strength of the analyzed FRC mixes increased with the decrease of temperature in all presented cases. This positive outcome might serve as a reference (which should be complemented by further investigations) to properly design elements subjected to low temperatures during transient situations and/or service life. | Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_58 |
2023-01-01 | With the rapid development of society and economy, the efficient use of energy is becoming increasingly important, and my country is rich in WH resources. Vigorously developing and promoting WH recovery and utilization technology has very important practical significance for the high quality of economic development. The main purpose of this paper is to study and analyze the performance of the low temperature dual pressure WHPG system, and to optimize and improve it on the original basis. In this paper, the WH flue gas of a micro-combustion turbine is used as the heat source, and the dual-stage organic Rankine cycle (DORC) system is taken as the research object, and the research on the WHPG of the DORC system is carried out. Experiments show that, taking the working fluid n-Heptane as an example, when the sum of the pinch point temperature (PPT) difference of the evaporator increases from 30 to 60 K, the optimal power generation cost LEC of the system increases from 0.1327 to 0.1593 $/kW·h. The economy is getting worse and worse, and the corresponding optimal PPT difference ratio k is reduced from 1.75 to 0.75. | Performance Analysis and Optimization of Low Temperature Dual Pressure Waste Heat Power Generation (WHPG) System | 10.1007/978-981-99-2921-4_62 |
2023-01-01 | Mn-based catalysts have exhibited promising performance in low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3 (NH 3 -SCR). However, challenges such as H 2 O- or SO 2 -induced poisoning to these catalysts still remain. Herein, we report an efficient strategy to prepare the dual single-atom Ce-Ti/MnO 2 catalyst via ball-milling and calcination processes to address these issues. Ce-Ti/MnO 2 showed better catalytic performance with a higher NO conversion and enhanced H 2 O- and SO 2 -resistance at a low-temperature window (100–150 °C) than the MnO 2 , single-atom Ce/MnO 2 , and Ti/MnO 2 catalysts. The in situ infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy analysis confirmed there is no competitive adsorption between NO x and H 2 O over the Ce-Ti/MnO 2 catalyst. The calculation results showed that the synergistic interaction of the neighboring Ce-Ti dual atoms as sacrificial sites weakens the ability of the active Mn sites for binding SO 2 and H 2 O but enhances their binding to NH 3 . The insight obtained in this work deepens the understanding of catalysis for NH 3 -SCR. The synthesis strategy developed in this work is easily scaled up to commercialization and applicable to preparing other MnO 2 -based single-atom catalysts. | Dual single-atom Ce-Ti/MnO2 catalyst enhances low-temperature NH3-SCR performance with high H2O and SO2 resistance | 10.1007/s12274-022-4790-8 |
2023-01-01 | Using a “green electricity” heating source, produced from renewable resources such as wind/solar/hydro, pyrometallurgical processes can lower their carbon footprint significantly. Fluid beds are commonly used for drying ores, calcining concentrates, and decomposing metallic salts, normally with energy input from fossil fuel combustion. Electrically heated fluid beds can be used instead of the fuel-burning units, as a low-carbon option for pyrometallurgical processes. Heating can be provided in several ways, including fluidizing gas-heating, in-bed indirect heating, and in-bed direct heating. These methods and their applicability to different metallurgical processes are described in this paper. | Electrically Heated Fluid Bed as a Low-Carbon Option for Pyrometallurgical Processes | 10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_17 |
2023-01-01 | Rhombohedral β -Zn 4 Sb 3 is a promising thermoelectric material in the medium-temperature range due to its excellent properties. In this paper, Na/Mg co-doped β -Zn 4 Sb 3 crystals with high thermoelectric performance are researched. The acquired crystals exhibit p -type conduction with carrier concentration changes from 18.6 × 10 19 cm −3 to 9.6 × 10 19 cm −3 , and the carrier mobility varies from 22.3 cm 2 V –1 s –1 to 19.7 cm 2 V –1 s –1 at room temperature. Compared with the sample without Mg-doping, the sample with x = 0.1 shows a high Seebeck coefficient. The thermal conductivity is as low as 0.78 W m –1 K –1 at 630 K. Ultimately, the maximum dimensionless figure-of-merit value obtained is ~ 1.58 at 630 K, 12% higher than the peak value (~ 1.41 at 690 K) of the Na-doped sample. The results provide an efficient approach to improving thermoelectric performance through other diatomic doping, and it could also be applied to other thermoelectric materials. | Low Thermal Conductivity and Enhancement in Figure-of-Merit in Na and Mg Co-doped β-Zn4Sb3 | 10.1007/s11664-022-10027-9 |
2023-01-01 | This paper presents an approach to computer simulation of related problems of sintering low-temperature composites. The developed approach makes it possible to numerically calculate the values of shrinkage, concentration of components, and porosity of a sintered compact. The research results have shown that in the formation of the structure of a sintered low-temperature composite material, a decisive contribution is made by the possibility of forming a refractory frame of refractory components of the mixture. The developed modeling scheme makes it possible to estimate the values and nature of residual stresses in the material during the preparation of the initial compact of the sintered sample and the thermal destruction of the binder. The uniqueness of the developed integrated approach lies in the possibility of using a wide range of dispersed elements with various magnetic, thermodynamic, mechanical, and other properties as a refractory component. | Computer Simulation of Related Problems of Sintering Low-Temperature Ceramics | 10.1007/978-3-031-17073-7_15 |
2023-01-01 | Development of hydrogen infrastructure and technologies is often considered in relation to broader economic development objectives, especially in the context of energy transitions. Hydrogen value chains touch upon many different types of technology and manufacturing sectors. Producing, transmitting and using hydrogen may require chemical technologies, such as carbon capture solvents or fuel cell membranes, and new precision-engineered products, such as storage tank or pipeline materials and burners. There is scope for countries to develop leadership, technical expertise and new jobs in these areas, particularly when they reinforce existing skills and capacities. While owners of some existing skills and assets would see their value decrease in a low-carbon scenario, much of the value could be conserved by investing in low-carbon solutions that are compatible with current infrastructure. For example, some operators of natural gas grids are now exploring the opportunity to replace natural gas partially with alternatives that have a lower CO 2 intensity, including hydrogen. Likewise, if hydrogen can be used cost-effectively to reduce industrial emissions without any relocation of manufacturing, that would help with the retention of local jobs. Similarly, if CCUS is used to reduce the CO 2 intensity of fossil fuel hydrogen production, that would enable some fossil fuel resources to continue to be used. Transition pathways that make use of existing infrastructure, assets and skills could be easier and cheaper to navigate than the alternatives. Opportunities for off-grid hydrogen generation and storage systems have emerged from improvements in integrated designs of electrolysers, hydrogen storage and fuel cells. Containerized systems are in development that can be paired with off-grid energy supplies to provide backup power for important facilities such as hospitals and electricity storage for longer periods than battery-based systems. While these systems are still costly, such off-grid solutions can be attractive where electricity demand is modest and the expansion of the electricity grid is not expected in the near term. Today these systems run largely on imported fossil-based methanol. | Hydrogen Infrastructure | 10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8_15 |
2023-01-01 | The low-temperature storage device of China Space Station is the first large-capacity and multi temperature zone low-temperature storage facility in Chinese Space Field. It consists of −80 ℃, −20 ℃ and + 4 ℃ storage areas and uses both Stirling cryocooler and thermoelectric coolers, with vacuum insulation panel and polyurethane foam being used for heat insulation, and fluid circuit being used for heat dissipation. This paper will present the thermal design and verification of the low-temperature storage device. | Thermal Design and Verification of Low-Temperature Storage Device for China Space Station | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_118 |
2023-01-01 | To study the temperature distribution characteristics of insulator string with low resistance insulator, a coupled electric-thermal-fluid multi-physical field model is established with double-umbrella type porcelain insulators to analyze the effects of different pollution degrees, low resistance insulator location and temperature on the temperature distribution of insulator strings. The simulation results show that: the temperature rise of normal insulator strings is small, the temperature rise of insulator string with low resistance insulator is large, and the temperature of low resistance insulator is lower than the rest of normal insulators; the temperature rise of clean and contaminated insulator strings with low resistance insulators under dry conditions is small, and the temperature rise of contaminated insulator string with low resistance insulator under wet conditions with saturated humidity is large, and the larger the pollution degree is, the greater the difference between the temperature of low resistance insulator and the rest of normal insulators. When low resistance insulator is located at the two ends of the insulator string, the temperature difference with the adjacent insulator is larger, and when it is located in the middle, the temperature difference with the adjacent insulator is smaller, and as the pollution degree increases, the temperature difference between the low resistance insulator and the adjacent insulator increases. | Simulation Analysis of Temperature Distribution of Insulator String with Low Resistance Insulator Under Different Pollution Degrees | 10.1007/978-981-99-0408-2_126 |
2023-01-01 | Treatment of the cutting tool with a low-temperature plasma gas discharge formed by the interaction of microwave electromagnetic and electrostatic fields directly around the working part ensures its hardening by changing the values of the parameters that characterize the physical–mechanical and electrophysical properties of the surface layer. This contributes to the prolonged tool life, and results in the improved machinability of materials by cutting according to the criterion of productivity increase. The article presents a study aimed at establishing the rationale leading to such results. | Low-temperature plasma hardening impact on the properties of the surface layer of the cutting tool working part | 10.1007/s00170-022-10465-z |
2023-01-01 | Low-voltage cable as an important power equipment for the safe operation of nuclear power plants, mainly used for the transmission of power and signals, its safe and reliable service is directly related to the safe and stable operation of the power plant, as soon as possible to carry out low-voltage cable aging management and life assessment research on the safe operation of nuclear power plants and the continuation of the operation license are of great significance. In this paper, the research process and method of low-voltage cable aging management and life assessment in nuclear power plants are introduced in detail, and the construction and development of low-voltage cable aging management are put forward. | Research on Aging Management and Life Assessment of Low-Voltage Cables in Nuclear Power Plants | 10.1007/978-981-19-8780-9_27 |
2023-01-01 | The term soil improvement is commonly referred to the modification of soil structure in order to obtain a material with better physical and mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness or permeability. With this purpose, one of the most commonly used applications, particularly in coarse-grained soils, is the low pressure injection of cementitious mixtures. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for solutions with limited environmental impact and limited CO 2 emissions and, in this regard, the cement present in the injected grout is evidently the weak point of traditional solutions. In this work, the experimental study of geopolymer materials as a substitute of cement mixture for low-pressure injection for coarse-grained soils improvement is presented. The study started with a focus on the geopolymer fresh mixture properties (density, viscosity, …) and the evolution over the time of the mechanical properties (compression and tensile strength and stiffness) comparing three different mix designs at three different monitoring temperatures. The same evaluations were repeated on sand samples injected with the different types of mixtures previously analyzed. For a selected mix design, a permeation test was carried out under controlled conditions to test the pumpability and effectiveness of geopolymer injection. Finally, to deepen the chemical interaction between the injected mixture and interstitial water, an injection test was carried out using a scaled model of a real injection system. The experimental study carried out was aimed both at the analysis of the characteristics of the geopolymer material and at its physical interaction with coarse-grained soil, passing through the measurement of the mechanical characteristics of the geopolymer material and of the solid sand skeleton mixed with geopolymers. Finally, the possible chemical interaction of the mixtures with groundwater was also evaluated in order to highlight any environmental issues. The results shown provide a preliminary but sufficiently broad picture of the behavior of geopolymer mixtures for low-pressure injection for coarse-grained soil improvement purposes both from physical–mechanical and chemical points of view. | Geopolymer Materials for Low-Pressure Injections in Coarse Grained Soil: Multiscale Approach to the Study of the Mechanical Behaviour and Environmental Impact | 10.1007/s10706-022-02260-0 |
2023-01-01 | Adopting green construction methods during the construction process can effectively reduce the use of natural resources, but the discharge of construction waste is inevitable. If targeted measures are not taken, scientific and reasonable treatment of construction waste can effectively reduce the emission of carbides, which will cause serious pollution to the surrounding environment and atmosphere. Therefore, relevant staff should attach importance to atmospheric environmental protection, and continuously research low-carbon treatment technologies based on this. According to the environmental conditions of the construction area, appropriate green construction methods should be selected to catalyze and purify the burned exhaust gas, remove carbides and harmful impurities from the exhaust gas, and avoid serious pollution to the atmosphere caused by exhaust emissions. | Analysis of Key Technologies for Green Treatment of Wood Construction Waste | 10.2991/978-94-6463-336-8_49 |
2023-01-01 | Numerical simulation was used to study the magneto-Joule heating effect of molten mold flux Molten mold fluxes under a low-frequency electromagnetic field Low-frequency electromagnetic field in continuous casting Continuous casting . The effects of electromagnetic field parameters on the conductivity of molten mold flux Molten mold fluxes were also investigated. The results showed that the induced current and magnetic induction in molten mold flux Molten mold fluxes increased with its increasing conductivity and excitation current, and the magneto-induced Joule heat Joule heat also increased. The magneto- Joule heat Joule heat was found around 0.97 × 10 3 to 6.29 × 10 3 J m −3 . For every 10 mm decrease from the magnetic field action center, the Joule heat Joule heat of molten mold flux Molten mold fluxes increased 11.8% on average. A greater conductivity of the mold flux resulted in a more significant change in Joule heat Joule heat . | Study on the Magnetocaloric Effect of Molten Mold Flux Under Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field | 10.1007/978-3-031-22576-5_2 |
2023-01-01 | Low-temperature and high humidity are typical environmental factors in the plastic tunnel and solar greenhouse during the cold season that restricts plant growth and development. Herein, we investigated the impact of different combinations of low-temperature and high humidity (day/night: T1 15/10 °C + 95%, T2 12/8 °C + 95%, and T3 9/5 °C + 95%) along with a control (CK 25/18 °C + 80%) on cucumber cultivars viz: Zhongnong37 (ZN37: resistant) and Shuyanbailv (SYB: sensitive). The low-temperature and high humidity stresses increased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (Ci), and reduced morphological indices, relative water content (RWC), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate ( E ) and leaf pigments in both cultivars as compared to control (CK). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) were decreased in cv. SYB under stress conditions as compared to cv. ZN37. Low-temperature and high humidity treatments showed an increase in proline and soluble protein content in cv. ZN37 as compared to cv. SYB. Abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were augmented while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellic acid (GA) were decreased in both cultivars. Under T3 (9/5 °C + 95%), Pn, protoporphyrin, and ZT were extremely decreased by 71.3%, 74.3%, and 82.4%, respectively, in cv. SYB compared to control. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) based on physiochemical traits confirmed that cv. ZN37 had the strongest correlation with antioxidant enzymes, proline, and soluble protein content than cv. SYB under low-temperature and high humidity treatments. Our results suggest that a stress-tolerant cultivar mitigates stress damage in cucumber transplants by regulating photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant capacity and hormonal profile when compared to a stress-sensitive cultivar. | Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Cucumis sativus Cultivars to Different Combinations of Low-Temperature and High Humidity | 10.1007/s00344-021-10556-3 |
2023-01-01 | Clock references are indispensable circuit modules. The Internet of Things (IoT) devices, in particular, usually require a reference with high spectral purity for the phase-locked loop to generate the carrier signal and a low-power always-on reference to serve as the timer. This chapter discusses the design of two clock references operating at ultra-low supply voltage (<0.5 V) for energy-harvesting Internet-of-Things sensor nodes. The first is a sub-0.5 V 16/24 MHz crystal oscillator with a fast startup feature to accommodate the periodic duty-cycling scheme of the Internet-of-Things device. We prototyped the design in 65 nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor). The second is a 0.35 V 2.1 MHz fully integrated relaxation oscillator implemented in 28 nm CMOS. It features an asymmetric swing-boosted RC (resistor-capacitor) network and a dual-path comparator to surmount the challenges of sub-0.5 V operation while achieving temperature resilience. This chapter elaborates both designs in detail. | Ultra-Low-Voltage Clock References | 10.1007/978-3-031-22231-3_3 |
2023-01-01 | The work, presented in this article, shows a further improvement in the performance of one of our previous works of 1 nA current reference circuit [ 1 ]. The proposed work produces a 1.25 nA current reference in post-layout simulation. The present work shows a 0.0005 $$\%/$$ % / V line sensitivity and 160 ppm/ $$^\circ $$ ∘ C temperature coefficient, resulting in an improvement by 75 $$\%$$ % and 25.5 $$\%$$ % , respectively, from the corresponding values published in [ 1 ]. The overall power consumption of the work in [ 1 ], is reduced from 588 nW to 198 nW in the proposed work, thus resulting in a 66 $$\%$$ % power improvement. In addition, the proposed work demands 98 $$\%$$ % less transistor area requirement w.r.t. that of the work presented in [ 1 ]. | Further Improved 198 nW Ultra-Low Power 1.25 nA Current Reference Circuit with an Extremely Low Line Sensitivity (0.0005%/V) and 160 ppm/
$$^\circ $$
∘
C Temperature Coefficient | 10.1007/978-981-99-2680-0_31 |
2023-01-01 | The paper discusses innovative approaches and targeted structural treatments of works on paper and paintings made possible by temperature management technologies based on low-energy flexible mats for precision heat transfer. Flexible silicone MAT ( Multipurpose Accurate Thermal Management, developed by the Precision Mat, LLC) laminates, and transparent carbon nanotube-based IMAT ( Intelligent Mobile Multipurpose Accurate Thermoelectrical Device for Art Conservation , developed by IMAT project, Horizon Europe) prototypes with the associated mobile MAT and IMAT thermal management consoles were ideated and designed specifically for the field to offer accuracy, mobility and smart nano-tech for new CH remediation approaches over the unreliable traditional tools of the past, such as hand irons and heating tables, with the benefit of precision, steadiness, uniformity, and control in heat transfer from ambient to the customary temperatures used in heat activation (25 °C−65 °C). The varied MAT and IMAT mat dimensions, their flexible and thin profile combined with accuracy in the low temperature range allow conservators in diverse fields to formulate novel targeted treatments that exploit the effects of sustained precision mild heat transfer over time without the risks and unnecessary stress related to uncontrolled heat-transfer of the past. Case studies examine the application of flexible warming mats in diverse treatments of works on paper, and photographs conducted by the authors. The operational parameters and practical advantages offered by the low-energy heat transfer nanotechnology and targeted approaches taken in each particular treatment show the broad versatility of the new heat transfer method and how easily it could be tailored for the specific needs of each particular case, opening new opportunities for art conservators to refine their treatments within the margins of minimal intervention and risk. | Innovation in Precision Low-Energy Heat Transfer Using Flexible Heating Mats for Targeted Treatments in Paintings and Paper Conservation | 10.1007/978-3-031-17594-7_18 |
2023-01-01 | The intriguing structural, chemical, physical, and electrical properties of low dimensional advanced functional nanomaterials have been proven to be promising ultra-sensitive gas detectors. Low-dimensional materials (i.e., 0D, 1D, and 2D) have an extraordinarily enhanced surface-area-to-volume ratio, revealing a great number of interaction points with molecular analytes. Gas sensor built from these materials responds swiftly and reliably to slight external perturbations on sensing channel material via electrical transduction, demonstrating fast response/recovery, specific selectivity, and excellent stability. In this chapter, we thoroughly discuss the capabilities of gas sensing in the area of sensitive detection of dangerous gases utilizing a range of low-dimensional sensing materials and hybrid combinations. The objective is to obtain a better knowledge of the material design of various nanostructures and to give appropriate design recommendations to help enhance the device performance of nanomaterial-based gas sensors. | Low-Dimensional Advanced Functional Materials as Hazardous Gas Sensing | 10.1007/978-981-99-6014-9_2 |
2023-01-01 | Low-pressure die cast (LPDC) is widely used in high performance, precision aluminum alloy automobile wheel castings, where defects such as porosity voids are not permitted. The quality of LPDC parts is highly influenced by the casting process conditions. A need exists to optimize the process variables to improve the part quality against difficult defects such as gas and shrinkage porosity. To do this, process variable measurements need to be studied against occurrence rates of defects. In this paper, industry 4.0 cloud-based systems are used to extract data. With these data, supervised machine learning classification models are proposed to identify conditions that predict defectives in a real foundry Aluminum LPDC process. The root cause analysis is difficult, because the rate of defectives in this process occurred in small percentages and against many potential process measurement variables. A model based on the XGBoost classification algorithm was used to map the complex relationship between process conditions and the creation of defective wheel rims. Data were collected from a particular LPDC machine and die mold over three shifts and six continuous days. Porosity defect occurrence rates could be predicted using 36 features from 13 process variables collected from a considerably small sample (1077 wheels) which was highly skewed (62 defectives) with 87% accuracy for good parts and 74% accuracy for parts with porosity defects. This work was helpful in assisting process parameter tuning on new product pre-series production to lower defectives. | Industry 4.0 Foundry Data Management and Supervised Machine Learning in Low-Pressure Die Casting Quality Improvement | 10.1007/s40962-022-00783-z |
2023-01-01 | Rising global energy demands in the residential sector are prompting design and construction of energy-efficient dwellings. Interest in such dwellings is also driven by climate change and higher costs. To account for these challenges, architects and homebuilders are focusing on designing and implementing innovative heating and cooling practices. This chapter outlines a selection of efficient systems, Net-Zero homes which produce on site power as much as they consume, renewable energy sources, landscaping for reduced consumption, and the monitoring of energy performance. | Energy Efficient Dwellings | 10.1007/978-3-031-35368-0_9 |
2023-01-01 | Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has a significant advantage in complex structures relevant to Arctic environment conditions such as long-span bridges and offshore platforms due to its high strength, high toughness and excellent durability. To explore the compressive response of UHPC at low temperatures and after freeze-thaw cycles, two series tests were conducted. Firstly, the compressive strength of UHPC exposed to low temperatures was experimentally investigated. The UHPC cubes had good integrity after failure due to the bridging effect of continuous steel fibers. The compressive strength of UHPC increased almost linearly with reducing temperature in the range of 20–80 ℃. Then, a total of 17 groups of UHPC and NWC cubes were prepared to explore the compressive response of UHPC after freeze-thaw cycles. The investigated parameters include freezing temperature (−30, −60, and −80 ℃) and number of freeze-thaw cycles (25, 50, 75, and 100). With the increase of number of freeze-thaw cycles and the decrease of freezing temperature, the degradation in compressive strength of UHPC gradually became distinguished. Finally, the regression analysis was conducted to establish the empirical formulae for the compressive strength of UHPC at different low temperatures and after freeze-thaw cycles. The accuracy of the developed formulae was validated by the experimental results. | Effects of Arctic Low Temperatures and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high Performance Concrete | 10.1007/978-981-19-7331-4_42 |
2023-01-01 | Tetra Pak Tetra Pak packages which are multi-layered composite materials (approximately 75 % cardboard-cellulose Cellulose , 20% LDPE and 5% Al by weight) facilitate the distribution of particular food products and aid to preserve some food properties for a long Long time. In this study, experiments were proceeded to separation Separation of the layers of Tetra Pak Tetra Pak aseptic packages efficiently from each other and their recycling Recycling . Hydropulping process were carried out for the separation Separation of the celluloses Cellulose part which is paper for this material; then, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical treatments were followed through for partition of polyethylene and aluminum Aluminum (PEAl) fractions from each other. In hydrometallurgical pathway, PEAl samples were put in vegetable oil, observed according to increasing temperature, time and solid/liquid ratio parameters, at the end the LDPE and Al phases were purified. The pyrometallurgical studies (pyrolysis) were carried out with various time and temperature combinations, and efficiency Efficiency of Al recovery Recovery from PEAL fraction were investigated. | Aluminum Recycling and Recovery of Other Components from Waste Tetra Pak Aseptic Packages | 10.1007/978-3-031-22532-1_115 |
2023-01-01 | Exogenous substances play an important role in the response of cotton to low-temperature conditions during the germination stage, but little is known about the mechanism involved. To fill this knowledge gap, experiments were conducted to clarify the effects of the application of exogenous substances on the germination, storage substances, endogenous hormones and activities of antioxidant enzymes after gibberellin (GA 3 ) treatment under low-temperature conditions. The results showed that in XinLuZao65 (L) under low-temperature conditions, all exogenous substances tested increased the germination potential (GP) and germination index (GI) and decreased the mean time of germination (MTG), but GA 3 , 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR), methyl jasmonate, fluridone, and salicylic acid elevated the germination rate in this variety. In XinHai35 (H) at 12 °C, exogenous substances increased the GI and decreased the MTG, but only EBR, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide decreased the GP of this variety, whereas exogenous GA 3 had the best effect on seed germination at low temperature. After exogenous GA 3 and low-temperature treatment, the activities of superoxide dismutase and lipase, the contents of maize riboside, GA 3 and indole-acetic acid in cotton seeds were higher than those in the control, while the peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and amylase activities and the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), starch, total sugars and total proteins were lower than those of the control. Correlation analysis revealed that ABA, adipose, CAT, H 2 O 2 , POD, GA 3 and GA 3 /ABA were the main factors affecting the germination of cotton seeds at low temperature. Therefore, exogenous GA 3 regulates the balance of endogenous hormones, enhances the activities of key enzymes, and reduces the accumulation of active oxygen, thereby accelerating the metabolism and conversion of materials and improving the low-temperature tolerance of cotton seeds during the germination stage. | Seed Priming with Gibberellin Regulates the Germination of Cotton Seeds Under Low-Temperature Conditions | 10.1007/s00344-021-10549-2 |
2023-01-01 | Low-temperature solution growth of ceramic coatings made of metal oxides Metal Oxides and its hybrids provides unique opportunities to tailor surface functionalities of the coatings. It also makes the coating surface to be toxic to microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. In particular, TiO 2 (anatase) and ZnO nanostructures have shown the ability to decompose organic dyes Organic Dyes and contaminated species, and also to inactivate harmful bacteria and viruses. While this behavior often results from photocatalytic reactions in air or water when exposed to UV or visible light, the antimicrobial properties are also observed even with no light illumination. It indicates that the inactivation is due to a contact made between the nanostructures and the bacterial cells. This Antimicrobial actions antimicrobial behavior Antimicrobial Behavior was also shown for some viruses from limited examples. To further explore a more effective way of creating such a functional surface, a ‘core–shell’ structure consisting of a rutile nanorod core and a functionalized shell layer is proposed. Such a hybrid Nanocomposites (nanocomposite) structure exhibited a strong antimicrobial surface that can be insensitive to the types of bacteria and viruses, thereby providing more universal protection from virus transmission through surface contact. This article reviews current progress made in low-temperature solution processing of TiO 2 , ZnO, and their doping Doping and hybrid coatings and associated nanostructure developments that are key in the photocatalytic properties and antimicrobial surface. | Application of Nanostructured Metal Oxides and Its Hybrids for Inactivation of Bacteria and Viruses | 10.1007/978-3-031-39481-2_3 |
2023-01-01 | The 2 K mechanical Joule-Thomson (JT) throttling refrigeration system is crucial for the scientific observation and quantum communication of space detectors with extremely high sensitivity and resolution, such as X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer and Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors. A 2 K-JT refrigeration system is currently under development and the operating mass is 4 He. The JT cycle, precooled by a two-stage thermally coupled pulse tube cryocooler, is driven by a four-stage JT compression system. The precooler can provide 12 K and 85 K temperature zone pre-cooling at the same time. The four-stage direct current (DC) linear compressor set achieves a very low inlet pressure and a greater overall compression ratio of up to 200. The pressure drop in the low-pressure line is a very important parameter in the design of a 2 K-JT refrigeration system. Reducing the pressure drop in the low-pressure flow path of the system can effectively decrease the load on the compressor unit and facilitate the achievement of lower pressure and lower temperature at the evaporator. The design progress of the 2 K-JT refrigeration system is described in terms of integrated consideration of fluid flow and heat transfer. At present, the JT system experimental platform has been built and the corresponding performance tests are being carried out. | Development of a 2 K Joule-Thomson Cryocooler with 4He | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_84 |
2023-01-01 | Stretchable ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) materials have attracted growing interest in converting low-grade thermal energy into electricity. However, substantial improvement on i-TE performance of quasi-solid ionogels remains a significant challenge. Here, a nanocomposite ionogel with skin-like stretchability, high i-TE performance, thermostability and durability is prepared by hybridizing ionic liquid (IL) and Laponite nanosheets into waterborne polyurethane (WPU). With multiple H-bond, WPU can accommodate a higher content of IL, thereby improving its ionic conductivity. After cation exchange between IL and Laponite, the negatively charged Laponite sheets and released Na + can enhance the ionic Seebeck coefficient by enlarging thermophoretic mobility difference between the cations and anions in ionogel. Besides, incorporation of Laponite causes the decrease of thermal conductivity. Thus, the WPU-IL-Laponite ionogel exhibits a high ionic thermopower of 44.1 mV K −1 , high ionic conductivity of 14.1 mS cm −1 and low thermal conductivity of 0.43 W m −1 K −1 at a relative humidity of 90%. The corresponding ionic figure of merit of the ionogel is 1.90±0.27. Moreover, the ionogel demonstrates excellent durability during repeated stretching process. The stretchable ionogel can be fabricated into ionic thermoelectric capacitor to convert thermal energy from solar radiation into electricity. | Durable and stretchable nanocomposite ionogels with high thermoelectric property for low-grade heat harvesting | 10.1007/s11431-022-2222-5 |
2023-01-01 | Hydrogen finds more applications in transportation, e.g. for trucks, and small cars. To further broaden practical experience in the field of cryogenics as well as in design of cryogenic tanks, Magna Energy Storage System has built up a larger competence group with researchers and engineers having practical experience in cryogenics, vacuum techniques as well as designing of pressure vessels. The goal is the development of Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks for trucks. For the test of single components with or without an insulation vacuum, a specially developed, very compact and mobile cryostat is being developed. The cryostat will be used for testing of components in the range of 20–450 K, for example, adsorption material, heat exchanger, valves, transfer line, etc. It could be dis-/ assembled within a few hours and transported to other companies or research facilities. In the present paper, the design of the cryostat is presented. | Very Compact and Mobile Cryostat for Tests of Components at 20–450 K Temperature Range | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_36 |
2023-01-01 | Waste from slaughterhouses is a possible source of pathogens that can infect both people and animals, including bacteria, viruses, prion diseases, and parasites. Therefore, it is crucial to find a quick, affordable, and secure disposal solution to lower the risk of disease after animal slaughter. Composting, Anaerobic Digestion (AD), Alkaline Hydrolysis (AH), rendering, incineration, and burning are some of the different ways that such wastes might be disposed of. Composting is a method of disposal that enables the recycling of nutrients from slaughterhouse waste into the soil. However, due to their high fat and protein content, slaughterhouse wastes are a great substrate for AD processes, which produce methane while both disposing of trash and recovering nutrients (by amending the soil with sludge). There are questions about the ability of AD and composting procedures to render pathogens inactive. In contrast, practically all known microbes can be rendered inactive by AH. Blood from the slaughter of livestock carries a heavy burden of organic pollutants and poses dangers. It increases the organic pollutant load on wastewater treatment plants by 35–50% if it is discharged untreated to sewer systems. Blood can be digested anaerobically as a single substrate, although being difficult, if the culture-reactor system is managed based on a thorough characterization and comprehension of the microbial population and its metabolic activities. If the mixtures are properly created, co-digestion of blood and other feedstock continues successfully. In general, the specific methane yield from digesting blood alone ranges between zero to 0.45 m 3 kg -1 protein, but the yield varies between 0.1 and 0.7 m 3 kg -1 volatile solids when digesting blood along with other substrates. To properly regulate the process, more study is needed on the microbiology and kinetics, the function of adsorbents, reactor structure, and culture adaptation during anaerobic digestion of blood. Graphical Abstract A flow diagram for applications of low capital cost technologies for bioconversion of slaughter wastes begins with inedible parts of animals and flows to techniques for treatment such as composting, alkaline hydrolysis, and anaerobic diges then flows to methane yield. The block for blood as a major leftover point to the protein content of blood, minerals in blood, and microorganisms in blood. | Applications of Low-Capital-Cost Technologies for Bioconversion of Slaughter Wastes | 10.1007/978-3-031-26224-1_14 |
2023-01-01 | Thermal comfort in the buildings is provided by different type of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC). Several efforts have been made for localized heating and cooling. Application of thermoelectric systems in space heating and cooling is among the recent solutions. Yet, the efforts were mainly remained in laboratory level. This work aims to optimize a thermoelectric system performance for localized heating application in order to achieve higher temperature difference with the environment. The application of the system was optimized through a new control scheme of the fan that is on/off operation instead of continuous functioning. This feature not only increased the temperature outlet of the device but also enhanced the coefficient of performance up to 11%. The new configuration facilitates the application of thermoelectric systems in building sector especially in localized space heating considering individual thermal comfort level. | Improving the Operating Condition of a Thermoelectric System for Achieving High Temperature Difference in Indoor Heating | 10.1007/978-981-19-9822-5_39 |
2023-01-01 | The production of cement clinker requires the heating of raw materials up to a temperature of 1450 ℃, making it the third largest industrial energy consumer, generating 6–7% of global CO2 emissions. The fastest alternative for reducing the environmental impact of the cement industry is the partial replacement of cement clinker with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Due to the high price of silica fume and the sharp decrease in fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag seems the most promising SCM for the latter purpose. However, the high level of cement clinker substitution with slag can delay the setting and hardening time of low-carbon concrete. In the scope of this study, heating cables are applied to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the early-strength development of low-carbon concrete. The heating cables are used to supply enough energy to the slag grains and activate their hydration. The amount of heating energy, starting time and duration of heating are tested to accelerate the hardening time of cement with 40–70% of slag to the same level as cement with around 20% of slag (CEMII/B), which is the most used in Finland. Also, the optimum curing process with the least demand for electricity is estimated. The heating system was developed to uniformly distribute the defined amount of heat inside the cast samples. The experimental methods applied to evaluate the development of compressive strength included tracking of the ultrasound pulse velocity, rebound hammer and continuous temperature measurement. | The Effect of Heat Curing on the Early-Strength Development of Low-Carbon Concrete | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_74 |
2023-01-01 | The introduction of this chapter explains the use of pulsed high-current H − ion sources. It then discusses the radio frequency-driven H − ion sources serving advanced accelerators starting with the award-winning SNS ion source. It explains all important characteristics in detail, including limitations and lifetimes. A table lists over 30 characteristics and performance data. Designed at LBNL and fully developed at SNS/ORNL, the success of this H − source is evidenced by the fact that since 2014, three other advanced, high-current (~40 to 60 mA) accelerators switched to this type of H − ion source and others will switch within a few years. The three new RF-driven, high-current H − sources supplying advanced accelerators are then described and compared in the table. This chapter ends with an outlook and the projects that develop new RF-driven H − sources for additional long-pulse, high-current, advanced H − accelerators. | Radio Frequency-Driven, Pulsed High-Current H− Ion Sources on Advanced Accelerators | 10.1007/978-3-031-21476-9_18 |
2023-01-01 | Rubber compounds are extensively used for manufacturing rubber bearings for seismic isolation. Current seismic codes prescribe the use of design properties of seismic isolators derived from experimental evaluations to account for the effects of strain rate representative of the design seismic condition, cyclic degradation, frequency and environmental conditions (especially the temperature variation). Moreover, ageing phenomena, which such devices undergo during their service life, should be taken into account. Such tests should be carried out on devices, even though the European Standard on seismic devices (EN 15129) allows for both high and low damping rubber bearings the use of data from material tests performed on the elastomer used in their manufacture, (although extrapolation the results of materials tests to the scale of isolation devices is not always straightforward). In this study a set of experimental data obtained from type tests performed by different manufacturers on both low and high damping compounds with nominal stiffness ranging from 0.4 MPa to 1.3 MPa is statistically analysed. The effects of shear deformation, cyclic degradation, ageing, frequency and temperature on equivalent shear stiffness and equivalent damping are shown, providing also a view of the intra-supplier variability and inter-supplier variability. As general modification factors, also known as λ-factors, are provided by the codes in case of unavailability of experimental data, a comparison between the codes values and the obtained experimental results is shown. | Statistical Analysis of Rubber Compounds Material Tests for Seismic Isolation Bearings and Code Provisions Comparison | 10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_27 |
2023-01-01 | Unusual properties of buckminsterfullerene C 60 were explored, which reacted more efficiently with primary and secondary amines at low temperatures than at elevated temperatures in a solvent, such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. Low temperatures favor the formation of a charge-transfer complex, which can be detected by UV spectrometry. Furthermore, a series of electron spin resonance experiments were performed at various low temperatures to detect the formation of C 60 •– . The “low-temperature” acceleration effect on the amination of fullerene C 60 is closely related to solvent and temperatures. The new findings provide an avenue to functionalize buckminsterfullerene C 60 so that the resultant adducts may have controllable solubility in various media. The outcome may offer a solution to enhance its biological and medicinal applicability. | Unusual Chemical Reactivity at Low Temperatures of Buckminsterfullerene C60 | 10.1007/978-3-031-17269-4_13 |
2023-01-01 | Chocolate is a mixture of cocoa by-products, sucrose, and milk solids dispersed in the fat phase (mainly cocoa butter). It consists of an excellent probiotic matrix due to its low water activity and the considerable presence of fat and antioxidant compounds. The Lactobacillus , Lacticaseibacillus , Limosilactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , and Streptococcus comprehend the most applied genus in probiotic chocolate. Its processing involves the same steps as the traditional chocolate (blending, refining, conching, tempering, molding, cooling, and storage), with the additional step of probiotic inoculation. In most cases, a single Direct Vac Set probiotic inoculum, which consists of a freeze-dried cell concentrate, can be added and homogenized directly into the melted chocolate. Inoculation has to take place after the conching process to ensure cell viability. Currently, there is not a defined general amount of bacteria to be introduced into the food to ensure the probiotic health benefits. It must be proven for each strain and inoculum tested. But in general, cell concentrations between 10 6 and 10 13 CFU/g are being used to ensure the probiotic claim. Furthermore, there is a current controversy over functional chocolate such as the probiotic options due to their high sugar content. This has motivated researchers and food industries to produce sugar-free and reduced-sugar options. Considering that some sugar substitute ingredients can act as prebiotics, promoting the growth of probiotic microorganisms, the combination of prebiotic and probiotic functionality originated the synbiotic chocolate. Its production also involves the probiotic inoculation step besides the traditional stages of chocolate processing, but instead of sugar, the prebiotic and other sugar-replacer ingredients are added, usually into the blending step with the other main ingredients. Therefore, considering the growing literature involving this theme, the objective of this protocol is to provide up-to-date and detailed information for the production of different types of probiotic and synbiotic chocolate. | Probiotic and Synbiotic Chocolate | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3187-4_13 |
2023-01-01 | Efficient and uniform battery preheating is vitally important to improve the poor performance and safety hazards of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) at low temperatures. All-climate battery (ACB) is a novel battery structure that enables rapid self-heating of LIB without requiring additional power sources, but it also leads to an extremely non-uniform distribution of internal temperature and thus capacity degradation. In this study, a variable duty cycle control strategy for heating of ACBs at low temperatures is proposed to make an optimal trade-off among heating time, capacity consumption and temperature gradient during heating based on a nondominated sorting-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, called nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Results show that this heating strategy can heat LIB from −20 ℃ to 25 ℃ within 424.93 s and with small temperature gradient. Under the same maximum temperature gradient limit, the proposed method shortens the heating time by 14.20% compared with the traditional constant duty cycle heating strategy, and by 8.65% compared with the constant duty cycle optimal heating control strategy optimized by the NSGA-II algorithm. | A Multi-objective Optimized Self-heating Strategy for All-Climate Batteries at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-981-99-1365-7_53 |
2023-01-01 | As a novel technique with a wide range of applications, microbial fuel cell (MFC) could simultaneously remove organic contaminants and heavy metals in complex wastewater, despite striking differences in physicochemical properties of these contaminant. But its wastewater treatment efficiency is restricted by its lower generation performance. However, approaches for the modification of MFCs’ cathode with appropriate catalyst could effectively overcome this limitation. Herein, a new-type efficient cathode catalyst was invented through modifying natural molybdenite via one-step oxidation method. In this case, molybdenite had many changes in morphology (wave-shaped bending, fragmentation and decrescent diameter) during oxidation modification process, and oxidation-modified molybdenite could provide much more active sites for the cathode. After applying this novel cathode catalyst, the electric generation capacity of MFC system increased by 5.08 times, and its simultaneous degradation efficiency of methyl blue (MB) and Cr (VI) increased by 3.35 times (compared with graphite cathode MFC). This study provides a novel low-carbon and environmentally friendly way to prepare high efficiency cathode catalyst materials and provides a new idea of simultaneous purification for organic and metallic pollutants from complex wastewater. | Efficient organic contaminant and Cr (VI) synchronous removing by one-step modified molybdenite cathode microbial fuel cells | 10.1007/s11356-022-22445-7 |
2023-01-01 | With the increase of requirements for environmental protection, the sintering process with high carbon dioxide emission Emissions was gradually reduced in the application. However, for low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite , it was difficult to be directly economically utilized by the Bayer process, and a pre-desilication Pre-desilication process was often required. This paper researched the influence of different thermal activation Thermal activation temperatures on the pre-desilication Pre-desilication process of low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite . The results showed that the phase transformation Phase transformation of low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite was not much different at different thermal activation Thermal activation temperatures, but the pre-desilication Pre-desilication behavior was different. Compared with 650 and 700 °C, the pre-desilication Pre-desilication results of low-grade bauxite Low-grade bauxite after thermal activation Thermal activation at 600 °C had a significant improvement Improvement . Only after 30 min of leaching, the ratio of alumina Alumina to silica of low-grade bauxite Bauxite can be increased from 2.39 to 6.78. This study may have a certain significance for selecting a suitable thermal activation Thermal activation temperature to promote the high- efficiency Efficiency pre-desilication Pre-desilication of low-grade bauxite Bauxite . | Effect of Thermal Activation Temperature on Pre-desilication of Low-Grade Bauxite | 10.1007/978-3-031-22532-1_20 |
2023-01-01 | A detailed simulation-based investigation on the noise behavior of SiGe source-based Epitaxial layer Tunnel field effect transistor (SiGe source ETLTFET) and Silicon Synthetic Electric field TFET (Si-SETFET) in the presence of interface trap charges having Gaussian distribution is presented in this paper. The results demonstrated that the flicker and G-R noises dominate the noise characteristics at low frequencies, while diffusion noise is the major contributor at high frequencies for both devices. The drain current noise spectral density (S id ) behavior of SiGe source ETLTFET in the presence of trap shows a reduced value than Si-SETFET. The preceding argument is supported by the observation of normalised S id (S id /I DS 2 ) vs Drain current (I DS ). The value of net S id for SiGe source ETLTFET is found to be ~10 −26 A 2 /Hz till 1 MHz. Furthermore, noise analysis at various temperatures shows that noise in presence of trap charges has a greater influence at lower temperatures in the higher drain current region. The result also revealed that the the S id vs. frequency variation is a decreasing function of the Ge mole fraction in SiGe source ETLTFET. A brief comparison of net S id among some of the reported studies and this study has also been presented. SiGe source ETLTFET is found to be more noise immune over a wider frequency range in comparison to the state of the art devices. | Deep Insight into the Noise Behavior of SiGe Source Based Epitaxial Layer Tunnel Field Effect Transistor | 10.1007/s12633-022-02031-9 |
2023-01-01 | In view of the performance degradation and safety degradation of lithium-ion battery at low temperature, a capacitor based self-heating method for low temperature lithium-ion battery discharge was proposed. By turning on and off the MOSFET, a group of batteries can charge the capacitor in turn, realizing the internal circulating heating of the battery. Under the condition of low frequency, capacitors and inductors are connected in series, which not only limits the peak current, but also ensures the effective value of the current, thus improving the heating efficiency. At the same time, the low-temperature heating of high-voltage and high-capacity lithium battery pack can also be realized through the cascade of heating circuits. The feasibility of the scheme proposed in this paper is verified by simulation and comparison. | A Capacitor Based Discharge Self-heating Method for Lithium-Ion Battery at Low Temperature | 10.1007/978-981-99-3404-1_110 |
2023-01-01 | In this paper, we studied the N3 commercial vehicles meet the China VI b standard. When vehicle at −7 ℃ low-temperature and light-load PEMS test, the engine of China VI a cannot achieve the China VI b standard requirements. The N3 vehicles can meet the China VI b standard by improving engine exhaust heat management and optimizing original emission in engine. Optimal exhaust temperature management can increase the engine WHTC exhaust average temperature by 25 ℃, the NOx emission decrease by 30% in part load, by the way the N3 class vehicle can achieve China VI b standard. Engine exhaust thermal management and EGR technology will be important for future emission regulatory requirements. | Low Temperature PEMS Emission Control Study of Commercial Vehicles | 10.1007/978-981-19-3842-9_27 |
2023-01-01 | Buildings suffer from uncontrolled heat gain through their skin which creates the urgent need for thermal comfort, resulting in the extensive use of air-conditioning systems. Emissions through ACs inevitably lead to ‘heat islands’ in cities creating a ‘butterfly effect’ in warming up the macro-climate, leading to what we can call the ‘Cooling Paradox.’ Trees have been the ideal natural cooling sources within our ecosystem by performing evapotranspiration. Inspired by this natural process, a design that utilizes the potent combination of terracotta and water that is receptive to moss strives for ecologically regenerative goals. This combination cools and purifies the air, targeting multistoried buildings. An inclusive future calls for the concept of Envelope cooling, addressing the question of rethinking our cooling techniques and creating an optimized terracotta second skin for buildings that combines passive shading with active evaporative cooling and ventilation strategies to create a low-tech, equitable design. A hybrid jali inspired by the geometry of Aerofoils which is optimized to channelize airflow, creating a nozzle effect and a flexible installation that can tailor to different locations and sun angles. Envelope cooling could reduce the energy load of cooling the buildings by up to 30%, resulting in energy savings by cutting the heat gain right at its source. The overall design of the system and its materials reduces the optimum electricity load of the buildings, attributed to the low carbon footprint. Its climatically adaptive design holds the potential to influence the shape of future buildings, landscapes, and cities with earthy tones. | Building Envelope Cooling Inspired by Evapotranspiration in Trees | 10.1007/978-3-031-36320-7_49 |
2023-01-01 | This paper proposes a low-power, high-precision linear temperature sensor circuit based on the standard CMOS process. The high-order temperature characteristics of the temperature sensor are compensated using the compensating current with high-order temperature characteristics. This current is generated by the high-order temperature characteristic of the resistor, and flows into the emitter of the PNP transistor through a high-precision proportional current mirror. The self-heating effect of the high-precision temperature sensor can be reduced by improving the precision and reducing the power consumption of the circuit. This paper designs the circuit based on standard 0.35 µm CMOS process and simulates using the spectre tool. The results show that the maximum inaccuracy is 0.83℃ from − 40℃ to 125℃, and the nonlinearity is 0.59% under typical conditions. The quiescent current of the temperature measuring circuit is only 1.19 µA, while the power consumption is 3.21 µW. | A Linear Temperature Sensor Circuit with High Precision and Low Power Consumption Based on Standard CMOS Process | 10.1007/978-981-99-3951-0_77 |
2023-01-01 | Early Earth and Mercury, atmosphere and exosphere; volatiles, polar ices, and diamonds; hollows; Earth volcanoes and mass extinctions; Low Reflectance Material regions; pits on several worlds; scarps and a shrinking planet; Mercury bashing; a deeper look at the Late Heavy Bombardment; crater types; Mercury ages; circling Mercury (MESSENGER and Bepi-Columbo missions) a brief history of Mercury. | Earth=Mercury: Earth as a molten and bludgeoned world | 10.1007/978-3-031-41360-5_3 |
2023-01-01 | Hydraulic autofrettage is a sophisticated metal forming approach adopted to strengthen the large caliber gun barrel in defense industries. During the process, the barrel bore is pressurized by hydraulic fluid causing plastic deformation at the bore surface and some portion in its neighborhood. The subsequent depressurization induces compressive residual stresses at the inner bore layer enabling the barrel to sustain increased service pressure and fatigue life. The residual compressive stresses at the inner side of the monobloc barrel also increase the stress corrosion cracking resistance. The performance of hydraulic autofrettage depends on several factors, which need to be taken care of during its operation. The primary focus of this chapter is to discuss the practical procedure of the process performed for a real gun barrel. The critical issues associated with practicing the process and the challenges are also addressed. | Practicing Hydraulic Autofrettage for Strengthening a Gun Barrel: Critical Issues and Challenges | 10.1007/978-981-19-8016-9_13 |
2023-01-01 | In our rapidly expanding world, there is a rising demand for low-cost, long-lasting, and less dangerous medicinal products. Medical items ranging from intravenous fluid containers to medical syringes are created to satisfy their demands using a range of thermoplastics and Plastic Injection Moulding (PIM). However, even advanced profile mouldings can suffer from dimensional inaccuracies. The current study advances our understanding of thermoplastics, specifically Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) material moulding for medical syringe plungers using injection moulding equipment. Eight injection moulding input factors were investigated in order to decrease the depth sink marks and weight created during the injection moulding of thermoplastic LDPE material. The 27 trials were piloted in accord with Taguchi's Design of Experiment, and the variables were optimised using the newly developed Honey Badger and Capuchin Search Algorithms, as well as analysis of variance, for determining the most dominating parameter. The cooling time and melt temperature of the plastic injection moulded part are the most significant factors influencing the sink-mark depth and weight of the part, respectively, according to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. | Parametric Investigation of Injection Moulding for LDPE using Capuchin Search Algorithm and Honey Badger Algorithm | 10.1007/978-981-19-4147-4_45 |
2023-01-01 | Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has been generally used to concentrate on the polarization construction of hard-plate drive (HDD) media, super durable magnets, and different materials. The HDD medium's areal thickness is presently moving toward 1 Tb/in 2 , in spite of the way that the piece pitch is just 20–30 nm. The MFM tip will be exposed to a solid attractive field. As well as accomplishing a high goal better than 10 nm, the acknowledgment of a MFM tip with a high exchanging field (Hsw) is required. Much of the time, MFM tips are made by covering non-attractive sharp tips with attractive magnetic films. MFM performance is influenced by the shape of the MFM tip and the magnetic property of the coating material. In this work, we have tried to coat the existing commercially available atomic force microscopy tip (AFM) with a superparamagnetic material to make it work as an MFM tip. The main advantage of coating with superparamagnetic material that it has low coercivity and medium saturation magnetization which is an important factor that leads to a good contrast image of any sample that is scanned under MFM. We have tried to find out the appropriate material by surveying various literature and finally decided to coat FeGa thin film because of its superparamagnetic behavior and low coercivity in nature, after coating the standard AFM tip with FeGa film by a sputtering method under the optimal condition which we got by attempting various deposition condition and varying parameter, later that coated tip is used as an MFM tip, and scanning was performed on magnetic samples. | Experimentation for a Better Magnetic Force Microscopy Probe | 10.1007/978-981-19-4606-6_74 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract This study describes engineering, technological, and metal engineering features of heating big-size continuous cast low-carbon microalloyed steel slabs of up to 400 × 2800 mm in section at rolling facility 4200 of NLMK DanSteel. The techspecs of the reheat furnace set up in 2022 ensure high-quality heating of high-tonnage slabs used for making big-size high-quality hot-rolled plates of up to 63 tons in weight which are much sought after in marine wind power generation and bridge structure manufacturing. The implemented project ensures increased uniformity of heating the slabs over thickness, width, and length. The average maximal temperature gradients in all of the dimensions do not exceed 30°С. In addition, the project reduces the consumption of natural gas to 31–32 m 3 /t of finished products. | Heating of Big-Size Slabs of Up to 400 Millimeters in Thickness in Cutting-Edge Reheating Furnace at DanSteel | 10.3103/S0967091223010047 |
2023-01-01 | Although bamboo has been used as a structural material in buildings, the uptake in Kenya has been minimal. The authors’ main objective is to exemplify an approach for using bamboo as a structural material in low-income housing through strategies that respond to context-specific design constraints and socio-cultural needs. Given the need for low-cost housing worldwide and the appropriateness of bamboo for this purpose, a sector of farmers in countries such as Kenya is being encouraged to plant bamboo for the purpose of use as a construction material. The main objective of this paper is to suggest a low-cost residential building design concept based on the use of bamboo as the structural material. This paper initially presents a review of examples of vernacular architecture, the use of locally resourced materials in building elements in Kenya, and the uses of bamboo as a construction material and system, and then develops a typical design of a bamboo-structure residential house based on context-responsive bioclimatic design strategies. The paper also discusses the feasibility of introducing bamboo as a sustainable material for minimizing the financial and environmental impacts attributed to climate change and carbon emissions, from the initial planning to the final construction. It shows that the use of a bamboo-based material should be considered a technological improvement, especially in sustainable architecture design using indigenous materials. Although currently bamboo is not widely used in the formal construction sector in countries such as Kenya, it may be considered a “green steel” because of its low weight and easy harvesting attributes. | Advancing the Use of Bamboo as a Building Material in Low-Income Housing Projects in Kenya | 10.1007/978-981-99-0232-3_5 |
2023-01-01 | Armed swimming drill is a basic training content for special forces to cross the sea and land on the island. In actual combat, the seawater temperature around the swimming area shows seasonal and regular changes, especially the low temperature water environment can reduce the combat effectiveness of crossing the sea and land on the island, hindering or even destroying the completion of the combat mission. Carrying out swimming and swimming adaptation drills in low temperature water, especially the swimming and swimming adaptation drills in low-temperature waters at sea, can enable special forces to adapt to the sea environment in advance. Better grasp the characteristics of sea waves, ocean currents, tides, and sea horizons in low-temperature waters, and achieve pre-adaptation to the low-temperature sea environment, so as to improve combat effectiveness and successfully complete the mission of crossing the sea and landing the island. | Research on the Adaptability Drills of Special Forces in Swimming Across Low Temperature Seawater | 10.1007/978-981-19-4786-5_65 |
2023-01-01 | High-strength nanostructured titanium alloys with a low Young’s modulus play a key role in biomedical applications, especially in the field of dentistry. On the one hand, the high strength avoids implant and abutment breakage, and on the other hand, the low Young’s modulus improves the growth of bone cells as stress shielding is diminished. Furthermore, the nanostructured implant surface also improves the adherence of bone cells and additionally reduces the colonization of bacteria which in turn reduces the occurrence of the so-called periimplantitis. Periimplantitis is a disease which in the worst case can lead to the loosening and loss of the implant. By using the Ti 13Nb 13Zr (TNZ) alloy, these risks can be minimized. TNZ is a second-generation biomedical β-rich (α + β)-titanium alloy with an improved biocompatibility as critical alloying elements such as aluminium and vanadium are not present. In addition, the corrosion resistance is improved compared to the standard Ti 6Al 4 V alloy used for implants. Nanostructured materials can be produced through Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) processes like Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), which was used for this study. To strengthen the material and to regain a sufficient elongation at fracture to fulfil the requirements of related medical standards, the material must be recrystallized (short-time heat treatments) and precipitation hardened after the forming process. Thereby, different phase constitutions, namely α- and β-phase as well as α″-martensite, can be used to optimize the Young’s modulus and the mechanical properties. The studied effects should be transferrable to other β-rich (α + β)-titanium alloys like Ti 6Al 2Sn 4Zr 6Mo which is applied in aircraft engines so that the thermo-mechanical treatment strategies presented here are of interest in other fields of application as well, e.g. in the transportation industry. | High-Strength, Low-Modulus Nanostructured: Ti 13Nb 13Zr Alloy | 10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_48 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract Technological capabilities for casting of long turbine blades with an axially oriented single-crystal structure 〈001〉 produced from low-density superalloy are explored. The principles of designing starting cavities for single-crystal casting of blades are considered. The produced structures of model blocks for long blades with selected parameters of superalloy casting at the UVNK-type production unit for directional solidification equipped with an automated control system for the casting process ( G = 60–80°/cm) make it possible to fabricate the blades with single-crystal structure throughout the height. The major physicomechanical properties of the alloy with crystallographic orientation (CGO) 〈001〉 are provided. The results of studying the characteristics of the single-crystal as-cast structures of long blades made of Ni-based superalloy are presented: the quantification of the microstructure, the data on the structure-phase characteristics of material in single-crystal blades after casting, and the data of electron-probe microanalysis. | Technological Capabilities for Control over the Casting Structures of Superalloys during the Directional Solidification | 10.3103/S096709122301014X |
2023-01-01 | In this study, the performance parameters of different refrigerants having low global warming potential have been evaluated theoretically and compared with R410A. This study performs on air conditioner having capacity of 1 TR using five diverse alternative refrigerants, namely R32, R447A, R447B, R452B and R454B. Calculations are as per EN 14,825 standard. Refrigerants considered for analysis have GWP values less than 750 that is as per EU regulations. Results show that R447A consumes least electrical energy and correspondingly highest COP. R32 system not only requires 33.46% less mass flow rate than R410A but has highest cooling capacity and least compressor displacement. At higher condensing temperature, R452B has the higher cooling capacity than R410A. | Energy Analysis of Low GWP Refrigerant Replacement to HFC 410A in Split Air Conditioner | 10.1007/978-981-19-3410-0_20 |
2023-01-01 | The blast loading from a detonation of a high explosive charge at high altitude is quite different from that at sea level. Due to diminished ambient pressure, the damage caused by the blast load may be more minor at high altitude. However, the shock wave parameters at diminished ambient pressure have not yet been thoroughly studied. In this research, experiments were carried out to study the relation between ambient air pressure and shock wave parameters. The explosion experiments were carried out in a sealed explosion chamber with an initial pressure of 95 kPa, 74 kPa, and 57 kPa. For these three atmospheric conditions, the history profiles of incident shock wave pressure generated by TNT charges of 106 g and 292 g were recorded. The influence of ambient pressure and temperature on the shock wave parameters was analyzed through numerical simulations. By analyzing the experimental and numerical data, it was found that ambient pressure is the main factor affecting the shock wave parameters, while the effect of temperature is not so obvious. Furthermore, based on the analysis of experimental data, formulas for evaluating shock wave overpressure, specific impulse, and arrival time using the Sachs variables are given, and the shock wave parameters at an altitude of 5000 m are calculated using these formulas. The observed maximum reduction in the shock wave overpressure was 23%, in specific impulse 27%, and in arrival time 12%, compared to the results calculated at sea level. The results can be applied to blast-resistant analyses of buildings in low-pressure environment. | Propagation characteristics of blast shock waves in low-pressure environment | 10.1007/s00193-022-01116-z |
2023-01-01 | The spider of control rod assembly is one of the key stainless steel precision components in the PWR fuel to control the power of the fission reactor and start-stop the nuclear reactor. The spider of HPR1000 control rod assembly innovatively adopts integrated wing design, which has the characteristics of complex shape, high dimensional accuracy and high structural strength, but it also has the technical bottleneck of difficult processing and low production efficiency. To solve the production problems of new fuel part, the internationally advanced high-pressure water jet technology is selected to study the feasibility of using new technology to manufacture combined spider products from the aspects of cutting scheme, cutting surface quality, cutting surface brazing test, cutting process characteristics. Achievements is of great significance for promoting the manufacturing efficiency of fuel parts as well as the development of scientific and technological in the field of china fuel fabrication. | Research on High-Speed Cold Cutting Technology for Combined Spider | 10.1007/978-981-19-8899-8_31 |
2023-01-01 | Accreting compact objects are crucial to understand several important astrophysical phenomena such as Type Ia supernovae, gravitational waves, or X-ray and γ -ray bursts. In addition, they are natural laboratories to infer fundamental properties of stars, to investigate high-energy phenomena and accretion processes, to test theories of stellar and binary evolution, to explore interactions between high-density plasmas and very strong magnetic fields, to examine the interplay between binary evolution and dynamical interactions (in the case they belong to dense star clusters), and they can even be used as a probe for the assembling process of galaxies over cosmic timescales. Despite the fundamental importance of accreting compact objects for astrophysics and recent progress with the comprehension of these fascinating objects, we still do not fully understand how they form and evolve. In this chapter, we will review the current theoretical status of our knowledge on these objects and will discuss standing problems and potential solutions to them. | Formation and Evolution of Accreting Compact Objects | 10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_98-1 |
2023-01-01 | The melting, microstructure, and hardness properties of the tin (Sn)-bismuth (Bi) solder alloy added with molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles were investigated. The results showed that the Sn-Bi solder alloy with Mo nanoparticles fully melts at 148.00 °C, and the melting temperature was not drastically disordered by the Mo nanoparticles additions. The Mo has a high-melting point of 2623 °C, hence could not interfere with the solidification process of the molten Sn-Bi solder alloy. The microstructural morphology of the Sn-Bi added with Mo nanoparticles had much finer and compact lamellar structure compared to that of the unreinforced Sn-Bi solder alloy. Together with the dispersed Mo nanoparticles, there were Bi phases breaking out in the microstructure of the Mo-reinforced Sn-Bi solder alloy. Results from the hardness test showed a leap in the hardness value of 0.4 Hv, for the Mo containing Sn-Bi solder alloy. Presence of Mo nanoparticles and finer microstructure are believed to be the factors behind the increase. Reinforcing small quantity of Mo nanoparticles to the Sn-Bi solder alloy shows improvement to the microstructure and hardness as well as keeping the melting temperature below 150 °C. | Thermal, Microstructure, and Hardness Properties of Molybdenum Nanoparticles Added Tin -Bismuth Solder Alloy for Low-Temperature Soldering Application | 10.1007/978-981-19-3053-9_3 |
2023-01-01 | Solder fatigue is quite important for the reliability of IGBTs under thermal cycling. In this work, a Finite Elements Analysis-Fatigue Damage Calculation/Feedback (FEA-FDC) iterative looping was proposed for the evolution of micro-cracks in the solder layer of IGBTs. Secondly, the crack initiation and propagation in chip solder layer was investigated under power cycling (PC) by the iterative looping. Furthermore, the crack initiation and propagation in chip solder layer under lower temperature swings (<20K) was investigated. Finally, the degradation in thermal characteristics of IGBTs under PWM operations was evaluated and then a fatigue lifetime prediction method of IGBT under lower temperature swings was proposed. This work may provide a new insight for evaluating the reliability of IGBTs under their normal operating. | Lifetime Evaluation of IGBTs Under PWM by a Physical Iterative Simulation Loop Based on the Crack Initiation and Propagation in Chip Solder Layer | 10.1007/978-981-99-0451-8_132 |
2023-01-01 | The paper presents the results of blast furnace slag treatment by low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma method. The blast furnace slag treatment process is carried out at the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering laboratory. An alternating current generator with voltages up to 8000 V and frequencies up to 40 kHz between the electrodes creates a low-temperature unbalanced plasma region. Research results show that, after blast furnace slag is treated by low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma method, cracks appear on the blast furnace slag surface. This leads to a decrease in grain size and an increase in the blast furnace slag Blaine fineness. In addition, the research results also show that the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar sample using plasma-treated blast furnace slag are 71.08 MPa and 10.42 MPa, respectivel. That is higher than the mortar sample using the blast furnace slag untreated plasma, respectively 0.05 MPa and 8.70 MPa. | Effect of Plasma Blast Furnace Slag Treatment on Properties of Blast Furnace Slag-Cement Mortar | 10.1007/978-3-031-20459-3_25 |
2023-01-01 | This study investigates the variation in structural response of a bridge seismically isolated with lead rubber bearings (LRBs), when subjected to ground motion excitations at low ambient temperature. For this purpose, first, a full-scale LRB was conditioned at −20 °C, −10 °C, 0 °C and 20 °C temperatures for 24 h and tested under dynamic conditions in order to determine the change in its characteristic strength and post-yield stiffness. Recorded force-displacement curves were then utilized to represent the deteriorating hysteretic behavior of the LRB in case of different temperatures. Seismically isolated bridge was idealized by a single-degree-of-freedom model and analyses were performed by OpenSees structural analysis program. Nonlinear response history analyses (NRHA) were conducted considering the strength deterioration of the LRB due to the lead core heating during cyclic motion. In the analyses, eleven pairs of ground motion records, selected and scaled to represent a target spectrum, were used. Response quantities assessed in the analyses were maximum isolator displacement and maximum isolator force for the isolation system and maximum acceleration for the bridge deck. It is revealed that as the ambient temperature decreases, the amount of amplification in maximum isolator forces and accelerations can be up to 30%. | Performance Assessment of a Bridge Seismically Isolated
with Lead Rubber Bearings at Low Temperature | 10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_35 |
2023-01-01 | With the development of hydraulic transmission technology and the increasingly harsh working environment of equipment, the hydraulic medium is developing towards the direction of low temperature and intelligence. As a kind of intelligent fluid, magnetic fluid has a good development prospect for hydraulic medium, but its low temperature performance has not been studied. In this paper, We modified Zn 0.5 Ni 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles with silane coupling agent to prepare a new type of silicone oil-based magnetic fluid hydraulic medium, and studied its low-temperature performance. The results show that compared with lauric acid and oleic acid, the silicon-based magnetic fluid prepared with silane coupling agent has better stability at low temperature and still maintains excellent dispersion at −50 ℃. The new silicone oil-based magnetic fluid has excellent low temperature properties, including high viscosity index and low pour point. In addition to excellent viscosity temperature properties, the magnetic field can maintain viscosity control in a wide temperature range. This new silicon based magnetic fluid has been proved to be suitable for low temperature hydraulic medium. | Preparation and Low-Temperature Performance of Silicone Oil Based Magnetic Fluid Hydraulic Medium | 10.1007/978-981-19-9338-1_28 |
2023-01-01 | Nanostructured aluminum recently delivers a variety of new applications of the earth-abundant Al resource due to the unique properties, but its controllable synthesis remains very challenging with harsh conditions and spontaneously flammable precursors. Herein, a surface group directed method is developed to efficiently achieve low-temperature synthesis and self-assembly of zero-dimensional (0D) Al nanocrystals over one-dimensional (1D) carbon fibers (Al@CFs) through non-flammable AlCl 3 reduction at 70 °C. Theoretical calculations unveil surface −OLi groups of carbon fibers exert efficient binding effect to AlCl 3 , which guides intimate adsorption and in-situ self-assembly of the generated Al nanocrystals. The distinctive 0D-over-1D Al@CFs provides long 1D conductive networks for electron transfer, ultrafine 0D Al nanocrystals for fast lithiation and excellent buffering effect for volume change, thus exhibiting high structure stability and superior lithium storage performance. This work paves the way for mild and controllable synthesis of Al-based nanomaterials for new high-value applications. | Surface group directed low-temperature synthesis and self-assembly of Al nanostructures for lithium storage | 10.1007/s12274-022-4776-6 |
2023-01-01 | Global warming in the twenty-first century has gradually made high temperatures a major threat to the global population. Health problems associated with extreme temperatures have become a growing public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to estimate road injuries stratified by sex, age, geographic location, and sociodemographic status attribute to high, low, and non-optimal temperatures in 21 regional and global. We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study Results Tool to examine the age-standardized death rates (ASDR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to road injuries in 2019 by Joinpoint regression. In addition, we reported high, low, and non-optimal temperature exposures for road injuries across different groups by gender, age, region, and disease. Moreover, we examined temporal trends in the burden of road disease caused by high, low, and non-optimum temperatures from 1990 to 2019. Trend analyzes were conducted for five sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. Globally, both ASDR and DALY declined from 1990 to 2019, with average annual percent change (AAPC) values of − 1.3% and − 1.2%, respectively. In 2019, the indicators (death and DALYs) steadily declined, while SDI quintile increased in most regions. Road injuries related to death and DALYs rate attributed to high temperatures were 0.17 and 8.50, respectively, in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, DALYs for road injuries caused by low temperatures showed the most significant upward trend in most regions, especially in low-latitude countries. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the road injury burden caused by high, low, and non-optimum temperatures, which remains high in regions with low SDI. Therefore, special attention should be paid to road injuries in poor countries or in areas with extreme temperatures. | High, low, and non-optimum temperatures exposure on road injuries in a changing climate: a secondary analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | 10.1007/s11356-022-22903-2 |
2023-01-01 | In the present work, two newly designed low alloy steels were processed through the hot rolling and water quenching process at room temperature. The XRD and microstructural investigations suggest the presence of a multiphase microstructure containing various combination of martensite, ferrite, retained austenite and carbides. Between both the alloys, the presence of ferrite could be eliminated in the alloy with higher carbon and Mn content (Alloy-2). The presence of carbides and a small amount of retained austenite, even during fast water quenching to room temperature, can be attributed to the faster carbon diffusion due to its smaller size. The presence of higher carbon and Mn content in the Alloy-2 has resulted in higher hardness and strength with a slight decrease in the ductility, when compared with Alloy-1. Both the alloys showed superior mechanical properties, i.e. ultra-high strength (~900–1100 MPa YS and ~1400–1600 MPa UTS) combined with sufficient ductility (~11–14% total elongation). As a result, the energy absorption capability, which is the product of UTS and total elongation, was also measured to be on the higher side (~18–20 GPa%). | Comprehending Structure–Property Relationship in Hot-Rolled Low Alloy Steels | 10.1007/978-981-99-1971-0_16 |
2023-01-01 | In order to solve the problems such as wide fluctuation of concrete fluidity, too fast loss and water secretion caused by the variation of polycarboxylate superplasticizer for concrete preparation. In this paper, a kind of polycarboxylate superplasticizer with multiblock low sensitive(PE-K) was prepared by modified polyether (TPEG), acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in the presence of initiator at 50 centigrade. Results showed that the PE-K had lower dosage sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and the water consumption sensitivity performance compared with PE-01. | Preparation and performance test of multiblock polycarboxylate superplasticizer with low sensitivity | 10.2991/978-94-6463-312-2_8 |
2023-01-01 | Energy harvesting means extracting energy from the ambient environment to power stand-alone systems. Ambient energy sources are vibration, solar, radio frequency, wind, pressure and thermal, etc. Piezoelectric materials, photo voltaic cell and RF antennas are very common sources of energy harvesting. This technology plays a very important role where batteries are impractical such as body sensor network and inaccessible remote systems. For example, using the electronic circuits in an automobile, one can measure various parameters such as tire pressure and engine temperatures by placing sensors with battery in various hard to reach remote places inside the vehicle and diagnose the various automotive issues. Thus, replacing or extending life of a battery is one of the major problems. In medical branch, the doctors can monitor patients remotely with the help of various sensors that monitor health issues of the patients. This paper reviews the state of art energy harvesting models which provide high efficiency energy conversion (AC to DC and DC to DC) to regulate voltages or to charge batteries and super capacitors storage elements. | Challenges in VLSI Design for Efficient Energy Harvesting | 10.1007/978-981-19-8865-3_58 |
2023-01-01 | One of the promising areas of development of modern titanium alloy metallurgy is the development and manufacture of low-alloy titanium alloys for the aerospace industry, chemical and energy engineering, military industry, medicine. The experimental low cost alloys of titanium Ti-2.8Al-5.1Mo-4.9Fe (pseudo-β-alloy) and Ti-1.5Fe-0.4O (pseudo-α-alloy) were received by electron beam melting (EBM) with intermediate capacity. Metallographic, structural, X-ray structural analysis, electron microscopic studies of the lumen were performed, CCT diagrams of transformation titanium alloys were obtained and critical cooling rates were determined, physical and computer modeling of phase transformations in experimental titanium alloys was performed. It was found that the low cost titanium alloy Ti-2.8Al-5.1Mo-4.9Fe is a two-phase pseudo-β alloy, while the alloy Ti-1.5Fe-O is a two-phase pseudo-α titanium alloy. It was found that in the alloy Ti-2.8Al-5.1Mo-4.9Fe hardening occurs due to the formation of dispersed particles of titanium intermetallic Mo 9 Ti 4 and Fe 2 Ti, while in the alloy Ti-1.5Fe-O – disperse-strengthening particles of titanium oxides Ti 3 O 5 , Ti 4 Fe 2 O and FeTiO. The low cost titanium alloy Ti-2.8Al-5.1Mo-4.9 Fe has higher strength values compared to the strength of the alloy Ti-1.5Fe-O, but lower plasticity and toughness. The critical cooling rate for the experimental titanium alloy Ti-2.8Al-5.1Mo-4.9Fe is 20 ℃/s. | Use of New Smart Materials and Technologies Based on Titanium Alloys in Urban Engineering | 10.1007/978-3-031-20141-7_35 |
2023-01-01 | Estimating transmittance value is a decisive factor to calculate the rate of energy scape in buildings. Various methods are available to determine this parameter in the literature and practice. However, they have some inconveniences (such as the fact that they are traditionally based on a limited number of measurements and expensive instrumentation). This paper introduces the application of low-cost sensors for the thermal monitoring of buildings. To do so, on the basis of the temperature-based method (TBM), an Arduino-based data acquisition device was developed to infer the transmittance parameter of building envelopes. This system is supported by an Internet of Things (IoT) platform which provides low-cost postprocessing and saving of data. The potential of this metering device has been shown by carrying out thermal monitoring of a box model in laboratory conditions. Finally, to ensure the monitoring accuracy, the obtained results have been compared with those obtained from ISO 10456/2007. | Characterization of the Thermal Transmittance in Buildings Using Low-Cost Temperature Sensors | 10.1007/978-981-19-9822-5_43 |
2023-01-01 | The micro-groove structure has attracted extensive attention in mechanical seals and cutting tools as an effective surface modification method. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-contact machining method that can fabricate a large area of micro-grooves on difficult-to-cut metal materials. However, there are significant differences in the dissolution rate in different processing areas when multiple micro-grooves are processed simultaneously, resulting in poor machining accuracy and consistency of micro-grooves. In this work, a pulse-vibration ECM method was given to enhance the machining localization of parallel micro-grooves. The variation laws of flow velocity, void fraction, temperature rise, conductivity, and dissolution rate in different ECM methods were studied through the coupling simulation of the gas–liquid two-phase flow field, temperature field, and electric field. In addition, the effects of different flow modes and different ECM methods on the changes in groove width, groove depth, and cross-sectional profile of the micro-groove were studied based on experimental research. The results verified that combining a pulse-vibration ECM method and a flow-direction switching mode could significantly improve micro-grooves machining accuracy and consistency, the average groove width of micro-grooves processed by the combined method was 587 μm, and the groove width deviation was 8 μm. Moreover, compared with the die-sinking ECM, the average groove width of micro-grooves processed by pulse-vibration ECM was reduced by 13%, and the groove width deviation was reduced by 47%. Besides, the cross-sectional shape of the micro-groove contour gradually changed from a circular arc to a trapezoid. | Investigation on pulse-vibration electrochemical machining of parallel micro-grooves | 10.1007/s00170-022-10452-4 |
2023-01-01 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide important brain information in healthcare settings. Wet electrodes have several limitations, including their time-consuming preparation and no long-term acquisition, and dry electrodes have become a promising candidate. However, dry electrodes face several challenges related to signal quality, comfort, conductivity and cost. This study aims to develop and evaluate a novel dry electrode for EEG recordings. The electrode material properties are characterized by electrochemical, mechanical force, and skin measurements. The electrode performance is evaluated by comparing the impedance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and EEG signal features of the proposed electrode with those of a wet electrode and two commercial dry electrodes. The dry electrode design is based on the biological structure of the sea anemone and demonstrates an improved scalp fit and reduced signal noise and motion artifacts. The electrode materials include advanced conducting polymers combined with thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which exhibit good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and safety. A low-cost injection molding fabrication method is proposed. The dry electrodes show a scalp contact impedance of 7 kΩ at 20 Hz, which is lower than that of wet and commercial dry electrodes. Resting-state EEG and event-related potential signals collected by the anemone dry electrode achieved more than 90% similarity with signals acquired by wet electrodes. Thus, a low-cost, comfortable anemone dry electrode that exhibits excellent EEG recording performance is presented. The anemone dry electrode represents an important technological advance in material and structural design for EEG recording sensors. | Claw-shaped flexible and low-impedance conductive polymer electrodes for EEG recordings: Anemone dry electrode | 10.1007/s11431-022-2231-3 |
2023-01-01 | Traditional materials for scintillation-imaging screens or direct conversion detectors suffer from disadvantages including high cost, fragility, and poor photophysical properties. These highlighting disadvantages limit the quality of X-ray detection, and further impede the commercial application of X-ray. Luckily, low-dimensional semiconductors (LD), such as metal halide perovskites, classical inorganic semiconductors, and metal-organic frameworks, etc., possess Quantum well effect and Quantum size effect, emerging as alternative materials to conquer these problems. Moreover, some LD materials show outstanding properties of high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY), superior carrier lifetime produces, tunable bandgap, and low-temperature fabrication process, which ensures them as a competitive selection for X-ray detection. In this book chapter, firstly, the working mechanism and essential parameters of the direct and indirect X-ray detector are introduced. Then, advanced works based on LD semiconductors are systematically presented in both direct and indirect X-ray detection, as well as their application in X-ray imaging. Finally, the remaining challenges and our perspectives in the field of LD semiconductor-based X-ray detection are also summarized, mainly focusing on material design, stability, device structure, and device performance. | Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials for X-Ray Detection | 10.1007/978-3-030-92989-3_2 |
2023-01-01 | Agricultural biomass resources-based energy production and use is the key to enabling the transition towards a low-carbon economy. It has gained momentum at the national, regional, and global levels due to its potential to mitigate climate change, energy security, access, and reduce air pollution. Biofuel is regarded as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Biomass resources-based energy can reduce global CO 2 emissions and temperature elevation to 1.5 °C by 2050. Several thermal and bio-chemical routes are currently used to produce biofuel in the form of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels from agricultural resources. This chapter discusses the prospect of agricultural biomass, scientific and technical advancements, opportunities, and challenges globally and in Indian contexts. Although crop biomass is a renewable resource, its open-field burning is often causing several environmental issues. Nevertheless, if existing biomass is used efficiently, it can meet India’s and many other countries growing biofuel demand. It could also minimize fossil fuel dependency in transport, agriculture, industrial, and many other sectors. | Production and Use of Biofuel from Agricultural Resources | 10.1007/978-981-19-7736-7_33-1 |
2023-01-01 | In order to investigate the influence of oxygen content in sintering Sintering flue gas on the heat generated by coke combustion and sintering flue gas, the thermodynamic calculation was carried out with FactSage software Software . Combustion kinetics under different oxygen content was studied with thermogravimetric analyzer. Thermodynamic research results showed that under the condition of sintering Sintering with iron ore fines, the oxygen content in the combustion-supporting air was abundant. When the oxygen content was more than 7%, the solid fuel in the sintered layer could meet the combustion conditions and release all the heat. Kinetic experiment results showed that the combustion rate of coke breeze in 5 min with 13% oxygen content in flue gas was equivalent to combustion rate of coke breeze in 2.75 min 21% oxygen content in flue gas. The research is helpful for energy recovery of sintering Sintering process and reducing carbon emission of blast furnace ironmaking. | Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Coke Breeze Combustion Under Different Oxygen Content in the Sintering Process | 10.1007/978-3-031-22657-1_4 |
2023-01-01 | The reduction of driving range of electric vehicles in winter is a key issue that affects the promotion of new energy vehicles and the implementation of “Carbon peak and carbon neutral” strategic goals. In this study, typical battery electric vehicles in Changchun were selected to obtain the actual road driving data, to analyze the travel and charging temperature, travel characteristics in winter. Two typical temperatures are recommended for the test: take −10℃ as the general and −20℃ as the limit environmental temperature. Finally, based on the driving characteristics, it proposed a low-temperature energy consumption test can better reflect the actual road energy consumption level of BEV in low-temperature. | Research on Low-Temperature Energy Consumption Test Procedures of Bev Based on Road Travel Data | 10.1007/978-981-99-1365-7_52 |
2023-01-01 | A full-scale experimental house to develop comprehensive passive cooling techniques for affordable apartments in the hot and humid climate of Indonesia was constructed in the city of Tegal in 2020. It is a 2- to 3-storey apartment building with a pilotis on the ground floor, consisting of 12 units with a total floor area of approximately 2000 m 2 . This study explains the passive design concept of the experimental house, focusing on the ventilation strategies using a vertical void, and presents the results of a preliminary field measurement of indoor thermal environments. Major thermal parameters were measured under different ventilation conditions. The results showed that the structural cooling effect by the nocturnal ventilation was apparent, but it was difficult to achieve indoor thermal comfort during the peak hours by the nocturnal ventilation alone. This implies that further additional passive cooling techniques such as radiant floor cooling and evaporative cooling are necessary. Moreover, the effect of indoor wind speed on thermal comfort of the tropical occupants should be considered more in detail. | Development of Low-Carbon Affordable Apartments in the Hot and Humid Climate of Indonesia: Construction of a Full-Scale Experimental House | 10.1007/978-981-19-9822-5_272 |
2023-01-01 | Canyon cross wind has great potential to be transformed into electricity to power for low-power sensors of the health monitoring devices in bridge field. In this paper, a hybrid wind energy harvesting system (WEHS), integrating piezoelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms, is proposed to supply power for low-power sensors on canyon bridges. Firstly, the S-rotor embedded with a one-way bearing converts wind energy into rotational mechanical energy. Then, the piezoelectric cantilever beam and coils simultaneously convert mechanical energy into electricity under the excitation of the rotational magnet array. For the piezoelectric transducer, the symmetrical poles arrangement of tip magnet reduces the starting wind speed and resistance torque during energy harvesting. In addition, the relationship between different number of excitation magnets and the output of the piezoelectric transducer is explored. Finally, the output electricity is stored in the capacitors to supply power for low power sensors. The experimental results showed that the symmetrical poles arrangement of tip magnet could effectively reduce the starting resistance torque and improve the output power at low wind speeds. Given a wind speed of 6.5 m/s, the maximum output power of the WEHS can reach 19.24 $${\text{mW}}$$ mW with corresponding electrical energy of 75.714 $${\text{mJ}}$$ mJ in one sweep period (6 s). The field test results demonstrated that the WEHS could effectively charge for the capacitors and power for a hundred LEDs. Furthermore, the mechanical durability and stability of the WEHS are verified by introducing a self-powered low power sensor system. | A Hybrid Self-Powered System Based on Wind Energy Harvesting for Low-Power Sensors on Canyon Bridges | 10.1007/s40684-022-00424-0 |
2023-01-01 | The use of mineral additives (SCM) has been a major trend in concrete technology for several decades. This is due to both economic and environmental considerations. Utilization of large-capacity industrial and energy waste, and reduction of pure-clinker binders’ consumption are one of the basic principles of sustainable development in construction. In addition, the technology of high performance, self-compacting concrete requires the mandatory use of fine mineral additives. As a rule, additives with their own hydraulic or pozzolanic activity are used for this purpose, viz granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, natural pozzolans, microsilica, etc. However, other mineral additives, in particular, calcium carbonate, can also demonstrate high efficiency in concrete mix design. The paper presents the test results of concrete mixes and concretes made using 25% fine calcite in binary blends with ordinary Portland cement CEM I 42.5. For concrete compositions with a cement consumption of 250–350 kg/m 3 , the possibility to achieve a compressive strength of 60 – 80 MPa at the age of 28 days when hardening under normal conditions (t = 20 ± 2 ℃, φ = 95 ± 5%) is shown. For concretes that hardened under heat and moisture treatment at t = 80 ℃ for 6 h, the strength was 30–60 MPa. The high integral waterproofing of the obtained concretes was noted. The use of CaCO 3 as an SCM allows adjusting flexibly the technological parameters of concrete mixes and the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete, depending on the required functionality. In combination with effective polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers, fine particles of CaCO 3 in concrete mixtures (especially self-compacting ones) can provide resistance to concrete segregation and bleeding, ensuring high rates of concrete strength gain and low permeability. Light-colored calcium carbonate polymorphs can be used effectively to save white Portland cement consumption. | Floured CaCO3 as Supplementary Cementitious Material in Defined Performance Concrete | 10.1007/978-3-031-32519-9_14 |
2023-01-01 | In this paper, a physiological model of human cold stress was developed to analyze and study the stress response of human body in low temperature environment and to predict human injury. The physiological model of human cold stress includes two parts: passive system and active system. The passive system divides the human body into 22 segments and 98 nodes, which are used to simulate the heat conduction, heat convection and blood perfusion heat transfer of the human body. Among them, the active system mainly simulates four kinds of thermoregulatory responses, including skin blood perfusion rate, arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA) blood flow, tremor and sweating. The verification tests of core temperature and multi-site skin temperature under cold exposure condition (−5 ℃) were carried out by using environmental climate chamber. The tests confirmed that the physiological model of human cold stress accurately simulated the response of human cold stress and predicted the changes of human skin and core temperature. | Modeling of Human Cold Stress in Low Temperature Environment | 10.1007/978-981-19-4786-5_67 |
2023-01-01 | Energy conservation and delay minimization are the two major goals while designing ultra-low-power digital integrated circuits at lower technology nodes. Here, silicon based carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) has been explored as a novel material for future electronics design applications (EDA). In this paper, two energy-efficient switching activity minimization techniques have been applied with proposed designs. First technique detects the completion of sensing stage operation known as transition completion detection (TCD) technique. TC signal generated from NAND operation of complementary outputs of sensing stage which minimizes glitches in the complementary outputs of the latch stage. Another clock gating mechanism applied at the latch stage to smoothen the output waveforms Q and Q ¯ $\overline {Q}$ . The proposed and existing designs simulated using 32nm CMOS and 32nm CNTFET technology, indicating that the CNTFET based design reduces power by 45% and 36% respectively in comparison with conventional CMOS. Proposed Low Power Sense Amplifier Flip Flop with transition control detection (TCD-LPSAFF) and Ultra Low Energy Sense Amplifier Flip Flop (ULESAFF) give minimal power delay product (PDP) which is 35.7 × 10 − 18 J and 29.6 × 10 − 18 J respectively. Also, the effect of process variation has been analyzed at specified corners (FF, TT and SS) in the temperature range of -40 ∘ C to 120 ∘ C. The performance of all designs has been validated by functionality testing with variation in load cpacitance, diameter, number of tubes and pitch respectively. | Implementation and Optimization of CNTFET Based Ultra-Low Energy Delay Flip Flop Designs | 10.1007/s12633-021-01085-5 |
2023-01-01 | In new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been broadly applied. Charging anxiety seriously affects the driving experience of passengers, and the battery's charging procedure is intimately associated to the battery's remaining life and safety performance, especially the lithium precipitation of the negative electrode caused by high power fast charging in low temperature environment, which often triggers the thermal runaway of the LIB. The battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) and thermal model are established in this paper, and the battery charging simulation in low temperature environment is carried out in Matlab/Simulink. The optimal frequency is obtained through Mendeley data, and the pulse current and alternating current (AC) with the optimal frequency are loaded. The simulation results show that compared with constant current (CC) charging, pulse current and AC charging have shorter charging time and better temperature rise effect in low temperature environment. | Analysis of Pulse and Alternating Current Low Temperature Charging Based on Optimal Charging Frequency | 10.1007/978-981-99-1027-4_40 |
2023-01-01 | This review covers various types of micro-pumps designs, and the design aspects of an IPMC actuator-based micro-pump are much focused on flow rate as the primary objective while maintaining a low power consumption. A detailed comparison of various diaphragm micro-pump types and pump structures is discussed. The need for durability led to the choice of valve-less micro-pump over their active counterparts. Choice of PEGDA (Polyethyleneglycoldiacrylate) as the membrane material for actuation has been proposed due to the ease of curing and biocompatibility aspect. In addition to the review, a 2D simulation of IPMC membrane has been performed for obtaining corresponding values of membrane displacement in COMSOL Mutliphysics. The valve-less nozzle/diffuser configuration with a conical angle of 4–6̊ allows the pump to provide the desired flow rate. The simulation results show the relationship between applied voltage, frequency, dimensions and displacement of actuator and the flow rate and accumulated flow volume for various cone angles of valve. Further, the backflow rates for conical and tesla valves have been observed at various pressures. Tesla valve exhibits a much lesser backflow rate of 240 µl/s at an inlet pressure of 130 Pa. | Critical Review and Exploration on Micro-pumps for Microfluidic Delivery | 10.1007/978-981-19-8714-4_5 |
2023-01-01 | Climate change Climate change is one the greatest threats to civilization that humans have ever faced. Figure 11.1 shows an example of the kinds of disasters that it has created. Achieving economically viable fusion electric power could constitute a major step toward replacing fossil fuels Fossil fuels and thus avoiding the worst effects of climate change Climate change . To date, a small, poorly funded, driven, and underappreciated community of researchers have made immense progress in developing this technology. Because of their efforts, we now have tools at hand to reach a net power fusion facility in the next decade. But that is only the first step toward building industrial and commercial scale fusion power plants. What is needed now is a government development program to get us over the finish line. Any plan would also need to target core fusion support technologies, like the mass manufacturing of high-temperature superconducting wires, improved vacuum systems, and ultrahigh-field magnets. Growing a manufacturing base like that would be transformative. This chapter describes how that transformation could be achieved and argues for its benefits. Beyond the practical to the inspirational, fusion propulsion systems can also enable high-speed interplanetary travel. This technology may well provide humanity’s next giant leap toward becoming a multiplanet species. | The Path Forward | 10.1007/978-3-031-22906-0_11 |
2023-01-01 | Impact toughness stability has always been an important issue in the production of low carbon bainitic steel Low carbon bainitic steel plate. In this paper, the microstructure Microstructure uniformity of 07MnNiMoDR low carbon bainitic steel Low carbon bainitic steel plate in the width and thickness directions was studied. The results show that the grain size near the surface in the thickness direction of the steel plate is smaller and the hardness is lower; the grain size at the center thickness is larger, and the hardness is higher due to the segregation Segregation of carbon. In addition to the structure and hardness, there are also large fluctuations in the chemical composition along the width direction. The segregation Segregation elements at 1/2 of the thickness of the tempered steel plate are mainly carbon, sulfur, manganese, niobium, etc. They exist in the form of MnS and NbC compounds, which significantly increases the probability of intergranular fracture during the impact process. | Microstructure and Property Uniformity of 07MnNiMoDR Low Carbon Bainitic Steel Plate | 10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_99 |
2023-01-01 | In order to better understand the corrosion behavior of sulfur-resistant tubing steel in acidic media systems containing CO 2 and H 2 S, using high temperature and high pressure reactor equipment, combined with SEM and XRD analysis methods, the corrosion behavior of N80s and P110s sulfur-resistant tubing steel in simulated lower ancient gas reservoir environment was studied. The corrosion rate under different temperature conditions was calculated, the corrosion morphology and composition were analyzed, and the corrosion mechanism was discussed. The results show that the two kinds of sulfur-resistant steels are mainly H 2 S corrosion in the range of 50 ℃–120 ℃. The corrosion of P110s steel is more serious than that of N80S steel. The product film composition is FeS, Fe 1-x S, no FeCO 3 , corrosion rate decreases first and then increases, the extent of local corrosion gradually increases with the increase of temperature. It provides a theoretical basis for the material selection of acidic medium block in oil and gas fields, especially in middle and high temperature area, and provides a reference for the formulation of on-site anticorrosion measures. | Corrosion Behavior of N80s and P110s in Medium and High Temperature Areas in Acidic Media | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_400 |
2023-01-01 | Ammonia decomposition to produce hydrogen can be promoted by the combination of plasma and catalyst. In this study, molybdenum nitride (Mo 2 N) catalyst prepared by low pressure nitriding method was applied for the DBD plasma-driven ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production. At the NH 3 feed flow rate of 40 sccm, the ammonia decomposition efficiency of more than 95% was achieved using plasma-catalytic method at an input power of 40 W without extra heating, which is more than twice that achieved by plasma-only or thermal-catalyst mode. Confirmed by various characterization results, through the low-pressure nitriding method, a composite structure of Mo/Mo 2 N was introduced on the surface of the catalyst, which is considered to play an important role in improving the catalytic performance. Owing to the pre-generated Mo/Mo 2 N active species, the plasma catalytic ammonia decomposition proceeded straightly without evident induction period. | Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition for Carbon-Free Hydrogen Production Using Low Pressure-Synthesized Mo2N Catalyst | 10.1007/s11090-022-10282-y |
2023-01-01 | The process of seed germination is described as the culmination of a series of events that start with wetting and end with the emergence of the embryo (typically the radicle) from the seed coat. This method has an impact on crop output and quality. The characteristics of the seed surface and the surroundings have an impact on the kinetics and volume of water absorption by seeds. As a result, modifying the characteristics of a seed's surface is a useful tactic for influencing seed germination. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment of the seed for surface activation is now being researched as an effective pre-sowing technique. This study looked at the effects of LTP on radish ( Raphanus sativus ) seeds at room temperature for various times. The seed's germination properties, growth parameters, water contact angle (WCA), Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), and FTIR analysis were examined. WCA and SEM examination revealed a considerable alteration in the seed coat following LTP treatment, which is directly connected to water permeability into the seeds. Similarly, FTIR analysis confirmed that the enhancement of the hydrophilic properties of the seeds following plasma treatment is likely due to the damage of the hydrophobic moieties on the seeds' surface. The LTP treatment improved each germination-related parameter, including the vigor index, chlorophyll content, in-vitro radical scavenging activities, total flavonoid, and phenol in the seedlings. Our findings indicate that LTP treatment has a beneficial impact on early seed sprouting and the development of radish. | Growth Enhancement of Radish Seed Induced by Low-Temperature Argon Plasma | 10.1007/s11090-022-10291-x |
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