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2023-01-01 | Designs inspired by nature for energy absorption applications are now trending research in the engineering field, where various biomimetic designs are readymade and available from nature. Nowadays, high strength to low-weight components is the major law consideration for many design processes. Bio-inspired lattice structures are perfect for satisfying this condition to possess excellent mechanical properties at minimum available weight with high strength to low-weight criteria due to its unit lattice cell factors. In this paper, detailed criteria to select a suitable unit cell size among two types of lattice structures which are bio-inspired from centriole and honeycomb structures of three different unit cells of the wall thickness of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 mm are designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 a 3D design software, and the designs are analyzed in Ansys R21 software and fabricated via stereolithography (SLA) an additive manufacturing process. Finally, the results of the numerical analysis and values of the compression test are analyzed. Finally, the best structure for the application of energy absorption is validated through the results. | Analysis of Bio-Inspired Designs for Energy Absorption Applications | 10.1007/978-981-99-0264-4_16 |
2023-01-01 | In the context of climate change, environmental actions on structures are likely to alter in terms of intensities and frequencies of occurrence. To ensure sufficient load-bearing capacity of structures despite these changes, actions may be monitored using structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Environmental actions involve time-dependent and non-scheduled loads, e.g., wind and snow loads. In current SHM systems, these loads are mostly traced locally. However, local monitoring may cause inaccuracies, as certain load phenomena, such as wind turbulences, or snow accumulations in specific parts of structures, may not be registered. A holistic, global recording of loads acting on structures has rarely been established since a multitude of sensors is cost intensive, and the integration into the building envelope is challenging. This paper investigates slender layered piezoresistive sensors to measure loads resulting from environmental actions, focusing on wind and snow loads. The sensors operate based on changes of externally applied pressure, leading to variations in the electrical resistance of a piezoresistive material. Next to strategies for quantifying structural loads using sensor technology, first, alternatives of force sensors are discussed. Subsequently, the low-cost technical fabrication of the piezoresistive pressure sensors is presented, and implementation, calibration, and validation of the pressure sensors are conducted. Finally, the validation results of the sensors are discussed, and an outlook on future work is presented. In summary, the sensors investigated offer a wide range of applications for monitoring structural actions on surfaces, serving as a basis for estimating the load-bearing capacity of structures reliably. | Piezoresistive Sensors for Monitoring Actions on Structures | 10.1007/978-3-031-07258-1_14 |
2023-01-01 | The article presents the results of the creation of a computerized defect detection system targeted at defect finding in welded joints of high-strength steels. As the research object, welded joints of transformer tanks made of steel were selected. The choice of this type of metal is conditioned by the ultra-low carbon content, which opens up prospects for the application of nondestructive testing using eddy-current methods. To perform direct measurements, a scanning system was designed and brought in an optimal state, which included a transducer based on the principles of eddy currents and having three circuits assembled on an 80NMZ ferrite core. The system operation was controlled by a specially developed software controlling the signal generation and reception units, and noise filtering using analog and digital signal filters. The system was tested using samples with modeled continuity defects (cracks and holes). Also, modeling of corrosion defects in welded joints was carried out as a part of the study. | Computerized Hardware and Software System for Investigation of Welding Defects of High-Strength Steel Based on a Subminiature Eddy-Current Transducer | 10.1007/978-3-031-11051-1_159 |
2023-01-01 | Organic potato production deals with a very limited choice of tools to control late blight. One of the alternative ways to protect potatoes against this disease is a plant immunity stimulation. A study of the effect of pre-planting and post-harvest treatment of five potato cultivars (Sante, Arizona, Aluett, Vektor, and Sarpo Mira) with low-frequency pulse electric field (LF-PEF) on the main yield parameters (total number/weight of tubers, number/weight of marketable tubers) and the level of disease development on artificially inoculated leaves and tuber tissues was performed in 2020–2021. The pre-planting treatment of seed tubers showed a tendency to reliably increase the number of marketable tubers (10–48%), the total weight of tubers (11.4–53.9%), and weight of marketable tubers (13.7–89.3%). The disease development and sporulation intensity on leaves of susceptible cultivars grown from treated tubers were suppressed by 17.1–35.7% and 10.9–30.1%, respectively. The level of disease suppression in tissues of treated tubers varied within 13.4–45.2%, and a decreased sporulation was observed in three of five cultivars. Thus, the LF-PEF treatment represents a promising environmentally friendly tool for organic agriculture to increase potato resistance to late blight and improve the yield. | Pre-planting and Post-harvest Treatment of Potato with Low-Frequency Pulse Electric Field Suppresses the Development of the Leaf and Tuber Blight | 10.1007/978-981-99-4165-0_26 |
2023-01-01 | In the process of tertiary oil recovery in unconsolidated sand reservoir of Bohai Bay g oilfield, polymer injection beneficial wells are faced with polymer plugging and sand production at the same time, and the effect of conventional sand control completion method is not ideal. The research on sand control well completion technology of polymer injection beneficial well was carried out. In the research, in view of the problem that the current filling gravel material quartz sand is easy to adsorb polymers, a low-adsorption filling gravel was developed, and a number of performance indicators were tested. At the same time, the fractured structure of the sand control completion screen for the polymer injection benefit well was improved, and the sand control screen for the polymer injection benefit well was formed. The results show that the adsorption capacity of the sand barrier formed by the low-adsorption gravel pack is 48% lower than that of the conventional quartz sand, and the validity of sand control is prolonged. The slit structure of sand control screen tube is changed from conventional rectangular slit to double trapezoidal slit. The slit width is optimized from 0.25 mm to 0.35 mm, the seepage area is increased by 1.4 times, which further improves the anti-blocking ability of the oil flow channel. By December 2021, the sand control completion technology of polymer injection beneficial well has been applied for 30 wells, with a cumulative oil increase of 2.8 × 10 4 t. The application effect is super and has good value of popularization and application. | Research and Application of Sand Control Completion Technology for Beneficial Wells of Polymer Injection in Bohai Bay G Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_244 |
2023-01-01 | To adapt to the low-velocity water flow closely related to human life, the natural energy can be efficiently harvested and used to power monitoring devices. Herein, a triboelectric soft fishtail (TE-SFT) driven by flow-induced vibration (FIV) effect is proposed based on the soft material synthesis technology. Specifically, inspired by the fishtail fin, a bluff body with the cross-section of fishtail-shaped is designed, and has a preferable vortex effect by fluid simulation. In power generation part, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is designed to act as an inertial pendulum structure by geometric method. Under the FIV effect, the TE-SFT driven by fishtail-shaped bluff body swings like a fish in the water and then brings the inertial pendulum to acquire the oscillation for harvesting energy from low-velocity water flow. The TE-SFT attains an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 200 V to 313 V at the flow velocities of 0.24 to 0.89 m/s. Additionally, after 30 days of water immersion, the V OC of TE-SFT retains 96.81%. In demonstration, the TE-SFT is applied to power the temperature and humidity sensor through harvesting water flow energy. This work also provides a way for self-powered system based on the TENG and soft bionic fish in water environment. | Soft-bionic-fishtail structured triboelectric nanogenerator driven by flow-induced vibration for low-velocity water flow energy harvesting | 10.1007/s12274-022-4715-6 |
2023-01-01 | With the development of the country and the sustainable development of the society, all kinds of infrastructure construction and transformation of our country have been greatly promoted. With the emergence of modern transportation equipment and the rapid development of expressway, the design of expressway service area, which is the equipment related to the highway, is also getting higher and newer, not only to meet the needs of modern transportation, but also to adapt to the development of the environment. The service area is an indispensable part of the construction of the service area in China, and its service demand diversification, energy and resource use are also important components. Compared with other urban buildings, architecture is a special architectural form. It should not only be humanized, but also meet the psychological and physiological need of users, and pay attention to the symbiosis of architecture and environment, energy conservation and emission reduction. Introducing the concept of “green building” into the buildings in the service area can not only solve the problems of resource shortage and energy consumption reduction in the service area, but also have important significance for expanding the research on building energy conservation and environmental protection in China. | Application of “Green and Low Carbon” in the Design of Expressway Service Area | 10.2991/978-94-6463-200-2_133 |
2023-01-01 | There has been a paradigm change in the building and construction industry recently, with more emphasis being placed on creating sustainable, energy-efficient new infrastructure. Although this trend has gained momentum in the last few decades, the results have noted a very minor contribution to energy concerns. Though new development is essential, it has also been advocated by studies, that a majority of the existing built stock bears significant potential for energy savings. In the case of developing nations such as India, it is even more vital to discover alternative solutions to their energy challenges while meeting their economic requirements. This article discusses the various aspects of energy retrofitting, including the process, levels of intervention, and possible challenges or barriers in implementing such projects in existing residential units in India. It further demonstrates the potential of energy savings by using different retrofit materials through the simulation of two cases of detached dwellings built in two different climate zones of India. The study contributes to the current literature by providing illustrative examples of the applicability of energy retrofits as a viable option for resource optimization in buildings. | Retrofitting: Exploring a New Domain in Energy-Efficient Built Environment | 10.1007/978-981-99-3526-0_12 |
2023-01-01 | The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of thyroid tumors established a new category, “low-risk neoplasm,” which includes borderline tumors (non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, thyroid tumor of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumor). These are encapsulated follicular-patterned tumors that were classified in the malignant category (encapsulated thyroid carcinomas, pEx0, pN0, M0) in the past. The WHO classification emphasizes that these low-risk neoplasms have been reported to give rise to metastases, but the incidence of spread is extremely low. This statement was inserted to protect pathologists from malpractice litigation in the unusual case that their patient’s tumor metastasized. Rather than classifying them in the malignant category as carcinomas, the designation “neoplasm” or “tumor” is a message for clinicians that is intended to reduce the risk of overtreatment and for the patient to assuage fears of a cancer diagnosis. Some other candidate tumors, which were not listed in the current WHO classification, that are qualified to be classified in the low-risk neoplasm category are discussed in this chapter. They are papillary microtumors that were proposed by Rosai et al., non-invasive encapsulated papillary RAS-like thyroid tumors that were proposed by Ohba et al., and low-risk intrathyroidal neoplasm that was proposed by Kakudo et al. | Low-Risk Neoplasms in the Fifth Edition of the WHO Classification of Thyroid Tumors | 10.1007/978-981-99-6782-7_15 |
2023-01-01 | In the liquefied natural gas (LNG) intermediate fluid vaporizer (IFV), the condensation of refrigerants outside the LNG tubes is the main factor affecting the regasification efficiency. In this paper, the condensation heat transfer characteristics of refrigerants outside horizontal plain and low finned LNG tubes are investigated at low temperatures through numerical simulation. Based on the VOF model and Lee phase change model, the CFD model is validated with the experimental data for the plain and low-finned tubes. For the plain tube, dimethylether (DME) shows the best heat transfer performances in the seven candidate refrigerants. For the low-finned tubes at high heat flux, the retention angle decreases as heat flux increases. The analytical model overpredicts the retention angle at high heat flux and large fin density. The difference in heat flux between flooded and unflooded regions decreases as wall subcooling increases. The tubes with a fin height of 0.3 mm and a fin density between 25–34 fins per inch show high heat transfer performance for the IFV-condenser. In the four heat transfer correlations, the Honda correlation has the highest prediction accuracy under the IFV condition, with a deviation between −10% and 57%. | Numerical Investigation on the Condensation of Various Refrigerants Outside Horizontal Plain and Low Finned Tubes at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_61 |
2023-01-01 | Pulsed latches are the core component of any digital circuit design and by far the most widespread and crucial variety. The dimensions of the space, as well as its power and functionality, are elements that influence the design. To have an effective design, the three parameters need to be tuned. In this study, a unique pulsed latch that can be accomplished with mixed topology is proposed. In a design that is restricted, the hold time and the low voltage are the primary concerns. The suggested circuit is intended to reduce the amount of time spent on the initial setup. The implementation of the requested task is accomplished with the assistance of the cadence virtuoso tool, which has a supply voltage of 0.9 V. CMOS 90 nm is the technology that is employed for the implementation. The results of the setup time, Hold Time, Clock delay, and total power are compared with those of the Adaptive Coupling Flip-Flop, Transmission Gate Flip-Flop, and Topological Compressed Flip-Flop, respectively. According to the findings of the design that was proposed, it was discovered to be more efficient than the other FF designs that were examined. | Static Single Phase Contention Pulsed Latch for Low Voltage Operation | 10.1007/978-981-99-0973-5_13 |
2023-01-01 | Nuclear power is the most realistic choice to cope with climate change and low-carbon transformation of energy structure, and it is also the inevitable trend for China to achieve the “double carbon goal”. At present, the design task of nuclear power HVAC is not only to meet the functional requirements of users, but also to fulfill the tasks of efficient use of resources, environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction. This paper discusses several “low carbon” technology paths that can be researched, developed and selected in the design process, including cold storage, pipeline optimization, cooling heat recovery, cold and hot air distribution, etc., analyzes the main problems and applicable conditions, and provides reference suggestions for the sustainable development of HVAC design and operation of nuclear power in China. | Research on Low Carbon and Energy Saving Technology Path of Nuclear Power HVAC System | 10.1007/978-981-19-8899-8_12 |
2023-01-01 | The seismic isolation design for bridges mainly focused on increasing the damping properties of the seismic isolator under controlled period. To adopt to the demand of high damping properties, there were newly developed isolators and dampers nowadays. However, in Japan, the seismic isolator’s design standard for bearing’s nonlinear parameter standard was limited to some existing isolator types and was fitted to bilinear model under controlled experiment environment settings. Furthermore, in actual environment, the nonlinear behavior of some key members like bearings and dampers were somewhat complicated, that’s why there was a need to select the proper nonlinear model carefully to represents the bearing’s nonlinear behavior more realistic. The nonlinear model selection can be difficult considering the new types of isolators and different external factors which makes it a trial-and-error process and highly depends on the engineer’s expertise. Therefore, inversion process was proposed for structural key member’s nonlinear model selection using neural network. The AI model was trained using four existing nonlinear models which was capable to identify the nonlinear model of an HDR-S bearing under low temperature. The training data used the displacement of an actual bearing`s experimental data while the force was numerically simulated using different existing nonlinear models. The proposed method will greatly help to guide the engineers on nonlinear model classification which was important prior to nonlinear parameter identification and seismic isolation design. | Nonlinear Model Classification of HDR-S Bearing Under Low Temperature Using Artificial Neural Network | 10.1007/978-3-030-93236-7_46 |
2023-01-01 | Modern computing systems are overwhelmingly designed to move data to computation. This design choice goes directly against at least three key trends in computing that cause performance, scalability and energy bottlenecks: (1) data access is a key bottleneck as many important applications are increasingly data-intensive, and memory bandwidth and energy do not scale well, (2) energy consumption is a key limiter in almost all computing platforms, especially server and mobile systems, (3) data movement, especially off-chip to on-chip, is very expensive in terms of bandwidth, energy and latency, much more so than computation. These trends are especially severely-felt in the data-intensive server and energy-constrained mobile systems of today. At the same time, conventional memory technology is facing many technology scaling challenges in terms of reliability, energy, and performance. As a result, memory system architects are open to organizing memory in different ways and making it more intelligent, at the expense of higher cost. The emergence of 3D-stacked memory plus logic, the adoption of error correcting codes inside the latest DRAM chips, proliferation of different main memory standards and chips, specialized for different purposes (e.g., graphics, low-power, high bandwidth, low latency), and the necessity of designing new solutions to serious reliability and security issues, such as the RowHammer phenomenon, are an evidence of this trend. This chapter discusses recent research that aims to practically enable computation close to data, an approach we call processing-in-memory (PIM). PIM places computation mechanisms in or near where the data is stored (i.e., inside the memory chips, in the logic layer of 3D-stacked memory, or in the memory controllers), so that data movement between the computation units and memory is reduced or eliminated. While the general idea of PIM is not new, we discuss motivating trends in applications as well as memory circuits/technology that greatly exacerbate the need for enabling it in modern computing systems. We examine at least two promising new approaches to designing PIM systems to accelerate important data-intensive applications: (1) processing using memory by exploiting analog operational properties of DRAM chips to perform massively-parallel operations in memory, with low-cost changes, (2) processing near memory by exploiting 3D-stacked memory technology design to provide high memory bandwidth and low memory latency to in-memory logic. In both approaches, we describe and tackle relevant cross-layer research, design, and adoption challenges in devices, architecture, systems, and programming models. Our focus is on the development of in-memory processing designs that can be adopted in real computing platforms at low cost. We conclude by discussing work on solving key challenges to the practical adoption of PIM. | A Modern Primer on Processing in Memory | 10.1007/978-981-16-7487-7_7 |
2023-01-01 | The energy sector has been experiencing a massive but gradual shift in recent years toward renewable and low-carbon energy sources. The future of fossil fuels lies in the ability of the industry to adapt to the market, environment, and social trends within the energy transition framework. In this chapter, we review the challenges that the oil and gas industry will be facing in the coming years. We then explore opportunities and growth areas that this transition provides to the industry. This chapter focuses on three areas of digitization and modernization, developing innovative low-carbon fuels, and harnessing underground and offshore facilities and expertise. | Energy Transition: Challenges and Opportunities for the Oil & Gas Industry | 10.1007/978-3-031-30697-6_1 |
2023-01-01 | Inulin is a polymer of fructose units that are soluble in water and cannot be digested by enzymes but can be fermented by microflora in the colon. Inulin is commonly used as a food additive for synbiotic benefits. Inulin is generally produced from tubers or plant roots. Beneng taro is an indigenous tuber in Banten Province that contains 84.88% carbohydrates and 75.62% starch, so this taro has potential as an inulin source. Inulin can act as a bulking agent to improve the body, mouthfeel, texture, and taste of yogurt. Inulin has a functional quality that would make that yogurt can provide extra health benefits. | A Review of the Potential of Beneng Taro as Material for Inulin Making and Its Application to Yogurt | 10.2991/978-94-6463-090-9_5 |
2023-01-01 | The human uses of mushrooms and cultured mycelium products for nutrition and medicine are detailed and supported by available human studies, which in many cases are clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals. The major medically active immunomodulating compounds in the cell walls—chitin, beta-glucans, and glycoproteins, as well as lower weight molecules—nitrogen-containing compounds, phenolics, and terpenes—are discussed in relation to their current clinical uses. The nutritional content and foods derived from mushrooms, particularly related to their medical benefits, are discussed. High-quality major nutrients such as the high amounts of complete protein and prebiotic fibers found in edible and medicinal fungi and their products are presented. Mushrooms contain the highest amount of valuable medicinal fiber, while dried fruiting bodies of some fungi have up to 80% prebiotic fiber. These fibers are particularly complex and are not broken down in the upper gut, so they can diversify the microbiome and increase the most beneficial species, leading to better immune regulation and increasing normalizing levels of crucial neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Since the growth of medicinal mushroom products is expanding rapidly worldwide, attention is placed on reviewing important aspects of mushroom and mycelium cultivation and quality issues relating to adulteration, substitution, and purity and for maximizing medicinal potency. Common questions surrounding medicinal mushroom products in the marketplace, particularly the healing potential of fungal mycelium compared with fruiting bodies, extraction methods, and the use of fillers in products, are all explored, and many points are supported by the literature. Graphical Abstract | The Health and Clinical Benefits of Medicinal Fungi | 10.1007/10_2023_230 |
2023-01-01 | The electrochemical machining technique paved the way for a new approach of material removal mechanism through electrochemical reactions between the workpiece and the tool. It is a method for creating a variety of profiles without using mechanical forces between the work and the tool, using optimized input parameters. Since the size and expense of the conventional electrochemical machining equipment are so high, it could not be made available to everyone who wants to work under it. As a result, with fewer components and low-cost electrolytes, a novel design and fabrication of the electrochemical machining unit was produced in this work. The device is small and can conduct machining operations such as blanking, surface polishing, and generating various profiles by adjusting various parameters. To develop a square blank on the surface of the work piece, the unique ECM unit was used with high-speed steel (HSS) as a tool, an aluminium block as a workpiece, and salt water as an electrolyte. It functioned similarly to standard ECM machines in that it created the desired dimension on the work piece with an excellent surface quality. It is primarily intended for low-level machining and laboratory applications. | A Novel Design and Development of Low-Cost Electro-Chemical Machining Unit with Optimized Parameters | 10.1007/978-981-99-1288-9_27 |
2023-01-01 | WST-8 (Cell Counting Kit 8; CCK-8) is the last generation tetrazolium-based cell viability assay and has recently been accepted as a validated method for measuring the cell viability of 3D in vitro models. Here, we describe how to form 3D prostate tumor spheroids using the polyHEMA technique, apply drug treatments and WST-8 assay to these spheroids, and calculate their cell viability. The advantages of our protocol are the formation of spheroids without adding extracellular matrix components, and the elimination of the critique handling process needed for transferring spheroids. Although this protocol exemplifies the determination of percentage cell viability in PC-3 prostate tumor spheroids, it can be adapted and optimized for other prostate cell lines and other types of cancers. | Cell Viability Assay with 3D Prostate Tumor Spheroids | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_17 |
2023-01-01 | Low light stress causes a variety of changes in morphology, anatomy, and phenology, these changes are intended to capture more photons in low light. This study consists of two experiments, the aim (1) this study was to investigate morphology, anatomy, and phenology characters of shade-loving tomato genotypes at low light intensity; and (2) the genetic interaction and shade level on the yield of tomato plants. The experiment was carried out from January 2016 to October 2019, arranged in a nested design in the form of 2 factors (shade level and tomato genotype) with 3 and 4 replications. The first factor consisted of two types of shade, namely without shade (0%) and 50% shading (first experiment), added corn shade, and papaya shade (second experiment). The tomato genotypes used in the first experiment consisted of four shade-loving genotypes (SSH 3, Medan 4, Papua 2, Maros 3), four shade-tolerant genotypes (Karina, Tomat kecil 1, SSH 9, Bogor), and four shade-sensitive genotypes (Kediri 2, Brastagi 6, Marglobe, F 6005001-4-1-12-5). The second experiment consisted of a shade-loving genotype (SSH3), a shade-sensitive parental genotype (4979), five cross-breeding genotypes (370-1, 384-11, 326-4, 380-16, and 381-11), and three commercial varieties (IPB Tora, Karina, and Palupi). The first experimental results of shade-loving tomato genotypes at low light intensity showed an increase in plant height, leaf number, maintaining high stomata density, reducing leaf thickness and palisade height, and flowering time and harvesting time. The second experiment results showed that genotypes 370-1 and 384-11 were 50% shade-loving genotypes, had better production than commercial varieties. Genotypes 380-13, SSH3, and 4979 were shade-loving papaya genotypes, tomato genotypes 326-4, 380-16, and 381-11 were shade-loving maize genotypes; and has a production that tends to be better than commercial varieties. | Character Selection of Shade-Loving Tomatoes and Genetic Interaction X Shade Level on Tomato Plants Productivity | 10.2991/978-94-6463-028-2_32 |
2023-01-01 | The power industry is a major contributor to CO 2 emissions in China, and hence its low-carbon development plays an important role in the nation’s initiatives to build a low-carbon economy and reach the goal of emissions reduction. Based on the analysis of existing carbon capture technologies in the power industry, an economic analysis method of incremental cost accounting for carbon capture projects in the power industry is proposed. In addition, the project economic theory is analysed from two aspects—initial investment incremental cost and annual operating expense incremental cost, and simulation is carried out based on data from post-combustion carbon capture projects. These efforts are expected to provide a reference for the economic analysis of the construction of carbon capture projects and boost low-carbon development in the power industry. | Economic Analysis and Simulation of Carbon Capture Projects in the Power Industry | 10.2991/978-94-6463-198-2_102 |
2023-01-01 | The water treatment process of a produced water treatment station in an oilfield in northern Shaanxi is as follows: inclined plate deoiling sedimentation + dissolved air flotation + multi-media filtration + double filters material filtration. The water injection quality has not reached the standard for a long time in the past year. After sufficient investigation and water quality analysis of the produced water treatment station, it is found that due to the large increase in the amount of water and the change of water quality, the reagent system does not change with the change of water quantity and quality. In addition, the residence time in the inclined plate deoiling sedimentation tank is insufficient, resulting in that the effluent quality cannot meet the requirements of oil ≤ 5 mg/L, SS ≤ 3 mg/L, and the median particle size ≤ 2 μm. After laboratory test and field application, under the condition of not changing the original water treatment process, it is determined to use more efficient flocculant polysilicate aluminum ferric (PSFA) instead of the original flocculant polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in the station, which shortens the residence time, optimizes the types and dosage of iron remover, scale inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor and fungicide, and ensures that the effluent meets the water quality requirements in water injection development of low permeability oilfield. | Analysis and Measures Research on Inefficiency of Produced Water Treatment Station in Water Injection Development of Low Permeability Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-2649-7_30 |
2023-01-01 | In this chapter, we discuss recent developments in the field of chip-integrated electronics for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)–NMR- and EPR-on-a-chip—for biomedical applications. More specifically, starting from a brief review of the underlying physical working principles, we discuss potential applications of NMR and EPR in the biomedical context together with an overview of the state of the art of (chip-integrated) systems in these fields. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the architectures and the main building blocks of NMR- and EPR-on-a-chip detectors. Finally, we discuss chip-integrated hyperpolarization as a potential path to solving the sensitivity problem of MR-based methods before we conclude the chapter with a summary and an outlook on future research directions of NMR- and EPR-on-a-chip detectors in the biomedical context. | Chip-Integrated Spin Detection for Biomedical Applications | 10.1007/978-3-031-28912-5_4 |
2023-01-01 | This research justifies the need for energy efficiency studies in certain buildings/facilities in order to make energy consumption more sustainable. In order to simplify the elaboration of energy efficiency studies, it is proposed to use thermal 3D models generated from UAV (Unmaned Aerial Vehicles) photogrammetric flights. An instrumental and methodological proposal is then made to obtain the thermal 3D models, in which it is proposed to use multirotor equipment and a dual sensor, since by using this type of equipment it is possible to take advantage of the orientation of the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) photograms for the thermal frames. Subsequently, the requirements to be met by the photogrammetric flight and the procedure to process the images obtained, depending on whether they are RGB or thermal images, are described. Finally, all of the above is applied to the case of a building, the Polytechnic School of Mining and Energy Engineering of the University of Cantabria. A conventional thermographic analysis of the installation is carried out, which allows detecting the strengths and weaknesses of the facility, with its corresponding taking of measures. All this demonstrates that the model is perfectly valid for the proposed objective, as established in the final conclusions. | Generation of 3D Thermal Models for the Analysis of Energy Efficiency in Buildings | 10.1007/978-3-031-20325-1_57 |
2023-01-01 | Geothermal energy comes in many different forms depending on the specific conditions of the resource. For example, in volcanic areas (such as the Canary Islands) or with subduction of tectonic plates, deposits of water/steam of very high energy and temperatures (150°–350 °C) are sometimes produced, known as high enthalpy resources. Due to their high quality, these can be used for electricity production in binary cycles. The design of a geothermal heat pump system to replace conventional cæold and heat production systems in a winery on the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) is presented. First, a calculation system based on the Matlab program was designed to review the influences of the winemaker’s decisions on the cold and heat consumption of the winery. After calculating hot and cold water consumption and heat pump requirements, a field of geothermal probes was designed using available software. Subsequently, the dimensions of the liquid impulsion equipment were estimated, and an electrical installation was created for the whole system. The data considered are related to winery logistics, must properties, environment, tank dimensions, and energy needs (cooling and heating). Finally, it was decided to use a reversible heat pump with exhaust heat recovery. This system allows heat extracted by the cooling system to be partly used to produce hot water instead of all of it being discharged to the ground. The cooling system will be operated for 18 h daily as a design criterion. The pump selected for the final project installed has an exhaust heat recovery system that allows domestic hot water to be produced in cooling mode. Hot water generation, when the heat pump is cooling, is 15 kW, and the temperature provided is 60 °C, which is adequate to meet the hot water needs of the winery. In addition, the heat pump’s heat sink is in the ground, which remains in practically constant conditions throughout the year, so the effect of outside temperature is minimized. In general, the main advantages of installing a geothermal system are energy savings and reduction in CO 2 emissions. | Geothermal Supply System for a Winery on a Volcanic Island (Lanzarote, Canary Islands) | 10.1007/978-3-031-43222-4_29 |
2023-01-01 | Blockchain is a secure and distributed technology which is growing in popularity since it enables the traceability, immutability and transparency of data. However, monitoring blockchain networks requires experts who have vast experience in this technology. To address this challenge, in this paper we present a low-code tool, which allows inexperienced blockchain developers to define graphical flows that specify inputs, outputs and the logic necessary to monitor in real time the elements of a blockchain network. This tool has been successfully applied to a vaccine delivery scenario, facilitating the monitoring of a smart contract that stores temperature measurements of a certain vaccine. As a result, when a new transaction is mined in the blockchain network, it will be promptly notified and sent to the different data sinks specified in the flow modeled by a non-expert in blockchain. | Towards Real-Time Monitoring of Blockchain Networks Through a Low-Code Tool | 10.1007/978-3-031-26507-5_23 |
2023-01-01 | Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a cationic dye. Methylene blue (MB) is a heterocyclic aromatic compound that is used as a synthetic dye for textile industries. In the present study, adsorption of methylene blue (MB) was studied using red sandy soil-based alkali-activated binder as an adsorbent. The batch experiments were carried out with various parameters like effect of initial concentration, particle size, contact time, adsorbent doses, temperature, and agitation speed. The results revealed that the significant removal efficiency was achieved around 80% when initial concentration of MB and dose of adsorbent were 50 mg/L and 3 g/L, respectively, at pH 9. In the study, thermodynamics parameters were calculated. The experimental results were analyzed using various reaction kinetic models, including first-order, second-order, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order models. To identify the optimum adsorption capacity, an adsorption isotherm investigation was done, and different isotherm models were explored. The findings of the study suggest that alkali-activated binder made from red sandy soil could potentially serve as an effective and affordable adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous solution. | Removal of Methylene Blue from Wastewater by Red Sandy Soil-Based Alkali-Activated Binder | 10.1007/978-3-031-37596-5_8 |
2023-01-01 | Perinatal injury, prematurity, and/or congenital anomalies inflict profound long- and short-term physical, psychological, emotional, social, and financial stresses on survivors, their families, and society. Both the Annual Summary of Vital Statistics (2013–2014) and the National Vital Statistics Reports (2017) (Heron, Natl Vital Stat Rep, 66:1–76, 2017) list “disorders relating to short gestation and low birth weight” as the second leading cause (~18%) of infant death, second only to congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities (~20%). In the United States in 2014 (Murphy et al., Pediatrics, 139:e20163239, 2017), 9.57% of the 3,988,076 live births (381,659) were preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation), 8.0% (319,046) were low birth weight (<2500 g), 6.6% (263,213) were moderately low birth weight (1500–2499 g), and 1.40% (55,833) were very low birth weight (<1500 g). In that year, approximately two-thirds of the 23,215 deaths in infants (rate of infant mortality was 5.82 compared with 5.96 per 1000 live births in 2013) occurred in the neonatal period (<28 days of life). In 2014, 56.9% of all infant deaths could be attributed to the five leading causes (congenital malformations, short gestation and low birth weight, neonates affected by maternal complications of pregnancy [6.8%], sudden infant death syndrome [6.8%], and accidents [5.0%]). | Physiology and Development of the Term and Preterm Neonate | 10.1007/978-3-031-25358-4_2 |
2023-01-01 | Self-assembly of dyes has become a flexible strategy to modulate their photophysical properties. H-aggregates show great potential to increase heat generation, while the precise designing of H-aggregates as efficient photothermal agents is still challenging. Herein, a quinoline cyanine (QCy) is developed for constructing stable H-aggregated nanoparticles (NPs) to significantly enhance photostability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). With symmetrical rigid planar quinoline structures, QCy has a small and symmetrical dihedral angle (11.9°), which ensures excellent molecular planarity. In aqueous solution, the planar QCy can form close π−π molecular stacking, and fast self-assemble into stable H-aggregates even at low concentrations (1 × 10 −7 M). QCy H-aggregates are sphere-like NPs (QCy NPs) with an average diameter of 120 nm and exhibit high stability. H-aggregation of QCy significantly enhances PCE from 20.1% (non-H-aggregated QCy) to 63.8% (QCy NPs). In addition, the positive charge of quaternarized quinoline provides mitochondrial anchoring ability, which further enhances the photothermal effect. With high PCE and tumor accumulation, QCy NPs in low-doses have been successfully used in photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor photothermal therapy. | Modulating planarity of cyanine dye to construct highly stable H-aggregates for enhanced photothermal therapy | 10.1007/s12274-022-4818-0 |
2023-01-01 | Ecuadorian ferrotitaniferous sands (FS), an abundant natural resource, can be considered as promising fillers for polymer matrixes due to their inherent mechanical properties and magnetic nature. Until now, this raw and underrated resource has only been used as a cement clinker additive and agro-industrial fertilizer, but not as a polymer reinforcement. Thus, epoxy composites were prepared by incorporating 2, 4 and 6 wt.% of chemically untreated and ball-milled FS, with the purpose of assessing the effects of the reinforcing particles on the mechanical and thermal properties of the as-prepared composites. Through microindentation, the optimum FS content was defined as being 6 wt.%, which increased both the elastic modulus and hardness in ~6% when compared to the neat matrix. Micromechanical models viz., the modified rule of mixtures and Halpin-Tsai predicted the Young’s modulus of the composites and supported the experimental results. The epoxy composite reinforced with the optimum FS content also presented the highest increase in storage modulus (E’), as evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Additionally, the damping parameter (tanδ) for all composites was maintained, indicating that impact absorption and the glass transition temperature of the matrix was unaffected by the FS filler. | Application of Ecuadorian Ferrotitaniferous Sands in Reinforcing Epoxy Composites | 10.1007/978-3-031-24971-6_11 |
2023-01-01 | A comprehensive coverage starts with a clear view on the three sources of energy for generating electricity. Two of them, fossil and atomic fuels, are converted in hot gases or steam, needing cumbersome and wasteful processes. By skipping this mess, harvested renewable currents (wind, light, and water) conquer a central position in the transition to a low-carbon future. Knowing highlights of eighty-year nuclear history is prerequisite for apprehending today’s position of nuclear power, shielded by peculiar nuclear advocacy. The sustainability degree of nuclear power is assessed on criteria helpful for measuring performance in politics, planet, prosperity, people, and risk as fundamental dimensions. Except for low-carbon, nuclear power fails on all criteria. Nuclear proponents gloss over the essential criteria by magnifying low-carbon. The advocacy is simultaneously secret and vocal. In aggregated power systems, harvesting renewable currents and nuclear power deliver incompatible power supplies. NP ruins the business model of wind and PV, and vice versa, depending on assigned priority in consecutive real-time load stackings. NP is financially very expensive, without accounting costs of decommissioning, waste management, associated risks of nuclear accidents, and weaponry proliferation. Similar conditions apply on announced small modular reactors, revival of failed breeders, high-temperature reactors, etc. (GEN4), and fusion (GEN5). On top of NP’s societal hazards and risks, climate change itself implies additional risks for NP. The protracting quest for the NP utopia is deleterious for sustainability. | Nuclear Power and Sustainability | 10.1007/978-3-031-01949-4_15 |
2023-01-01 | CO 2 flooding is a promising method to improve oil recovery. When CO 2 and crude oil reach miscible state, the surface tension tends to be 0 and the flow resistance decreases greatly. It effectively improves oil displacement efficiency. Therefore, it is of engineering significance to determine the minimum miscible pressure of CO 2 -oil for enhancing oil recovery. In order to further study the degree of CO 2 miscibility in low permeability reservoirs, this paper carried out thin tube experiment and long core displacement experiment respectively to measure the minimum miscibility pressure. Experiment results show that under the condition of same temperature, due to the low permeability core microscopic heterogeneity and pore structure, the minimum miscible pressure measured by the tubule experiment is 5 MPa lower than that measured by long core displacement experiment. At the minimum miscible pressure, displacement efficiency measured by tubule experiment is 24% higher than that measured by long core experiment. | Study on Minimum Miscible Pressure of CO2 in Low Permeability Oil Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_348 |
2023-01-01 | The behavior of low-carbon pipe steel containing 2 and 6 vol.% martensitic-austenitic component in the structure is studied under step forming, expanding and unbending of the pipe using the method of finite-element simulation. The effect of martensitic transformation in the MA-component on the ductility of the steel after processing and unbending of the pipe depending on the volume fraction of the MA-particles in the structure and on the test conditions (the direction of cutting of the samples and the stresses at the start of martensitic transformation) is studied. It is shown that the presence of untransformed austenite in the MA-component can restore partially the ductility of the steel lost due to the plastic deformation during processing of the pipe. | Role of Martensite-Austenite Component of Bainitic Structure in Formation of Properties of Pipe Steel. 3. Effect of Martensitic Transformation of Austenite in the MA-Component of Bainite on the Ductility of Steel | 10.1007/s11041-023-00849-7 |
2023-01-01 | The growth in population and energy requirement is a challenge for stakeholders in huge cities such as Buenos Aires. Sustainably meeting this demand is the goal demanded by society for this new century. Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a renewable energy very valuable for air conditioning. However, it is a great unknown. To overcome this initial barrier and make it known, the geothermal potential of the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin, where the City of Buenos Aires is located, were calculated. To estimate of shallow geothermal potential, it is necessary to define the characteristics and behavior of the aquifers under exploitation. The heat transport equation in porous media was used based on geological and hydrogeological models. The input parameters needed for this estimate were obtained from an exhaustive geological data model and a hydrogeological numerical model for the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin. The required parameters are mainly the groundwater velocity, the lithological description, the thickness, and the thermal ground parameters (volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal dispersivity) of each hydrogeological formation. As a result, maps of shallow geothermal energy potential and the environmental impact were obtained. The map reflects the viability of the exploitation of SGE in the City of Buenos Aires, showing high values of shallow geothermal potential for a single borehole heat exchanger of 100 m depth (up to 6 kW). The thermal impact into the aquifer is also evaluated as the length of the thermal plume, getting values less than 30 m. | Shallow Geothermal Energy Resources and Thermal Impacts in Buenos Aires City, Argentina | 10.1007/978-3-031-26813-7_7 |
2023-01-01 | The mechanical behaviour of composite materials during perforation during high but also low-velocity impacts is of interest in many engineering fields. Perforation of composites is a very complex event that yields a multi-mode failure, making numerical modelling very challenging. This paper presents a novel approach to study the perforation of composites under low-velocity impact, aided by the recording of the response during impact tests and by a comprehensive validation campaign in quasi-static conditions. The performance of S2-glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites under low-velocity impact with energies higher than their penetration limit is experimentally and numerically investigated. A strain-rate dependent cohesive model is developed and implemented in the FE solver using a user-defined material model. The cohesive model is used in the proposed numerical framework based on the Coupled Finite Element-Discrete Element Method (FDEM). Strain-rate dependent mechanical properties, such as tensile and fracture toughness, are used as inputs of the cohesive model to describe failure and perforation. The results showed that the new approach is accurate in predicting the damage morphology of perforated woven composites subjected to low-velocity impacts. The coupling between interlaminar and intralaminar failure modes led to a more accurate prediction of the delamination area by considering the rate sensitivity effect on the latter. | Strain-Rate Dependent FDEM Simulation of the Perforation Behaviour of Woven Composites Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact | 10.1007/978-3-031-28547-9_35 |
2023-01-01 | This paper analyzes the case of cylinder cutting transformation of 350 MW supercritical unit. The results show that the heating capacity of the unit can be increased by about 90 MW under the same main steam flow rate after the transformation. The peak regulation capacity of the unit can be increased by 70 MW and the lower limit of peak regulation can reach 62.2 MW while keeping the same exhaust flow rate. Combined with the boundary conditions of the project, the investment of the project is 22.0693 million Yuan, and the financial internal rate of return (after-tax) is 25.46%, which has good economic benefits. | Analysis on the Retrofit Scheme of Cutting-Cylinder of 350MW Supercritical Unit | 10.1007/978-981-99-0553-9_52 |
2023-01-01 | An energy system transformation is mandatory to reach a climate-neutral energy system. Several challenges within this transformation process have to be overcome. Due to the increasing sector coupling and renewable energy power plants on a decentralised level, new challenges arise. Photovoltaic systems, heat pumps, and electromobility can provoke higher power flows at the low voltage grid level, which results in voltage issues and overloaded transformers or power lines. Consequently, curtailment of photovoltaic power is necessary, or load outages may occur. Battery storage systems provide a promising solution to counteract these challenges and enable the energy transition. The influence of three operating and three positioning strategies of home and community battery storage systems on voltage stability, transformer and line load and on-site supply for low-voltage grids have been investigated in a highly renewable and sector-coupled energy system. Power flow simulations with five representative synthetic low-voltage grids have been conducted. The results show that without further measures, the safe operation of the equipment cannot be guaranteed in the representative grids. However, home battery storage systems can reduce grid issues, curtailment and increase the self-consumption of photovoltaic energy. Using digitally interconnected battery storage systems achieve the best results, as it can serve both the self-consumption and the grid. Home and community battery storage system prove to be equally suitable. | Analysis of Operating and Positioning Strategies of Home and Community Storage Systems in Low Voltage Grids in a Sector-Coupled and Renewable Energy System | 10.2991/978-94-6463-156-2_16 |
2023-01-01 | Low permeability oil field is an oil field with low reservoir permeability, low abundance and low single well productivity. With the passage of time, the water content of low permeability oil field be comes higher and the difficult development coefficient increases, which has a greater test on the temporary plugging fracturing technology of low permeability oil field. Firstly, this paper investigates and analyzes the application status of temporary plugging fracturing technology, so as to explain the principle of temporary plugging fracturing technology, and then further analyzes the current temporary plugging fracturing technology and process, as well as the types, performance and application effect of existing temporary plugging agents. It is best to optimize from the consumption of temporary plugging agent, the time of adding temporary plugging agent and the injection displacement of temporary plugging agent, Through calculation and simulation experiments, the effectiveness and practicability of this idea are verified. | Research and Application of Temporary Plugging Fracturing Technology in Low Permeability Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_445 |
2023-01-01 | It is of great significance to explore the low-carbon operation and efficient energy utilization of integrated energy systems under the goal of dual-carbon. In order to solve the abandoned wind problem caused by the “ thermal determining electricity” mode of combined heat and power units. Firstly, in the aspect of low carbon technology, the strong exothermic characteristics of the power to gas methanation process are explored and a residual thermal recovery model of power to gas is established. Secondly, based on the user's perceived inertia of thermal comfort and the delay of thermal network transmission, the thermal load demand response model of load side is established. In addition, an optimal operation model of the integrated energy system considering the thermal recovery characteristics of power to gas and thermal demand response is established. Finally, comparing the simulation results for three operation modes, the effectiveness of the proposed model with the minimized system operation cost, is verified to improve wind power consumption and to promote low-carbon economic operation of the total system. | Low Carbon Economic Operation of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Power-to-Gas Thermal Recovery and Demand Response | 10.1007/978-981-99-0063-3_7 |
2023-01-01 | The emergence of IoT devices that support sensor technology has gain much attention for their integration into smart city applications to improve citizens’ quality of life. In industrial territories, people that suffer from chronic respiratory diseases, e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, occupational lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension require special care, targeted information and efficient treatment, when the environment deteriorates their condition. This article presents the design of an IoT framework that wirelessly connects devices of low-cost, low-power consumption and integrates multi-sensor measurement capabilities (CO 2 concentration, humidity, temperature, particulate matters concentrations) with an open-source IoT platform aiming to alert the aforementioned population, when the combination of aerial pollution and weather conditions severe impact their daily activities. The energy autonomy of the IoT devices that are connected via wireless sensor network is explored and utilized. Finally, we evaluate the functionality and the accuracy of the low-cost sensors and demonstrate how proper filtering can improve their performance and mitigate problems stemming from outage times. For the latter, we have evaluate the effectiveness of forecasting algorithms like ARIMAX, LSTM and PROPHET on the measurement data. | A Low-Cost and Energy Autonomous IoT Framework for Environmental Monitoring | 10.1007/978-981-19-1610-6_42 |
2023-01-01 | This paper presents a novel method for estimating pollutants emitted by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in real driving, without the need for extensive measurement campaigns or the use of instrumentation in the vehicle for long periods of time; for which it is based on the positioning and speed signals generated by the GPS (Global Positioning System) and the machine learning application. To obtain the training data and validation of the model, two road tests are carried out using the Euro 6 directives for the estimation of pollutants through RDE (Real Driving Emissions), in which a portable emission measurement system is used, and a recorder that stores data from OBD (On Board Diagnostics) and GPS. Based on the data obtained in the first route, the vehicle’s performance is determined and, through automatic learning, the model that estimates polluting emissions is generated, which is validated with the data from the second route. When comparing the results generated by the model against those measured in the RDE, relative errors (%) of 0.0976, −0.2187, 0.2249 and −0.1379 are obtained in the emission factors of CO 2 , CO, HC and NOx respectively. Finally, the model is fed with data obtained in 1218 km of random driving, obtaining similar results to models based on OBD and closer to the real driving conditions generated by models such as the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions). | Low-Cost Model for the Estimation of Pollutant Emissions Based on GPS and Machine Learning | 10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_27 |
2023-01-01 | The smart farming involves the exploitation of modern information and communication technologies to make farms more efficient, profitable and productive to ensure sustainable development through ecological processes such as photovoltaic panels that respect the environment. Our project consists of implementing an IoT system in an agricultural farm, by creating a system of sensors to collect data from different types of sensors deployed at various nodes and send them via wireless protocol. The collected data provides information about the different environmental factors of the smart farm. | Connected Sensors for a Smart Green Farm | 10.1007/978-3-031-21216-1_23 |
2023-01-01 | This study examines variability in Low-Level Jet (LLJ) over the Indian Ocean (5° N: 15° N; 50° E: 70° E) during June–July–August (JJA), using reanalysis data for the past four decades (1979–2019). A significant positive trend (0.04 ms −1 yr −1 ) in the intensity of LLJ is observed during the study period. We examined the relationship between LLJ and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies over the Northern hemisphere using linear regression. On interannual time scales, the significant relationship associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and LLJ intensity anomalies is prominent in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. When the ENSO effects were removed, a strong co-variability is observed between LLJ intensity and SST anomalies over the Northwest–Northcentral Pacific during the JJA season. Our analysis suggests that SST over this region is correlated with the upper-tropospheric geopotential height anomalies. These geopotential anomalies were favourable for easterlies in the upper troposphere, intensifying the low-level westerlies and hence LLJ. | On the Relationship Between Northwest–Northcentral Pacific SST and Low-level Jet Over the Arabian Sea | 10.1007/s13369-022-07045-4 |
2023-01-01 | In this paper, we present a low-power low-voltage bulk-driven operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) configured in fully differential setup. The proposed OTA has regenerative feedback at input section of flipped-voltage follower (FVF) which increases the total transconductance leading to improvement in the overall performance of OTA. Proposed OTA has been built upon double recycling structure and two bulk-driven FVFs are used to adaptively bias input PMOS differential pair operating in class AB fashion, thus providing dynamic current boosting. With a voltage supply of 0.5 V and designed using standard cell 0.18 µm CMOS technology the proposed OTA upon simulation provided a DC open loop gain of 81.6 dB, phase margin of 80° and unity gain frequency of 25.6 kHz, and the power dissipation of 45 nW. | Low-Voltage Low-Power Fully Differential Double Recycling OTA with Positive Feedback | 10.1007/978-981-99-0973-5_30 |
2023-01-01 | This work revealed that most water‑soluble compounds have a dual nature (thermodynamic promotion or hydrate inhibition) depending on thermobaric conditions. Indeed, by lowering the melting point of ice, water‑soluble organic compounds expand the region of water‑containing liquid phase existence below 0°C. This work considered typical thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors as alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and 2‑propanol). It turned out that even methanol does not exhibit inhibitory properties below the ice crystallization line, and it does not affect the equilibrium conditions of methane hydrate formation. In this case, the observed four-phase hydrate–ice–solution–gas equilibrium either corresponds to the hydrate–ice–gas line for the water-methane system (in the case of methanol) or lies at higher temperatures (in the case of ethanol and 2‑propanol). This allowed us to assume that practically any water‑soluble organic compounds will either exhibit the properties of thermodynamic hydrate promoters in a specific temperature range below 0°C or will not affect the hydrate–ice–gas equilibrium. In addition, the presence of the ice and an aqueous liquid mixture in the system accelerates the hydrate growth (compared to the hydrate growth from the bulk phase of ice). It should also be noted that, unlike conventional thermodynamic promoters, methanol does not alter the methane hydrate’s structure and gas capacity, which is more favorable. The data obtained can contribute to developing hydrate‑based technologies for gas storage and separation of gas mixtures. | Effect of Lower Alcohols on the Formation of Methane Hydrate at Temperatures Below the Ice Melting Point | 10.1007/s10553-023-01476-x |
2023-01-01 | Low-cost housing is urgently needed in low- and middle-income countries. Concrete is often too costly and raw material production, including aggregate extraction, is known to be harmful to the environment. In this paper the use of an agricultural waste, corncob, as a potential lightweight replacement of sand in cement materials has been studied. Corncob granules were added to the mix in percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume. The corncob granules were used in their natural state as well as following coating with either cement slurry or gum Arabic. The effect of sand replacement was determined through flexural and compressive testing of materials, while the chemical composition was evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The porosity of the mixes was also determined using a mercury inclusion porosimeter (MIP). The results showed that while the early age strength (7 days) was extremely low, the late age’s strengths improved drastically between 10% up to 3500% in 28 days. | Use of Corncob Granules as Sand Replacement in the Production of Cement Mortars | 10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_103 |
2023-01-01 | In the work, the change of number of the extreme winds, turbulent stresses and heat fluxes in the Arctic zone are studied using the reanalysis data Arctic System Reanalysis version 2 (ASRv2) in the period 2000–2016. A decrease in the number of extreme winds in the central and western part of the Barents Sea and an increase in the coastal area and in the northern part of the Barents Sea and in the Kara Sea according to the obtained maps for the tilt angle of linear trends is observed. It is shown that the main contribution to the change in the number of occurrences of extreme winds is made by the winter season. | Trends in Barents and Kara Sea Areas from Reanalysis Data | 10.1007/978-3-031-16575-7_8 |
2023-01-01 | The influence of nano-silica doping on the growth behavior and corrosion resistance of γ-APS silane films fabricated by electrochemical-assisted deposition was systematically investigated by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, contact angle test and neutral salt spray test. Density functional theory calculation was also applied to elaborate the adsorption behavior of γ-APS on low carbon steel surfaces. And meanwhile, the changes of surface coverage and dissolved oxygen reduction in the cathode surface over time were intensively analyzed according to the I – t curve during electrodeposition process. The experimental results revealed that the impedance values of the composite films firstly increased and then decreased with increasing nano-silica concentration, and there was a critical doping concentration about 0.4 g·L −1 , under which the obtained γ-APS silane composite films presented high compactness and protective properties. Other results were highly consistent with the electrochemical results. Moreover, the hydroxyl-rich nano-silica was also involved in the chemical reactions that occurred on the metal surfaces, and the influence mechanism was proposed. | Influence of nano-silica doping on the growth behavior and corrosion resistance of γ-APS silane films fabricated by electrochemical-assisted deposition | 10.1007/s11998-022-00674-2 |
2023-01-01 | To explore the differences in precipitation among different regions and the persistence of precipitation trends in the future over the lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin (LYRB), we used precipitation data from meteorological stations in the LYRB from 1980 to 2020. The Pettitt method, Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, and Hurst exponent method were applied to determine the occurrence of precipitation change points, spatial-temporal characteristics, and their persistence in the three sub-regions of the LYRB, namely mainstream region (MR), Taihu Lake region (TLR), and northeast region (MR). The results show that the change points for the three regions occurred in 2008, 2007, and 2013, respectively. The average annual precipitation in period 2 increased by 9.4%, 14.9%, and 23.9% relative to period 1, and the range of precipitation centers expanded significantly. In period 2, a new precipitation center appeared in the TLR. The precipitation changes in the LYRB ranged from -1.44 mm/a to 9.34 mm/a. The southern and northern parts of the TLR and the central part of the NR showed a significant increasing trend in precipitation. Most areas of the MR are projected to experience decreasing precipitation in the future, while the TLR and the NR are expected to continue experiencing an increasing trend. As the accumulation time of characteristic precipitation increases, the differences in precipitation trends among regions will become more pronounced, and more regions may exhibit opposite trends compared to the current conditions. | Study on the Characteristics and Persistence of Precipitation Changes in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Basin | 10.2991/978-94-6463-336-8_75 |
2023-01-01 | Connection between pilot fuel ratio (PFR) and pressure pulsations in dry low emission (DLE) combustor of gas turbine engine is established based on experimental data. A quantitative criterion for the combustion quality without emission measuring has been formed. It assesses whether the combustion process belongs mainly to a homogeneous or diffusion type of the fuel-air mixing. The root-mean-square deviation of the dependence of the distribution of the air-fuel mixture concentration over the combustor cross section on the correlation coefficient between the PFR and the pressure pulsations in the flame tubes for a homogeneous circuit (technically mixed air-fuel mixture) was approximated based on the obtaining data. The study results allow significantly improving the quality of emission prediction. This is achieved by refining the semi-empirical mathematical model of the nitrogen oxides’ generation, built based on the Zeldovich thermal mechanism for low-emission operating modes of the combustors of the gas turbine engines. The account of heterogeneity of the process in the flame tubes allows moving from the assumption of the geometric and gas-dynamic identity of the flame tubes to their actual heterogeneity. This conclusion allows refining the model. The developed mathematical model can be used as a virtual emission sensor in advanced tracking control systems of gas turbine engines. | Correlation Between Pressure Pulsations and the Pilot Fuel Ratio in a DLE Combustor of a Gas Turbine Engine as an Evaluation Criteria for the Fuel-Air Mixture Homogeneity | 10.1007/978-3-031-38126-3_28 |
2023-01-01 | An experimental investigation was conducted to develop a low-carbon lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) using naturally occurring aggregates and evaluate its mechanical performance. Lightweight aggregates used in structural concrete are commonly manufactured from recycled pulverised fuel ash or expanded clay, which require high temperatures during production. Additionally, the availability of traditional supplementary cementitious materials used in concrete, such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), is diminishing. Therefore, more environmentally friendly alternatives are required. Pumice, a naturally occurring lightweight stone formed due to the rapid cooling of magma from volcanic eruptions, poses a promising candidate for using as lightweight aggregate, whilst it might also exhibit pozzolanic properties that make it suitable as a cement replacement material. Therefore, the present study is focused on examining the development of low-carbon LWAC mixes with pumice as coarse aggregate and ground pumice as cement replacement. In addition, a novel recycled waste known as Lytash was trialed as a filler. This is a by-product of the manufacture of fly-ash based lightweight aggregates (commonly known as Lytag, which is in itself is a recycled by-product from coal fired power plants). The fresh and hardened densities of concrete were evaluated as well as the compressive strength (targeting a strength class LC30/33). It was found that lightweight aggregate concrete with a density of less than 1800 kg/m 3 was possible to achieve. Furthermore, the pozzolanic reactivity and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) testing; as well as the 28 days compressive strength of samples tested revealed the potential of pumice powder to be used as a cement substitute. Embodied carbon calculations were also carried out accentuating the savings in carbon footprint that can be achieved with pumice aggregate and powder. | Development of Low-Carbon Lightweight Concrete Using Pumice as Aggregate and Cement Replacement | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_27 |
2023-01-01 | Guided by the theory of planned behaviour, we conducted an interview study to identify beliefs that potentially influence social-housing residents’ future behaviour with domestic low-carbon technology in retrofit housing. The study included (group interview n = 6, individual interviews n = 14). Behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs were identified from participants’ answers using the theory of planned behaviour and thematic analysis. For successful implementation, it will be important to ensure that the predominant benefits (positive beliefs) emerging from this study are implemented (e.g., lower heating bills) and the barriers (negative beliefs) are avoided or alleviated (e.g., upfront costs). The results will be quantified in a follow-up, survey study. | Towards the Tees Valley Energy Transition—Residential Decarbonisation and Skills Analysis | 10.1007/978-3-031-30960-1_24 |
2023-01-01 | Generating electricity using fossil fuels can increase global warming. To reduce the use of fossil fuels, the implementation of Renewable Energy becomes a choice. One example is a Photovoltaic (PV) installation connected to a grid. The addition of on-grid PV on the load side may provide an undesirable effect for low voltage distribution networks where there are a lot of customers. The most possible effect as PV grid supplies during full sunlight is increasing voltage. This condition may cause severe damage to electrical appliances. The purpose of this work is to analyze changes in power quality parameters, especially for the voltage that occurs as PV supplies full power when irradiation in the range of 90%–100%. A 4 kWp (kilo Watt peak) solar power generation is installed at the salt processing business in Pati Regency, Central Java. The behavior analysis of the low voltage network is proposed to be carried out by the ETAP 12.6 software. During the work, the presence of tapping of the nearest transformer is considered. The experimental results are expected to lead to the indication of the impact of PV on-grid supplies on the low-voltage network. | The Effect of Solar Power Generating in Low Voltage Network on the Quality of Electricity to Costumers Side, A Case Study 4 kWp Photovoltaic at Salt Storage | 10.2991/978-94-6463-228-6_15 |
2023-01-01 | Vale Base Metals operates the Long Harbour Refinery using a novel hydrometallurgical process** to produce high-purity electrolytic nickel, cobalt, and copper, from the nickel sulphide concentrate produced at the mining operation at Voisey’s Bay. The process is based on controlled partial oxidation of sulphide sulphur to sulphate using oxygen at moderately elevated temperature and pressure, sufficient to achieve high pay-metal extractions. Impurities are subsequently removed from the product pressure leach solution; copper and cobalt are separated from the nickel by solvent extraction, resulting in a high-nickel solution from which nickel metal is produced by electrowinning at high current efficiency. Heat generated from the exothermic oxidation of sulphide concentrate in the pressure vessels is recovered for heating the process buildings. The combination of low-energy intensive hydrometallurgy technology, energy recovery, and utilization as well as the use of hydroelectric power for the plant results in a very low-carbon footprint of the metals produced. This paper will review the low-carbon footprint features of the process and ongoing initiatives to reduce it even further, including electrification of a boiler used to produce process stream. ** Derek Kerfoot was the key driver for the research and development of the novel Pressure Oxidative Leach (POL) with direct nickel electrowinning process, ultimately commercialized at Long Harbour. Through a combination of deep hydrometallurgy knowledge, wide industry experience, persistence, and perseverance, he helped turn a vision into reality. | Vale’s Long Harbour Refinery: World Class Producer of Low-Carbon Nickel and Cobalt | 10.1007/978-3-031-38141-6_14 |
2023-01-01 | The typical fatigue life of a component is mainly divided into two phases: crack initiation and crack propagation. This study is concerned with the crack initiation life as some designers regard the crack initiation as the end of the design life of the component. Crack initiation is caused by the formation of persistent slip bands that interact with the matrix leading to embryonic crack formation. There are several studies defining the point of crack initiation, and this article addresses some of these definitions. The main aim of this study is to review the different modeling methodologies for crack initiation under low cycle fatigue. These models are divided into three main types: microscopic models, damage parameters, and probabilistic models. There is no preferred methodology among the ones discussed. The choice of which model to use depends on the type of loading, the material in use, and the required level of detail. This study is intended as a reference for using one of these models or introducing modifications to enhance them. | Modeling Crack Initiation in Low Cycle Fatigue: A Review | 10.1007/978-981-19-7808-1_8 |
2023-01-01 | The Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field has an ability to penetrate almost all materials and is non-ionizing radiation so that it can trigger cell proliferation. This study aims to examine the effect of exposure to the 200–300 µT ELF magnetic fields on the growth rate of Edamame plants. This study is included in a laboratory experiment with a completely randomized design research. The sample of this study was 250 Edamame seeds consisting of 50 seeds as the control group and 200 seeds equally divided in four groups (50 seeds for each) exposed to the 200 µT and 300 µT ELF magnetic fields for 60 min and 120 min. Indicators of growth rate consisted of the height, number of leaves, and wet mass. The data analysis using One-Way Anova proved that the group exposed to the 300 µT ELF magnetic field for 120 min was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the control group and other groups on the indicators of height of plants, number of leaves, and wet mass. This study concludes that an exposure to the 300 µT ELF magnetic field for 120 min has a significant effect on the growth rate of Edamame plants. | Analysis of the Impact of 200 µT and 300 µT Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Fields on the Growth Rate of Edamame Plants | 10.2991/978-94-6463-062-6_2 |
2023-01-01 | The use of nanoparticles (NPs) can considerably benefit enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by changing the wettability of the rock, improving the mobility of the oil drop, and decreasing the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water. Prior to the application of nanoparticles in oil fields, it is essential to conduct measurements at the laboratory scale. However, the estimation of reservoir wettability is difficult in most laboratory experiments. Practicably, ZnO NPs were used to modify the rock surface wettability, lower the IFT at the oil/water interface, and reduce the interaction of chemical adsorption, such as (surfactant) onto reservoir rock surface to solve various challenges in oil production and EOR operations. Upon confining both ZnO-based nanofluid and the crude oil into sandstone, deviations from the corresponding pure bulk dynamical behaviors were observed with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry. The expected deviations from the pure bulk behaviors were attributed to the well-known confinement effect. The wettability test results before and after surface variations of formation water (FW) with the addition of three different NP concentrations (0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) wt% ZnO reflected significant changes to its wettability. Among the treatments of Berea sandstone cores with ZnO NPs, the percentage of clay-bound H 2 O/free fluid index was maximum in 1.0 pore volume (PV) NP treatment. The ratio of NMR relaxations, which determines the affinity of fluids toward solids, by the 1.0 PV NP treatment is reported to have the most potential with higher affinity for FW and less affinity for crude oil toward the pore walls. Hence, LF-NMR allows monitoring of nanofluid and crude oil characteristics in the pores of rock samples and may potentially be applied in further EOR studies. | Low-field NMR investigation on interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with reservoir fluids and sandstone rocks for enhanced oil recovery | 10.1007/s13202-022-01547-5 |
2023-01-01 | In the age of global warming, having the ability to both dry wood products and generate electricity on site is a significant economic opportunity for both dry wood product manufacturers and society. Instead of the global wood products industry manufacturing wood pellets for long-distance off-site heating energy, it makes far better social, environmental, and economic sense to use this source of energy for generating electricity on site at primary wood products manufacturing plants. | Wood Drying with On-Site Cogeneration Systems | 10.1007/978-3-031-31863-4_20 |
2023-01-01 | The idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) has received a lot of interest recently because it has the potential to transform our physical world into a meaningful information-filled digital cyber environment. Energy management is an important player in the development of an IoT system. This chapter provides a comprehensive study of the most popular energy management technologies for low-power IoT devices. This study proposed a taxonomy to categorize energy management technologies into two basic groups, which are: technologies that harvest energy and those that conserve it. This chapter begins with a highlight on low-power IoT devices. The architectures for energy harvesting have been described in this chapter. The main energy harvesting sources have also been demonstrated. Following that, IoT energy storage was covered. This chapter also included some IoT system case studies that used energy harvesting. Since there are numerous technologies for energy conservation in low-power IoT devices, energy conservation solutions must be applied at all design abstraction levels, including those for hardware, communication, operating systems, and software. According to that, this chapter divided energy conservation technologies into four main layers: hardware, communication, operating systems, and software. The most cutting-edge and effective energy conservation technologies have been discussed for each layer. Additionally, the roles of cloud and fog computing in IoT devices’ energy management have also been discussed. Readers can gain a general understanding of this subject through this study and encourage further research in the future. | A Study on Energy Management for Low-Power IoT Devices | 10.1007/978-981-99-0639-0_1 |
2023-01-01 | Most replantations are indicated in children due to their advantageous nerve regeneration, greater healing potential and functional outcome. A replanted limb has better functional results than a prosthesis. The proper care of the amputated extremity is essential during an expedient transfer to a replantation centre. The ischaemia time of an amputated part with musculature should not exceed 6 h, and a vascular shunt must be considered if possible. Vasospasms are more often encountered in children and must be recognised promptly and treated as early as possible considering the small vessel size. The outcomes depend on the type of injury, level of injury, the child`s weight, the ischaemia time and microsurgical competence of the surgical team. Increased survival rates are present when two veins are repaired. The follow-up is multidisciplinary and long term. | Replantation | 10.1007/978-3-031-30984-7_28 |
2023-01-01 | A major part of the CO2 emitted by the concrete industry comes from the production of cement clinker and covers 5–8% of the world’s CO2 emissions. As the development of long-term solutions for CO2 reduction may take several decades, the need of immediate actions is required. One possible solution can be the replacement of the cement clinker with the ground granulated blast furnace slag. However, due to the high level of slag in low carbon concretes the setting time and early-strength of the concrete can be decreased. Therefore, it is important to ensure a reasonable early-strength development of low carbon concretes for application in the construction industry. This study aims to investigate the effect of several accelerating admixtures to boost the early-strength development of low carbon concretes. The amount of each accelerating admixture required to enhance the hydration rate of CEM III/A and CEM III/B cements to the levels of CEM II/B cement was determined based on the heat development curves. The defined amount of each accelerating admixture was used to cast concrete samples and determine their compressive strength at the early (15, 24, 39, and 48 h) and later (7, 28, and 91 days) stages of hardening. The compressive strength of the low carbon concretes was evaluated with the ultrasound pulse velocity, rebound hammer, and standardised compressive strength tests. | Reduction of CO2 Emission by Using Low Carbon Concretes with Accelerating Admixtures | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_7 |
2023-01-01 | Climate change is a common concern worldwide. In order to avoid the deterioration of the earth's climate and ecosystem, there is an urgent need to explore measures to reduce carbon emissions. Livestock and poultry farming is an important source of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and scientific assessment of carbon emissions in its production process is of great significance for the selection of emission reduction technologies and the development of low-carbon agriculture. This study introduces the relevant research progress of carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming in China from 1997 to 2018 and introduces the measurement methods, spatial and temporal distribution, and emission reduction measures of carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming. Hope to provide some new ideas for the relevant industries. | Analysis of low carbon development strategies in the livestock and poultry industry from an international economic perspective | 10.2991/978-94-6463-098-5_212 |
2023-01-01 | In this paper, a dual-band low profile flexible microstrip patch antenna with low specific absorption rate (SAR) value is designed for wearable application and ISM band biomedical applications. Here, dual-band microstrip antenna is printed on denim jeans substrate and has total area of 52.42 × 48.35 × 1.6 mm 3 with a full ground plane. The proposed dual-band patch antenna with slot loaded covers frequencies of 2.4 and 5.8 GHz (lower sub-band of 5G communication) with the return loss of − 19 and − 16 dB. The designed antenna deliberates excellent performance higher values which gain up to 4.8 dB and low SAR value 0.298946 W/kg at 5.8 GHz and 0.152577 W/kg at 2.4 GHz. This dual-band antenna provides great solution for ISM band biomedical applications for wireless health monitoring. | Design of Wearable Antenna for Biomedical Telemetry Application | 10.1007/978-981-19-9748-8_26 |
2023-01-01 | Fresh produce, consisting of fruits and vegetables, are increasingly recognised, and promoted as essential components of a healthy diet. Since fresh produce are minimally processed and consumed raw for the most part, humans may be infected with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through fresh produce consumption. Fresh produce consumption has increased significantly in Africa in recent decades, and they represent a significant vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans. This pose a risk to public health, a risk which is often underappreciated in many countries. Therefore, this chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the current information on pathogenic- and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in fresh produce in Africa, examines relevant factors contributing to the microbial contamination of fresh produce and discusses recommendations to support stakeholders in taking appropriate steps to improve the safety of the fresh produce chain in Africa. | Microbiological Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance in Fresh Produce Production in Africa | 10.1007/978-3-031-23796-6_9 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter describes situations where individuals may be potentially exposed to ionizing radiation in accidental, occupational, or public exposures excluding those from clinical radiotherapy. Each exposure type can have very specific characteristics ranging in radiation quality, dose, dose rate, length of exposures, and proportion of the body acute exposure. As such, some long-term health effects of low-dose exposures are described including effects on the embryo and fetus, heritable diseases, cataracts, and cardiovascular effects. Special focus on exposure to radon is included along with the health effects specific to this exposure situation. Accidental and malicious exposures can also include high-dose scenarios that can lead to the development of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Details of ARS are described along with how it can be diagnosed. In some exposure scenarios, large numbers of individuals are exposed such that triage is required to quickly identify those needing medical intervention to mitigate ARS. Strategies for triage for treatment are described with respect to trauma, contamination, and exposure along with a discussion of suggested countermeasures for internal exposure and medical follow-up after exposure. In order to assist with determining the dose of radiation an individual has been exposed to, several biodosimetry techniques are described. The final section focuses on the radiation protection system including definitions of quantities commonly used and the limits of exposure. | Radiobiology of Accidental, Public, and Occupational Exposures | 10.1007/978-3-031-18810-7_8 |
2023-01-01 | At present, the automation system of the intelligent substation has a smooth control module, however, often because the identification of the state of the opening and closing of the switch fails to meet the requirements, resulting in the smooth control operation cannot be carried out or is inefficient. To solve this problem, it is proposed to introduce wireless photoelectric sensing technology to complete real-time monitoring of knife switch status by designing a knife switch status detection system, selecting photoelectric sensors, and combining wireless communication, intelligent autonomous power supply, control chip, low power consumption and other energy internet technologies. At the same time, it is combined with substation sequence control to realize direct information collection of the knife switch state position and form a non-homologous knife switch position “double confirmation” judgment system with the original knife switch auxiliary contact judgment of the substation. The two methods of cooperative control and data fusion are used to determine the current operating status of the knife switch. The detection system can improve the efficiency of the smooth control operation and provides a guarantee for the efficient and reliable operation of the power grid. | Substation Knife Switch Status Detection System Based on Wireless Photoelectric Sensor | 10.1007/978-981-19-3998-3_90 |
2023-01-01 | Spatial transcriptomics allows for the genome-wide profiling of topographic gene expression patterns within a tissue of interest. Here, we describe our methodology to generate high-quality RNA-seq libraries from cryosections from fresh frozen mouse whole olfactory mucosae. This methodology can be extended to virtually any vertebrate organ or tissue sample. | Genome-Wide RNA Tomography in the Mouse Whole Olfactory Mucosa | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3425-7_2 |
2023-01-01 | STR amplification leads directly to profile development, which is also impacted by DNA extraction and capillary electrophoresis detection. Amplification for forensic human identification purposes is inherently a costly process; reduced volume reactions have long been an effective cost-savings measure. Processing known, high-quality, single-source DNA samples (i.e., buccal samples) allows for the use of even lower reaction volumes. This chapter provides examples of 3 μL and 6 μL reactions for a variety of commercial amplification kits for use with buccal samples, including standard and fast PCR using KAPA2G™ Multiplex Mix. These reactions can be utilized with traditional DNA extracts or those obtained from a normalized extraction with the ChargeSwitch ® Forensic DNA Purification Kit. They can be detected via traditional capillary electrophoresis using POP-4™ polymer and a 36 cm array, or an alternative method using POP-6™ polymer and a 22 cm array on the 3130 series Genetic Analyzer instruments. This chapter also includes protocols for the normalized extraction and alternative detection method. | Low Volume STR Amplification Options: Coupling with Standard or Fast PCR, Traditional or Normalized DNA Extraction, and/or Traditional or Alternative Capillary Electrophoresis | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3295-6_17 |
2023-01-01 | Submicron-sized low-silica SAPO-34 zeolite crystals with the hierarchical hollow structure are synthesized using a micron-sized SPAO-34 seed activation method hydrothermal synthesis in a low silica gel that contains triethylamine and polyethylene glycol. The resulting catalysts were characterized by XRD analysis, SEM, TEM, BET surface area analysis, etc.; The ~ 600–800 nm SAPO-34 crystals show superior MTO reaction performance of 10 h catalytic lifetime and enhanced olefins (C 2 H 4 + C 3 H 6 ) selectivity of 91.0%. Graphical Abstract | Synthesis of Low Silicon Submicron-Sized SAPO-34 Molecular Sieve by Micron Seed Activation Method to Improve the Performance of MTO | 10.1007/s10562-022-03975-8 |
2023-01-01 | Either for desired properties or sustainability needs, cement industry has been incorporating SCMs in cement, bringing down the clinker factor for the last few decades. Incorporation of SCMs results in a changed microstructure and pore solution composition. These are the main factors other than environmental conditions that influence both the initiation and propagation phases of reinforced concrete structures’ service life under carbonation conditions. Modeling the physical processes involved during service life can help to give a better insight into the relative importance of the factors involved. In this study, a numerical model for combined initiation and propagation phases was developed and employed to understand the significance of factors such as diffusion coefficient, buffer capacity, resistivity, and the fraction of corrosion products diffusing in concrete on the prediction of service life. After performing simulations and analysis, the diffusion coefficient to buffer capacity ratio had been realized to be a better parameter for comparing carbonation resistance among various blended cements. Additionally, it has been observed that low-clinker cements give comparable or lower life in the propagation phase, which is due to altered porosity resulting in reduced resistivity upon carbonation. It had been concluded that to compare low clinker cement it is better to compare them based on their carbonated transport properties and initial buffer capacity as properties of non-carbonated concrete may be misleading. | Insight from Modeling Service Life of Low-Clinker Cements at Moderate Relative Humidity Under Carbonation Attack | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_95 |
2023-01-01 | Approximately 40% of the world’s population lived in China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan in 2021. These countries were responsible for about 36% of the world’s CO 2 emissions in 2018. Economically, in the same year they represented 20% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Considering the population, the CO 2 emissions, and the share of their GDP in world economy, actions in these countries regarding fighting climate change and promoting low-carbon energy transformations have global consequences and are key to realization of 2015 Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (e.g., SDG7 and SDG13). In this article, we review the current energy situation, low-carbon energy targets and challenges to low-carbon energy transformation in each country and provide an overview of general trends and key factors in this transformation. The assessment shows that the above countries are not on the path to achieve the Paris Agreement target. CO 2 emissions and the use of fossil fuels are still high in these countries. However, general trends such as decreasing costs of renewables, a decreasing dependency on fossil fuels imports, additional liquidity for energy infrastructure due to fuel costs savings, and remuneration schemes for renewables are all promising for decarbonisation efforts and low-carbon energy transformation. | Low-Carbon Energy Transformation in China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan: An Overview | 10.1007/978-3-658-38215-5_5 |
2023-01-01 | One of the promising areas for improving the efficiency of technological processes is the use of low-waste production of parts from the workpieces that are as similar as possible to the ready-made part. The application of low-production technological processes also includes the complex geometry parts; they include conical and hypoid gears with curved teeth. The article pays a particular attention to the technology of curved teeth cutting by means of toolheads having various structures. A gear-cutting tool machines metal, the surface of which is obtained after hot stamping. That is why quite significant variations along the lateral surface allowance and the teeth gullet bottom are possible as well as the presence of scaling and the decarburized layer. It is important to provide high quality of the teeth surface and accuracy of their manufacture for subsequent gear grinding at cutting. The targeted location of metal texture along lateral surfaces and the teeth gullet bottom provided for the increase in the bending strength of conical gear stamped teeth. | Low-Waste Production of Conical and Hypoid Gears with Curved Teeth | 10.1007/978-3-031-14125-6_61 |
2023-01-01 | Advancement in science and technology has led to the development of stronger and durable materials such as steel and concrete. However, these materials are contributors of greenhouse gases. With the ever increasing temperatures of the planet and its associated hazards, it has become essential to look for greener alternatives. The new era demands reviving the forgotten materials and technologies of the past with a more sustainable and environmental friendly outlook. This study attempts to provide such an alternative low-cost housing method for seismically active regions with bamboo and mud at its core. The house is proposed to be made of mud bricks as an alternative to conventional bricks and bamboo reinforcement as an alternative for steel. The proposed bricks will be made of mud, straw, and rice husk and provided with two holes to insert the bamboo poles. Due to its excellent tensile strength, the addition of bamboo poles to the mud brick walls will help resist the lateral loads coming from earthquake forces. The foundation is proposed to be built using boulders and bamboo reinforcement. GI sheet roof is proposed to be placed over a bamboo truss. The cost of the various materials required for the construction of this house is also provided to ascertain the low-cost factor. | Conceptualisation of Sustainable Low-Cost Earthquake Resistant Bamboo-Reinforced Mud Brick House in North-East India | 10.1007/978-981-19-5077-3_7 |
2023-01-01 | Climate change is accepted today as an indisputable fact resulting from human activity, predominantly the burning of fossil fuels. In order to prevent the catastrophic impacts of climate change, the world agreed in Conference of the Parties (COP) 21 to limit the global temperature rise above pre-industrial levels to 2 °C. To meet the Paris Agreement, a profound transformation of global energy systems is required from fossil fuel-based to low or zero carbon sources. This creates a risk for hydrocarbon-producing countries such as Qatar, which depend on fuel exports for income. In the short term, Qatar is well suited for the energy transition due to its abundance of natural gas, a widely acceptable transition fuel. Technological improvement in renewable energy as well as fast moving competition in the hydrogen market, showcase Qatar’s hydrocarbon export vulnerabilities. This chapter will provide a background on energy transition elements, Qatar’s efforts locally and internationally in the transition to a low carbon economy and highlights the opportunities and vulnerabilities for Qatar to build resilience. | Qatar in the Energy Transition: Low Carbon Economy Challenges and Opportunities | 10.1007/978-981-19-7398-7_7 |
2023-01-01 | The environment and human health are both impacted by air quality. In Africa, where air quality monitoring systems are rare or nonexistent, poor air quality has caused far more deaths and environmental damage than anywhere else in the world. Air pollution in Africa is a result of the continent’s growing urbanization, industrialization, road traffic, and air travel. Particularly in Africa, air pollution continues to be a silent killer, and if it is not addressed, it will continue to cause fatal health disorders like heart disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory organ disease. In this study, the potential of IoT is greatly exploited to measure air pollution levels in real time. An Arduino Uno microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P integrated with the Arduino Integrated Development Environment is used to build the prototype. The designed prototype consists of the different sensors that capture air pollutant concentration levels from the environment. All the data pertaining to air quality are monitored in real-time using Thingspeak, an IoT-based platform. The monitoring results are visible through the mobile application developed; as a result, this creates awareness to the public and the concerned policy makers can make well informed decisions. | Hardware Implementation of IoT Enabled Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring for Low- and Middle-Income Countries | 10.1007/978-3-031-35314-7_3 |
2023-01-01 | Considering the acceptability, nutritional and bio-functionality of Piper betel leaves (PBL), it was utilized in ghee-based low-fat spread (LFS). In the first phase of the experiment, the form and level of PBL were optimized. In the latter stage, the products were periodically evaluated for storage stability, The LFS under various treatments were analysed for sensory, physicochemical and biochemical parameters and were statistically interpreted. The colour, appearance, flavour, body and texture, spreadability and overall acceptability score for the optimized product wherein PBL was used in powder form at 0.6% of LFS were 8.17 ± 0.08, 7.85 ± 0.05, 7.76 ± 0.04, 7.71 ± 0.05 and 7.87 ± 0.08, respectively on ‘9’ point hedonic scale. It was also observed that with an increase in the concentration of powdered form of PBL from 0 to 0.8% in LFS, the fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash and total solid content were increased significantly ( P < 0.05). In the optimized product, the phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron content were at a supreme level while antioxidant activity and microbial growth were also found to be operative. The experimental product could be stored for up to 80 days as against 60 days of a control sample. | Studies on Utilization and Shelf Life of Piper betel Leaves Added Ghee-Based Low-fat Spread | 10.1007/s12161-022-02400-5 |
2023-01-01 | Measurements resulting from the operation of two different low-cost air quality monitoring devices (LCAQMD) are used as a basis for a data analytics and modelling procedure towards the improvement of the uncertainty of sensor readings. Α data processing method for missing value and outliers handling, followed by the implementation of computational intelligence-oriented algorithms aimed to the PM 10 modelling. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients are used for a primary evaluation of data analytics results, while modelling outcomes are compared with the aid of the relative expanded uncertainty, as well as via the model performance evaluation metrics, to determine the most efficient model. Results suggest that the advanced artificial neural network oriented computational intelligence algorithms, may lead to significant improvement of the performance of the two LCAQMD, this being applicable for a certain concentration range (18–65 μg/m 3 ), indicating that additional future work and more advanced computational techniques are required for further improvement of their performance. | Analysis and Improvement of Two Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Measurements’ Uncertainty | 10.1007/978-3-031-18311-9_5 |
2023-01-01 | This paper discusses the current development trend of ancillary buildings of water conservancy projects. At present, ancillary buildings of water conservancy projects should not only meet the aesthetic function of facade, but also meet the requirements of safe use of structure. Combined with the geographical location of ancillary buildings of water conservancy projects, according to local conditions, the energy-saving design of passive low-energy buildings is introduced, and the green buildings that meet the requirements of ancillary buildings of water conservancy projects are put forward The energy-saving design analysis of “four specialties” can provide reference for the energy-saving design of ancillary buildings of water conservancy projects in the future. | Analysis on Energy Saving Design of Ancillary Buildings of Hydraulic Engineering | 10.1007/978-981-19-4293-8_60 |
2023-01-01 | Campylobacteriosis is a frequently diagnosed disease in humans. Most infections are considered foodborne and are caused by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli . The animal reservoirs of these Campylobacter species , and the sources and routes of transmission, are described and discussed in this chapter. Most warm-blooded animals can be colonized by Campylobacter, but avian species, and in particular poultry, are preferred hosts. Much of the world’s poultry production is colonized by Campylobacter. Source attribution studies estimate that 20–40% of cases are attributed to the handling and consumption of chicken meat, while up to 80% of cases are due to Campylobacter found in the chicken reservoir. The difference suggests that routes other than through the food chain, i.e., environmental contamination, are important. The epidemiology of infections in humans differs between industrialized and low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the most effective interventions would be targeted to primary production. To date, only improved biosecurity is available. If effectively implemented, strict biosecurity can reduce the number of Campylobacter- positive flocks, but implementation to this level has proved difficult for the poultry industry. Available interventions in chicken processing plants can substantially reduce Campylobacter numbers on carcasses and consequently reduce the risk to humans. Public health strategies therefore utilize control programs, which aim at reducing the level of Campylobacter by measures along the food chain. It is now recognized that commercially acceptable complementary interventions for primary production, such as vaccines and feed additives, are urgently needed. Once Campylobacter in poultry is controlled then other minor sources of Campylobacter including contaminated drinking water, direct contact with (pet) animals, and other food items (e.g., red meat and milk) can be addressed. | Campylobacter: Animal Reservoirs, Human Infections, and Options for Control | 10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_6 |
2023-01-01 | This paper deals with an innovative structure of silicon-on-insulator junctionless transistor (SOIJLT) by incorporating a buried metal layer of proper work-function which creates the Schottky junction between device layer and the buried metal layer. The buried metal layer results in perfect volume inversion in OFF-state due to which in comparison to SOIJLT, the off-state current ( I OFF ) of the proposed buried metal SOIJLT (BMSOIJLT) is significantly reduced. In addition, the short-channel effects such as subthreshold swing (SS) and the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) in the proposed BMSOIJLT are reduced by 40% and 30% respectively over the SOIJLT device. The CMOS digital logic circuits such as inverter, NAND gate and the NOR gate have also been implemented using the mixed-mode device/circuit simulations. Despite due to lower ON-state drive current ( I ON ) and the parasitic capacitances in the proposed BMSOIJLT, the propagation delay in SOIJLT and the proposed BMSOIJLT based logic gates is comparable. Moreover, due to significant reduction in I OFF the static power dissipation in the proposed BMSOIJLT based logic gates is significantly low. | Buried Metal Silicon-on-Insulator Junctionless Transistor for Low Power CMOS Logic Circuits | 10.1007/s12633-022-02080-0 |
2023-01-01 | The article presents the test results of concrete beams reinforced with basalt fiber polymer and carbon fiber plastic brought to the ultimate state in previous researches. The nature of their deformation, crack development and fracture was established, that in the beams with large (a/d = 3) and central (a/d = 2) shear spans corresponded to the stress-strain state of almost balanced normal cross section. The destruction of the beams with small (a/d = 1) shear spans was accompanied by further opening of previously formed inclined cracks and rupturing of closed carbon fibers on the sides. The bearing capacity of the ultimate limi state support sections of beam constructions with fiber reinforced polymers materials should be determined, first of all, by the action of bending moment on the critical inclined crack. The proposed calculation method provides for the adequate determination of bearing capacity of girder concrete constructions with non-metallic composite reinforcement both without reinforcement and damage, and reinforced by carbon fiber polymers elements that have reached the limit state (ULS). | Load-Bearing Capacity of Damaged Concrete Beams with Basalt Plastic Fittings, Reinforced with External Fiber-Reinforced Plastics | 10.1007/978-3-031-14141-6_13 |
2023-01-01 | Wastewater treatment facilities have high operational costs and are significant users of energy, due to which <38% percent of municipal as well as industrial wastewater generated by developing countries undergoes treatment of any kind. Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are man-made earthen basins used for the treatment of wastewater using individual and/or combination of physicochemical and biological agents with the aim of reducing various contents like nutrients, micro- and macro-pollutants and also removing pathogens from wastewater. Though used worldwide, WSPs are especially suitable for developing countries that have warm climates as they are cost-effective, highly efficient, entirely natural, and highly sustainable. Depending on the required final effluent quality, the ponds can be used individually or connected in a series of anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds. This, in turn, is based on what is to be done with the effluent. Whether it is to be used for restricted or unrestricted irrigation or aquaculture or discharged into surface water or groundwater. This chapter gives an overview of various types of WSPs, their design, function, and disinfection processes along with strategies and methods that can be adopted to improve their performance in developing countries. | Overview of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Developing Countries | 10.1007/698_2021_790 |
2023-01-01 | Low permeability reserves are an important potential source for increasing offshore reserves and production. Targeted fracturing for low permeability oil and gas fields has been widely proved to be an economic and effective means of development by many onshore low permeability, tight shale oil and gas projects at home and abroad. However, although offshore fracturing started early in China, its development is slow and it is still not large-scale. There is a lack of successful cases of large-scale fracturing in offshore low-permeability reservoirs, especially the identification and optimization of sweet spots, which has become a key problem hindering the development of low-permeability reservoirs. Oil field X has large reserves but is difficult to exploit. Therefore, this study with 25–1 oilfield in bohai sea sand three sections of the reservoir as the research key, formed a sea of low permeability oil field geological engineering “double dessert” modeling ideas and methods, the formation of the comprehensive geological model for the geological evaluation, the fracturing design, the production of the pressure after evaluation and optimum well pattern has certain guiding significance, at the same time can provide efficient development low permeability for future sea exploration significance. | Study on Geological Desserts and Engineering Desserts | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_485 |
2023-01-01 | This paper analyses the formation, development and governance of international low-carbon parks, and innovatively summarizes three operation and management modes of international low-carbon parks: “Industrial Symbiosis” operation and management mode, “Industry-City Integration” operation and management mode, and “Informatization-industrialization Integration” operation and management mode. Based on the definition, characteristics, strategies and practices of the three modes, this paper analyses the successful cases of applying the modes, compares the three modes, and summarizes the effectiveness of the cases in terms of sustainable development, as well as the opportunities for experience sharing and cooperation among international low-carbon parks. Finally, the future development trend of international low-carbon parks will be explored and research suggestions will be made based on the above. | Comparison of International Low-Carbon Park Operation and Management Modes | 10.2991/978-94-6463-344-3_17 |
2023-01-01 | Accurate, non-destructive prediction of chlorophyll content in leaves is crucial to guaranteeing an optimum plant’s growth and productivity. This is due to the fact that chlorophyll is an important photosynthetic pigment for plants, determining photosynthetic capacity and hence plant growth. In this paper, efforts to design, calibrate, and test a preliminary prototype of a low-cost chlorophyll meter based on the quantification of fluorescence signals measured from a plant’s leaf will be described. The results of the measurements obtained using this developed preliminary prototype were validated using the SPAD 502 Chlorophyll meter. | Design of a Simple and Low-cost Fluorescence-based Chlorophyll Meter | 10.2991/978-94-6463-086-2_54 |
2023-01-01 | Introduction: In the ORL-HNS, acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss (ALHL) is an emergency that needs to be treated right away. The hearing loss in ALHL is restricted to low-tone frequencies, and it has a superior prognosis compared to idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). The administration of systemic corticosteroids was said to provide positive outcomes. Aim: to ascertain the effects of steroid treatment in patients with ALHL without diuretics. Case Report: A 36-year-old lady was identified as having dyslipidemia and bilateral acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss. Patients had complete bed rest, oxygen treatment, simvastatin, vitamins B and C, and high-dosage oral corticosteroids (tapering off). Method: Through the Cochrane database, PubMed, and Google Scholar, evidence-based literature studies on the management of ALHL are available. Conclusion: The ORL-HNS department considers ALHL to be an emergency that needs to be treated right away to improve the prognosis. With corticosteroids as the primary treatment and no diuretics in combination, PTA has improved with favorable outcomes. It is essential to assess the effectiveness of therapy throughout both short- and long-term follow-ups. | Management of Bilateral Acute Low Tone Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ALHL) | 10.2991/978-94-6463-280-4_26 |
2023-01-01 | Conjugated polymers of BTTP and BTTP–CN comprising thiophene and benzothiadiazole substituents were subjected under chemical doping process. The polymers were doped with different Lewis acids such as AlCl 3 , H 3 BO 3 , BF 3 , Cu(II), Fe(II), HCl and I 2 . The doped and undoped polymers have been analyzed with the aid of FTIR, UV–Vis, fluorescence spectrometer, electrochemical conductivity and cyclic voltammetry. Upon doping, the absorption maximum of the polymers (403 and 397 nm) were dramatically shifted and emission wavelength of BTTP and BTTP–CN was red shifted due to chemical interaction among dopants. The electrochemical band gap of undoped polymers BTTP and BTTP–CN has been measured as 1.9 and 1.6 eV and conductivity was measured as 3.62 and 1.46 × 10 –5 Ω −1 cm −1 , respectively. After doping with Lewis acids, band gap was reduced and conductivity was increased. The reactivity of the polymers with AlCl 3 , BF 3, and HCl dopants produced low band gap, high conductivity up to 0.79 eV, 5.98 × 10 –5 Ω −1 for BTTP and 1.0 eV, 4.43 × 10 –5 Ω −1 for BTTP–CN, respectively. Introduction of dopants to the conjugated polymers opens up the opportunity to increase conjugation, Turn off/on fluorescence and shifting of energy levels in solar cell applications. | Effects of chemical dopants on the luminescence, bandgap and electrochemical conductivity of the thiophene-based benzothiadiazole-conjugated polymers | 10.1007/s00289-021-04050-9 |
2023-01-01 | Grote Reber (1911–2002) constructed the world’s first purpose-built radio telescope in the USA in 1937, effectively becoming the earliest radio astronomer. Using a frequency of 160 MHz, he made the first radio map of the sky, showing contours of equal radio intensity. Maintaining his interest in celestial emissions in the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum, Reber, beginning in the 1950s, spent three decades pursuing results at frequencies around the lowest possible that were permissible by the ionosphere. Most of this work was performed in Tasmania, the island state of Australia. Reber’s two main Tasmanian projects were near the towns of Kempton and Bothwell. The Bothwell project involved the construction and use of the largest filled-aperture antenna array ever built. During his lengthy time living in Tasmania, Reber became well known to many residents, especially those in Bothwell. He also became involved in several other pursuits, especially the study of efficient transport. In this paper I describe some important and memorable aspects of Reber’s life and work in Tasmania, with several personal recollections included. | Grote Reber in Tasmania | 10.1007/978-3-031-29493-8_12 |
2023-01-01 | Carbonation, reactions between cementitious materials and atmospheric carbon dioxide, is one of the most important mechanisms that determine the longevity of cementitious materials. Despite the recent advances in revealing the carbonation mechanism of cement and concrete materials, the understanding of carbonation mechanisms in low-carbon cementitious materials, particularly low-clinker blended cement (clinker replacement > 60%) and alkali-activated materials, is still limited. This study compares the carbonation performances of a low-clinker blended slag cement and an alkali-activated slag cement via thermodynamic modelling. Phase assemblages of two different types of cementitious materials under accelerated carbonation conditions were predicted by thermodynamic models using the latest CEMDATA18 database. Validation of the developed models were conducted by comparing the predicted results with the experimentally characterised mineralogy from the literature. After validation, the carbonation performances of high-GGBFS blended cement and alkali-activated slag cements are critically compared. | Comparing the Carbonation Performances of a Low-Clinker Blended Slag Cement with an Alkali-Activated Slag via Thermodynamic Modelling | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_103 |
2023-01-01 | Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is very emerging research field due to low-cost solution for display applications. It also helps in providing the lightweight flexible displays for mobile phones and other electronic applications. Presently, lot of researchers from academia and industry are working in this field. They are looking for high mobility materials and novel device structures of OLEDs to enhance the performance. A necessary element to control of OLED performance is including the device parameters, operating voltage and stability, low-cost fabrication, and low-power consumption. These are the key merits of OLEDs that defined its wide applicability. In this paper, comparison among five devices is investigated, where the impact of thickness variation of mixed interlayer is analyzed. The optimized thickness, sequence of layer, and doping concentration of mixed interlayer improve the performance of multilayer OLEDs. The mixed interlayer is the ratio of the predominant CBP hole material to the predominant TPBi electron materials in the range of 3 : 2, respectively. Significant improvement is extracted that defines the outcomes in terms of current density, luminance, and luminescent power. The huge improvement in current density, luminance, and luminescence power efficiency is observed for Device A. The respective values for current density are 47 mA/cm 2 , whereas luminance is 14269 cd/m 2 , and extracted luminescence power efficiency value of 20.8 lm/W is observed, respectively. Improved current density, efficiency, luminance, and luminescence power efficiency are attributed to the mixed interlayer enlarge the charge carrier’s transport, with optimized excitons. Improved OLED device can be further used in bio-medical applications as light source as well as light detector. | Impact of Mixed Interlayer Thickness on Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes | 10.1007/978-981-19-0312-0_65 |
2023-01-01 | The use of polymer drive to further increase the recovery in high water-bearing oil fields is a relatively common method for tertiary oil recovery at present. Polymer drive experiments in low viscous sandstone reservoirs show that the increase in recovery after low-speed water drive is 7.9%–10.7%, which is close to the effect of polymer drive in most Chinese oil fields (e.g. Daqing oil field), and the increase in recovery after high-speed water drive is only 3.5%–4.8%. It can be seen that the increase of recovery degree after high speed water drive in low viscosity reservoir is much smaller than the effect after low speed water drive. The increase in recovery after high speed water drive is very limited, and it is mainly contributed by the subsequent water drive. The actual mechanism of polymer drive is not a “polymer drive” mechanism, but a “dissection” mechanism of polymer solution segment plug. At the same time, the degree of recovery only increased by about 1% after increasing the polymer viscosity, indicating that increasing the polymer viscosity has little effect on improving the ripple efficiency. Therefore, for low viscosity sandstone reservoirs after high speed water drive, the potential of recovery enhancement by polymer drive is limited. | Potential Study on Enhanced Oil Recovery Potential of Polymer Flooding After High-Speed Water Flooding in Low-Viscosity Sandstone Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_374 |
2023-01-01 | The application of vacuum in casting technology is minimal. Vacuum technology is primarily used in investment casting or die casting processes, and this casting process is very costly compared with sand casting technology. In present study, the author developed a low-cost vacuum setup for the sand casting process. A new vacuum casting setup is used to cast customized metal part that is oxidized in nature. The vacuum setup has a vacuum pump, induction furnace, vacuum chamber, and bottom pouring arrangement to pour melting metal. Vacuum melting prevents the reaction of molten metal to the environmental gases, crucible and materials in mold containers, and vacuum pouring confirms the molten metal flow into the mold cavity without any intrusion. This study made it possible to develop a new technique for the direct melting and pouring of metal alloys in vacuum atmosphere for customized casting. Experiments were carried out with aluminum alloys to verify the precision of the vacuum setup. The influence of vacuum sand casting on aluminum alloy's porosity and mechanical properties was studied and compared with the open sand casting process. This research demonstrated the usefulness of vacuum melting and pouring in sand casting technology. | Design and Development of Miniature Low-Cost Vacuum Setup for Sand Casting | 10.1007/978-981-19-0561-2_18 |
2023-01-01 | Both cardiac and thoracic surgical interventions bear the risk of a broad spectrum of postoperative complications. This spectrum ranges from mild and moderate complications, which require medical treatment up to acute life-threatening disorders leading to immediate surgical re-intervention. This chapter gives an overview on signs and symptoms of cardiothoracic complications and provides a guideline-based tool to diagnose and treat them in an evidence-based manner. | Management of Cardiothoracic Surgery Complications | 10.1007/978-3-031-22599-4_52 |
2023-01-01 | Solar panels are widely used nowadays to capture solar radiation and generate voltage, so they are being used for Energy Harvesting applications. The present work carries out the study of low power solar panels for energy storage applications, together with the DC-DC conversion and storage stage. The methodology carried out has been the design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of the elements that form the system. The elements that make up the system are 4 solar panels of 2.4 V and 80 mA, a voltage regulator element and rechargeable batteries. As a result, both in simulation and measurement, the mixed configuration (series-parallel) is the one that provides the best characteristics for its use, with a voltage of 4.57 V and a current of 127.3 mA, obtaining at the converter output a voltage of 19.44 V, concluding that the system meets the design expectations with which it was made, collecting energy, raising it and storing it, providing promising results for future applications. | Solar Panels for Low Power Energy Harvesting | 10.1007/978-3-031-30592-4_21 |
2023-01-01 | The human locomotor system depicts a very complex system comprising the skeleton, skeletal muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, cartilage and other connective tissues. It provides the body with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is biomechanically very complex, and hence, the applied computational models may be highly simplified to enable some level of reasonable efficiency. This chapter describes the application of systems analysis approach in order to gain insight into the complex neurodynamics involving the interplay amongst the muscles, sense organs, motor pattern generators and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) toward their production of coordinated and/or adaptive movement both in structured and in unstructured environments. | The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations | 10.1007/978-3-031-32781-0_1 |
2023-01-01 | Inspired by IMC approach, tuning rules for PID control of time-delay plants such as pure TD, FOPTD, SOPTD and IPTD are developed. Control systems for the first three plants can be designed in a consistent way, since they are described by the same transfer function for commonly used controllers. Analytic rules are given for critical damping. Nomograms characterize overdamping for settling time specification and underdamping for overshoot. Practical experiment confirms fairly good correspondence of closed-loop responses to specifications. | Consistent Design of PID Controllers for Time-Delay Plants | 10.1007/978-3-031-35170-9_30 |
2023-01-01 | Periodic maintenance and unpredictable equipment failure of industrial machinery are expensive elements in a company’s balance and potentially hazardous for human operators. Periodic inspections at predefined intervals are commonly applied to limit unplanned production downtime and safety concerns. The latest advancements in smart sensor technology enables online equipment monitoring that can directly anticipate the deterioration and incoming breakages on operating machines, reducing maintenance costs. This paper presents a deploy and forget sensor node for predictive maintenance on industrial electric motors, which targets three-phase asynchronous motors, supporting the data collection from multiple sensors, such as vibrations, environmental noise, temperature, and the external magnetic field. The sensor node features ultra-low-power design, achieving self-sustainability by exploiting a 4 $$\,\times \,$$ × 4 cm thermal electric generator with a $$\varDelta T$$ Δ T of $$20\,^\circ \text {C}$$ 20 ∘ C for at least 72 s. Moreover, it features short-long wireless data transfer over WiFi and the NB-IoT protocol. Results report the energy harvesting efficiency and the circuit power consumption from a real-world tests. | Enabling Predictive Maintenance on Electric Motors Through a Self-sustainable Wireless Sensor Node | 10.1007/978-3-031-30333-3_1 |
2023-01-01 | The present work examines the role of cross thermal buoyancy towards initiating the vortex shedding process around two circular cylinders placed side by side in an unconfined medium. Critical buoyancy parameter is assessed for a range of Reynolds number as 10 to 40. In the stated range, a steady separated flow evolves under pure forced convective condition. With the introduction of thermal buoyancy, instability grows and at a specific value of the buoyancy parameter, the flow turns into unsteady periodic with the formation of vortex shedding. The above phenomena have been examined numerically by a two dimensional simulation based on a finite volume method for a fixed gap spacing between the cylinders and considering air as the working medium ( Pr = 0.71). It is observed that the strength of buoyancy could be a decisive factor in demarcating various flow regimes. The flow transition is visualized through the vorticity, isotherm contours, and phase diagrams. Furthermore, a regime diagram is prepared to clearly depict various zones of hydrodynamic behavior. | Influence of Cross Thermal Buoyancy on Vortex Shedding around Side by Side Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers | 10.1007/978-981-19-6270-7_54 |
2023-01-01 | In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been getting a lot of traction. Embedded systems have become ingrained in our daily lives connecting day-to-day devices to a network. IoT-enabled devices have helped us operate, monitor, and do various tasks efficiently from afar. This is achieved while consuming less space with each iteration due to technological advancements. Being compact and modular, IoT-based devices are frequently battery-powered and require a large battery backup. Although in an ideal situation, a low power consuming device that also traverses great distances is expected. However, many current technologies, such as Zig-Bee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, take a lot of power and aren't ideal for battery-powered systems. LoRa is a relatively new technology that is rapidly gaining traction. LoRa can consume a fraction of energy while maintaining a higher coverage area, making it a great contender for IoT applications. This paper covers a combinational work of implementing smart office and parking systems using IoT-based technology, while the communication between different nodes is handled using LoRa. The implementations of LoRa have proven to show greater performance while consuming significantly less power. Therefore, implementing the work can surely ease the overall office management while being energy efficient. | IoT-Based Smart Office and Parking System with the Implementation of LoRa | 10.1007/978-981-19-7528-8_25 |
2023-01-01 | An artificially generated dataset mimics real-world data in terms of its statistical properties, but it contains no real information. Data around rare occurrences like Covid-19 pandemic is difficult to capture in real-world data due to their infrequent nature. Additionally, cost involved and time-consumption to gather real world data is a big challenge. In such cases, synthetic data can help create more balanced datasets for model training. This project investigates the effectiveness of using synthetic data for tuning machine translation models when training data is limited. The Covid-19 domain is chosen considering the urgency and importance of the global accessibility of information related to the pandemic. TICO-19, a publically available dataset was effectively formulated to cater to this need. The medical terminologies were extracted and passed to OpenAI API to generate training language pair data. The fine-tuned davinci model is then verified with blind test data provided under TICO-19 for translation from English to French. SacreBLEU score is used to compute the translation quality, the fine-tuned model has a significantly higher BLEU score of 19.54 in comparison to the base model with a BLEU score of 0.44. The adapted model also has a comparable score to the next-generation version of davinci with a BLEU score of 22.29. | Assessing the Efficacy of Synthetic Data for Enhancing Machine Translation Models in Low Resource Domains | 10.1007/978-3-031-49601-1_9 |
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