publicationDate stringlengths 10 10 | abstract stringlengths 0 37.3k | title stringlengths 1 5.74k | doi stringlengths 11 47 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|
2023-01-01 | An important research has been conducted to investigate the feasibility of production of furfural from date palm midribs using a sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydrolysis process. In this research, the effect of reaction temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, acid concentration and reaction time were investigated, and their optimum values determined to attain the maximum furfural yield. Furfural and its derivatives are considered as important chemicals due to their various applications. For example, furfural alcohol is employed in chemical industry as an additive or solvent in the manufacture of different resins. In addition, furfural is used as a selective solvent for the separation of saturated from unsaturated compounds in petroleum refining, gas oil and diesel fuel industries. In addition, furfural is also used as a fungicide, weedkiller and as a feedstock for the production of tetrahydrofuran. In most of the date-producing countries in the Arab world the products of pruning of date palms (e.g., leaflets, midribs, spadix stems, petioles and leaf sheaths fibers) are being treated as waste. i.e., open-field burnt or sent to landfills. This represents a great loss of such an important treasure of locally available renewable resources. As a response to this situation, an important research has been conducted with the objective of isolation and structural characterization of hemicellulose-type polysaccharides from date palm leaflets and midribs. The hemicellulose-type polysaccharides were successfully extracted from the leaflets and midribs of the date palms. The sugar analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements indicate that they belong to xylans family. This may open new potentialities for the economic utilization of date palm products of pruning. A study has been conducted to investigate the potentiality of transforming the date palm midrib into sizing agent for use in the textile industry as a substitute for expensive commercial products imported from aboard. The date palm midribs were collected from Monastir (Tunisia). To obtain sodium cellulose carboxyl methylate (NaCMC), the cellulose was transformed into alkali-cellulose, and then etherification agent (monochloroacetic acid) was then introduced. The performance of NaCMCs was then compared to that of the imported commercial product. To conduct yarn sizing, 100% cotton yarns were utilized. To evaluate the performance of the sized yarn, the yarn hairiness and the load and elongation at break were measured. Hairiness is defined as the number of fibrils outside the main axis of the yarn. The results of this research prove the potentiality of use of date palm midrib in the manufacture of sizing materials for yarn as a substitute for expensive imported commercial products. A research has been conducted with the purpose of extracting cellulose fibers from date palm petioles. The date palm petioles were collected in Monastir, Tunisia. The samples were air-dried, milled and sieved to a grain size between 200 µm and 1 mm. The extraction of fibers was conducted under alkaline conditions to remove hemicellulose and break the hydrogen bonds and the hydrolyzed ester groups. The chemical composition of the date palm petioles was determined and found: 1,4% extractives, 27.5% lignin and 67.7% holocellhouse. In this work, it was possible to extract and purify cellulose fiber from date palm petioles with a yield of 42%. Moreover, the solubility of cellulose in ionic liquid (N-buthyl-N-methylpyrrolidium buthyl-dibutthylphosphate) allowed the dissolving of 11 g of cellulose per 100 g of this ionic liquid at 80 °C. The results of this study provide an environment-friendly method of dissolving cellulose from date palm petioles. It also represents an eloquent example of valorization of date palm products of pruning generally treated as waste. A research has been conducted to evaluate the potentiality of use of date palm seeds powder in sealing of fractures in oil wells. The expenses of drilling of oil wells represent 25% of the total oilfield exploitation cost. The drilling fluids represent 15 to 18% of the total cost of petroleum well drilling operations. One of the problems in well drilling is the loss of drilling liquids into drilling-induced fractures or natural fractures in wells. Therefore, it is necessary to find appropriate materials that can efficiently seal these fractures during drilling operations. In this research two superior fracture seal materials made from crushed date palm seeds and shredded waste tires were tested in laboratory conditions to seal artificially fractured holes under high temperature and pressure conditions. Mixtures of either crushed date palm seeds or shredded waste car tires of different grain sizes proved its ability to completely seal the samples at pressures up to 1000 psi and temperature up to 90 °C. In addition to its superior ability to seal the fractured formations, the date palm seeds are cheap, locally available in commercial quantities, environmentally friendly and easy to crush into various required grain sizes. A research has been conducted to study the effect off using a perforated plate on the sound absorption of date palm leaf sheaths fibers. To conduct this research, fibers were collected from the sheathing leaf bases and dried in shade at room temperature for 2 days. The pulp (paranchyma) was removed from fibers by combing and the fibers were then scrapped to remove the pulp completely. The average diameter and density of the fibers were 0.408 mm and 919 kg/m 3 respectively. The plastic molds were fabricated with diameters 28 mm and 100 mm to suit the two impedance tubes used in this research. The thickness and density of prepared samples were 30 mm and 77 kg/m 3 , respectively. The frequency span of the experiment was 100–5000 Hz with 3 Hz resolution. An aluminum performed plate was used to enhance the sound absorption. The experiment was conducted for the panel without air gap, with air gap of 10, 20 and 30 mm between the date palm fiber sample and the rigid backing of the impedance tube. The use of the perforated plate has led to the increase of the absorption coefficient between 1000 and 3000 Hz by shifting the peak toward the low frequency range. However, the sound absorption coefficient decreased above 3000 Hz and the peak decreased by 4%. The results show that the best performance for improving the sound absorption at low frequency range can be achieved using the date palm leaf sheaths fibers combined with the perforated plate facing and the 10 mm air gap backing. The performance of the date fibers can be improved by increasing the samples density and using plates with different perforations. | Date Palm Byproducts in Other Fields of Applications | 10.1007/978-981-99-0475-4_12 |
2023-01-01 | In this study, low-cycle fatigue Low-cycle fatigue tests were performed at room temperature/200 °C in total strain range, Δε t = 0.6–2.0% on lightweight steel Lightweight steel for low-pressure turbine blade application. The tensile results of Fe–22Mn–8Al–0.9C lightweight steel Lightweight steel that show good tensile properties, yield strength and tensile strength were respectively 818 MPa and 1051 MPa, and elongation was 46%. And during low-cycle fatigue Low-cycle fatigue , cyclic softening occurred at room temperature and 100 °C, whereas cyclic hardening Cyclic hardening and Dynamic strain aging occurred at 200 °C in all the investigated total strain ranges, Δε t = 0.6–2.0%. In addition, the serrated flows were observed in the hysteresis loop at 200 °C which is occurred cyclic hardening. However, serrated flows were not observed at RT and 100 °C which is occurred cyclic softening. As a result of TEM observation, the multi-directional slip band and wavy dislocations were observed in the low-cycle fatigue Low-cycle fatigue at RT and 200 °C. However, in the low-cycle fatigue at 200 °C, more frequent wavy dislocations were observed. It seems to be caused by the carbon atoms with a faster diffusion rate effectively fixed dislocations which leads to dynamic strain aging Cyclic hardening and Dynamic strain aging and high density of dislocation and resulted in cyclic hardening. | Characterization of Low-Cycle Fatigue Deformation Behavior at RT/200 °C of FeMnAlC Lightweight Steel for Low-Pressure Turbine Blade | 10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_91 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter explores the concept of energy decarbonization and its practical implementation through the adoption of a circular economy (CE) founded on materials. It emphasizes the role of CE principles in mitigating environmental impacts as it analyzes the crucial interplay between energy transition and resource management. In pursuance of decarbonized energy systems, the focus of the discussion is on how CE strategies can mitigate resource scarcity issues. Important considerations include end-of-life management, tradeoffs, and the incorporation of principles of environmental justice. The chapter emphasizes waste reduction and repurposing of abandoned industrial sites as opportunities to reduce environmental costs. It also investigates the potential for technological innovations such as automation and artificial intelligence to improve recycling processes. Policymaking, regulation, and research and development efforts are discussed as essential catalysts for the realization of a CE-focused energy decarbonization strategy. This chapter highlights the global and cross-sector nature of this initiative, as well as its potential to revolutionize resource management while advancing sustainability objectives. | Energy Decarbonization via Material-Based Circular Economy | 10.1007/978-3-031-42220-1_15 |
2023-01-01 | Flexible photodetectors exhibit many advantages such as a good bendability, foldability and even stretchability as well as weight light, which have triggered a widely concerned in wearable electronics including wearable monitoring, wearable image sensing, self-powered integrated electronics, etc . Recently, various II-VI semiconductors have become a promising candidates in flexible photodetectors due to their unique characteristics, such as direct bandgap semiconductors, excellent optical and electric properties, high quantum efficiency, and inherent mechanical flexibility. Here, the most recent progress on low dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D and related heterostructures) II-VI semiconductors based flexible photodetectors and their application in wearable electronic is reviewed. Firstly, a brief introduction of the architecture design and substrate materials of flexible photodetectors is presented. Then, the recent progresses on flexible photodetectors based on different dimensional II-VI semiconductors are provided, in which the functional materials synthesis method have also been discussed. More importantly, the applications of the flexible photodetectors have been summarized, including wearable monitoring sensors, image sensors, and self-powered integrated wearable electronics. Finally, the challenges and the future research direction of the II-VI semiconductors based flexible photodetectors are discussed, meanwhile the perspective for the development of flexible photodetectors in the future integration of wearable electronic is also provided. | Flexible Photodetectors Based on II-VI Semiconductors | 10.1007/978-3-031-20510-1_20 |
2023-01-01 | One of the important methods to characterize molecular vibration is infrared spectroscopy of matrix-isolated molecules. Matrix isolation makes it possible to study the spectra of stabilized active particles and also to obtain most of them directly in a low-temperature matrix or by reactions on its surface. The purpose of this work is to study vibrational spectra of ethanol at different concentration ratios by their condensation in a nitrogen cryomatrix at 11 K. The concentration of ethanol in the nitrogen varied in the range of 1–5%. As a result of a comparative analysis of ethanol cryocondensate samples, we made several conclusions. Firstly, ethanol molecules in nitrogen form matrix-isolated polyaggregates of different sizes during condensation. Secondly, the increase of ethanol concentration in the nitrogen matrix leads to the growth of dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher aggregates. | Vibrational Spectroscopy of Ethanol Molecules Isolated in a Nitrogen Matrix | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_124 |
2023-01-01 | The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption test was used to study anthracite from Jiulishan coal mine with different particle size ranges of 60–80 mesh, 150–200 mesh, and > 200 mesh. The adsorption isotherm, adsorption capacity, pore volume, pore specific surface area, and average pore diameter of coal samples were analyzed by BET and DFT models in order to study the influence of particle size on the pore structure of anthracite and determine the optimal range of particle size for low-temperature nitrogen adsorption test. The results indicate that the particle size plays a significant effect on the pore structure of anthracite and the adsorption capacity of soft coal is less affected by particle size, while hard coal is substantially affected by particle size. The adsorption capacity of hard coal with particle size of > 200 mesh is increased by 7 times when compared with the particle size of 60–80 mesh, indicating that the gas molecular mobility hindrance decline and pore connectivity improves with the decrease of particle size. The average pore diameter of hard coal decreases continuously from 3.1424 to 2.854 nm, while that of soft coal expands from 2.8947 to 3.2515 nm and then to 3.0362 nm with the decrease of particle size. The effects of particle size on the pore surface area of soft and hard coal are concentrated within the < 10 nm pore aperture. Effect of particle size on hard coal pore volume is mainly focused in the pore size < 10 nm, whereas that of soft coal is primarily concentrated in the pore with aperture ranges of 2–100 nm. When the particle sizes varies from 60–80 mesh to 150–200 mesh, the collapse of large pore of hard coal appears better than that of closed pore. When the particle size of hard coal reaches > 200 mesh, the collapse of closed pores and the damage to small pores are stronger than the collapse of large pores. The fractal dimensions with relative pressure of 0–0.20 and 0.20–0.995 are defined as D 1 and D 2 , respectively, and when the fractal dimension D 1 increases, the surface roughness and structural complexity of coal samples increase with the decrease of anthracite particle size, while the fractal dimension D 2 shows the opposite trend, which indicates that anthracite of smaller particle size possess higher adsorption capacity. Therefore, 150–200 mesh is recommended as the preferred anthracite particle size in low-temperature nitrogen adsorption test. | Study on the difference of pore structure of anthracite under different particle sizes using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method | 10.1007/s11356-022-22533-8 |
2023-01-01 | Liquid biopsy has obvious advantages over invasive sampling methods. Cell-free DNA is now widely used in prenatal and cancer diagnosis. Cell-free RNA is relatively unstable but could contain potential biomarkers, and some studies have demonstrated that cfRNA sequencing may be developed to be a promising diagnostic assay for disease detection. In this chapter, we introduce a modified protocol for the detection of cfRNA based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). This protocol has been specifically optimized for low-input, fragmented cfRNA samples. | Cell-Free RNA Sequencing from Biofluid Samples | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3346-5_2 |
2023-01-01 | Sustainable design is the primary need of this century to save natural sources such as water and limestone for future generation. Therefore, the presented study was conducted to understand the fresh and hardened properties of unmodified ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste, and paste modified with fly ash–water-soluble polymer (hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose/HPMC). In the study, the effect of both the admixtures on setting time, heat of hydration, and microstructural properties was observed. For this purpose, the addition of HPMC (0.2% to 1.0%) was done along with replacement of cement with 10 to 30% fly ash, at constant water–cement (w/c) ratio of 0.32. The results clearly indicated that a strong interaction between fly ash and HPMC was noticed after 28 days of hydration, which was affected due to accelerated curing. The heat flow results indicated that both the admixtures retarded the heat of hydration. It was revealed that 0.6% HPMC addition and 15% FA replacement with cement significantly affect the strength properties. The microstructural study of the fractured surface of modified blended paste was homogeneous, rigid, and cohesive than that of unmodified paste after 28 and 90 days of curing. Finally, it was concluded that the mix of OPC-FA-HPMC, has better structural performance to be used as a building material. | Influence on Hydration and Microstructural Properties of Low-Carbon Cementitious Binder Modified with Water-Soluble Polymer and Fly Ash | 10.1007/978-981-19-3371-4_1 |
2023-01-01 | At some special conditions, it exists a huge challenge about flow assurance at the choke for the high-pressure and low-temperature. Analyzing and judging the subcooling degree of hydrate risk and its existence time at choke is of great significance for hydrate management. In this study, the hydrate risk at the choke was analyzed during the low production process, and restart process, and then the subcooling degree of hydrate risk and its existence time was calculated. The results show that in the early stage of low production with high pressure of reservoir when gas production is lower than 6 × 10 4 Sm 3 /d, it always exists hydrate risk at the upstream and downstream of the choke, and its subcooling degree is 3.79 ℃ and 18.45 ℃, respectively; with gas production increasing, the subcooling degree at of choke gradually decreases; when gas production is higher than 8 × 10 4 Sm 3 /d, there is no risk of hydrate formation at upstream of the choke; While when the gas production is higher than 18 × 10 4 Sm 3 /d, there is no risk of hydrate formation at upstream and downstream. When the gas well is restarted at the rate of production Δ(50 × 10 4 Sm 3 /d)/60 min, the maximum subcooling degree at downstream of the choke is 33.25 ℃, and the hydrate risk duration is 102 min. | Hydrate Risk Analysis at Choke of Subsea Wellhead During Deep-Water Gas Development | 10.1007/978-981-99-0553-9_41 |
2023-01-01 | With the impetus shifting to minimally invasive procedures, cytology sampling has become of paramount significance, and CBs provide a multifaceted platform for auxiliary testing. Currently, various methods of CB preparation are available, each with their own merits and demerits owing to various factors related both to the acquisition of samples and the processing of specimens. FNA has been a powerful diagnostic tool for evaluation of thyroid nodules, effectively reducing unnecessary surgeries. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways underlying thyroid carcinogenesis have led to the evolution of a new diagnostic approach with incorporation of immunohistochemical and molecular testing leading to the generation of an integrative diagnostic report. In this context, the role of CBs in thyroid cytology can hardly be overstated. The combination of cytology with cell block in thyroid aspirates have not only increased the representativeness of the samples with lower false-negative rates but also added to the possibility of commissioning immunocytochemistry and molecular analyses, whenever needed. However, this results in an increased turnover time with added burden in manpower and cost restrained settings. In such circumstances, an apt resolution would be to prepare CBs only as needed, for instance, in case of ambiguous results of the aspirate smears or the need to employ ancillary tests for confirmation of the diagnosis. | Cell Blocks in Cytopathology and Their Role in Evaluation of Thyroid Aspirates | 10.1007/978-981-99-6782-7_75 |
2023-01-01 | Concrete arch dams are large constructions aimed at producing hydro-electricity, providing water for irrigation and controlling flooding. Since concrete dams in Italy are quite old-fashioned structures, it is a challenge to properly evaluate their conditions, manage maintenance interventions and optimize energy production for a more sustainable development. Traditional field monitoring carried out through visual inspections, topographical measurements and point sensors is complex and gives only discontinued spatial information. Recently, numerous innovative techniques have progressed greatly, and, among these, the use of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DFOS) as detector of strain and temperature can be considered an attractive option, as it allows spatially dense measurements over large distances and with high resolution. To estimate the reliability and potentiality of this innovative system in monitoring the extremely low strains sustained by dams, a concrete double arch dam, namely the Ponte Cola dam in North Italy, was recently instrumented with two different types of DFOS (one for strain and one for temperature measurement) both in the foundation and along the crown of the dam. Several measurement campaigns were carried out and the data collected are briefly presented in this paper and are compared with those obtained through traditional monitoring techniques. | Smart Monitoring by Fiber-Optic Sensors of Strain and Temperature of a Concrete Double Arch Dam | 10.1007/978-3-031-34761-0_20 |
2023-01-01 | In-situ development of low and medium maturity shale refers to the pyrolysis of kerogen and heavy hydrocarbon into light hydrocarbon and gas by heating reservoir, and then the pyrolysis products are produced through production well. Compared with conventional electric heating, superheated water steam has the functions of extraction and catalyst. In this paper, proximate analysis, fisher analysis and element analysis are carried out for Longkou low and medium maturity shale. The TGA data obtained from thermogravimetric analyzer can accurately describe on-ground retorting process, but cannot effectively characterize the in-situ pyrolysis development of low and medium maturity shale. Therefore, the simulated in-situ pyrolysis experiments of shale are carried out using self-designed high temperature and high pressure reactor. In water environment, the initial pyrolysis temperature is 340 ℃, the peak temperature is 400 ℃–-440 ℃, the final temperature is 480 ℃, and the weight loss rate is 12.8%. Under dry heat condition, the initial pyrolysis temperature is 340 ℃, the peak temperature is 440 ℃–-520 ℃, the final temperature is 580 ℃, and the weight loss rate is 8.75%. After that, the apparent activation energy of organic matter pyrolysis was calculated by C-R method, and the time needed for shale pyrolysis at a constant temperature was calculated by pyrolysis rate equation. This study shows that superheated water steam can reduce pyrolysis peak temperature of organic matter, increase conversion rate, reduce the pyrolysis time and increase weight loss rate, which provides an important theoretical basis for the in-situ development of low and medium maturity shale. | Pyrolysis Characteristics of Low and Medium Maturity Shale Under Superheated Water Steam Environment | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_555 |
2023-01-01 | The production of Aluminum Aluminum Scandium Scandium (AlSc AlSc ) master alloy Master alloy ranging between 2 and 8wt % is of interest because this alloy family has outstanding material properties, such as strength-to-weight ratio, weldability and corrosion Corrosion resistance. Despite its attractive properties, commercialization of Scandium Scandium -containing aluminum alloys Aluminum alloys has been hindered by the lack of availability and high cost of Scandium Scandium (Sc). This has resulted in very little development in this space. However, access to this material is projected to increase in the coming years. The increase in supply will lower the cost of Sc, enabling commercialization of AlSc AlSc , as long Long as low-cost production Low-cost production techniques are also available. FEA Materials LLC (FEAM) has developed a hybrid metallothermic Metallothermic / electrolysis Electrolysis process (FEAM Process) that enables production of Al-2%Sc below $40/kg at scandium Scandium oxide market price of $1000/kg or lower. The FEAM Process can theoretically achieve Sc concentrations as high as 8wt % in the alloy, with consistent concentrations of up to 4wt % observed in experiments to-date. The system is designed for continuous operation Operations and maintains a material yield above 90%. The FEAM Process uses a proprietary molten salt Molten salt composition that is both robust and self-correcting Self-correcting , overcoming the challenges Challenges with traditional electrolysis Electrolysis processes. The cell platform is modular Modular platform , allowing for tuned production rates and flexible infrastructure requirements. The FEAM Process runs under a controlled atmosphere to keep tight control of output streams and to ensure a safe work environment Environment (no perfluorocarbon Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions Emissions ). FEAM is currently producing upwards of 16 kg Al 2%Sc per shift with the capability to expand to 50 kg/shift within its facility in Westborough, Massachusetts. | FEA Materials—Aluminum Scandium Master Alloy Production Technology | 10.1007/978-3-031-22532-1_159 |
2023-01-01 | Considering the potential applications of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanolaminates as an alternate high- k dielectric material, a pulsed laser deposition system was optimized toward growth of device-grade nanolaminates, where the role of sublayer thickness on dielectric properties was systematically investigated. Keeping the laser fluence close to ablation threshold, a set of NLs with sublayer thickness varying between 2 and 0.5 nm were fabricated. Structural characterization of these nanolaminates revealed a physically and chemically distinct interfaces. Reducing sublayer thicknesses from ~ 2 to 0.8 nm, a monotonic increment in dielectric constant from ~ 60 to 670 and a subsequent decrement in loss values from ~ 0.9 to 0.16, respectively, were found owing to enhanced Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization effect, whereas further reduction in sublayer thicknesses leads to enhanced interface intermixing and deterioration of the dielectric performances. These PLD-grown ATA NLs demonstrate their potential application as high- k material for next-generation storage devices. | Intrinsic Growth Challenges in Pulsed Laser-Deposited Al2O3/TiO2 Subnanometric Laminates as a Potential Dielectric Material for High-Density Storage Applications | 10.1007/978-981-99-4685-3_19 |
2023-01-01 | In the 1980s, most households of rural India and Bangladesh switched from surface sources for their drinking water – which was causing high incidence of diarrheal disease – to groundwater extracted by hand pumps. However, for tens of millions of people, this groundwater contained high levels of arsenic, which has led to what the WHO has called the “largest mass poisoning of a population in history.” This case study describes the development of ElectroChemical Arsenic Remediation (ECAR), which is a technology that uses iron electrodes to oxidize and remove aqueous arsenic from drinking water. Pilot evaluation of ECAR began in 2011, with a 100 L reactor at a school in Amirabad. However, political tensions in Amirabad caused the subsequent 600 L reactor pilot to be relocated to a school in Dhapdhapi. The findings from this pilot enabled the construction of a 10,000-liter per day (LPD) ECAR plant at Dhapdhapi. During this scaling up process, technical and contextual challenges were encountered and overcome, including those arising from intermittent power supply and a hot/humid climate. Additionally, implementation challenges included training of local operators, ensuring continuity of knowledge within the team, revisiting and correcting early mistakes, and additional engineering work needed during commissioning. The 10,000 LPD plant has been successful both technically and financially. However, after the handoff of the ECAR technology and plant to the local partner, Livpure in 2016, no widespread replication of ECAR plants in the region has occurred. The engineering science behind ECAR continues to be an active area of research, with ongoing projects investigating the implementation of next-generation ECAR technologies in rural California and the Philippines. | Stopping Arsenic Poisoning in India | 10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_14 |
2023-01-01 | Skin Effect | 10.1007/978-3-031-14186-7_10 | |
2023-01-01 | An attempt has been done to study the dual solutions (steady and unsteady solutions) of free convective micropolar fluid flow near the stagnation point of a sphere. Governing equations are solved numerically using suitable similarity transformations and MATLAB built-in bvp4c solver technique. The results are discussed graphically for various values of conjugate parameter (corresponds to convective boundary condition) and material parameter for micropolar fluid. Numerical results of wall temperature and skin friction coefficient are represented by tables. During time-dependent case, skin friction coefficient is controlled by material parameter, but the conjugate parameter enhances skin friction coefficient. | Steady and Unsteady Solutions of Free Convective Micropolar Fluid Flow Near the Lower Stagnation Point of a Solid Sphere | 10.1007/978-981-19-8194-4_11 |
2023-01-01 | Gas injection is an effective method to supplement formation energy during the development of deep-seated and low permeability reservoir in Bohai bay basin. Due to its broad resources and convenient access, nitrogen gas has become an oil displacement medium that attracts a lot of attention. Nitrogen gas is usually achieved by air deoxygenation treatment. In order to reveal the mechanism of nitrogen gas flooding, displacement law and the main control factors that influence oil displacement efficiency, the oil sample from a typical deep-seated and low permeability reservoir in Dagang Oilfield is applied to perform experiments. Simulated explosion experiment is carried out to determine the critical oxygen content, at which condition, injecting nitrogen is safe. The performance of nitrogen-assisted gravity drainage field test is also tracked and evaluated. Experimental results show that, on the whole, the oxidation effect contributes less than 5% to oil displacement efficiency. The main mechanism of nitrogen flooding is the pressurization and displacement effect of nitrogen gas, which is immiscible effect, and oil displacement efficiency can reach up to about 42%–53% at experimental conditions. Gravity effect contributes significantly to the oil displacement efficiency of nitrogen gas flooding, therefore, it is suggested that gas injection wells be mainly deployed in high position of the structure, which is conducive to expanding the displacement efficiency and slowing down gas channeling. The results of simulated explosion experiments under high temperature and high pressure conditions show that the gas injection process is safe while the oxygen content in gas injected is less than 5%. The results of nitrogen-assisted gravity drainage field test show that nitrogen gas injected can supplement formation energy effectively, and oil in high position of the structure is displaced remarkably. There is no oxygen in the gas from production wells, which indicates that all the oxygen is consumed by oxidation effect in the reservoir and injecting gas with less than 5% oxygen content is essentially safe. The research results of this paper have important reference significance for the evaluation of nitrogen flooding enhanced oil recovery performance in deep-seated and low permeability reservoir. | Research and Field Test of Nitrogen-Assisted Gravity Drainage in Deep-Seated and Low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_317 |
2023-01-01 | The mechanical robustness of microelectronic products is a serious reliability concern, particularly for microchips and chipsets operated in harsh environments, for use cases that require lifetimes much longer than in the past, and for safety-critical applications. Microcrack formation and growth in nanopatterned on-chip interconnect stacks can cause catastrophic failure of the microchip. This reliability-limiting degradation process is pronounced by geometrical shrinking of metal interconnects, novel manufacturing technologies, and integration schemes as well as new materials used for interconnect stacks. Local thermomechanical stress is increased by advanced packaging technologies. In this chapter, the risk of failure caused by delamination along metal/dielectrics interfaces (adhesive failure) or fracture in dielectrics with low fracture toughness (cohesive failure) is discussed. Risk mitigation strategies require a profound understanding of fracture mechanics in small dimensions, based on experiments and modeling. The experimental verification and validation of models describing the degradation kinetics and the direct observation of crack evolution in backend-of-line (BEoL) stacks require the combination of micromechanical testing – e.g., using a micro-double cantilever beam test – and high-resolution 3D X-ray imaging. The understanding of how mode mixity is modulating the crack propagation in nanopatterned structures allows a controlled steering of microcracks into regions with high fracture toughness. Considering the nanoscale mechanical behavior of BEoL materials, particularly the local critical energy release rate Gc at the crack tip, conclusions for the mechanical robustness of the microchip can be drawn, and input for the design of BEoL and particularly of guard ring structures can be provided. | Mechanical Robustness of Patterned Structures and Failure Mechanisms | 10.1007/978-3-031-21610-7_5 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter presents the fundamental concepts of ultra-low-voltage energy harvesting. A brief introduction to energy-harvesting approaches and the models for some common transducers are provided. In addition, an overview of biomedical and Internet-of-Thing applications is presented, followed by a review of state-of-the-art energy-harvesting converters. At the end of this chapter, a physics-based MOSFET model used throughout the book to design ultra-low-voltage converters for energy harvesting is described. | Introduction to Ultra-Low-Voltage Energy Harvesting | 10.1007/978-3-031-04492-2_1 |
2023-01-01 | Anti-perovskites A 3 SnO (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) are an important class of materials due to the emergence of Dirac cones and tiny mass gaps in their band structures originating from an intricate interplay of crystal symmetry, spin-orbit coupling, and band overlap. This provides an exciting playground for modulating their electronic properties in the two-dimensional (2D) limit. Herein, we employ first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations by combining dispersion-corrected SCAN + rVV10 and mBJ functionals for a comprehensive side-by-side comparison of the structural, thermodynamic, dynamical, mechanical, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of bulk and monolayer (one unit cell thick) A 3 SnO anti-perovskites. Our results show that 2D monolayers derived from bulk A 3 SnO anti-perovskites are structurally and energetically stable. Moreover, Rashba-type splitting in the electronic structure of Ca 3 SnO and Sr 3 SnO monolayers is observed owing to strong spin-orbit coupling and inversion asymmetry. On the other hand, monolayer Ba 3 SnO exhibits Dirac cone at the high-symmetry Γ point due to the domination of band overlap. Based on the predicted electronic transport properties, it is shown that inversion asymmetry plays an essential character such that the monolayers Ca 3 SnO and Sr 3 SnO outperform thermoelectric performance of their bulk counterparts. | Structure inversion asymmetry enhanced electronic structure and electrical transport in 2D A3SnO (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) anti-perovskite monolayers | 10.1007/s12274-022-4637-3 |
2023-01-01 | In this study, acoustic emission (AE) was adopted to monitor the grinding–polishing process of extra-low dispersion (ED) lens. S-FPL51, a raw material of ED lens, exhibits extraordinary optical properties such as high Abbe numbers and low dispersion. However, processing S-FPL51 is difficult because of its mechanical properties such as low hardness and high wear abrasion, which make the adjustment of the lens thickness difficult, and the lens are scratched easily. Therefore, an AE sensor was employed to monitor the grinding–polishing process because of its high sensitivity to material removal. Furthermore, several experiments were conducted to establish a relation between grinding–polishing parameters, such as pressure, rotating speed, root mean square (RMS) value of AE signals, and material removal rate (MRR). The results indicated that MRR is strongly correlated to the RMS of AE signals. Subsequently, several MRR models were derived based on the experimental data, and an AE signal term was introduced into the modified Preston equation to estimate MRR. Moreover, the results indicated the AE sensor to be a potential tool for monitoring the grinding–polishing process of optical lens. | Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Grinding-Polishing of Extra-Low Dispersion Lens | 10.1007/s12541-022-00733-z |
2023-01-01 | Low-medium maturity shale reservoirs have received increasing attention because of their enormous oil and gas generation potential. In this paper, a series of shale pyrolysis experiments were carried out on Longkou shale core samples using a high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave reactor, to study the weight loss, shale oil yield, as well as the compositions of shale oil and gas at different pyrolysis times via supercritical water at 385 ℃. The results show that the shale oil yield initially rises and then drops as the pyrolysis time increases, with the maximum oil yield occurring at 9 h. However, if the pyrolysis time is too long, the secondary cracking reaction will be aggravated, resulting in a decrease in oil yield. With the increase of pyrolysis time, the content of heavy fractions in shale oil decreases, the content of light fractions increases, and the oil is becoming lighter, indicating that prolonging the pyrolysis time can improve the quality of shale oil. In addition, the increase in pyrolysis time contributes to the pyrolysis transformation of organic matter in shale, which leads to a large increase in C2-C5 hydrocarbon gases. | Experimental Investigation of Pyrolysis Characteristics of Shale via Supercritical Water | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_545 |
2023-01-01 | Marine robotics, environmental monitoring, control systems are becoming increasingly relevant nowadays. The necessity of using marine electronic is observed in all branches of human activity from the need to monitor the state of open-type aquaculture farms to the field of shelf exploration, Arctic exploration, and a number of military tasks. The solution to the issue of providing electrical energy to marine autonomous devices can be energy sources based on the metabolism of microorganisms, for example, based on a microbial fuel cell. However, low power and low generated voltage prevent the introduction of microbial fuel cell technologies into practice. To overcome this disadvantage in the current work, an ultra-low-voltage energy converter is proposed, which allows providing autonomous electronic devices with electrical energy from a microbial fuel cell. As part of the study, microbial fuel cells were manufactured, experimental verification was carried out with these protocols using the example of a temperature sensor with sending a signal to the subscriber using LoRa modulation. The application of the developed solutions confirmed the possibility of autonomous operation of the sensor, obtaining data on the ambient temperature, as well as transmitting this signal at a distance of up to 950 m. | Low Input Voltage DC-DC Converter for Harvesting Energy by Microbial Fuel Cell | 10.1007/978-3-031-21435-6_52 |
2023-01-01 | Safety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality. | Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles | 10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_2-2 |
2023-01-01 | The continuous rise in energy demands due to rapid urbanization and human activities puts immense pressure on local governments and cities globally, especially amidst the COVID-19 crisis and economic slowdown. Hence, developing cities and buildings towards net-zero goals is becoming urgent and significantly vital to adopt renewable scenarios in the building sector given the climate crisis. The outcome of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties (COP26) agreed on and declared the Glasgow Climate Pact (GCP) which stated the serious concern of climate and weather extremes and their adverse impacts on people and nature that will continue to increase with an additional increment of rising temperature. The GCP reaffirmed the long-term global goal to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C below-industrial real levels in addition to recognizing that limiting global warming to 1.5 entails rapid, deep, and sustained reduction in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030 and to contribute towards climate-neutral cities and reasserted the goal of net-zero by 2050. Hence, city leaders should focus on reducing carbon emissions by 2050. Nevertheless, if global warming is to be limited to 1.5 °C, all cities need to be net-zero by 2050 at the very latest. Therefore, net-zero, low-carbon building and clean mobility can play a great role in achieving climate neutrality by 2050. This book chapter aims to address the urgent need to transform the building industry and cities to become low carbon. The chapter highlights the importance of net-zero low-carbon cities. It also presents global examples of net-zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) and how these models contribute to the net-zero target and climate neutrality. Additionally, current policies, actions, and initiatives worldwide and in Egypt towards NZEB to achieve green and sustainable cities have also been examined and discussed. Ultimately, net-zero carbon and managing “transition” remain a huge challenge for cities and regions, but coupling these goals with innovative thinking for the future is primarily essential if cities worldwide are to become resilient enough and meet COP26 outcomes and the GCP. | Towards Climate Neutrality: Global Perspective and Actions for Net-Zero Buildings to Achieve Climate Change Mitigation and the SDGs | 10.1007/978-3-031-15218-4_16 |
2023-01-01 | In order to reduce the production of cement, several alternatives have been studied. Among them, gypsum presents itself as a viable option, since it is already used in internal finishing; however, this material can still be improved. The objective was to improve the physical and mechanical efficiency of gypsum by developing a material with the incorporation of natural fibers from bean residues. For this, the lignocellulosic material was first characterized in natura . Subsequently, different contents of bean fiber residues (0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0%) were added in replacement to gypsum in matrices with a constant 0.6 gypsum-to-water ratio. In order to evaluate the influence of the addition of bean residue in the gypsum matrix, mechanical tests of bending and compression and physical tests of moisture on dry basis, apparent density, water absorption, thermal conductivity and acoustic insulation were carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were also taken. In general, the satisfactory results were obtained with the incorporation of bean fiber residues; as an example, the physical characteristics of the composite with 10.0% incorporation can be cited, which demonstrated a decrease in apparent density, improvement in acoustic insulation and stability of thermal conductivity. As for the mechanical characteristics, the incorporation of 5.0% of bean residue stood out, obtaining the best results in the bending tests. Therefore, given the initial positive results, further studies are needed in order to confirm the prospect of this composite as a viable option for application in civil construction. Graphical abstract | Evaluation of the influence of the addition of bean residue in gypsum matrices | 10.1007/s10098-022-02389-9 |
2023-01-01 | Technological and environmental design for climate adaptation in urban areas, today cannot be separated from the generation, collection and use of data (big data) and the use of ICT tools for the modelling and simulation of the built urban environment, identified as measuring devices and for the knowledge of the impacts of climate change on buildings and open spaces. The integration of low and smart enabling technologies and ICT tools dedicated to design practice, which increasingly upstream define the role of technical information as the cornerstone of an assisted decision-making model, direct information, therefore the idea, in a conception of design practices increasingly based on an approach environmental data-driven. The object of the study is the definition of a framework for the evaluation of environmental parameters related to health and comfort, applicable to simulation tools, with a specific focus on thermal and environmental exchanges for the definition of those factors that condition the perception of the user’s well-being in conditions of thermal stress (eg. heatwaves), both indoor and outdoor. Through the introduction of smart technologies within data exchange and simulation processes with ICT tools (Rhino, Grasshopper+LadyBug+Honeybee+Dragonfly, EnergyPlus, ENVI-met), such as sensors connected to hardware platforms (Raspberry Pi) for site-specific environmental and microclimatic monitoring, the aim is to optimize and get closer real conditions as results obtainable from processes of simulation of the energy behavior of buildings and the environmental performance of open spaces. Particular reference is given to the increase in urban temperatures, and the simulation of the interaction between outdoor and indoor performance, also through the administration of a daily survey for the collection of perceived thermal sensations, to confirm the validity of the data obtainable to design experimentation of climate-adaptive urban regeneration. | Environmental Data-Driven Design for the Management of Climate-Adaptive Environmental Design Processes of the Built Environment | 10.1007/978-3-031-33148-0_4 |
2023-01-01 | This work presents an architectural design applied to a single-family modular residence proposal aimed at the low-income population in three regions of Brazil. Combined elements of building systems become dynamic heat transfer control structures capable of climatizing environments and heating water by natural/passive means. The method allows proposing samples of profiles of constructive solutions for walls and slabs exploring the potential of combinations of their elements comparing them to reference solutions. The assessment is performed by submitting to three groups of environmental, functional, and economic indicators and their parameters. These indicators are analyzed by parameters related to the mass of each constructive solution, quantifying impacts incorporated to the material on the environment (gram equivalent of CO 2 ), of thermal insulation and costs involved in the construction life cycle. The performance result at the level of each indicator is measured by an overall performance score (sustainability). | Sustainability and Energy Efficiency of Passive Architecture for Modular Residences in Brazil | 10.1007/978-3-031-30171-1_70 |
2023-01-01 | The most common technical solutions for drip-irrigation systems aimed at improving operational reliability, labor productivity, efficiency of systems, and soil conservation when adjusting optimal water, air, and fertilizing regimes are described. Water treatment systems for drip-irrigation systems, low-pressure drip irrigation networks for various natural conditions, the functional capabilities of drip-irrigation systems are considered. | Technical Solutions for Drip Irrigation Systems | 10.1007/s10749-023-01566-0 |
2023-01-01 | Over the last decades, economic growth and sustained development have enforced the need to ensure reliable and long-lasting infrastructure network to guarantee serviceability and safety. Nevertheless, detrimental effects can lead over time to insufficient structural performance under increasing service loadings and extreme events. Hence, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) arises as a solution to cope with the need of having timely and continuous data to assess the state of crucial structural assets, such as prestressed concrete bridges. On this matter, the validation of the retrieved data becomes essential for the risk-based decision making in the assessment of bridges, where selecting the most suitable monitoring system could allow to addressed main causes to the right phenomena of deterioration during the service life of the bridge. Consistently with these efforts, this paper deals with a comparative study between the data acquired by different strain-based sensors such as Fiber optic systems (FOS) and strain gauges that were installed to monitor a proof loading test developed on a 65-year-old balanced cantilever prestressed concrete bridge located in Northern Sweden. The monitored data led to establish main differences between emerging types of monitoring systems such as FOS to the well-based strain gauges when exposed to low temperature conditions. Conclusions regarding the influencing parameters between both retrieved data are drawn when evaluating the structural response under serviceability loading conditions is performed, supporting decision makers when different levels of structural assessment are required. | Data Validation of Strain-Based Monitoring Systems in Low Temperature Conditions, Case Study: The Kalix Bridge | 10.1007/978-3-031-32511-3_101 |
2023-01-01 | Biosurfactants are amphiphilic, surface-active biochemical compounds that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. Microorganisms are responsible for the formation of biosurfactants. Microorganisms, mainly yeasts, fungi, and bacteria, produce them extracellularly or on their surface. Fabrication of nanoparticles by biosurfactants has now begun as a green substitute to improve the stabilization and formation of nanoparticles. Biosurfactants act by adsorbing onto the surface of metallic nanoparticles, preventing aggregation and also stabilizing the surface of nanoparticles. For the immediate production of nanoparticles, biosurfactants produced by microbes are now being considered as an alternate source. Biosurfactants, which are mainly composed of sugar and fatty acid components, show low toxicity, exhibit excellent biological activities, and have increased biodegradability. The nontoxic, clean, and environmentally acceptable methods of “green chemistry” are now evolving from microbial production of nanoparticles and biosurfactant-assisted processes. The uniform distribution of nanoparticles in liquid media is achieved by biosurfactants, in which they act as capping agents for the production of nanoparticles. To control the size of nanoparticles, biosurfactant-mediated stabilization and synthesis of nanoparticles is proving to be a more environmentally friendly method. This chapter focuses on various challenges and strategies for the development of bio-cages with synthesis and stabilization potentials for nanoparticles. | Role of Biosurfactants in Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Stabilization | 10.1007/978-3-031-21682-4_10 |
2023-01-01 | Geothermal reservoirs (GR) are studied by geochemical techniques to estimate their potential to produce energy or alternate usages (thermal bathing, heating, greenhouses). This study focuses on two close (< 15 km) low-temperature GR, located in the northern portion of the Michoacan state (Mexico), called “Ixtlán de Los Hervores (IXT)” and “Los Negritos (LN).” A sampling campaign was performed in 2018 for physicochemical parameters, major ions, trace elements, stable water isotopes, and noble gas isotopes. Water classification in both sites is chlorinated sodium–potassium waters, corresponding to those close to heat sources. The Giggenbach ternary diagram (Cl–SO 4 –HCO 3 ) depicts a certain degree of maturity in geothermal waters. In contrast, the Na–K–Mg ternary diagram evaluates the chemical equilibrium and the use of geothermometers, existing partial equilibrium with the hosting rock in both sites, with temperatures at a depth of 180–220 °C and 200–210 °C for IXT and LN. The estimated mean value of the temperature in each GR corresponds to medium to low temperature, with the potential for exploitation and generation of electrical energy through binary cycle plants. Isotopic results of water samples show a clear difference from the meteoric waters and a slight deviation to the right, corresponding to water–rock interaction processes. While noble gas isotopes (He, Ne) are non-reactive isotopes at high temperatures, they are commonly used for establishing the contributions of different sources (crustal, upper mantle, atmosphere) to the measured samples. The results show little atmospheric He and Ne presence, which might indicate a limited mixing of geothermal fluids at depth with more recently infiltrated water. | Geophysical and Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Two Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoirs Located in Central Mexico | 10.1007/978-3-031-43169-2_26 |
2023-01-01 | For the design of an installation for particulate removal from flue gases containing an Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP), associated flue gas ducts and dust handling system, there are a number of factors affecting the optimal configuration. Nowadays there are required installations with ESPs for ultra-low emissions and to be able to operate with greater variation in gas flows, chemical composition, operating temperatures and dust quality. The detailed design of the installation must consider the technological and structural aspects. Technological aspects comprise of operating parameters as flue gas volume flow in actual conditions, flue gas and particulate analyses, changes of temperatures, pressure and other process fluctuations to determine particle properties and risks of condensing gaseous compounds into liquid or solid state and its related effects as corrosion, sticky dust and final particulate emission. The structural design must consider a combination of a number of forces generated by wind, snow and collected dust loads, under or over pressure in the installation and must include risks for exceptional conditions of temperature, pressure and earthquakes. Design features should be included to minimise any potential detrimental effects in order to ensure operational ability and safety. Typical models for the ESP and flue gas ducts designs accurately predict performance for balanced conditions for a relatively narrow operating window, but for enlarged ranges of operation loads - in the case that the volume flow of gases at maximum load may be 3 times higher than flows frequently achieved at low loads – there are more challenging tasks. | Consideration of Frequent Low Loads Operation for Electrostatic Precipitator Installation | 10.1007/978-3-031-34526-5_11 |
2023-01-01 | Petroleum is the country’s strategic energy and plays a pivotal role in the development of the national economy. With the in-depth development of oil fields, the problem of shortage of oil resources will become increasingly prominent. Water injection development has a better effect on maintaining formation pressure and oil displacement. Air foam flooding technology can not only form formation pressure, but also avoid water channeling and gas channeling problems, thereby improving oil recovery. In this paper, a foam scanner is used to evaluate the foaming performance of the foaming agent, and to screen the air foam system. According to the performance evaluation of the foaming agent, it is recommended that the on-site water injection station use 0.4~0.6%P + 0.05~0.075%W (the ratio of foam to stabilizer P/The W concentration is 8) Strengthen the foam system formula. The foaming agent’s temperature resistance, stability, salt resistance, adsorption resistance, oil resistance, emulsification and foam regeneration ability were evaluated. It has certain guiding significance for the mine field test. | Laboratory Experimental Study of Air Foam Flooding in Low Permeability Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-99-2649-7_31 |
2023-01-01 | Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a rapidly maturing discipline, thus gaining momentum for routine molecular profiling of clinical specimens to improve disease classification, diagnostics, and therapy development. Yet, hurdles need to be overcome to enhance reproducibility in preanalytical sample processing, especially in large, quantity-limited sample cohorts. Therefore, automated sonication and single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (autoSP3) was developed as a streamlined workflow that integrates all tasks from tissue lysis and protein extraction, protein cleanup, and proteolysis. It enables the concurrent processing of 96 clinical samples of any type (fresh-frozen or FFPE tissue, liquid biopsies, or cells) on an automated liquid handling platform, which can be directly interfaced to LC–MS for proteome analysis of clinical specimens with high sensitivity, high reproducibility, and short turn-around times. | Automated Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-Based Clinical Proteomics | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3457-8_11 |
2023-01-01 | Electricity : Health facilities where major surgery is performed should have a main source of electricity plus a backup source like a well-maintained generator. Oxygen : Safe anaesthesia is nearly impossible without the continuous availability of oxygen. A major source of oxygen plus a backup source is mandatory. Small, remote health facilities may use oxygen concentrators which are “producing” oxygen from ambient air but need uninterrupted power, plus a number of filled cylinders. Larger hospitals may have their own oxygen plant with pipelines to major theatre, maternity, ICU, and emergency department plus a backup system like a cylinder manifold to bridge malfunction of the plant or long-lasting power cuts. Anaesthesia machine : The more remote a health facility, the simpler the anaesthesia machine should be (non-rebreathing circuit open to room air); and it should be easy to maintain by local technicians with support by the distributor or the manufacturer (e.g. WhatsApp hotline where advice and instruction to repair a non-functioning machine is provided). Vital signs monitor : Pulse oximeter, stethoscope, and BP machine are mandatory where anaesthesia is performed. ECG and capnography are adding a lot to patient safety during GA. Suction machine : That device is mandatory even if only short GA without tracheal intubation is performed, as anaesthetised patients are at risk for aspiration of secretions. Airway equipment : Face masks and oropharyngeal airways are minimum standard. A functioning laryngoscope (with spare batteries stocked), ETT all sizes, stylets and bougies for difficult intubation, and laryngeal masks are highly recommended for district and larger hospitals. | Anaesthesia Equipment and Infrastructure | 10.1007/978-3-031-46610-6_3 |
2023-01-01 | In deep learning field, the appropriate selection of constraints directly affects the learning efficiency and learning results of a network. Partial differential equations (PDEs) which are extremely accurate compared to the constraint methods employed in traditional neural networks are natural constraint models in complex physical fields. In this paper, based on this premise we propose a new method to solve complex physical field simulation problems. We approximate the variables in a complex physical field by building a feedforward deep neural network while applying the chain rule of calculus to encode the corresponding PDEs into the loss function to add constraints. It is worth noting that we have only used part of the equations of the physical process rather than all of them. In other words, instead of solving the equations we learn the whole physical process via the partial PDEs constraints and a few data points. We verify the effectiveness of the deep learning method via learning low-temperature plasma model that is composed of complex physical processes. This technique presents a paradigm for the simulation of complex physical field problems. | Deep Learning + Complex Physics Field Modeling: Illustrated by the Example of Numerical Investigation on Low Temperature Plasma | 10.1007/978-981-99-3408-9_29 |
2023-01-01 | This work considered the influence of water absorption aging on the impact damage of wet carbon fiber/vinyl ester laminate. In detail, low-velocity impact tests were systematically performed before and after conditioning the composite in dry and water-saturated states in a saline environment at 3%, respectively. In addition, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry analyzed the damage of the impacted specimens, and the results were compared to the absorbed energy according to three impact energy levels: 10J, 20J, and 30J. | Approaching the Influence of Marine Environment Degradation on Impacted Carbon Fiber/Vinyl Ester Laminate with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry Investigation | 10.1007/978-3-031-28547-9_15 |
2023-01-01 | The interdisciplinary collaborative process employed to unlock the use of alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) that are not yet fully standardised or widely tested on a tunnelling project for high-speed railway in the UK is presented. This case study is focused on implementing more resource efficient and less carbon intensive concrete mixes compared to conventional ones, specifically through using Alkali Activated Materials (AAMs) and calcined London Clay as SCMs initially for low-risk applications, such as unreinforced tunnel walkways, to help prove these concepts. The ability to confidently use such novel products with lower carbon footprint and better environmental credentials is key for timely decarbonisation of the construction industry. However, the current lack of or partial standardisation for such concretes is, amongst other factors, inhibiting their wider uptake. Additional challenges arise on major infrastructure projects with long design lives (over 100 years) with regards to ensuring the required durability and long-term technical robustness of the works. Tunnel walkways are initially selected for applying the AAM and calcined clay concrete in this case. The paper describes the steps undertaken by the SCS JV to enable the use of non-standard concretes on the High Speed 2 (HS2) railway project. The importance of multidisciplinary collaboration needed for successful implementation of lower carbon concretes is highlighted: structural design, materials science & concrete technology, tunnelling construction, environmental sustainability, commercial & procurement; and project stakeholders: client, designer, contractor & supply chain; were engaged to build the case, balancing environmental benefits with potential risk, programme and costs. | Using Non-standard Concretes in a Major Infrastructure Project: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Implementation | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_30 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract A network of three-channel low-temperature infrared-optical gas analyzers with a response time of <1 s is developed for detecting explosive and fire hazardous concentrations of gasified liquefied natural gas (LNG) at temperatures up to 150 K. Their characteristics are described in an analysis of its large-scale emissions into the atmosphere. It is shown that during pulsed LNG emissions in the form of submerged jets and spills on standard concrete and water, large-scale areas of mixtures of air, methane, and light alkane vapors form with an explosive concentration that fluctuates in time and volume. The evaporation of cryogenic methane droplets with diameters of more than 0.1 mm in air and methane vapor from temperatures T = 150–290 K has been studied theoretically and experimentally. | Low-Temperature Three-Channel Gas Analyzers in Optical Monitoring of Fire Hazard Liquefied Natural Gas Outflows | 10.1134/S0036024423010363 |
2023-01-01 | The necessity for reducing pollution due to increased population and its adverse effects on health and the environment has called for worldwide government policies. Researchers and engineers from automobile communities have been working on the advanced design and development of a diesel engine to meet these mandatory emission regulations. The split injection among these new developments has proven to be the key to reduce soot and NOx emissions in diesel engines. The split injection system is augmented with various low-temperature combustion (LTC) modes like homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition engine (PCCI), and reactivity controlled compression ignition engine (RCCI) to counter the drawback of the traditional approach. This review paper provides a compilation of these recent innovations. A comprehensive overview of abundant research carried out for different split injection schemes in these LTC modes has been presented in the current research work. All these modern strategies and advancements in the split injection system are investigated and compared to expose and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses to arrive at a prominent solution. | Emission Characteristics of Split Injection System in Low-Temperature Combustion Diesel Engine: A Review | 10.1007/978-981-19-7709-1_14 |
2023-01-01 | The influence of low-molecular weight arena’s (LMA) on the dielectric behavior of a binary system with limited compatibility between components based on styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)-polystyrene (PS) copolymers studied. Benzene found to selectively interact with SAN and PS, blocking the polymer–polymer interaction in interphase layer (IPL). The restructuring of the IPL structure in the presence of toluene revealed, as well as the increase in the stabilization of the lyophilic fluctuation network that forms the IPL. Styrene can be used as a compatibilizer of the studied polymer–polymer system. Benzonitrile causes weakening of intermolecular interaction in IPL due to selectivity, as well as dipole–dipole interaction of nitrile groups of the copolymer and benzonitrile. It was concluded that the possibility of the formation of a rigid lyophobic network, as well as the heterogeneity of mixtures of mixtures associated with this process, is controlled, in general, by the content of SAN in the compositions. | Effect of Low-Molecular Weight Arenes Additives on the Interphase Layer Structure of SAN-PS Systems and Dielectric Behavior of Such Compositions | 10.1007/978-3-031-42704-6_13 |
2023-01-01 | There is a need to develop methane mitigation strategies to curb the increasing global warming and restrict the global rise in temperature to below the threshold of 2 °C, per the Paris Agreement's goals. Methanotrophs represent an attractive natural sink, for they can fix even atmospheric methane concentrations by assimilating it into biomass. Despite the emergence of several mitigation systems based on methanotrophs such as biocovers, biofilters, and biotarps to curtail methane emissions from landfills, there is still insufficient evidence to support their effectiveness. The simulation of low-grade methane emissions to study bio-augmented systems in laboratory conditions requires mixing methane and air at very low flow rates. Achieving such low gas flow rates requires sophisticated mass flow controllers, which are expensive. Thus, one of the major factors in impeding high throughput research on methane biomineralization is designing the experimental setups for screening organisms and materials for bio-augmented systems. This study designed and validated a low-cost continuous column flow system for mixing methane and air in appropriate proportions simulating landfill gas flow conditions. Coir mat bio-augmented with Methylosarcina sp. LC4 as a biotarp prototype was tested in these continuous flow setups. The performance of the prototype was evaluated based on the methane removal efficiency. An Arduino-based MQ4 methane sensor and DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor were installed in the headspace of the column for online monitoring of the outlet gas. Thus, an indigenously designed, low-cost setup was successfully used to assess the performance efficiency of a bio-augmented coir-based biotarp prototype at a laboratory scale. | A Low-cost Setup to Evaluate the Performance of a Methanotrophic Activity in Bio-augmented Systems at a Laboratory Scale | 10.1007/978-981-99-4041-7_42 |
2023-01-01 | In this study, the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solutions by the pristine and salt-treated (CaCl 2 ) erythromycin production residue (EPRs and SEPRs) were investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of contact time, sorbent dosage, pH, initial Cr concentration, and temperature on Cr(VI) sorption by EPRs and SEPRs. The highest adsorptive removal capacities were achieved at the pH equal to 1.0, and the maximum adsorption capacities for EPRs and SEPRs at optimized conditions were 21.74 and 35.24 mg g −1 , respectively. The FTIR spectra and SEM studies were examined for the pristine adsorbent and after the adsorption of Cr(VI). Moreover, thermodynamic results indicated that Cr sorption by EPR/SERPs was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic under the optimum conditions. Langmuir model fitted well with the experimental data. Kinetic modeling revealed that the biosorption of Cr(VI) by EPRs and SEPRs obeyed the second-order model than the first-order model. The process involving rate-controlling step is much complex involving both boundary layer and intra-particle diffusion processes. Furthermore, the adsorption-coupled-reduction process was believed as the main mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by EPRs and SEPRs. In summary, both adsorbents could be considered as promising low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous systems. | Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by pristine and CaCl2-modified erythromycin production residues | 10.1007/s11356-022-20304-z |
2023-01-01 | The disruptive potential of both decarbonization and digitalization to professional practice underscores the significant challenges ahead in educating future practitioners in the design, planning, and construction sectors. This chapter outlines the impacts of these interlinking trends on European higher education institutions, summarizes effective pedagogical approaches and competences identified in the literature, and follows by introducing an example of a Swiss response—the specialized Master in Integrated Building Systems (ETH MSc IBS or MIBS). Developed to meet changing demands in the workforce, this interdisciplinary program was initiated in 2013 by ETH Zurich in collaboration with the Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA). A brief history of the program and overview of the curriculum are provided, followed by a detailed example of project-based teaching within the study program—the Integrated Design Project (IDP). Detailed course design and examples of student work are presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the outlook of program and curriculum development within the context of these broader trends. | Educating Future Professionals for Decarbonization and Digitalization Through Integrated Design | 10.1007/978-3-031-32425-3_2 |
2023-01-01 | Low-temperature fuel cells are one of the promising energy conversion devices that use ammonia as a fuel. In this chapter, we focus on fuel cells that operate below the decomposition temperature of ammonia, especially at room temperature to 400 ºC; mainly, an anion exchange membrane fuel cell and a fuel cell using a molten salt as an electrolyte. Since in these fuel cell systems, the direct electrochemical oxidation reaction of ammonia proceeds on the electrode, the understanding of the reaction mechanism is of importance to design high performance electrocatalysts. Pt is the most promising single metal electrode for the ammonia oxidation among various candidates. Therefore, the electrochemical properties of Pt in an alkaline media in the presence of ammonia will be described in detail. | Low-Temperature Ammonia Fuel Cells | 10.1007/978-981-19-4767-4_31 |
2023-01-01 | In recent years, the non-equilibrium plasma show great application in material processing. The nitrogen and oxygen gas driven by Pulsed DC power at lower pressure in a long dielectric tube have been investigated. With fixed voltage parameter, the stable and homogeneous plasma propagates along the tube at pressure ranging from 20 Pa to 1 × 10 4 Pa like the guided ionization wave. The length of the plasma plume has the maximum value about 100 cm at 100–200 Pa. With the voltage amplitude increasing, the length of N 2 plasma plume and O 2 plasma plume increase. With the frequency is lower than 8 kHz, the length of N 2 plasma plume is larger than that of oxygen, and after that, the length of O 2 become larger. When the pulse width is higher than 10 μs, the length of O 2 reduced sharply. N 2 and O 2 plasma plume contains bright “bullet” from the high spatio-temporal resolution photographs. However, the N 2 “bullet” has a long tail differing from O 2 at the same E/N. The gas temperature simulated by the second positive system of N 2 (C 3 Π u -B 3 Π g ) is 330 K for N 2 plasma at 100 Pa and 1 × 10 3 Pa, while it is 320 K and 330 K for O 2 which is suitable for the plasma medicine and other material application. | Guided Ionization Discharge Characteristics of N2 and O2 Driven by Pulsed DC Power | 10.1007/978-981-99-1576-7_30 |
2023-01-01 | The proliferation of 3D printers and the availability of low-cost polymeric materials has allowed the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process to expand its participation in the Additive Manufacturing (AM) market. In this work, the mechanical properties of typical polymers are characterized using two dissimilar material and FDM printer combinations, contrasting a low cost combination with a higher cost one. The modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) polymers are determined with standardized ASTM and ISO tests considering the effect of the infill density, layer thickness and filament color. It was mainly found that the increase in layer thickness generates appreciable reductions in the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength in the range of 12–17% considering the two polymers and that the influence of the filament color produces the widest range of variation, between 3% and 19% in the mechanical properties. In the previous ranges, the highest values correspond to PLA polymer and the lowest to ABS polymer, this may be due to the difference in quality of the polymers. | Behavior of Influencing Parameters of the Fused Deposition Modeling Process in Dissimilar Combinations: Polymer-3D Printer | 10.1007/978-3-031-24971-6_12 |
2023-01-01 | The feasibility of multiple scalable direct solar configurations for small-scale water preheating/desalination was assessed experimentally and complemented using a theoretical model. The physics of the beam-down optics, direct-down optics, and a combination of the two showed to satisfactorily enhance the water yield by 11, 28, and 25% respectively due to augmented heat radiation into the basin. In addition, these configurations benefit from the increased heat transfer coefficient by allowing a small water depth over a relatively large area. | Experimental Study of a Small Beam-Down and Direct-Down Solar System for Water Preheating/Desalination Applications | 10.1007/978-3-031-39147-7_8 |
2023-01-01 | We studied the change in elastic-strength parameters of polymers based on epoxy resin Etal-247 and hardeners Etal-45M, Etal-1472, Etal-45TZ2 depending on the intensity of the cyclic tensile load (soft loading mode). The cycling levels were 40, 60 and 80% of the sample tensile strength without pre-cycling. We found that the tensile strength and relative elongation after cycling and subsequent stage of destruction for all levels of cyclic exposure vary in fairly narrow ranges. We revealed that for samples after pre-cycling, the strength characteristics are slightly higher compared to similar indicators without cyclic exposure, which is typical for cyclically hardening materials. We offer an algorithm for estimating the effect of cyclic loads on the kinetics of failure accumulation in polymeric materials. We studied the effect of cyclic loading level on the kinetics and the specific index of failure accumulation in samples of epoxy polymers. It is shown that a decrease in the level of tensile cyclic stresses from 80 to 40% with a simultaneous increase in the number of loading cycles (to achieve one level of loading) leads to an in-creased total failure rate, by 1.4–1.9 times on average. Stability of the specific index recorded at the stage of breaking and significantly lower values of the total number of accumulated failures of the Etal-247/Etal-1472 composition indicate the greatest prospects for the use of this polymer subjected to cyclic loads. | Analysis of the Effect of Cyclic Loading Mode on the Change in the Properties of Polymer Materials | 10.1007/978-3-031-20459-3_44 |
2023-01-01 | What are the current digital and/or innovations driving sustainable architecture? What could be the suggestions for a more holistic approach? The effects of Climate Change and Global Warming are currently visible to all. UN SDG 11 attempts to “ make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. ” Sustainable buildings are the key to sustainable settlements and cities. Sustainable design parameters may be visualized as the “ genetic co de” of a building’s performance requirements – similar to the DNA of all living entities. This “Building DNA” could provide comprehensive “Performance” parameters and could be programmed to be SMART – Sensible, Meaningful, Adaptive, Realistic, and Time-cost effective. “Programming” has become an all-important task, as specific parameters of geography, climate, topography, culture, process, technology, and logistics are key forces driving innovative and integrated architecture from its very inception. While shaping out “Passive” sustainable design solutions for site, volume, structure, envelope, interiors, and others one is trying to minimize the need for “Active” utilities, if and where necessary. The German government BMBF, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service, funded program culminated in a web-portal and app climatehub.online. Holistic design strategies and academic research created a broader audience, a collaborative and deeper understanding of the topics on hand and a one-of-a-kind E-Learning Platform – Program. It is believed that individual approaches of experts should be linked together for a “synergetic” approach and that this combined effort across “OUR” PLANET could be more productive than addressing the issues individually/locally. In a nutshell, it is vital that the ecological responsibility as Architect, Engineer, and others lies in “ designing sailboats and not motorboats in architecture .” | Novel Concept and Technologies of Sustainable Building Design | 10.1007/978-3-030-91262-8_23-1 |
2023-01-01 | This study revolves around the idea of proposing a smart and low-cost automated irrigation control system. This system attempts to effectively provide an end-to-end solution to irrigation problems by using economical and easily accessible components. Farmers using traditional irrigation systems primarily suffer from the lack of automation tools and the mechanisms to deal with environmental problems. This paper aims to solve the limitations of traditional irrigation systems using commonly used components in a cost-efficient manner. A synergy between temperature and distance sensors is used to manage the motor and hence automate the plant irrigation system. The system is equipped with an actuator (piezo) to shut down the motor and alert the farmer in case of reduced water supply in order to prevent problems arising from depleted underground water levels. | Low-Cost Smart Plant Irrigation Control System Using Temperature and Distance Sensors | 10.1007/978-981-19-8669-7_25 |
2023-01-01 | The inclusion of IoT technologies in smart cities and the industrial domain has drastically influenced the life cycle of processes. The gradual reduction in sensor costs and the ubiquitous connectivity provided by open source, un/licensed networks have sky-rocketed the digital transformation of businesses. Specifically, the distribution of products with a short life cycle, such as dairy products, is a highly important domain that demands consistent monitoring of the product and the surrounding environment to preserve quality and safeguard the consumers’ health. Continuous monitoring of vehicle fleets is necessary to safeguard temperature and humidity conditions during delivery from the factory and the distribution center to the retail stores. Due to unpredictable situations that may arise during this process, the conditions of the dairy products are constantly monitored with internal sensors, and GPS location devices mounted on delivery trucks. Additionally, sensors have been placed on dairy crates, thus producing detailed information for prohibiting the quality deterioration of dairy products. An IoT monitoring system has been developed that includes a sensor kit placed on dairy crates to monitor dairy product conditions. Furthermore, a versatile module mounted on each truck is also designed and used to retrieve and broadcast the product’s conditions during delivery utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy as the medium for connectivity. | An IoT Monitoring System for Dairy Products | 10.1007/978-3-031-37139-4_2 |
2023-01-01 | Based on research and sufficient evidence, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), classified exhaust gas from diesel engines as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), which has been a factor in the worldwide increase in cancer lung cases. According to the preceding remark, this will become an issue for all diesel transportation, from the smallest, such as a generator used in a night market, to the largest, such as trains. To address this issue, many researchers and scientists study the diesel engine in order to ensure that this internal combustion engine improves in terms of emissions while maintaining performance and fuel efficiency. The diesel engine is known as a combustion that has a thermal efficiency of more than 45%. The most recent technique to reducing gas emissions from diesel engines is to modify the injection system to use dual-fuel Reactivity Control Compression Ignition (RCCI) with main reference fuel (PRF). The study on the RCCI technique shows that it can achieve low NO x and CO 2 emissions while retaining the high performance of a diesel engine. To minimise HC and CO emissions, the future proposal for this method is to regulate the combustion phasing by regulating the injection at the port injector. | Study of Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Mode Engine | 10.1007/978-981-19-1457-7_4 |
2023-01-01 | The single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) field has evolved tremendously since the first paper was published back in 2009 (Tang et al. Nat Methods 6:377–382, 2009). While the first methods analyzed just a handful of cells, the throughput and performance rapidly increased over a very short time span. However, it was not until the introduction of emulsion droplets methods, such as the well-known kits commercialized by 10x Genomics, that the robust and reproducible analysis of thousands of cells became feasible (Zheng et al Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells. Nat Commun 8:14049, 2017). Despite generating data at a speed and a cost per cell that remains unmatched for full-length protocols like Smart-seq (Hagemann-Jensen et al Single-cell RNA counting at allele and isoform resolution using Smart-seq3. Nat Biotechnol 38:708–714, 2020; Picelli et al Smart-seq2 for sensitive full-length transcriptome profiling in single cells. Nat Methods 10:1096–1098, 2013), scRNA-seq in droplets still comes with the drawback of addressing only the terminal portion of the transcripts, thus lacking the required sensitivity for comprehensively analyzing the entire transcriptome. Building upon the existing Smart-seq2/3 workflows (Hagemann-Jensen et al Single-cell RNA counting at allele and isoform resolution using Smart-seq3. Nat Biotechnol 38:708–714, 2020; Picelli et al Smart-seq2 for sensitive full-length transcriptome profiling in single cells. Nat Methods 10:1096–1098, 2013), we developed FLASH-seq (FS), a new full-length scRNA-seq method capable of detecting a significantly higher number of genes than previous versions, requiring limited hands-on time and with a great potential for customization (Hahaut et al. Lightning Fast and Highly Sensitive Full-Length Single-cell sequencing using FLASH-Seq. http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2021.07.14.452217. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.14.452217, 2021). Here, we present three variants of the FS protocol. Standard FLASH-seq (FS), which builds upon Smart-seq2 developed in the past, is non-stranded and does not use unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) but still remains the easiest method to measure gene expression in a cell population. FLASH-seq low-amplification (FS-LA) represents the fastest method, which generates sequencing-ready libraries in 4.5 h, without sacrificing performance. FLASH-seq with UMIs (FS-UMI) builds upon the same principle as Smart-seq3 and introduces UMIs for molecule counting and isoform reconstruction. The newly designed template-switching oligonucleotide (TSO) contains a 5-bp spacer, which allows the generation of high-quality data while minimizing the amount of strand-invasion artifacts. | Full-Length Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing with FLASH-seq | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2756-3_5 |
2023-01-01 | The construction sector is one of the largest world economy sectors and employs around 7% of the workers of the world (McKinsey Global Institute 2017). It focuses on jobs related to demolition, renovation, or maintenance of any infrastructure. | Construction | 10.1007/978-3-030-93627-3_4 |
2023-01-01 | In view of the problems of difficult water injection, fast production decline and low recovery in low permeability oilfields, the research on energy supplement technology of air flooding has been carried out and good development results have been achieved. In this paper, through air injection research and indoor tests at home and abroad, the component model fluid component data and combustion reaction equation are determined, and the gas injection parameters and oil well production system are optimized by numerical simulation, the optimal gas injection rate is 6500 m 3 /d, the gas injection mode is to inject for 3 months and stop for 1 month, and the bottom hole flow pressure of the production well is set to be 3–5 MPa. Continuous oil production is adopted before gas is seen at the wellhead of production well, After gas is found at the wellhead of the production well, the oil well shall be operated for 3 months and shut down for 1 month. The test results show that after air injection in a low permeability oilfield, the recovery factor of the block is increased by 4.1%, which achieves the prediction effect. In the next step, it can be extended to other similar oilfields to improve the recovery of low permeability oilfields. | Research and Application of Air Injection Numerical Simulation in Low Permeability Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_371 |
2023-01-01 | In this Chapter, as the background and introduction of this whole book, the following matters are mainly described. Firstly, it is stated that many environmental pollution problems occur still now in the world by various causes such as industrial activities, our daily and natural activities, and accidents and disasters. In order to solve these environmental pollution problems, the necessity of the development of environmental remediation technology is described. Next, some pollution problems, which Japan experienced previously and is currently facing, are introduced, for example, Minamata disease, low-concentration pollution problems such as dioxins and endocrine disruptors, and contamination with radionuclides from the explosion of the nuclear power plants caused by the big tsunami. After that, the concept and classification of the environmental remediation technology are described. It is shown that remediation consists of three concepts: containment, separation, and decomposition, and that remediation technologies are also classified into two categories, In-situ and Ex-situ. Several representative techniques for containment, separation, and decomposition are introduced briefly. The combination of some remediation technologies and the evaluation are also described, when these remediation techniques will be applied to the actual contaminated site. It is discussed why further development of remediation technology is necessary and why the design of materials for remediation technology is necessary. Finally, a brief introduction for the structure of this book and chapters is given. | Environmental Pollution and Remediation | 10.1007/698_2021_819 |
2023-01-01 | The greatest challenge of the modern construction industry is posed by the global climate emergency. The shift towards modern methods of construction, adopting an off-site manufacturing approach, and minimising in-situ work can help create a more sustainable future, by improving working conditions, quality, and efficiency. Advances in low-carbon technologies, suitable for precast concrete industry, are crucial for meeting net-zero goals. Aiming to drive innovation in the area, Laing O’Rourke, an international engineering and construction company, led a collaborative project with academic partners, University of Cambridge Centre of Industrial Sustainability and University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre. The Decarbonising Precast Concrete Manufacturing (DPCM) project is a part Innovate UK funded R&D project that aspired to deliver a feasibility study for implementing decarbonisation interventions at Laing O’Rourke’s precast concrete factory. This paper presents part of the findings of the DPCM project focused on the deployment of low-carbon concretes. Technical background review of available and emerging materials informed the selection of geopolymer concrete, alkali-activated cementitious material (AACM), high GGBS replacement mixes, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement concrete and limestone cement concrete for further testing. All mixes have been subjected to laboratory trials to assess fresh and hardened concrete properties. Out of these, geopolymer concrete, AACM and high GGBS mix were progressed to batching and manufacturing trials at Laing O'Rourke’s precast concrete facility, which included production of full-scale precast concrete units, using the low-carbon mixes. The trials validated feasibility of integrating low-carbon mixes into a precast concrete manufacturing facility and identified the associated challenges, in particular slower strength gain, consistency, and open life. The impact of these properties on production throughput in the precast factory can be significant; thus mix selection, alternative curing and lifting strategies, and simulation-based production planning tools may be needed for use of low-carbon concretes at project or multi-project scale implementation. | Decarbonising Precast Concrete Manufacturing: Implementation of Low-Carbon Concretes | 10.1007/978-3-031-32519-9_40 |
2023-01-01 | The aim of this paper is to provide theoretical guidelines for biomass Biomass and low-rank coal Low-rank coal in coking and promoting the development of low carbon ironmaking; the modified coal (BIOC-HPC) was BIOC-HPC produced, and its performance as an additional component in coking process was also investigated through co-thermal extraction method. The effect of the addition amount of BIOC-HPC extracted from 80 wt.% low-rank coal Low-rank coal and 20 wt.% biomass Biomass on the gasification Gasification performance of BIOC-HPC coke was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of BIOC-HPC content, the coking yield decreased after high-temperature carbonization, from 70.45 to 68.42 wt.%, while the ash content of coke is decreased from 11.82 to 10.05 wt%. The gasification Gasification reaction rate of BIOC-HPC coke gradually increases with the increase of BIOC-HPC ratio and the gasification Gasification temperature. The optimal ratio of BIOC-HPC BIOC-HPC in coking is in the range of 10–20 wt.%; the pore size is relatively uniform, about 10–19 nm. | Research on the Gasification Characteristic of Cokes of BIOC-HPC Extracted from the Mixture of Low-Rank Coal and Biomass | 10.1007/978-3-031-22638-0_25 |
2023-01-01 | Diabetes affects more than 13% of people in the USA and poses a major risk of comorbid complications such as neuropathy, ocular disease, and diabetic foot ulcers. It also places a significant financial burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Thirty-four percent of diabetic patients go on to develop foot ulcers, and despite optimized standard wound care in these patients, many of these wounds persist and put patients at risk for infection, hospitalization, and amputation. Therefore, adjuvant therapies, including negative pressure therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and tissue products, are particularly important in these patients with wounds recalcitrant to the standard of care (SOC). Tissue products are any biologic skin substitutes that aid in wound healing and can be divided into 4 broad categories: allografts/xenografts, dermal substitutes, biosynthetic dressing, and cultured skin grafts. Collectively, tissue products have shown modest decreases in healing time over SOC alone, and there is some evidence of slightly fewer amputations in patients treated with these skin substitutes. However, the effect on limb salvage is not significant enough to draw any definitive conclusions. Among the tissue products, dermal substitutes demonstrate the most significant effects over SOC. Tissue products show decreased cost-effectiveness when compared to SOC, but the additional cost is offset by their long-term impact on amputation rates, ulcer-free weeks, emergency department visits, and hospital readmissions. As new tissue products continue to come on the market, it is important that we critically evaluate not only their ability to decrease wound healing time but also their cost to patients and healthcare systems. | Science and Practicality of Tissue Products in Limb Salvage | 10.1007/978-3-031-27725-2_23 |
2023-01-01 | Nowadays there is a need to systematize measures to the quality of metalworking and achievement methods in order to reduce or exclude emerging problems and inconsistencies from production processes. It is due to the large increase in requirements for the machined parts quality and especially the difficulties encountered in processing low-rigid workpieces within the cutting process instability. The innovative approaches to the production processes development by the automation and the automated tools’ using are an important component of scientific studies and production solutions at the present day. The purpose of the study is to ensure the metalworking accuracy through the use of automation tools and digital tools. The methods and means of research are analysis, mathematical and numerical modelling, CAD/CAM/CAE systems of SolidWorks Simulation, Autodesk Inventor and Siemens NX. The article presents the results of numerical studies made by digital technologies using in the modelling process of the workpiece turning process. There is a technique to ensure the low-rigid workpieces accuracy based on automated correction of the control program. There are errors from cutting forces and the temperature factor identified during numerical researches. | Digital Technologies Within the Accuracy of Processing Low-Rigid Workpieces on CNC Machines | 10.1007/978-3-031-38126-3_70 |
2023-01-01 | Electroactive materials with low crystallization are particularly promising for energy storage owing to additional grain boundaries and ion diffusion channels, but their applications are limited by the consensus that crystalline samples have higher stability in most applications. Here, we developed a solvothermal method for synthesizing low-crystallized nickel-cobalt hydroxide (NiCo−OH−L) using N -methylpyrrolidone and water-mixed solvents. For nickel-zinc battery (NZB) applications, the NiCo−OH−L was found to have comparable cycling stability to its high-crystallized counterpart. However, it showed an increased capacity and capacity retention in the current region of 1–50 A g −1 . The superior performance was due to the low-crystallized structure, which has a large specific surface area and reduced charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, the cobalt constitution in the NiCo−OH−L improves its rate performance and cycling stability. As a result, the NiCo−OH−L had a capacity of 238.9 mA h g −1 at 1 A g −1 and maintained 116.4 mA h g −1 at 50 A g −1 , indicating both high-capacity and high-rate performances. More significantly, the NiCo−OH−L-assembled NZB exhibited consistent performance under different currents and cycling cycles. 因具有大量的晶界和离子扩散通道, 低结晶度的电极活性材料有望在储能领域中实现更好的性能. 然而在大多数应用中通常是结晶良好的样品具有更好的稳定性, 稳定性较差限制了低结晶样品在相关研究领域的应用. 本文利用一种溶剂热法调控N-甲基吡咯烷酮和水混合溶剂的体积比以合成低结晶度的镍钴氢氧化物(NiCo−OH−L). 研究发现, 将合成的镍钴氢氧化物用作镍-锌电池正极时, NiCo−OH−L不仅表现出与高结晶度的同类样品相当的循环稳定性能, 而且在1–50 A g −1 的电流范围内显示出更高的容量以及容量保持率. 其优异的电化学性能可归因于低结晶的结构, 显著提高的比表面积和降低的电荷转移电阻. 此外, NiCo−OH−L的钴组分进一步提高了倍率和循环稳定性能.NiCo−OH−L在1 A g−1时的比容量达到238.9 mA h g−1, 当电流密度升至50 A g−1时的容量仍有116.4 mA h g −1 , 显示出高容量和高倍率性能. 不仅如此, 由NiCo−OH−L组装成的镍-锌电池在不同的电流和循环周期下也表现出较高的性能. | Reducing nickel-cobalt hydroxide crystallization for optimal nickel-zinc battery performance | 10.1007/s40843-022-2133-3 |
2023-01-01 | The static loads and dynamic actions that structures withstand throughout their useful life have repercussions on their durability, causing deformation of the materials of which they are composed and jeopardising their stability and the integrity of the people who inhabit the buildings. For this reason, the development of measuring equipment to control the deformations suffered by horizontal beams and frameworks is very useful for the construction sector. In this work, a measurement system has been developed through the construction of a low-cost sensor composed of two stages: a stage sensitive to the deformations that occur in strain gauges configured in a Wheatstone bridge, and another amplifying stage that allows an easily interpretable and measurable signal to be obtained. The sensor has been tested by measuring the deformation that occurs in sawn timber beams subjected to a simple bending test under point load. The results show how the implemented low-cost sensor allows to obtain a linear voltage response in relation to the induced deflection in the centre span of the beams. These results allow us to infer the potential application of the device in the building sector, incorporating it in media equipment that allows real-time monitoring of the state of deformation in structural elements and the appearance of cracks and fissures. | Low-Cost Sensor for Determining the Deflection in Timber Beams | 10.1007/978-981-99-2714-2_19 |
2023-01-01 | The main object of the paper is a description of experimental measurement of air/water heat pump parameters. The measurements should be used to determine the full efficiency of the operation in the modes that occur in practice in the supply of heat and cold during the operation of buildings. In a series of other measurements and other devices, it is also a tool for comparing them and determining their suitability for the selected application. Monitoring and evaluation is complex, with air parameters on the primary side, internal refrigerant circuit parameters and on the secondary water circuit side being recorded. The required operating conditions are ensured by an air-conditioned chamber where we are able to maintain the required air and water parameters on the secondary side for a long time and accurately. Detailed knowledge of these contexts will allow more accurate optimization of system designs and their energy balances. | Preparation of Experimental Measurement of Heat Pump Parameters | 10.1007/978-3-031-14141-6_45 |
2023-01-01 | The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers are used for enhancing the working performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-related power generation systems. In this article, a genetic optimization-based Artificial Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) concept is applied to the interleaved non-isolated boost converter-interfaced fuel cell stack system in order to improve the operating efficiency of a transformerless DC-DC converter. The proposed MPPT controller is compared with the other conventional adaptive Perturb & Observe controller in terms of settling time of peak power point, oscillations related to fuel cell output voltage, and tracing time period of MPPT controller. The second objective of this work is design of an interleaved DC-DC converter for improving the output voltage profile of the fuel block. The characteristics of this converter are wide output operation, less potential stress, and more voltage gain. | Design and Analysis of Genetic Algorithm Optimization-Based ANFIS Controller for Interleaved DC-DC Converter-Fed PEMFC System | 10.1007/978-981-19-9225-4_1 |
2023-01-01 | The adaptability of the robot can be increased by a shape-changing link of the robotic arm that allows to achieve a suitable kinematic structure for a given task. The principle described in this paper is the use of low melting point material (LMPM) in the design of the robotic link and focuses on the behavior of this shape-changing link during a controlled deformation. The effect of the equivalent stress during the controlled deformation of the outer shell of the shape-changing link on the LMPM core is also investigated. In the introduction, the type of deformation to which the link can be deformed is determined. After the definition of the outer boundary curve along which the cell deforms, a finite element analysis (FEA) is performed for selected points on this curve. The analysis defines the location of the equivalent stress concentration and its magnitude. Real measurements define the resulting forces and torques at the end point of the link. Subsequently, the real effect of the equivalent stress on the core of the link is observed. The result is the distribution of equivalent stress in the structure of the link. The influence of the equivalent stress distribution and its magnitude at defined strain is so pronounced for LMPM that shape instabilities occur in a short period of time. The use of a given LMPM is not appropriate under the given conditions. In the conclusion chapter, possible solutions are proposed to limit the effect of equivalent stress on the LMPM core. | The Effect of Deformation on Robot Shape - Changing Link | 10.1007/978-3-031-32606-6_54 |
2023-01-01 | With superior tensile strength and improved fatigue performance of Silafont ® -36 alloy in the as-cast state, this study is aimed to evaluate these properties of the alloy in a T5 heat treatment state, since the use of T5 temper involving only artificial aging without solution heat treatment such as T4, T6, and T7 tempers would significantly reduce lead time and save energy. While the strength of the Silafont ® -36 alloy decreased, the ductility increased after the T5 artificial aging at a relatively high temperature of 330 °C, but only for a short time of 30 min. This heat treatment led to cyclic stabilization of the alloy, without cyclic hardening or softening until final failure. | Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Silafont®-36 Cast Aluminum Alloy After T5 Heat Treatment | 10.1007/978-3-031-38141-6_29 |
2023-01-01 | Primary legislation relating to the circular economy and to climate change has generally been inherited by the UK prior to its departure from the European Union in January 2020, with the four devolved administrations given the remit for implementation. Post-exit, the UK has enacted domestic legislation in both policy areas. A key target relating to climate change is for the UK to achieve Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. No such target exists for the circular economy. The manufacturing sector contributes 11% to the UK’s greenhouse gas emission budget, dominated by the chemicals, iron and steel, cement, and food and drink industries. The role of the circular economy in low carbon manufacturing has evolved incrementally, with the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy of 2021 committing to “driving the transition towards a circular economy model” with potential savings of 9 MtCO 2 e per annum in industry by 2050, including a reduction in emissions of 3 MtCO 2 e relating to UK consumption. Circular economy strategies to lower greenhouse gas emissions have been identified in each of the sectors considered in this paper (automotive, iron and steel, cement, chemicals, and food and drink sub-sectors), the prerequisite being to consider the entire supply and value chain rather than confining circular solutions to the production site. The efficacy of these strategies to reach Net Zero varies, with the iron and steel industry recognised as being particularly challenging, but significant greenhouse gas reductions can nevertheless be achieved in all the sectors considered, relative to technical abatement solutions. | The Circular Economy, Employment, and Low Carbon in the UK Manufacturing Sector | 10.1007/978-981-99-4803-1_10 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract The thermocyclic treatment of gears may be improved if they are subjected to preliminary cyclic heating and subsequent pulsed quenching. By this means, the wear resistance of gears with small module may be increased by 30–40%. | Decreasing Gear Wear by Improved Thermocyclic Treatment | 10.3103/S1068798X23020065 |
2023-01-01 | Hydrological monitoring is necessary for successful aquaculture management. In this article, the technology of microbial fuel cells (MFC) for powering hydrological monitoring sensors is tested. The device operated at a depth of two meters on the territory of the Zapad biostation of the A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Quiet Backwater Bay of the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay. The device was equipped with a temperature and light sensor. This was a demonstrator of useful data that can be obtained from the energy of microbial electricity. This data was transmitted over a radio signal. The total capacity of the manufactured MFC was 1.7 mW. It took 46 MJ to send the signal. The frequency of sending was 6 times per minute in laboratory conditions and in the range from 2 to 4 min in field conditions. The power consumption of the entire system was 276 mW. The LoRA protocol was used to transmit the signal. The transmission distance was 950 m. The results obtained indicate the practical possibility of using the energy of microbial fuel cells. This is applicable for the power supply of environmental monitoring sensors. | Automated Coastal Monitoring of Aquaculture Areas Using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology | 10.1007/978-981-99-4165-0_36 |
2023-01-01 | While in the previous chapters, the theoretical performance limits of binocular observation have been derived, the observer is now taken outside to evaluate her instrument in the field. Thus, in this chapter, the reader will find tips and advices on test strategies and procedures that are practicable and doable by the layman who has no access to the instrumentation of optical labs. The methods described here are by no means unique. Instead, they have proven particularly useful or simple. The sections of this chapter will follow a path of gradually increasing complexity: Beginning with a selection of quick tests in the store, all the way up to field tests which may extend over several days, and which reputable manufacturers should preferably conduct with the prototypes of their products under development. A word of warning may be issued here: in the course of testing, the test samples are sometimes subjected to extreme situations, which are deliberately staged to enable the detection of flaws, but which may also be rather unrealistic under conditions in which the instrument may actually be used. A realistic and balanced analysis of the test results is therefore mandatory and more often than not skipped in reviews that are commonly circulated on the Internet. | Binocular Evaluation and Field Testing | 10.1007/978-3-031-44408-1_9 |
2023-01-01 | Low-carbon concrete (LCC) uses supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partially replace cement as a method for reducing its carbon footprint. Previous laboratory and field studies had provided substantial support and experience for using LCC in marine structures, which are the most susceptible to chloride-induced corrosion. Some short-term test methods have provided reliable assessment of the ability of LCC to resist chloride penetration, but the long-term chloride penetration depends on a great many factors and thus could differ from the results obtained from laboratory tests. However, the lack of a correlation between the data from short-term and long-term tests has limited the use of abundant laboratory results for service life design of LCC. This study presents an overview of results obtained when LCCs were exposed to chlorides. The key outcome of this study is a broader synthesis of the available data regarding the relationship between the mix design and the performance of LCCs in various chloride environments, which helps find the possible correlation and fully appreciate the value of the short-term tests. | Chloride Penetration in Low-Carbon Concrete with High Volume of SCM: A Review Study | 10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_16 |
2023-01-01 | Organic cathodes for alkali-metal-ion batteries attract great attentions in recent years, but the ion storage sites are limited to some finite functional groups. This is because an organic cathode must have proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) to accept electrons at high potential. Herein, a novel type of organophosphate-based cathode has successfully been explored by tuning the LUMO energy level of organophosphates through metal ions with an inert electron pair. For the first time, the P=O of phytate (PA), N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylene phytate) (EDTMP), and diethylenetriaminepentakis(methyl phytate) (DTPMP) is activated by lead/bismuth (with 6s 2 electron pair) to storage Li/Na/K ions reversibly. Typically, density functional theory calculations indicate that the LUMO energy of Bi-PA is greatly reduced from − 0.99 (PA) to − 4.61 eV, which shows the first discharge capacity of 173, 182 and 206 mAh·g −1 and the reversibly capacity of 102, 102 and 101 mAh·g −1 with the discharge platform of 2.4, 2.1 and 2.4 V for Li/Na/K-ion battery cathodes, respectively. Similarly, with proper LUMO energy level, Pb-PA (− 4.63 eV), Pb-EDTMP (− 3.71 eV), and Pb-DTPMP (− 4.45 eV) all exhibit admirable performance. This unique strategy of organic materials to alkali-metal-ion battery cathodes offers a new avenue for future energy storage systems. Graphical abstract 近年来, 碱金属离子电池的有机正极受到了广泛关注, 但其离子存储位点仅限于有限的官能团。这是因为有机正极必须具有适当的最低未被占据分子轨道 (LUMO), 才能在高电位下接受电子。在本工作中, 我们通过金属离子的惰性电子对来调节有机磷酸盐的LUMO能级, 成功地探索出了一种新型有机磷酸盐正极。植酸 (PA) 、乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸 (EDTMP) 和二乙烯三胺五亚甲基膦酸 (DTPMP)的P=O被铅/铋 (具有6s 2 电子对) 激活, 实现Li/Na/K离子的可逆储放。例如, 密度泛函理论计算表明, Bi-PA的LUMO能级从PA的 − 0.99 eV降低到 − 4.61 eV, 作为锂/钠/钾离子电池正极分别表现出173、182、206 mAh·g −1 的首圈容量和102、102、101 mAh·g −1 的可逆容量, 放电平台分别为2.4、2.1和2.4 V。同样, 在适当的LUMO能级下, Pb-PA(− 4.63 eV), Pb-EDTMP(− 3.71 eV) 和Pb DTPMP(− 4.45 eV) 均表现出较好的储能特性。这种独特的将惰性有机材料转化为碱金属离子电池正极的策略为未来的储能材料设计提供了新的途径。 | Metal organophosphates: electronic structure tuning from inert materials to universal alkali-metal-ion battery cathodes | 10.1007/s12598-022-02097-9 |
2023-01-01 | During pregnancy, endocrinological, immunological, metabolic, and vascular changes occur. These changes can affect the skin of the abdomen, leading to the formation of new stretch marks, skin laxity, and subcutaneous fat accumulation, and can affect the quality of life of women. Reference procedures to substantially reduce these alterations are invasive such as liposuction or abdominoplasty. That is why technology advances in the development of non-invasive techniques, which can solve these problems with minimal risk and be of help to combat skin changes that photoexposure and aging cause on the skin. Among the main non-invasive techniques available to reduce localized subcutaneous adipose tissue, there is cryolipolysis, low-level laser therapy, non-thermal pulsed ultrasound, red light-emitting diode therapy, and high-intensity focused electromagnetic field; to reduce stretch marks, there is laser treatment, radiofrequency, and microneedling; and for tightening of lax skin, there is radiofrequency, ultrasound skin tightening, and intense pulsed light with radiofrequency. | Non-surgical Abdominal Treatments | 10.1007/978-3-030-43840-1_23 |
2023-01-01 | Under the situation of energy shortage, geothermal resource as a green renewable new clean energy is more and more favored by people. Central jilin oilfield reservoir area water hot type geothermal resource is rich, green three sections of the reservoir in changling sag as an example, the 2000 m depth, ground temperature 85 °C, have a certain production value, but a poor reservoir property, rely on the natural production capacity is difficult to achieve economic efficiency, through the area of low permeability reservoirs geothermal development reservoir renovation related mechanism research and field test, the downhole microseismic monitoring, The fracture strike and the relationship between fracture parameters and fracturing parameters are defined, and the capacity of water production and heat supply is greatly improved. There is no precedent for geothermal resource utilization in low porosity and low permeability reservoirs. Jilin Oilfield has taken advantage of abandoned old Wells to carry out reservoir reconstruction technology and achieved good results after pressure, providing technical reference for effective utilization of such reservoirs at home and abroad. | Research on Reservoir Reconstruction Technology of Geothermal Energy Development in Low Porosity and Low Permeability Area of Jilin Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_514 |
2023-01-01 | This work presents an overview of methods which alleviate data imbalance problem in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (MNMT). The idea of MNMT is to build a single model for many translation directions instead of building separate models for each direction. In this work, the methods are divided into two groups (static and dynamic methods), compared with each other, and analyzed in terms of performance. Static methods are defined as those which have a fixed sampling strategy, whereas dynamic methods adjust the sampling strategy based on the current state of model training. Analysis shows that both static and dynamic methods are able to improve translation quality, especially for low-resource directions. Static methods are simpler but sensitive to the hyperparameter choice. As the overview demonstrates, dynamic methods in general outperform static methods. | Sampling Imbalanced Data for Multilingual Machine Translation: An Overview of Techniques | 10.1007/978-3-031-35510-3_40 |
2023-01-01 | Physiological parameters are significant and frequently used to diagnose the physical conditions of athletes and patients. Therefore, it is meaningful to accurate monitor the physiological parameters in real-time. In this paper, a low-cost and portable device is designed to monitor the heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and body temperature. A warning system is equipped in this device to send voice notice when the parameters are over the target range. Experiments were conducted to verify the reliability of the designed device. The results shows that this device is reliable and can achieve the goal of monitoring athletes’ or patients’ heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and body temperature in real-time. | Low-Cost and Portable Device to Monitor Heart Rate, Blood Oxygen Saturation and Body Temperature with Warning System | 10.1007/978-3-031-26193-0_57 |
2023-01-01 | Many researches have been conducted on NO x reduction by micro jet combustion of hydrogen. In this study a can- type micro jet combustion with jet in cross flow (JICF) was proposed for low-pressure loss and NO x emission. The momentum ratio (J) of the micro fuel jet and air flow in JICF was changed to investigate micro flame stabilization. Recess length was also changed to know if the mixing time of the fuel jet and air is guaranteed. The results show that burner thermal efficiency was enhanced through simple can type burner with low pressure drop and the larger J tends to become more favorable condition for micro flame formation. And a stable micro flame can be established even at the low momentum ratio if enough mixing time is guaranteed. NO x data show that a can-type micro hydrogen burner with JICF configuration exhibits high potential for single-digit NO x emission. | Low NOX combustion characteristics by hydrogen micro jet flame in cross flow | 10.1007/s12206-022-1242-z |
2023-01-01 | Centrifugal compressors are widely used in automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. Increasing the rotating speed of compressor could avoid surge under low-load conditions of PEMFC at the cost of reduced system net efficiency through increasing compressor power consumption accounting for more than 50% of the whole system. This paper proposes an Air-Bypass scheme to improve the efficiency of the PEMFC system under low-load conditions and employs a system model of a 60 kW PEMFC system with the GT-SUITE software. The influences of the Air-Bypass scheme on the operating point and power consumption of compressor, the oxygen excess ratio and the system net efficiency are analyzed. The results show that under the operation of ensuring a reasonable oxygen excess ratio under low-load conditions, the Air-Bypass scheme not only avoids compressor surge, but also reduces power consumption. In addition, Air-Bypass scheme makes the highest efficiency point of the PEMFC system reduced from 150 A to 50 A and the system efficiency of 20 A increased by 25%, which effectively improves the efficiency of PEMFC system under low-load conditions. | Low-Load Performance Analysis and Improvement Method of Automotive PEMFC System | 10.1007/978-981-19-3842-9_41 |
2023-01-01 | Salt-resistant polymer is a functional polymer developed for high-temperature and high-salt reservoirs. The molecular structure and composition are the essential factors that determine its performance. The performance needs to be explained from the salt resistance mechanism. For salt-resistant polymers with unknown molecular structure and composition, clear molecular structure characterization and component analysis are important prerequisites for the analysis of their salt-resistant mechanism. In addition, the molecular size of the salt-resistant polymer is an important factor in determining its compatibility with the reservoir. In this paper, based on a series of characterization and analysis methods, the molecular structure characterization and component analysis of different unknown salt-resistant polymers were carried out, and the molecular sizes of different polymers were determined by dynamic light scattering, in order to provide a better understanding of the salt-resistant polymers of different salt-resistant polymers. Mechanism analysis and polymer reservoir matching analysis provide theoretical basis and reference. | Structural Characterization and Molecular Size Study of Salt-Resistant Polymers | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_318 |
2023-01-01 | Based on the slag ion structure theory and electromagnetic field theory, an experimental slag electromagnetic field Low-frequency electromagnetic fields action device was established to study the interface Interface distribution characteristics of typical non-metallic inclusions during the dissolution process in the mold flux Mold flux under different electromagnetic parameters. The results show that the same transition layer exists when the inclusions dissolve in the mold flux, forming a composite oxide with the inclusions as the core. Increasing the magnetic field frequency and current facilitates the diffusion of the melt from the slag to the inclusions interface Interface . | Study of the Assimilation of Inclusions in Molten Mold Flux Under the Action of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields | 10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_114 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract Experimental results are presented on deposition of charged particles that imitate the levitating dust of regolith (dusty plasma) on the Moon on metal plates. The experiment was based on the analogy between the physical–chemical properties of the processes that develop in regolith during microwave discharge excited by the radiation of a powerful gyrotron in the powder of regolith (lunar dust) and the processes that occur on the Moon during the bombardment of its surface by micrometeorites. The action is studied of the levitating dust cloud on plates made from molybdenum and tantalum with a size of 10 × 40 mm. The results are compared with the experiment on deposition of lunar dust on plates from stainless steel. It is shown that dust particles in the shape of spheroids of different sizes are deposited on the plates. The size distribution of these particles and their chemical composition are those of lunar regolith. It is found that the uniformity of dust deposition can be controlled by preliminary processing of the metal plates by the low-temperature plasma of a direct piezodischarge. It is shown that the levitating dust obtained under laboratory conditions (ensembles of charged regolith particles) can be used in imitation experiments on surface modification of different materials and in the development of methods for cleaning the space equipment during Moon missions. | Microwave Plasma Imitation Experiments on Deposition of Lunar Dust on Metal Plates | 10.1134/S1063780X22601833 |
2023-01-01 | In order to reveal the reservoir microscopic pore structure characteristics of deep low permeability reservoirs in Dagang Oilfield, the experiments of constant rate mercury injection, low temperature nitrogen adsorption and conventional mercury injection were carried out. Results show that the average throat radius of deep low permeability cores in Dagang Oilfield ranges from 0.57um to 3.77um. With the increase of permeability, its distribution expands to the high value region, and the peak value decreases. Nanopores appear as slit capillaries composed of parallel plates and capillaries formed by inclined flat plates, and there are a large proportion of nanopores. The smaller the permeability, the more obvious the increase of nanopores. Based on the analysis results, the full-scale pore throat distribution of the deep low permeability cores of Dagang Oilfield is established. Compared with the main submicron pore throats in the tight sandstone cores of Songliao Basin, there is a larger proportion of nanopores in Dagang low permeability cores. And with the increase of permeability, large pore throats emerge in the cores gradually. The results can provide a reliable theoretical basis for determining the difficulty and effect of Dagang low permeability reservoir development. | Microscopic Pore Structure Characteristics of Low Permeability Rock Samples in Dagang Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_467 |
2023-01-01 | Most of the current seismic codes on seismic isolation prescribe upper and lower bound analyses to account for the variability of mechanical properties of seismic isolators. This procedure should be based on experimental data provided by manufacturers during qualification tests. When such data are not available, codes provide the so-called property modification factors or λ-factors for different kind of devices, giving maximum upper and lower bound coefficients to apply to nominal properties of bearings. Different sources of variability are considered, from the variability due to the bearing production to environmental or behavioural effects (such as temperature, contamination, ageing or repeated cycles). However, the origin of these values is not straightforward: some of them are based on wide experimental data, whereas others are based on few and old indications given by technical literature. The aim of this paper is to illustrate in detail such factors, especially for HDRBs (High Damping Rubber Bearings). In particular, it is shown that in the European context, both the EN 1998—part 2 (on bridges) and the EN 15129 (on anti-seismic devices), provide values deriving (with some transcription inconsistencies) from the second version of the AASHTO guide specification, which in turn proposes values derived from the MCEER-99-0012 report written in 1999 and never updated. The aim of this paper is to illustrate in detail such factors and to make the reader aware that most of factors derive from limited and/or old data, especially for HDRBs (High Damping Rubber Bearings). | Code Provisions About λ-Factors of HDRBs for the Upper and Lower Bound Analyses: Hystorical Review | 10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_28 |
2023-01-01 | Targeted delivery, in which therapeutic agents are preferentially concentrated at the diseased site, has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes by minimizing off-target interactions in healthy tissue. Both passive and active methods of targeting delivery have been proposed, often with particular emphasis on cancer treatment. Passive methods rely on the overexpression of a biomarker in diseased tissue that can then be used to target the therapy. Active techniques involve physically guiding therapeutic agents toward the target region. Since the motion of magnetic particles can be remotely controlled by external magnetic fields, magnetic technologies have the potential to drive and hold drugs or other cargo at the required therapeutic site, increasing the localized dose while minimizing overall exposure. Directed motion may be generated either by simple magnetic attraction or by causing the particles to perform swimming strokes to produce propulsion. This chapter will compare the different strategies using magnetic nanotechnology to produce directed motion compatible with that required for targeted cargo delivery and magnetically assisted therapies and assess their potential to meet the challenges of operating within the human body. | Assessing the Challenges of Nanotechnology-Driven Targeted Therapies: Development of Magnetically Directed Vectors for Targeted Cancer Therapies and Beyond | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2716-7_6 |
2023-01-01 | Slag and limestone powder are common mineral admixtures to produce environmentally friendly concrete. This paper presents an optimal design method for low-carbon concrete containing slag and limestone powder that considers the influence of strength (30, 40, 50 MPa), carbonation service life (50, 100 years), and CO 2 concentration of microclimate (0.04% and 0.052%). By using a genetic algorithm to determine the global optimal solution that satisfies different constraints, the optimal mixtures and decisive factors of a concrete mix can be found. The analysis results are as follows: (1) When the carbonation service life is 50 years, the durability of carbonation is the decisive factor for designing concrete with ordinary strength (30 MPa), but for medium strength (40 MPa) and high strength (50 MPa) concrete, strength is the decisive factor. (2) When carbonation service life is 100 years, for ordinary (30 MPa) and medium strength (40 MPa) concrete, carbonation durability is the decisive design factor, while for high-strength concrete (50 MPa), it is compressive strength. (3) As carbonation durability is the decisive design factor, when the CO 2 concentration of microclimate increases from 0.04 to 0.052%, the real strengths of concrete increase from 44.34 to 48.53 MPa. (4) The relations between CO 2 emissions and compressive strengths and between water–binder ratios and compressive strengths of the optimized concrete design were consistent with the project, which proved the effectiveness of the proposed method. | Optimization design of low-carbon hybrid concrete containing slag and limestone powder | 10.1007/s11356-022-22918-9 |
2023-01-01 | Adhesions are a largely inevitable and integral part of abdominal surgical practice. The clinical problems manifested by abdominal adhesions are challenging and associated with significant morbidity and, some data suggest, mortality. The direct and indirect costs to healthcare systems globally associated with managing adhesions and their sequelae are significant and divert resources from other areas of need. While a scientific literature has accumulated on the pathophysiology of adhesions and their formation, there has not been much research of translational impact. Thus, progress on the prevention of adhesions or their therapy has been slow. The overall incidence of post-operative adhesions remains very much the same as before the end of the twentieth century. Minimally invasive surgery is associated with less formation of adhesions, and may reduce associated complications with further refinement. There is an unmet need for research primarily in the field adhesion prevention strategies, focusing on innovative and novel anti-adhesion molecules and larger studies with better methodology. While research is ongoing, the foremost preventative strategy remains strict attention to detail and the fundamental principles of surgery. EPS is a difficult clinical entity to manage. Due to the relative rarity of the condition, there is limited experience worldwide of optimum management. The best outcomes are achieved in centres which have consolidated experience over the years. Surgery is the gold standard treatment for the condition if performed carefully. There is a recurrence rate of about 25% after surgery which may require repeat surgery. However individuals can achieve a cure and lead normal lives with normal gut function after successful surgery. Transplantation may be encouraged after successful EPS surgery. | Peritoneal Adhesions and Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis | 10.1007/978-3-031-22265-8_8 |
2023-01-01 | Small low-inflow intermittently closed estuaries are common in Mediterranean climates worldwide; however, despite their important contributions to ecosystem services and coastal resilience, their dynamics have been less well studied relative to classical (i.e., deeper, persistent freshwater inflow) estuaries. It is known that infragravity wave propagation into these estuaries can induce strong currents and that closures lead to stagnating flows and declining water quality; however, how the estuarine circulation (tidal and subtidal) dynamically drives and responds to these conditions remains largely unknown. Here we analyze over 4 years of hydrodynamic observations in Los Peñasquitos Lagoon, a low-inflow, intermittently closed estuary in Southern California, to examine wave propagation into the estuary, sill accretion, and the estuarine circulation response over tidal, fortnightly, seasonal, and interannual time scales, providing an unprecedented view as to how these systems respond to changing forcing. Wave observations near the estuary inlet show that wave energy inside the inlet, which contributes to sill accretion, is dependent on water level relative to the sill height and has a tidal variation due to wave-current interactions. Tidal phase averages of conditions during open, pre-closure, spring, neap, and closed conditions highlight the large dynamic range that these estuaries experience. During open, low sill conditions, circulation and stratification are consistent with stratification-induced periodic straining and subtidal exchange varies with the fortnightly cycle as observed in many classical estuaries. However, as the sill grows, tidal circulation weakens and becomes strongly sheared and the subtidal exchange no longer scales with a classical theoretical pressure-friction balance. | Hydrodynamic Variability of an Intermittently Closed Estuary over Interannual, Seasonal, Fortnightly, and Tidal Timescales | 10.1007/s12237-021-01014-0 |
2023-01-01 | The gasoline compression ignition (GCI) benefits have been confined to mid-load operating conditions. GCI engines show combustion instability at idle and low engine load operations. They must be able to operate over the whole engine map to enable commercial applications. This work focuses on the gasoline compression ignition engine’s idling and low loads performance. A 70% v/v gasoline and 30% v/v diesel blend (G70) was used as a fuel. The engine speed varied from 750 to 2800 rpm, and the load ranged from 1 to 3 bar brake mean effective pressure. The gasoline compression ignition engine’s characteristics were compared to the baseline mode. The gasoline compression ignition engine showed slightly higher fuel consumption than baseline at idle. Increased (up to 20%) exhaust gas recirculation showed significant improvement in efficiency and emissions at low loads. Non-reactive computational fluid dynamics simulation showed more fuel parcels in the squish region in the gasoline compression ignition. | Numerical Simulation and Emissions Performance of a Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine at High Idle and Low-Load Conditions | 10.1007/978-3-031-45705-0_96 |
2023-01-01 | The large-scale low-speed wind tunnel test system is complex, involving many equipment, parameters, and data. In order to monitor the state of the system, quickly determine and locate the cause of the fault when the system is abnormal. Based on advanced sensors and network technology, this paper monitors the components and parameters of the system in real time. Through the three-dimensional simulation method, the digital twin system construction of the wind tunnel system including the model is realized, and the data visualization method is combined with the machine learning technology to intelligently predict and diagnose the faults and causes of the test data. Through the research in this paper, the technical foundation is laid for the construction of the smart wind tunnel laboratory. | Research on Health Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnosis Technology of Large-Scale Low-Speed Wind Tunnel | 10.1007/978-981-19-7652-0_47 |
2023-01-01 | A transition state control method for civil aeroengine that can take into account both pollutant emission suppression and thrust response tasks is proposed to improve the flight tasks of civil aircraft and further ensure the flight quality of civil aircraft. The NOx generation mechanism is used to establish a cost function that can include speed control and NOx emission control at the same time, and the emission reduction target in the transition state control process of civil aeroengine is achieved by solving the cost function. Aiming at the phenomenon of coupling between the state vector itself and the input vector in the cost function, the transition state control law is solved by the HJB function. The transition state performance simulation of civil aeroengine is carried out on the T-MATS platform. The simulation results show that the transition state control method of civil aeroengine oriented towards the NOx emission reduction target can meet both the transition state thrust response control requirements and the NOx emission reduction requirements, and the control method can reduce NOx emissions by 14.5% in a certain transition process. | Design of Transition State Control Method for Civil Aviation Engine Facing NOx Emission Reduction Target | 10.1007/978-981-19-6613-2_537 |
2023-01-01 | In order to solve the problems of poor internal space utilization and low torque density of commonly used low-speed high-torque motors, a new type of dual-stator low-speed high-torque permanent magnet synchronous motor(DS-LSHTPMSM) with hybrid rotor is proposed in this paper. The motor adopts a permanent magnet-reluctance hybrid single-rotor dual-stator structure, the outer motor can be regarded as a permanent magnet motor, and the inner motor can be regarded as a reluctance motor, and the inner and outer motors are connected to each other through a magnetic isolation ring. For the special operation principle and topological structure of the proposed motor, the overall mechanical structure of the motor is designed and analyzed. Aiming at the support problem of the stator in the motor, a new structure of hollow stationary shaft is proposed, and double-end support is adopted to enhance the structural stability of the motor. To ensure the safe operation of the motor, the mechanical strength and stiffness of the main structure of the motor are analyzed in detail by the finite element analysis(FEA) method. The analysis results show that the stress on the main structural parts is within the safety range limited by their materials, and the motor can run safely and stably. | Structure Design and Stress Analysis of New Hybrid Rotor Dual Stator Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor | 10.1007/978-981-99-3404-1_36 |
2023-01-01 | We proposed and addressed methods for using multiple energy harvesting strategies to power a wearable sensory glove. The capabilities of piezoelectric and thermal energy harvesters were reported, with hand motions and body heat used to these goals. A potential multi-input single-output DC-DC architecture was proposed to harvest energy from the two sources, and power analysis results were used to assess the harvesting system viability in terms of the amount of gathered power required to power the target applications. | Energy Harvesting Techniques for Sensory Glove Systems | 10.1007/978-3-031-08136-1_32 |
2023-01-01 | We present the successful development of an Ultraviolet (UV) index monitoring device for determining the daily exposure of an individual to sunlight. The core of the monitor is the calibrated measurement of the UV ray’s incident on the UV nano sensor that was fabricated by self-assembling the ZnO nanoparticle aerosols on a glass substrate featuring platinum interdigitated electrodes. Using Bluetooth low energy 5.0 communication system, the device was connected to the companion mobile application named “UV Index Monitor”. The UV index level varies from 1 to 10, where 1 stand for safe UV radiation and 10 stands for extremely harmful UV exposure. The alert messages will be displayed on the companion application to communicate with the end-users to manage their exposure to UV rays. The device is designed in a wearable watch frame with the dimensions of 5.0 × 3.0 × 2.0 cm and is powered by a 3.7 V rechargeable battery. The UV index data stored in the mobile application can be shared through emails or other platforms for storage. | Wearable Ultraviolet Photodetector for Real Time UV Index Monitoring | 10.1007/978-3-031-29871-4_24 |
2023-01-01 | Carbon neutrality is an important topic of environmental economics, and it is also an important strategy to promote the development of low-carbon buildings. The article takes an eco-leisure guesthouse next to the Art Town of Zinitang, Panyu, Guangzhou as a practical case, and studies the honeycomb paper calcium silicate board produced by construction users as the wall material, which is fully integrated into the design. Finally, it provides reference for the low-carbon design mode of modern vernacular architecture in Guangzhou. | Research on the Innovative Design Mode of Guangzhou Vernacular Architecture Under the Background of Carbon Neutrality | 10.1007/978-981-19-5217-3_123 |
2023-01-01 | The manuscript proposes a novel double gate double-channel AlGaN/GaN MOS high electron mobility transistor (DG-DC-MOS-HEMT) for the low noise amplifier (LNA) applications. Double-channel structure importance on high-frequency noise and analog/RF performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMT have been explored in this work through TCAD device simulations. The existence of lower channels improves the transconductance (g m ), unity gain cut-off frequency (f T ), and minimum noise figure (NF min ) of DG-DC-MOS-HEMT compared to DG-MOS-HEMT. The DG-DC-MOS-HEMT with channel length of 220 nm exhibits g m of 0.85mS/um, f T of 137GHz, and NF min of 0.21 dB. For the first time in this paper, an LNA using DG-DC-MOS-HEMT has been designed for X-Band radar applications. An s2p model is developed for DG-DC-MOS-HEMT and the models are incorporated into the ADS simulator to utilize the proposed device in circuit simulations. Comparing the results of LNA by DG-DC-MOS-HEMT with LNA by DG-MOS-HEMT at f = 10GHz, an increase of 56% and 36%, respectively, in noise figure (NF) and forward voltage gain (S 21 ), was found. This paper gives an opportunity to attain high-performance LNA with the proposed DG-DC-MOS-HEMT. | Double Gate Double-Channel AlGaN/GaN MOS HEMT and its Applications to LNA with Sub-1 dB Noise Figure | 10.1007/s12633-022-02083-x |
2023-01-01 | FRPCs are highly susceptible to impact damages such as drop tools, hail stones, shocks, vibrations, and overload. Hybridization of fibers is one of the effective method to improve the damage resistance characteristics. The incorporation of nanoparticles in matrix material enhance the toughness of polymer composites leads to improve the fatigue life the components. In this work, the effect of addition of nanoparticles and hybridization of fibers on fatigue life of the FRPCs was investigated without compromising the stiffness and cost. Three sets of CGFRP laminates namely (45°G/0°C/45°G) S and (45°C/0°G/45°G) S , (45°C/0°G/45°G) S lay-up sequenced laminates were prepared using hand layup process. The low velocity impact (LVI) test was conducted on the CGFRP specimens in accordance with ASTM D5628F standard. After that both the impacted and non-impacted composite laminates were tested for their fatigue life with the constant stress ratio R. The stress vs number of cycles curve were plotted using the fatigue testing set-up. | Fatigue Life Prediction of Impact Damaged CGFRP Hybrid Laminates for Structural Applications | 10.1007/978-981-99-5289-2_6 |
2023-01-01 | It is a new direction to extract gas from gas well wellbore effusion by using microorganisms, which is still in the experimental stage. Compared with chemical surfactants, biosurfactants produced by microbial metabolism have the advantages of low toxicity, environmental friendliness and easy biodegradation. It has good application prospects in many fields. The low production and low efficiency gas wells caused by wellbore effusion in Sulige gas field exceed 65% of the total number of wells, which has become an important factor restricting the sustainable stable production and enhanced oil recovery of the gas field. In view of the problem of wellbore effusion in low production and low efficiency gas wells, a microbial foam drainage and gas recovery process test was carried out. Based on the study of comprehensive geological and stratigraphic characteristics, the corresponding microbial flora was selected, and the biosurfactant produced by its metabolism was studied and tested from three aspects: first, the experimental study of petroleum material degradation, formation water surface tension, water quality and drainage efficiency; Secondly, the sensitivity analysis of the influencing factors of biosurfactants was carried out; Finally, the field test is carried out and the effect is evaluated. Research and experiments show that microbial foam drainage technology can quickly discharge water and increase gas well production. Under extreme weather conditions ( −20 ℃), there is no ice blockage and little pollution to formation water. It is suitable for promotion in similar gas fields. | Research and Field Test of Microbial Bubble Drainage Process | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_377 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.