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2023-01-01 | Today, when we advocate the development of new energy vehicles, the improvement of battery management system is an important factor in the development of electric vehicles. Therefore, the estimation of the state of power batteries has become the key factor to ensure the safe driving of the vehicles. Traditional research on the low residual charge of power battery mostly uses the charge and discharge data of single battery under ideal experimental conditions, which may not be able to adapt to the real complex and changeable driving conditions and separate from the real driving environment. To solve this problem, this work relies on the national big data alliance of new energy vehicles and uses the data-driven method to build a time-varying, battery voltage, battery current and other angles to reflect the current working status of the remaining power (SOC) of the power battery. The type of power battery used in this paper is lithium iron phosphate battery, and the alarm group and prediction group are designed. The data of the alarm group are the collected power battery data detected as low residual power (SOC), and the data of the prediction group are the driving data of vehicles from May 9, 2019 to November 5, 2020. The logical regression algorithm is used to extract the battery characteristic information of low residual power, establish a model, and use the model to predict the data of the prediction group. | Risk Prediction of Power Battery Based on Logistic Regression Algorithm | 10.1007/978-981-19-3842-9_44 |
2023-01-01 | Based on a villager activity center in the southern minority area of Hunan Province designed by the author, this paper explores an architectural design strategy that adapts to the characteristics of climate, production and lifestyle, and the characteristics of minority communities. Through interviews with villagers and field research in the early stage, the regional climate characteristics and spatial location characteristics of the town are studied and applied to the location of buildings and the design of external space. Then we combined the typological research method to analyze the space characteristics required by the daily life, social activities, and etiquette activities of the ethnic minority community where the project is located, namely “Gaoshan Yao”, to obtain the space life prototypes of local people, such as the hall and patio, eaves gallery, stairs and sun terrace, and to explore the relationship between these “prototype” spaces and people’s daily social life. In the result part of the design, this paper mainly responds to the two main problems of “Community culture construction” and “low-cost construction”. The first problem is “the construction of public activity space in ethnic minority communities”. We propose a cross-cultural design strategy based on architectural typology, that is, how to adapt the characteristics of ethnic minority cultural life etiquette activities in the design of architectural space, and present a certain degree of “heterogeneity” and “modernity”. The second question is “how to deal with the cost limit and improve the construction quality as much as possible during the construction process”. In the process of architectural design and construction, due to the limited budget and the low level of construction technology in the region, the architect team decided to form a construction team with local villagers to carry out the construction. The architect designed some special masonry structures composed of bricks and concrete to provide a good space experience while meeting the budget. In short, this paper aims to explore how to integrate the needs of a minority immigrant community into the design of a public building and form a new activity center and spiritual center of the villagers’ “community” through a design research example. | Contemporary Retrospection of Local Tradition—The Design of Cultural Service Center and Local Workshops of Ruyi Village, Shuikou Town, Yao Autonomous County of Jianghua | 10.1007/978-3-031-36993-3_8 |
2023-01-01 | Development of fermented flavour during storage reduces acceptability of Shughri pear. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the combined effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and hypobaric treatment on stability of Shughri pear during 120 days of storage. Fruit were treated individually or combinedly with 25, 50, and 75 kilo pascal hypobaric treatments for 4 h and 1-MCP (0.3 μLL −1 and 0.6 μLL −1 ) for 24 h, whereas control received no treatment. The pears were stored for 120 days at (0 ± 1 °C, 85 ± 5% RH), and were evaluated after every 30 days. After cold storage, pears were shifted to simulated retail conditions (20 ± 3 °C, 65 ± 5% RH). The combination of 25 kPa + 0.6 μLL −1 1-MCP significantly (P ≤ 0.05) delayed fruit ripening, reduced Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activities, maintained the quality, and led to higher consumers’ acceptability of the pear followed by 50 kPa + 0.6 μLL −1 and 25 kPa + 0.3 μLL −1 . The control fruit were marketable for a week after storage with relatively less acceptability due to fermented flavour compared to treated fruit, marketable for more than two weeks. Among all the treatments, the synergy of 1-MCP and hypobaric treatment 25 kPa + 0.6 μLL −1 1-MCP improved the postharvest storage life and quality parameters, preventing development of fermented flavour in the pears. The experiment was conducted on pilot scale, for commercial application, the results of this study should be validated on large scale. | Synergy of 1-MCP and hypobaric treatments prevent fermented flavour and improve consumers’ acceptability of ‘Shughri’ pear | 10.1007/s13197-022-05605-y |
2023-01-01 | Tourism is viewed as a useful instrument to foster development, as it generates employment, creates wealth and its rapid growth is considered as an attractive possibility for sustainable development. However, mass tourism and rapid development in Goa have impacted the ecology, inflicted enormous stress on the environment, energy and socio-economic conditions of the local community. The positive effects have been shielded by the adverse ones largely due to the disconnect between the policy on the one hand and its execution and outcome on the other. Management of the coastal zone has been a serious concern both due to population pressures and preferred site for urbanization and settlement consequently the mangrove forests have borne the brunt. Large-scale migration to cities and immigration have impacted housing, transportation, health care, education and all other activities. Loss of local traditions, native customs and destruction of local culture show a rising trend. Although tourism was intended to be inclusive by integrating all stakeholders, particularly the women, underprivileged and economically weaker sections of the society, the benefits of economic development have not permeated the society as expected in the nation’s goal of achieving ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India). The State should be vigilant enough to curb tourism that jeopardize s the safety of women and children, and control growing crime and antisocial activities. Tourism activity should be regulated to sustainable levels by determining the carrying capacity of the State. The programs and strategies of the tourism industry in the State are critically analysed and based on the human, economic, environmental and social sustainability of the State resources, the future perspective of sustainable tourism is outlined as a means of sustainable development. | Sustainable Tourism | 10.1007/978-981-99-1843-0_7 |
2023-01-01 | Geographically, an altitude greater than or equal to 3600 m is called a high altitude. There are many environmental conditions that are not suitable for human survival in high altitude areas. However, there are still military struggles in high-altitude areas around the world. Moreover, my country still has a long border line located in high-altitude areas, and there are still problems of homeland defense and security in these high-altitude areas. Improving the hypoxic adaptability of mountain troops, especially special operations troops, will help improve the formation and maintenance of mountain combat effectiveness. There are abundant mountainous geographical resources in the Southwest, which can help special forces members carry out adaptability training in a plateau hypoxic environment. Therefore, it improved the ability of mountain special operations team members to maintain sufficient combat effectiveness in a low-oxygen environment. In addition to passively adopting sleep to adapt to the hypoxic environment throughout the training program, the living high training high method systematic drill solution can use a variety of effective combinations to better help special forces adapt to the hypoxic plateau environment, maintaining and improving combat effectiveness so as to lay a good foundation for combat ability. | Research on Systematic Training of Special Forces Adaptability to High-Altitude Mountainous Low-Oxygen Environment | 10.1007/978-981-99-4882-6_66 |
2023-01-01 | Aiming at the problem that the clay minerals in the reservoir of the same-well-injection-production well in an oilfield are easy to expand and disperse and the formation water absorption capacity is reduced, the micromolecular anti-swelling agent system is developed, with good anti-swelling property, the water-flushing resistance and low corrosion rate. The micromolecular anti-swelling, depressurization and injection increasing system is formed in combination with the other on-site additives, with the anti-swelling rate up to 87.88% the water-flushing resistance rate up to 100% and low corrosion rate. The indoor core flow simulation experiments show that, the system has good long-term anti-swelling performance and a significant effect of reducing pressure and increasing water injection. The field test shows that the average daily increasing injection of a single well in the test well is 24m 3 , and the measures have good effect. | Research and Application of Micromolecular Anti-swelling, Depressurization and Injection Increasing System in the Same-Well-Injection-Production Well | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_395 |
2023-01-01 | In this paper, a180 nm CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit with inductively generated cascode topology has been presented. This LNA has been designed to cover the operating frequency range of 3.6–6.3 GHz. The presented amplifier achieved a wide band input and output matching with S 11 and S 22 lower than −10 dB for an entire band of frequency. The simulation end result shows that the proposed LNA has a forward gain ( S 21 ) of 12–20 dB with a minimum noise figure of 4.5 dB. The proposed LNA has been designed with TSMC 180-nm CMOS technology. The low noise amplifier is biased at 1.8 V supply voltage. | A 3.6–6.3 GHz High Gain Wideband LNA Using Cascode Topology | 10.1007/978-981-99-2680-0_35 |
2023-01-01 | During the operation of the low-voltage cable, due to external force pulling, oxidation corrosion and other reasons, it is easy to cause damage and aging of the cable insulation skin, and produce arc at the local damage location. Based on the magnetohydrodynamics theory, an electromagnetic-fluid coupling simulation method of low voltage cable arc is proposed. Trilinear interpolation method is used to solve the problem of data mapping between heterogeneous grids in 3D multi-physical coupling process. A method for multi-thread parallel computing is established. The task of each thread is dynamically allocated to improve the efficiency of data mapping between solvers. Based on the simulation method, the dynamic process of BVVB two-core cable arc is calculated. The accuracy of the simulation is verified by experiment. | Research on Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation Method of Low Voltage Cable Arc | 10.1007/978-981-99-3404-1_76 |
2023-01-01 | Titanium nitride (TiN) is a ceramic material with physical properties such as extreme hardness, high decomposition temperature, defect structure, and gold-yellow color. TiN is generally considered non-toxic and safe; however, hazards have not been identified, especially in workers after inhalation exposure. Here, we conducted a four-week inhalation toxicity study of TiN using a nose-only inhalation exposure system in Sprague–Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to TiN for 4 weeks (6 h a day, 5 days per week) at target concentrations of 45, 90, and 180 mg/m 3 . Clinical signs, mean body weight changes, hematology, blood biochemistry, necropsy, organ weight, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, and histopathological findings were observed. Analytical concentrations of the low, middle, and high-concentration groups were 45.55 ± 3.18 mg/m 3 , 90.69 ± 7.30 mg/m 3 , and 183.87 ± 15.21 mg/m 3 , respectively. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) for the low, middle, and high-concentration groups were 1.44 ± 0.07 μm, 1.47 ± 0.18 μm, and 1.68 ± 0.16 μm, and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) was 2.24 ± 0.03, 2.31 ± 0.16, and 2.43 ± 0.11, respectively. No systemic adverse effects were observed after inhalation exposure to TiN; however, histopathological findings (increased phagocytic macrophages and alveolar/bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia) and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) analysis (elevated lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase values) showed adverse effects on the lungs in the middle and high-concentration groups. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) is suggested to be 45 mg/m 3 . | The effects of 4-week inhalation exposure to titanium nitride on lungs of Sprague–Dawley rats | 10.1007/s43188-022-00162-0 |
2023-01-01 | No consistent results from past studies have been found on the relationship between the effects of air pollutant exposure, preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) in fetuses. This study aimed to analyze the impact of high concentrations of air pollutants on the health outcomes of fetuses, especially regarding PTB and LBW. This study used keywords related to air pollutants, pregnancy, and birth outcomes, to search the literature within the databases of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase, which were published as of July 26, 2022. A total of 24 studies were included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis revealed that nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure throughout pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PTB. Maternal exposure to PM 2.5 (particulate matter sized less than 2.5 μm) during gestation was associated with the risk of LBW. The findings of this meta-analysis provide an important foundation for evaluating the relationship between exposure of air pollutants and fetal birth outcomes in countries with severe air pollution in the future. | Risks of preterm birth and low birth weight and maternal exposure to NO2/PM2.5 acquired by dichotomous evaluation: a systematic review and meta-analysis | 10.1007/s11356-022-24520-5 |
2023-01-01 | Electric generators with a free piston promise significant advantages over generators of the classical layout, due to the friction reduction and piston movement from the upper to the lower dead center. In this paper, we study the positioning of generator free piston without rigid mechanical stroke restriction based on an electromagnetic damper. The article considers two groups of windings: generator windings and two positioning windings. Generator windings provide voltage generation. Positioning windings by counter-switching the supply voltage provide stop and reverse with the compressed fuel mixture of the piston in the upper dead center. A switch synchronized by the control unit ensures line discharge to the positioning windings. The resulting magnetic counter-switching flow forms a braking moment on the working rod having a permanent magnet system. | Positioning of Generators with a Free Piston Reverse Electromagnetic Damper | 10.1007/978-3-031-20631-3_15 |
2023-01-01 | Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers among women in the world because of its aggressive behavior and inadequate response to conventional therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with green nanomaterials could be an efficient tool in cell cancer therapy. This study examined the curative effects of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) coated with fermented soymilk and a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR) in DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinoma in female rats. DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinoma as marked by an elevation of mRNA level of cancer promoter genes (Serpin and MIF, LOX-1, and COL1A1) and serum level of VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, CA15-3, and caspase-3 with the reduction in mRNA level of suppressor gene (FST and ADRP). These deleterious effects were hampered after treatment with BM-MSCs (1 × 10 6 cells/rat) once and daily administration of SeNPs (20 mg/kg body weight) and exposure once to (0.25 Gy) LDR. Finally, MSCs, SeNPs, and LDR notably modulated the expression of multiple tumor promoters and suppressor genes playing a role in breast cancer induction and suppression. | Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Selenium Nanoparticles Synergize with Low Dose of Gamma Radiation to Suppress Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis via Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment | 10.1007/s12011-022-03146-1 |
2023-01-01 | Currently, a number of studies have found that high levels of carbon dioxide in an enclosed space increase the probability of COVID-19 infection and can have adverse health effects. The control of the levels of certain gases, such as carbon dioxide, has become significantly relevant during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study presents a system for indoor air quality monitoring and counting in an enclosed space. Furthermore, the system has been evaluated in a case study with different scenarios and it is analysed how the ventilation affects the air quality levels in the enclosed space. For example, the raw carbon dioxide value obtained from the MQ135 sensor is 63 without any person in the room compared to the raw value of 148 when there are 4 people. All this is done using the Internet of Things paradigm and the implementation of intelligent ambients. | Monitoring Environments with New Generation Devices | 10.1007/978-3-031-48306-6_3 |
2023-01-01 | With the destruction of ecosystems, the genetic resources of many crop species are on the verge of extinction. It has become a global concern to conserve existing genetic resources and maintain its diversity for future use. To achieve this goal, pollen cryopreservation can be a major breakthrough. Like seeds, pollen is also a form of plant germplasm that carries the genetic information of the plant. So, to promote conservation, pollen cryopreservation was encouraged worldwide among the scientific community since the 1960s. In musk melon, conservation and utilization of pollen is very much essential in the crop improvement program. It is helpful in the conservation of quality pollen of wild species and cross-compatible species for the execution of timely breeding program under adverse situation. For successful conservation, the role of cryopreservation cannot be ignored. In this chapter, we discussed the significance and procedure involved in cryopreservation of muskmelon pollen under ultra-low temperature for long-term conservation and utilization. | Cryopreservation of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) Pollen for Exploring Breeding Possibilities | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2843-0_22 |
2023-01-01 | Today’s casting industries strive to produce high-quality cast components in an efficient, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable way. To achieve this, with an indigenously developed, well-controlled digital vibratory setup, this study examines the effect of high amplitude vibration on the density, silicon morphology, and mechanical properties of A308 alloy. The metallurgical alterations were evaluated by optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The size of α-Al grains, SDAS, length, width, and aspect ratio of eutectic Si particles decreased by 53%, 63%, 71%, 18%, and 62%, respectively. In comparison, the shape factor and density increased by 39% and 2.5%, respectively. Consequently, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, % elongation, and microhardness increased by 16%, 25%, 17%, and 42%, respectively, at 2.5 mm amplitude and 10 Hz frequency compared with the conventional casting method. Refinement in eutectic silicon particle size (length, width and aspect ratio) and shape (plate to fibrous), dendrite fragmentation, structural uniformity, decreased porosities, and subsequent increase in density contributed to this improvement in mechanical properties. The SEM fractographs of tensile test samples showed a transgranular brittle fracture. At 10 Hz frequency, the fracture surfaces exhibit brittle fracture mode with partial ductility. | Influence of High Amplitude Mould Vibration on the Morphology of Silicon in the Al-Si Alloy (A308) | 10.1007/s12633-022-01997-w |
2023-01-01 | Carbon dioxide displacement technology has been well used in low permeability oilfields, but in the process of the medium being injected into the reservoir, solid deposition may be precipitated under several conditions including miscibility, near-miscibility and immiscibility. The terminal phenomenon is often that the seepage channels in the reservoir were blocked, thereby increasing the flow resistance of the crude oil. This research focused on the damage of high paraffin-low permeability reservoir via the carbon dioxide displacement mode. The minimum miscibility pressure and relevant pressure range were tested by slim-tube experiment, the experiment result showed three intervals including the near-miscible pressure range, which provides a reference for the design of long core displacement experiment. And then, the structural characteristics of spliced long core were considered, two groups of related carbon dioxide displacement experiments under different pressures were designed. The contribution of core units to damage was evaluated, and the law of permeability reduction and the distribution characteristics of solid deposition were analyzed, which provide a certain reference for carbon dioxide displacement production in some reservoirs with similar backgrounds. From the experimental results, the permeability reduction rates of long cores reached the peak value at different stages, and then decreased, which was associated with the mesh screen effect of pore structure. The location of the intense permeability reduction and deposition was different, and this interference needed to be prevented near the production end in miscible mining environment. | The Damage of High Paraffin-Low Permeability Reservoir Under Carbon Dioxide Displacement Mode | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_458 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract Tests for low-cycle fatigue in the elastic-plastic deformation region of samples made of 09G2S steel prepared on a 3D laser printer by selective laser Melting (SLM-steel) were carried out. The major hysteresis loops and field dependences of the reversible magnetic permeability were measured. It was found that normalization at 980°C (1 h) reduces the tensile strength of SLM steel 09G2S by 2 times ( $${{\sigma }_{{\text{u}}}} = 502$$ MPa) and increases the elongation by almost 6 times ( $$\delta = 34.6\% $$ ), bringing this steel closer to cast steel 09G2S. The magnetic properties ( $${{H}_{{\text{c}}}},\;{{B}_{{\text{r}}}},\;{{\mu }_{{\max }}}$$ ) of cast and SLM-normalized steel before and after cyclic tests are similar. The main changes in these properties of both cast and SLM steel are observed at the initial stage of low-cycle tests; a further increase in the number of cycles (up to the destruction of the test samples) does not lead to any considerable change in them. The nature of the change in the magnetoelastic field $${{H}_{\sigma }}$$ determined from the experimental field dependences of reversible magnetic permeability during low-cycle tests for cast and SLM steels is radically different: for cast steel 09G2S, the magnetoelastic field $${{H}_{\sigma }}$$ practically does not change with increasing the number of cycles, whereas for steel 09G2S manufactured using selective laser melting, there is a sharp increase in the value of $${{H}_{\sigma }}$$ by 30% during the first test cycles that is most likely due to an increase in residual stresses. | Magnetic Properties of Cyclically Tensile-Deformed Steel 09G2S Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting | 10.1134/S1061830923700201 |
2023-01-01 | The development of wireless communication systems has had a great increase due to the needs of digital services that are increasingly demanded by today’s societies. Wireless networks have become the most used systems by an increasingly growing number of users. In this context, the same wireless networks have diversified; proof of this are the solutions known as IoT (Internet of Things) based on LPWAN networks (Low Power Wide Area Network), which are adaptable, of low cost and relatively low development complexity, which have the potential to be used in a wide type of applications. Despite the advantages that they represent and the benefits that they could provide, there are still challenges to overcome in terms of design and implementation. One of the main aspects that require attention is the development and adaptation of an information (data) encapsulation structure according to the needs of the system and the application, since such an information must be transported safely, fully and efficiently, always respecting the limitations of the communications system. This paper proposes a data framing protocol structure based on an LPWAN/IoT monitoring system, which is based on COTS components and has the function of acquiring environmental variables. | Development and Coding of a Data Framing Protocol for IoT/LPWAN Networks Based on 8-Bit Processing Architectures | 10.1007/978-3-031-45316-8_22 |
2023-01-01 | The concept of using short range radio technology is to connect small devices to the internet or other functions that play a very important role in the development of IoT (Internet of Things). One of the new short range radio technologies at this time is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). This technology has considerable potential because of its low cost, very low energy consumption, and long range. This study aimed to analyze the RSSI value of the speed of data transmission on SPO2 and BPM via Bluetooth Low Energy by using several parameters, such as distance and baud rate, to see whether there is any lost data on receiving SPO2 and BPM data that have been sent by a pulse oximetry using several parameters measured. This study was conducted using the MAX30100 sensor as BPM and SPO2 data, and the ESP32TTGO T-Display microcontroller as a Bluetooth Low Energy module. In this study, the output of the MAX30100 sensor will be processed on the ESP32TTGO T-Display microcontroller, which will then be sent to Android using Bluetooth Low Energy. Then the data will be displayed on Android and on the OLED ESP32TTGO T-Display. The data collection process was carried out at a distance of 0 to 1.5 m for 10 repetitions for each distance with a time of 1 trial for 60 s. The highest lost data was obtained at a distance of 1.5 m with a value of 8.0%. The highest time delay value was obtained at a distance of 1.5 m with a value of 2.3%, while the lowest time delay value was obtained at a distance of 0 cm with a value of 0%. At a measurement distance of 2 m, the Android application captures the RSSI value of −76 dBm, with a constant A value of −69 dBm and a constant n value of 2. The distance results obtained from the RSSI calculation are 2.24 m away. From this study, it can be concluded that the pulse oximetry module can be used using an android application that uses Bluetooth low energy communication equipped with the RSSI value, and the database of BPM and SPO2 measurement results on the android application. The findings of this study are expected to be used as a tool for monitoring the health of patients in hospitals, without worrying about the data network to monitor the results. | Analysis of Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) on Pulse Oximetry Data Delivery via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) | 10.1007/978-981-99-0248-4_39 |
2023-01-01 | It is commonly believed that large-scale & multi-stage fracturing is an effective way to recover oil from thin, low porosity and ultra-low permeability tight reservoirs. With the gradual increase of operation scale and the number of fracturing sections, the fracturing string will vibrate violently due to the high pressure, large circulation rate and long rig time for the large-scale repeated fracturing stimulation in horizontal wells. Through theoretical analysis of the main factors affecting the fracturing string vibration and the statistics data in the field practical operation, the sealing failure rate probability of lower packer will increase by 75% when the fracturing circulation rate exceeds 8 m 3 /min. In order to improve the stability and safety of the fracturing string, the mechanical two-way anchor fracturing technology in horizontal wells has been developed to realize the multi-function of zonal isolation, fracturing, repeated setting and releasing in one trip. The compression fracturing packer with low setting force has been innovatively designed, which is set and released in mechanical way. The packer has dual-function of sealing and slip anchoring, which can not only effectively seal the annulus, but also tightly anchor the fracturing string. Under the low setting force of 20 kN, the packer can be fully set with the advantages of favorable repeated setting and releasing performance. The mechanical two-way anchor fracturing technology in horizontal wells realizes the large circulation rate, long span and multi-cluster fracturing stimulation, and improves the stability and safety of large-scale fracturing operation. Filed runs and lab testing have confirmed that the mechanical two-way anchor fracturing technology is a viable option in recover oil from thin, low porosity and ultra-low permeability tight reservoirs in horizontal wells. | Development and Application of Mechanical Two-Way Anchor Fracturing Technology in Horizontal Wells | 10.1007/978-981-99-2649-7_38 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter delves deep into architectural and circuit capabilities to enable high-resolution ADCs (>10-bits) while preserving the multi-GHz sample rate and bandwidth and maximizing the efficiency. Such high resolution, multi-GHz sample rate and bandwidth, low-power RF sampling ADCs are of great interest in next generation wideband communication, data acquisition, and instrumentation applications. First, the needs and challenges for efficiently realizing such RF sampling ADCs are overviewed, and common ADC architectural choices and their trade-offs are briefly discussed. Consequently, a novel TI hybrid RF sampling ADC is presented, and its performance-enabling principles are detailed. Finally, the experimental verification of the ADC prototype in 28 nm CMOS, including the detailed measurement setup, the measured results, and a comparison with recent state-of-the-art, is treated thoroughly. | High-Resolution Wide-Bandwidth Time-Interleaved RF ADC | 10.1007/978-3-031-22709-7_6 |
2023-01-01 | Aiming at the clay action and diffusion in the process of ultra-low permeability rock imbibition, the research results in this area are reviewed in recent years, showing the universal law of clay-rich ultra-low permeability rock imbibition. Using the method of citation, the following four aspects have been theoretically organized: the relationship between clay hydration and imbibition, the relationship between ultra-low permeability void size and imbibition, the relationship between shale gas reservoir characteristics and imbibition, and the relationship between diffusion and imbibition. Through combing and analysis, it is found that the hydration and swelling of clay produce compaction and induce cracks in the rock matrix at the same time, and the effects of the two on imbibition are diametrically opposite. Finding out the main controlling factors of destroying pores, improving the pore network by clay hydration, and studying the relationship between seepage law and imbibition in nano-sized porous media are all helpful in understanding imbibition in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. The diffusion in the imbibition process is mainly reflected in the dispersion of surfactant molecules, CO 2 diffusion, ion diffusion under the difference in salinity, and water osmotic pressure. | Influence of Clay and Diffusion Phenomenon on Imbibition of Ultra-low Permeability Rock | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_446 |
2023-01-01 | Many construction scenes feature low-light work, such as nighttime construction and tunnel construction. Poor lighting and low visibility will increase the risk of site accidents. One of the leading causes of construction accidents is unsafe worker behavior, which can be predicted via worker posture estimation. Therefore, this study proposes an Unsupervised Illumination Reflectance Estimation (UIRE-Net) framework for estimating the dark worker pose. On the basis of lightness-color consistency, in spite of ungratified illumination conditions, the “true color” of objects depends on the illumination reflectance only. The illumination reflectance estimation is monotonous to neighboring pixel differences, making the extracted features robust for worker pose estimation. In addition, the proposed UIRE-Net restores image brightness without relying on image pairs. A testing experiment based on nighttime construction workers is conducted to validate the veracity. | Image Illumination Enhancement for Construction Worker Pose Estimation in Low-light Conditions | 10.1007/978-3-031-25082-8_10 |
2023-01-01 | Due to the trend of increasing demand for housing, population growth, and the dilapidated old fund, which has a large percentage of the entire housing stock, the topic of the project is to design a residential building. The demand for low-rise construction is currently huge; this applies to construction outside the city and within it. Today’s citizens prefer to live in their own houses rather than in high-rise buildings. These problems determine the chosen research topic. The paper presents a developed project for the construction of a low-rise house. The research goal is to present the project, considering the optimal internal zoning of the living space. In this research, we relied on the points of view of such authors as B. I. Dalmatov, M. S. Santalova, I. V. Soklakova, S. S. Morkovina, G. G. Orlov, S. G. Komlichenko, A. Yu. Mikhailov, G. K. Sokolov, and V. V. Uskov. The finished project of a three-story residential apartment building consists of two mirror sections of three floors without a deformation seam, with a technical underground for maintenance of engineering communications. The design method of organizing construction works allows for reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of the construction company. | Methods of Organizing the Design of Construction Works | 10.1007/978-3-031-29364-1_118 |
2023-01-01 | EXPOSE | 10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1744 | |
2023-01-01 | The A test area is a narrow and thin sand body oilfield, which has entered a high water cut development period. There are problems such as a high proportion of low-yield wells, low single-well production, fast water cut rising rate, and low recovery degree. Based on the research on the mechanism of periodic water injection, the experimental Periodic water injection technology research is carried out in the area, the test area is divided into 7 blocks, the most representative blocks are selected, theoretical formulas are applied, and numerical simulation technology is used to study and determine the best periodical water injection scheme, periodical water injection method, water injection period and cycle Water injection intensity, determine the optimal periodic water injection method suitable for the test area: alternate water injection in wells, normal oil production, optimal inter-injection period of 120 days, and optimal recovery water injection ratio of 1.4 times, which is the precise water injection for narrow and thin sand body oilfields Development provides new ways and means. | Study on Periodic Water Injection Technology in Low Permeability Oilfield | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_310 |
2023-01-01 | Grappling with ethics in global surgery must begin with a willingness to acknowledge the power dynamics in the field of global health, irrespective of its idealistic roots. Global surgeons must pay attention to frameworks that can guide ethical engagement in trans-border surgical care delivery, education, research, and partnerships. Ethical tensions are seen in delivering quality care versus working with available resources; doing nothing and watching a patient die versus operating out of scope of expertise; informed consent in an unfamiliar language, follow-up, photography, end-of-life care, and so on. We propose the ethics cycle of engagement in global surgical care delivery, with incorporation of ethical thought into planning, execution, evaluation, and adjustments. A western gaze and pose on medical ethics, strongly focused on individual autonomy, may be at odds with the often “common good” or community-centered public health ethics of variable resource contexts. To maintain contextual ethics, visitors must ask and listen, lean strongly on the host system, develop first-hand cultural, religious, and social awareness of the host community, and avoid transposing their own culture, biases, or assumptions. Constructive engagement, humble vulnerability, and sensitive accompaniment are key. We must elevate the voices of local teams to learn “how to” maintain ethics in trans-border surgical care. | How to Maintain Ethical Standards of Global Surgery Practice and Partnerships | 10.1007/978-3-031-28127-3_3 |
2023-01-01 | We present a diffuse interface method for a pressure-based Baer-Nunziato type model for compressible two-phase flows, which allows the use of generic equations of state to describe each phase. The model is made dimensionless by means of a special pressure scaling that recovers the correct scaling of the discrete governing equations in the zero Mach limit, and overcomes the difficulties related to the lack of a clear notion of reference speed of sound in non-equilibrium two-phase flows. The model is equipped with pressure and velocity relaxation terms to impose the mechanical equilibrium between phases after their independent evolution. Two different finite volume schemes are presented. First, a 1D semi-implicit staggered scheme is introduced to show the capability of the model to work with the Peng-Robinson EOS when each phase evolves close to the saturation curve. Then, a preliminary 2D explicit scheme, which does not include the relaxation terms, is presented as a first step toward the development of an unstructured 2D scheme for compressible two-phase flows at all Mach numbers. The validity of the preliminary 2D monolithic implementation of the hyperbolic operator is illustrated through the simulation of a shock-bubble interaction with air and helium. | A Pressure-Based Model for Two-Phase Flows Under Generic Equations of State | 10.1007/978-3-031-30936-6_15 |
2023-01-01 | Posttranslational modifications Posttranslational modifications of histone Histone are intimately related to chromatin/chromosome-mediated cellular events Chromatin/chromosome-mediated cellular events . Among all, the roles of histone modifications including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination Ubiquitination , and SUMOylation SUMOylation of lysine or arginine residue Arginine residue Lysine residue of nucleosome core histones Nucleosome core histones in gene expression have been intensively studied. Genome-wide profiles of histone modification marks revealed their combinatorial organization in the functional features of chromatin Combinatorial organization in the functional features of chromatin . Analysis of histone modification by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is one of the standard assays to examine chromatin states. Although high-throughput sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq) High-throughput sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq) is now widely conducted, classical ChIP-qPCR analysis ChIP-qPCR analysis has advantages in investigation of multiple histone modification marks at a target site simply through the use of relatively small numbers of cells. Since ChIP-qPCR is devoid of biases caused by overamplification Overamplification and inaccurate mapping Inaccurate mapping of sequencing reads, it is a more reliable quantification method than genome-wide ChIP-seq especially for analyses of the low-mappability regions, which harbor many repetitive sequences Repetitive sequences and/or highly homologous segmental multiplications Highly homologous segmental multiplications as found in gene clusters Gene clusters . We have recently analyzed histone H3 and H4 Histone H3 and H4 modifications of the Zscan4 family gene loci Zscan4 family gene loci in an 880 kb gene cluster and found that the atypical enhancer-like structure Atypical enhancer-like structure is formed upon derepression of Zscan4 . In this chapter, we describe the detailed protocols for histone modification ChIP-assay Histone modification ChIP-assay of repeat-enriched gene cluster regions Repeat-enriched gene cluster regions . The protocol here we applied to mouse ES cells, but the protocol is perfectly applicable to human cultured cells and specimens. | Histone Modification Analysis of Low-Mappability Regions | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2433-3_18 |
2023-01-01 | Modern day production sites for teeth manufacturing often utilize a high-level of automation and sophisticated machinery. Finding efficient machine schedules in such a production environment is a challenging task, as complex constraints need to be fulfilled and multiple cost objectives should be minimized. This paper investigates a hyper-heuristic solution approach for the artificial teeth scheduling problem which originates from real-life production sites of the teeth manufacturing industry. We propose a collection of innovative low-level heuristic strategies which can be utilized by state-of-the-art selection-based hyper-heuristic strategies to efficiently solve practical problem instances. Furthermore, the paper introduces eight novel large-scale scheduling scenarios from the industry, which are included in the experimental evaluation of the proposed techniques. An extensive set of experiments with well-known hyper-heuristics on benchmark instances shows that our methods improve state-of-the-art results for the large majority of the instances. | An Investigation of Hyper-Heuristic Approaches for Teeth Scheduling | 10.1007/978-3-031-26504-4_20 |
2023-01-01 | Rapid advancements in affordable, miniaturised air pollution sensor technologies and embedded systems are enabling a new wave of reliable air quality sensing devices. Due to their ability to measure air pollution ad hoc and in great spatio-temporal resolution such devices enable advanced processing and analytics. Our team has been engaged in the development of reliable air quality sensing devices using low-cost sensors, custom sensor boards, embedded software and cloud services. Our devices use pre-calibrated optical Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, measuring concentrations in $$ug/m^3$$ u g / m 3 of PM1.0 , PM2.5 and PM10 , NDIR , $$ CO_2 $$ C O 2 sensors and electrochemical $$\textit{CO}$$ CO sensors, as well as differential pressure sensors, while all devices monitor also humidity and temperature. The data is sampled at a few seconds interval and it is transferred to a cloud-based platform where is stored and visualised in real-time, raising alerts. A delay tolerant middleware stores data locally, temporarily for up to 12 h. The devices have good accuracy, response time and sensitivity in indoor pollution levels, however, they suffer from low signal strength of the WiFi receiver as a result of which they often become disconnected for long period of times. A sensor data analytics platform was therefore developed using python. We introduce two new algorithms for auditing the sampling process and detecting and removing outliers specific to air quality data. Furthermore we introduce a new methodology for detecting patterns based on visual analytics. We have conducted a pilot application in a state-of-the art industrial space that is sensitive to infection caused by particulate matter such as dust. Fifteen PM devices were installed in three different production areas with varying air quality sensitivity. Indicative results from two of the devices from the first production area show that mining sensor timeseries with the above analytics produces useful insights on the level of pollution and industrial activity while confirming the stable performance of our devices. | Industrial Air Quality Visual Sensor Analytics | 10.1007/978-3-031-35308-6_31 |
2023-01-01 | This chapter focuses on upstream immunodepletion of high-abundance proteins from plasma samples and subsequent analysis by fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). The abundances of proteins in biofluid proteomes, such as serum, plasma, saliva, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), can exceed ten orders of magnitude. This substantial dynamic range is problematic for the detection of medium and low-abundance proteins by 2D-DIGE analysis. To increase the detection, quantification, and identification of medium-low-abundance proteins, the targeted depletion of known abundant proteins with antibody columns has been successfully employed. From the literature, it is clear that the performance of abundant protein depletion with immunodepletion columns has been successful in broadening the coverage of the biofluid proteome and facilitating the identification of disease-specific biomarkers. The task for a successful biomarker strategy involves the combination of a reproducible and robust fractionation method, coupled with a highly accurate quantitative method, a task that is exemplified by combining both immunodepletion and 2D-DIGE together to discover significant proteins associated with the disease phenotype. | DIGE Analysis of Immunodepleted Plasma | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2831-7_25 |
2023-01-01 | Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic respiratory disease caused by a bacterial infection and has one of the highest mortality worldwide. Timely and precise TB detection is crucial as it can be dangerous if left untreated. To achieve accurate results, it is essential to have a high-resolution input. This paper introduces a Low and high level feature steering (LHFS) module, which reconstructs high-resolution images by a reference image that contains same information to the low-resolution input. Additionally, the Selective feature integration (SFI) module seamlessly integrates Ref image features into extracted features of LR image. The proposed model for factors 2, 4, and 6, attains super resolution metrics such as PSNR values of 30.225, 31.176, 33.836, and SSIM values of 0.8642, 0.8801, 0.9052 with classification metric accuracy values of 99.66, 98.96 and 98.32 respectively. | Tuberculosis Disease Diagnosis Using Controlled Super Resolution | 10.1007/978-3-031-49601-1_1 |
2023-01-01 | Menisci are a pair of crescent-shaped fibrocartilages and composed primarily of type I collagen. Inner region of the meniscus has similar characteristics to articular cartilage. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to have chondroprotective effects on chondrocytes by inducing the expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and CCN2/CTGF production. Here, we describe an experimental approach that investigates the distinct cellular behavior of human inner and outer meniscus cells in response to LIPUS stimulation. Our experimental model can analyze the relationships between LIPUS-induced CCN2 and its repairing role in the meniscus. | The Evaluation of Meniscus Regenerative Effects of LIPUS-Induced CCN Proteins: Induction by LIPUS of CCN2 and Meniscus-Related Genes in Cultured Meniscus Cells and Meniscus Tissues | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_15 |
2023-01-01 | In this study, the ambient Very Low Frequency (VLF) noise was characterized for a part of tropical of the cancer region above Indonesia longitude using distributed VLF/LF receivers located in Saraburi-Thailand, Pontianak-Indonesia, and Tainan-Taiwan. We introduced an approach to characterize the background VLF noise across the lower latitude. The approach called moving Power Spectral Density where its output was estimated for frequencies ranging from ` ~ 0.01 to 5 Hz for one site at four times of day for each season in both solar maximum and minimum activity of one solar cycle. We selected a large number of 0.5 h waveform segments over 1-year of solar maximum and minimum periods, from continuous data collected by the Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) and Asia VLF Observation Network (AVON) system. The ambient noise at the VLF/LF stations is highly variable according to season, time of day and station. Noise spectra for an individual station may vary by four orders of magnitude at any given frequency. Preliminary VLF noise models were defined and used as baselines for evaluating ambient noise at current and future VLF/LF stations. We used this approach to characterize the background noise of all existing stations in the tropical of cancer region. A comparison of full periodic day and season PSDs allows the evaluation for the detection of operational problems and characterization of the performance of the existing VLF/LF stations. The result shows linear relationship between solar activity and the power level of the VLF reception. The median noise levels vary smoothly in the microbaroms band centered on 0.25 Hz and vary smoothly in autumnal equinox after noon time. The noise maps at the wave of low frequencies should be useful for estimating the magnitude threshold for the equatorial networks or conversely for optimizing regional network stations. | Ambient VLF Noise Levels in the Lower Latitude Region | 10.1007/978-3-031-43803-5_6 |
2023-01-01 | The future IoT healthcare insurance business model will focus on a strategic view and implementation. It is not only restricted to implementing trend technologies. It should take into consideration the value propositions, financial propositions, and the partner chains. Low-power wide-area technologies (LPWA) could be regarded as the result of endeavors either to raise the range of WLANs and low-power wireless personal area networks (LoWPANs) or to minimize the cost and energy consumption of cellular networks. As the preferred infrastructure for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications, LPWA technologies are highly suggested. The major goal of the LPWA technology is IoT applications that run on affordable low-battery devices and necessarily involve over a large geographic and reasonable data price. This paper reviews the most recent technological developments and the issues they provide. This article explores the significance of interoperability among various LPWA technologies and provides recommendations for selecting the most appropriate LPWA solutions for a variety of IoMT. Finally, problems facing LPWA in IoMT are discussed, and research directions are proposed. | A Review of Emerging Low Power Networks in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) | 10.1007/978-3-031-37139-4_3 |
2023-01-01 | Energy consumption and carbon emissions by residents in China are increasing in recent years. Promoting residents to participate in low-carbon behavior practice is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and achieve the “double carbon goal”. This study summarizes the policy development process of residents' energy-saving awareness and low-carbon behavior in China from four aspects: information policy, economic policy, technical policy and administrative policy. By using statistical methods such as Structural Equation Model, taking Hangzhou as an example, this paper analyzes residents’ low-carbon behavior intention and low-carbon policy perception level, and explores the impact of low-carbon policy perception on low-carbon behavior intention. The results show that residents’ participation and satisfaction of low-carbon policy have a positive and significant impact on low-carbon behavior intention, but the impact of understanding of low-carbon policy on low-carbon behavior intention is insignificant. Moreover, this paper also proves that gender and education level have a positive relationship with low-carbon behavior intention. In the future, government should pay close attention to residents’ participation of low-carbon policy. Meanwhile, the improvement of residents’ satisfaction with low-carbon policy can also promote the formation of residents' low-carbon behavior awareness. | Study on Residents' Perception of Low-Carbon Policy and Its Influence on Low-Carbon Behavior Intention | 10.1007/978-981-19-8769-4_8 |
2023-01-01 | During 2021, the Sri Lankan government suddenly banned using and importing pesticides and chemical fertilizers for all the crops cultivated within the country. Because of this unexpected decision, most of the farmers in the country are experiencing numerous problems. There is a negative impact on the yield of the crops to a considerable degree because the plants are not getting the required amount of nutrients from the fertilizers provided by the government. Problems with the harvest can arise if the soil type, pH value, nutrient levels, and crop that the farmers are planning to cultivate are not considered when preparing the fertilizer. So, the farmers are complaining about the quality, cost, and lower efficiency of the fertilizers provided by the government. Therefore, there is a need to produce a high-quality, highly efficient, low-cost fertilizer that is suitable for the crop that the farmers are planning to cultivate by considering all the factors mentioned before. Furthermore, there is a requirement to upgrade the current fertilizer suggestion system within the country, as it only uses the expert knowledge of the agricultural officers and past paper-based data. This case study develops a cloud-based, portable, highly efficient, time-saving, and low-power-consuming IoT solution called “FertiHelp” to address the mentioned matter. The suggested system, in this case, obtains the levels of the soil nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), the pH value, humidity, moisture, and electroconductivity of the soil by sensors, and suggests a fertilizer that can be used for the soil. Also, the farmer is provided with recommendations for other crops that could be grown in the same soil. | IoT Secure Cloud Enabled Model for Soil Nutrition Monitoring and Fertilizer Suggestion for Agricultural Industry of Sri Lanka | 10.1007/978-3-031-37717-4_94 |
2023-01-01 | Biocement based on a Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) process has emerged to be a promising alternative to cement for soil improvement. A two-phase injection method is commonly used for the MICP treatment of granular soil. However, the samples treated using this method may not be uniform. Recently, an acidified one-phase-low-pH injection method was developed using HCl as a buffer. This method could improve the uniformity of the MICP treatment to a certain extent. However, the distance in which the soil could be treated uniformly is still limited. This paper presents a CH3COOH-buffered one-phase-low-pH method which could improve the uniformity of biocement treatment considerably compared with the one-phase-low-pH method based on HCl. The key feature of this method is to create a much longer lag duration; thus, the biocementation process can be delayed and allow the all-in-one solution to be distributed more uniformly in soil within the lag duration. The uniformity of MICP-treated 1-m and 2-m sand columns was evaluated by comparing the unconfined compressive strengths and the calcium carbonate contents measured at different locations along the sand columns. The test results show that the proposed method is much more effective in improving the uniformity of the MICP treatment though a significant increase in the lag duration, given the other conditions the same. | Improvement of uniformity of biocemented sand column using CH3COOH-buffered one-phase-low-pH injection method | 10.1007/s11440-022-01576-8 |
2023-01-01 | Aiming at the difficulties of establishing a driving system for water flooding development and low recovery degree of elastic development of ultra-low permeability/dense, thin and multi-layer reservoirs, the adaptability of oxygen-reduced air flooding (ORAF) has been explored. Taking the ultra-low permeability/dense reservoirs and crude oil of Daqing Oilfield as the objects, the oil displacement mechanism and characteristics of ORAF assisted by foam slug were studied through indoor investigations including gas injection expansion, thin tube and long core displacement experiments; On the basis of fitting experimental data by phase simulation, influencing factors and optimization research were studied by numerical simulation method. The mechanism of immiscible displacement of ORAF with replenishing formation energy and foam assist can further improve the displacement effect of gas flooding was clarified.According to the characteristics of gas flooding,thinning the plane and intra layer geological models, and the composition model considering foam,The injection and production parameters were optimized based on the oil increase and oil exchange ratio taken as indicators, and the optimized injection method of the combination of gas injection、foam slug and gas-water alternate (2:1) was given.The parameters optimization technology of ORAF assisted by foam slugs has been developed innovatively. The field implementation has achieved the effect of energy supplement and oil increase, and the reservoir production degree is improved, which proves the feasibility of the technology, and provides a technical means for the effective utilization of tight reservoirs and the improvement of gas flooding development effect. | Feasibility and Parameter Optimization Method of Foam Assisted Oxygen Reduction Air Flooding in Ultra-low Permeability/Tight Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_477 |
2023-01-01 | Textile reinforced concretes (TRCs) are innovative materials composed of continuous reinforcement fabrics embedded in a cement-based matrix. The excellent mechanical and durability properties of these composites have attracted extensive attention for the repair of existing structural components or for the development of new ones. To address the need for increasing the sustainability of construction materials, this study presents an experimental effort to replace the matrix of TRCs with low carbon concretes. For this purpose, a range of quaternary blended cement mixes made of Ordinary Portland Cement, Fly Ash, Limestone and Silica Fume (with 70% cement replacement levels) were developed. The mixes achieved the target compressive strength and the workability were used for the development of Glass-based TRCs. Flexural tests performed on the developed TRC composites show an improvement in the ultimate flexural strength and strain and a reduction of the environmental impact and cost compared to the common TRC composites available in the literature. | Development of Low Carbon Textile Reinforced Concrete from Composite Cements | 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_23 |
2023-01-01 | This article presents the results of complex studies of changes in the internal structure and evolution of filtration properties of rocks in the Astrakhan gas-condensate field after physical modeling the implementation of the method of directional unloading of the reservoir. The experiments were carried out on the Triaxial Independent Load Test System of the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Scan of one of the samples on a high resolution computed tomography scanner CT-MINI was performed. A digital model of the internal structure of the rock was obtained. Different methods of estimating the finite permeability of a sample using numerical simulation of filtration flows in a rock structure obtained from CT scanning are reviewed and compared. Filtration flow velocity fields and sample permeability values were calculated. It is shown that the use of different approaches to permeability modeling based on scan results can lead to significantly different results. Research results allows to conclude that the method of directional unloading of reservoir can be successfully applied to the rocks of Astrakhan gas condensate field, allowing to significantly improve the filtration properties of rocks in the vicinity of a well. | Micro-CT Analysis of Fractures and Permeability Changes in Low-Permeability Rocks After True Triaxial Loading | 10.1007/978-3-031-25962-3_44 |
2023-01-01 | According to the Nationally Determined Contributions, Brazil has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and pledged to increase the share of biofuels in its energy matrix by approximately 18% in 2030. Thus, this chapter has two objectives: (i) to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from Brazilian road transport between 1970 and 2020; and (ii) to predict the Brazilian energy consumption of different fuels and GHG emissions for the 2020s. In conclusion, Brazil tends to reach its Nationally Determined Contributions target, increasing the use of biofuels in its energy matrix. Despite an optimistic scenario of increased use of biofuels, it should be noted that the consumption of gasoline also tends to grow, and greenhouse gas emissions tend to fall not significantly. Therefore, a vigorous energy transition to a low-carbon matrix in Brazilian road transport is not expected in the coming years. | Trends and Prospects for Transport Fuel Consumption in Brazil | 10.1007/978-3-031-21033-4_12 |
2023-01-01 | Cameras are becoming a key device for edge computing in several Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including Smart Farming (SF). With low-cost cameras it becomes possible to create less expensive IoT networks using such devices on the edge to do most of the work, such as capturing, processing, and sending images. This allows the use less fog and cloud resources, saving them for the most complex calculations, such as the use of deep learning. However, with low-cost devices, memory and computational power restrictions arise, especially in the detection of objects, such as agricultural pests, where it is especially relevant to take into account features such as image quality and size. These two features influence the choice of cameras to be used on the edge and can make the application of IoT networks not appropriate or too expensive, due to memory consumption by the computation in the several stages, namely to send high resolution images. In this work, we evaluate the impact of using low-cost cameras on the edge for pest detection in Smart Farming, contributing to the general use of Smart Farming and allowing farmers to make more informed decisions. To make the evaluation, we studied the impact of image quality and size on the performance of object detection models. For that, we trained a model using high-resolution images and then we used this model in different test datasets, composed of the same images but with different resolutions and sizes. The results show that it is possible to use lower-resolution images without decreasing significantly the models performance, confirming that is possible to use low-cost/low-resolution cameras at the edge. | Edge Computing with Low-Cost Cameras for Object Detection in Smart Farming | 10.1007/978-3-031-35982-8_2 |
2023-01-01 | Power optimization is an essential issue in designing digital circuits that are battery-powered and portable. The market demands and technical constraints have already necessitated the importance of efforts in advancing energy-efficient circuits. Power minimization is possible by capacitance decrease, activity factor, device and voltage scaling improvement using various encoding schemes, speed performance restrictions, and so on. With the advancement of technology and tremendous efforts by researchers worldwide, its limiting values are approaching, although it remains a concern. Many academicians are attempting to apply various optimization and energy-saving techniques to VLSI circuit design in the current scenario. The problem is resolved transformed and optimized to extract the desired power-aware design with advantages from the conventional methods. After studying different energy-saving strategies, adiabatic logic seems to be the perfect choice to reduce energy usage in VLSI circuits. The primary idea behind adiabatic logic circuits is to reduce power dissipation by slowing the change from logic “0” to “1” and vice versa. Adiabatic logic circuits can be implemented using a variety of techniques. The researchers carried out a detailed analysis of combinational and sequential circuits in the literature. This chapter discusses combinational and sequential circuit design using various adiabatic approaches. Analysis of various parameters like transistor count, delay, power dissipation, and power delay product is carried out. It has been analyzed that adiabatic circuits perform better than traditional methods. | Study of Adiabatic Logic-Based Combinational and Sequential Circuits for Low-Power Applications | 10.1007/978-981-99-0639-0_3 |
2023-01-01 | This work attempts to modify the hydrophilic-adherence properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by exposing to oxygen beam for used in painting, printing, and clothing applications. The structural and morphology changes of irradiated PDMS films are analyzed using XRD and SEM, respectively. The chemical functional group is investigated by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The contact angle for water is reduced from 81.38° to 42.50°, while the contact angle for diiodomethane is reduced from 63.20° to 25.40° by varying the irradiation time from 1.5 to 6 min. On the other hand, for water liquid, the adhesion work is enhanced from 82.75 to 125.5 mJ/m 2 , and for diiodomethane liquid, it’s increased from 73.70 to 96.68 mJ/m 2 . Moreover, the polar energy γ s p is enhanced from 6.44 to 20.25 mJ/m 2 , while, the γ s d is increased from 26.73 to 46.01 mJ/m 2 , and the total γ s t is increased from 33.18 to 66.26 mJ/m 2 by enhancing exposing time 1.5–6 min. The improvement in the adhesion and surface energy of the irradiated PDMS films is due to oxygen ion beam induced decreasing in PDMS surface hydrophobicity. The experimental data show the surface morphology, structure and surface properties of treated PDMS are modified and depend closely on the oxygen beam irradiation time. Graphical abstract | Low energy irradiation induced effects on the surface characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane polymeric films | 10.1007/s13233-023-00118-9 |
2023-01-01 | Photon-Counting Computed Tomography (PCCT) has great potential to transform clinical applications. One of the essential tasks during system development is to compare performance between different ASIC designs. This task is typically done in the detector domain using a merit of minimum achievable decomposition noise defined by the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The conventional method to calculate the covariance matrix based on local derivatives demands substantial computing power, as the current pulse generated by each x-ray photon must be modeled for ASIC response. It makes the evaluation of the detector and ASIC design in the image domain even more challenging, as the covariance matrix covering a large parameter space is needed. In order to evaluate PCCT detector design in the image domain, we employ a multilayer perceptron network combined with traditional simulation to determine CRLB informing a Gaussian-correlated noise model. This effort bypasses the computationally expensive traditional techniques of a large number of individual photon interaction and signal processes. | Image Domain Performance Evaluation of a Photon-counting ASIC Using a Multilayer Perceptron Network | 10.1007/978-3-031-26062-9_13 |
2023-01-01 | The article discusses specific aspects of the report “Overcoming the Limits”, which presents the Russian view on ways to solve global problems from the standpoint of the current situation in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. The report was presented at M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University at the end of March 2022. The features of the approaches of the authors of the report to the consideration of global problems of mankind and new ideas and approaches for their solution are considered. Some issues insufficiently reflected in the report are noted. The possibility of implementing the plans proposed by the authors to solve the global problems of mankind is discussed. | Report “Overcoming the Limits” and New Solutions to Global Problems | 10.1007/978-3-031-25962-3_53 |
2023-01-01 | Surfactants can be found and used in most modern industrial sectors, such as the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetically produced surfactants have been shown to have unfavorable effects or low compatibility with products, especially in cosmetic or pharmaceutical products, where the association between the use of some surfactants and the advancement of dermatitis, and eye irritation, among others, have been reported. Biosurfactants (BS) have been widely accepted around the world as a sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants, as they exhibit the same functionalities in addition to having the potential to synergize with other molecules, further improving the performance of these molecules. Unlike synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants have advantages such as biodegradability and low toxicity. In recent years, BS has been analyzed for cytotoxic effect using various cell lines such as mouse fibroblasts, human embryonic kidney cells, and human epithelial cell lines. The high biodegradability and stability of biosurfactants produced by microorganisms at different temperatures and the low sensitivity to changes in environmental pH are obvious advantages. Therefore, they generally do not pose an ecological threat. The low toxicity and high biodegradability of biosurfactants compared to synthetic surfactants have been reported in recent years and will be exposed in this chapter. | Comparison of Biodegradability, and Toxicity Effect of Biosurfactants with Synthetic Surfactants | 10.1007/978-3-031-21682-4_6 |
2023-01-01 | Petroleum can be substituted by producing biofuels such as biodiesel from microalgae, a unicellular organism that has proven to be a viable cell factory. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) obtained from microalgae by the transesterification process can be used for biofuel and other biomaterials. The current study focuses on the development of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in low-cost media (cow urine), with the goal of increasing biomass and lipid content while decreasing the cost of the final product (biodiesel). Using a natural culture media for growing algae has decreased the cost incurred for nutrients essential for the growth of algae. Batch cultivations of 18 days were carried out in ten different concentrations of cow urine and BG11 media in the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% (v/v). Below 40% of cow urine produced satisfactory results, whereas concentrations above 50% were eliminated due to the culture's toxicity. The maximum biomass yield of 90.21 mg/L/day was monitored in 10% cow urine followed by 63.42 mg/L/day in 20% cow urine. And the maximum lipid content of 25.23% was noticed in 30% of cow urine. Transesterification of the lipid extract resulted in the formation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The respective peaks of the + HNMR and 13 CNMR spectra confirmed the synthesis of FAME or biodiesel from cow urine-grown cells. The conversion efficiency of triglycerides to methyl esters was found to be 87%. Therefore, the present study proves the feasibility of using cow urine alone for culturing microalgae and producing biofuel. | Microalgal Growth in Low-Cost Media for Biodiesel Production | 10.1007/978-981-19-8464-8_17 |
2023-01-01 | Genetic algorithm is a search random algorithm based on the principle of natural evolution. Genetic algorithm is of great significance in terms of location problems, distribution problems, scheduling problems, transportation problems, and layout problems. Based on establishing a mathematical model, a genetic algorithm to solve this problem is constructed. The genetic algorithm uses a commonly used binary code and combines the optimal individual retention strategy and the roulette method in individual selection. Finally, experimental calculations are carried out with this method, and the calculation results show that, using genetic algorithm to optimize the logistics distribution path can easily and effectively find the optimal solution or approximate optimal solution for the problem. | Research on Optimization of Low-Carbon Logistics Distribution Route Based on Genetic Algorithm | 10.1007/978-3-031-28893-7_6 |
2023-01-01 | The following article would like to show the reader that alternative friction lining formulations based on inorganic binders can result in new, future-proof friction lining materials. First characterizing tests of the new materials give an overview of the capabilities. The aspects of high-temperature stability in the fading tests of the AKM- and AMS tests, as well as the reduction in PM 10 emissions compared to classic organic friction materials, make these materials particularly fascinating. In the future, the energy-savings potential of this type of friction lining will be of particular interest when sustainability considerations further influence our development activities. | Time for a Model Change – Inorganic Friction Materials | 10.1007/978-3-662-68167-1_7 |
2023-01-01 | Examination of the lower limbs comprises examination of the hips, knees, ankles and feet. Make sure that the patient is sufficiently unclothed, so that the connections between the joints and any left-right differences can be observed. There is no need to remove underwear. The examination should be carried out in the following order: movement assessment, isometric muscle tests, clinical palpation and any other tests indicated. The patient should be observed throughout the examination to determine the ranges of motion and any movement limitations, so make frequent eye contact with the patient. Also ask about pain when appropriate. It is important to carry out the tests correctly and to make sure you stabilise the trunk to enable you to make a correct assessment of such things as ranges of motion and stability. Any abnormalities found from physical examination should always be interpreted in light of the patient’s context (from history-taking). Physical examination findings will more reliable if those from history-taking, inspection, movement assessment, specific tests and palpation combined are consistent with the diagnosis. | The lower limbs | 10.1007/978-90-368-2931-1_30 |
2023-01-01 | Due to the problems of large longitudinal permeability difference, clay hydration expansion and easy scaling of water wells, some low-permeability reservoirs in Bohai oilfield fail to reach the injection allocation and formation energy deficit for a long time, which has seriously affected the oil productivity of wells. In order to improve the water absorption index of low-permeability reservoir, a new biological nano-polysilicon injection system is proposed in this paper. The system forms hydrophobic nano-coating on the surface of porous media through its own adsorption characteristics, which can play the role of nano anti-swelling, nano scale-inhibition and permeability enhancement in complex reservoir pores. Biological nano-particles’ adsorption in core displacement is observed by scanning electron microscope, which proves that it has the characteristics of adsorption in porous media and preventing particle migration. Using CT and NMR technology, the changes of core pore structure before and after bio-nano injection are analyzed, which proves that bio-nano can improve rock pore structure. So far, bio-nano injection system has been tested in 3 wells, with 3.5 times’ increase of water absorption index, and a cumulative increase of water volume of 20.2 × 104 m 3 . This study will be of great significance to solve the problems of high pressure and injection difficulties in similar low-permeability reservoirs in China. | Micro Simulation Study and Field Test of One Biological Nano-Polysilicon System in Offshore Low-Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_399 |
2023-01-01 | Global neurosurgery is the clinical and public health practice of neurosurgery with the primary purpose of ensuring safe, timely, and affordable neurosurgical care to all who need it. Guided by the principles of global health equity, global neurosurgery embraces the ideals of the global surgery movement and seeks to fill the unmet need for neurosurgical care worldwide as a component of national health systems committed to universal health coverage (Park KB, Johnson WD, Dempsey RJ, World Neurosurg . 88:32-35, 2016). This chapter introduces some of the fundamental clinical entities constituting the burden of neurosurgical disease worldwide and management strategies for those entities from the vantage point of neurosurgeons with specific experience caring and advocating for neurosurgical care in resource-limited settings. Covering diagnostic and therapeutic principles of neurotrauma and related entities of acute care neurosurgery, the chapter is designed as an introductory reference that can support surgeons in resource-limited settings in optimizing care for patients suffering from these neurosurgical diseases. | How to Manage Urgent Neurosurgical Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries | 10.1007/978-3-031-28127-3_23 |
2023-01-01 | Permian shale gas formations Dalong Formation and Gufeng Formation are key exploration layers in the lower Yangtze region. The shale formations have high silica content, and are characterized by fault development, formation fragmentation and strong hard brittleness. Malignant well collapse is easy to occur in the drilling process of shale horizontal section. Based on the analysis of formation mineral composition, microscopic pore structure, wettability test and immersion test of rock, it is found that the clay mineral content of the reservoir is 43% to 51%, which is dominated by the Mixed layer of illite and smectite, with strong water sensitivity. Microfractures are developed in the formation, ranging in size from 0.5 to 5 μm, and the core surface is characterized by oil and water wetting. According to the characteristics of formation, a strong plugging oil-based anti-collapse drilling fluid formula is developed in the laboratory, oxidized asphalt as filtrate reducer, nano calcium carbonate as rigid plugging agent and micron fiber as flexible plugging agent, the formula in reservoir core surface wetting, and has stronger inhibition and anti-collapse effect than high-performance water-based drilling fluid and conventional oil-based drilling fluid. The oil-based anti-collapse drilling fluid has successfully passed through multiple sets of faults and fracture zones in the horizontal shale section of WY1-HF well, effectively solving the problem of borehole collapse. Especially when there is a vicious leakage at the bottom of the well, the mud level drops to 800 m away from the wellhead, and the equivalent density of the drilling fluid in the fracture well section drops to 0.5 g/cm3, The wellbore is still in good condition without collapse. This technology develops the suitable drilling fluid system by studying the formation characteristics, and has achieved good results in the actual drilling process. It has the value of popularization and application in similar shale formation. | Study on Wellbore Instability Mechanism and Drilling Fluid Plugging Technology for Shale Formation | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_386 |
2023-01-01 | The power budget is a very stringent requirement for portable instruments. In this paper, static dynamic methods for ultra-low power and voltage are identified like gate driven, bulk driven (non-conventional method), and dynamic threshold methods which are applied on basic differential amplifier cell, and comparative analysis is performed for various parameters like power dissipation, gain bandwidth product, etc. The ultra-low voltage is selected for low power dissipation and simulations performed under TSMC 180 nm Technology node. The results show that the dynamic threshold method (gate driven, bulk driven) method is superior as compared to other methods in the aspect of all performance parameters. For selected technology nodes, total power dissipation is 4nW and maximum gain 40 dB with the acceptable value of the gain bandwidth product. | Comparative Analysis of Static Bias Methods for Basic Differential Amplifier | 10.1007/978-981-19-6737-5_1 |
2023-01-01 | Polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, flexible polyurethane foam, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene are considered the most prevalent types of plastic waste. Here, air and the steam gasification processes of these plastic waste types are examined using multi-criteria decision-making analysis. The performances of the prevalent plastic waste types in air and steam gasification are studied and compared with respect to hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas, lower heating value of the syngas, cold gas efficiency, exergy efficiency, and normalized CO 2 emission. In air gasification, high-density polyethylene has the best performance with respect to the H 2 /CO ratio, low-density polyethylene has the best performance with respect to the lower heating value of the syngas, polyethylene terephthalate has the best performance with respect to the cold gas and exergy efficiencies, and polystyrene has the best performance with respect to normalized CO 2 emission. In steam gasification, polyvinyl chloride has the best performance with respect to H 2 /CO ratio, low-density polyethylene has the best performance with respect to lower heating value of the syngas and cold gas efficiency, polypropylene has the best performance with respect to exergy efficiency, and polystyrene has the best performance with respect to normalized CO 2 emission. Therefore, selecting the best plastic waste for each gasification process requires a multi-criteria decision analysis and, in this regard, a technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution is utilized. The results for several scenarios show that low-density polyethylene is the best plastic waste for air gasification, and high-density polyethylene is the best plastic waste for steam gasification. | Multi-criteria Decision-Making Analysis of Plastic Waste Gasification | 10.1007/978-3-031-31160-4_8 |
2023-01-01 | ASTM A706 steel, used as concrete reinforcement in civil works, is often joined by overlapping or welding, this research addresses the welding joint, using the methodology proposed by AWS D1.4, static tests with an application of monotonic loads and low-cycle fatigue tests to evaluate the behavior of steel under extreme stress such as in a beam-column connection. The behavior of reinforcing steel bars of 14, 16, and 18 mm in diameter with and without welding was studied to compare the results. It is concluded that the smaller diameter bars present greater difficulty to be welded, reflecting an inadequate behavior when carrying out the destructive mechanical tests. Welded reinforcing steel bars with a larger diameter show good behavior in destructive mechanical tests, both static and cyclic, however, their use is not recommended in places of high demand since welding is directly related to compliance with the parameters of the AWS, welder, consumables, among other parameters that can affect the mechanical performance of the joint. | Experimental Study of Low Cycle Fatigue in Welded Reinforcing Steel Bars ASTM A706 | 10.1007/978-3-031-24971-6_1 |
2023-01-01 | We present an electronic IoT system leveraging non-intrusive sensors able to measure water flow rate (with ultrasonic transducers) and detect leaks in distribution pipelines (with electrodes measuring soil impedance). Underground units can communicate with a central node (powered by a battery and a solar panel on the surface with the radio antenna) by means of the same four sensing electrodes as demonstrated here. Low dissipation (below 1 mWh) is achieved. The electronic design and validation of a demonstrator are here reported. | Modular IoT Unit to Monitor Water Distribution with an Impedance Leak Sensor | 10.1007/978-3-031-26066-7_16 |
2023-01-01 | This study investigated the removal of methylene blue (MB) by non-modified (NMSD) and alkaline-modified (MSD) sawdust from cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) wood. Characterization via SEM and FT-IR suggested that changes in surface morphology and functional groups may account for the increase in adsorption capacity of MSD, which is considerably higher than NMSD. The highest adsorption capacity observed for NMSD and MSD was found to be 44.4 and 119.6 mg g −1 , respectively. The adsorption data for NMSD fit best with the Toth model, and there was insignificant variance with pH. The best fit for the pseudo-first-order model indicates that physisorption is dominant over chemisorption. Redlich–Peterson isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit best for MSD, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Kinetic data suggest the possibility of the involvement of Liquid-Film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion models for adsorption in NMSD and MSD. The results demonstrate that cinnamon wood sawdust can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for MB from aqueous effluents. | Cinnamon Wood as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Effluents | 10.1007/978-3-031-43803-5_36 |
2023-01-01 | Over the past few decades, TILLING ( T argeting I nduced L ocal L esions in G enomes) has emerged as an inexpensive genotyping method and a quick way of discovering genetic polymorphisms. The method combines induced mutagenesis along with a DNA screening tool that specifically identifies single base point mutations in genomic DNA or a target gene. DNA heteroduplexes are formed when multiple alleles having sequence differences are amplified by PCR. The heating and subsequent cooling create a mismatch bubble on the DNA strand due to the presence of an induced mutation, heterozygosity within an individual, or natural variation. The mismatched region can be cleaved by single strand-specific nucleases. The size separation of these products enables the identification of a spectrum of variation for genetic mapping based on linkage association analysis. TILLING allows efficient detection of natural as well as induced genetic variations. It has contributed significantly to functional genomics in Arabidopsis and continues to serve as a powerful reverse genetic tool for crop improvement. TILLING was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and has since been used as a reverse genetics method in corn, wheat, rice, Brassica, soybean, tomato, peas, etc. Unlike stringent regulations imposed on GMOs for commercial release, varieties developed using TILLING has the advantage of being exempt from onerous regulatory approval requirements. Hence, TILLING is emerging as an alternative, cost-effective, fast-track path for crop improvement without many regulatory hurdles. The technique would help develop improved crop varieties in the coming decades to effectively face the challenges of global climate change, and abiotic and biotic stress caused by various factors. | Future of TILLING in Plant Breeding | 10.1007/978-981-99-2722-7_10 |
2023-01-01 | The goal of an acellular dermal matrix graft repair of lower eyelid retraction is to restore the position of the lower eyelid to a normal anatomic height, thus treating the symptoms of ocular irritation and discomfort, as well as improving cosmesis and facial symmetry. Acellular dermal matrix grafts are a biologic framework of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and other extracellular matrix components that serve as a scaffold, to reinforce the host tissue. These grafts may be derived from human cadaveric tissue (AlloDerm, Biohorizons, Birmingham, AL, USA), human noncadaveric tissue (BellaDerm, Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, Edison, NJ), porcine tissue (Enduragen, Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA), or bovine tissue (Surgimend, Integra, Plainsboro, NJ, USA). Acellular dermal matrix grafts have become increasingly popular due to their off-the-shelf availability, decreasing surgical time and risk from a second surgical site. Additionally, they have similar clinical outcomes to their autologous graft counterparts. This chapter details use of these spacer grafts for lower eyelid retraction, often implanted in conjunction with canthoplasty. | Lower Eyelid Retraction Repair with Acellular Dermal Matrix (Allograft or Xenografts) | 10.1007/978-3-031-36175-3_19 |
2023-01-01 | Cartography of the plasma proteome remains technically challenging, primarily due to the abundance and dynamic range of plasma proteins and their concentrations, exceeding ten orders of magnitude, including low-abundant tissue-derived proteins in the pg/mL range. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) has seen advances in unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of the plasma proteome. Here, we describe a comprehensive proteomic workflow of human plasma from clinically relevant sample (10 μL) that includes anti-protein immunodepletion and highly sensitive sample preparation workflow, with optimized scheduled isolation DIA-MS and deep learning analysis. This approach results in over 960 proteins quantified from a single-shot analysis of broad dynamic range, across 8 orders of magnitude (8.2 ng/L to 0.67 g/L). We further compare data-dependent acquisition (DDA) MS to highlight the advantage in protein quantification and inter-sample variation. These developments have provided streamlined identification of the human plasma proteome, including low-abundant tissue-enriched proteins, and applications toward understanding the plasma proteome. | An Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Strategy for Comprehensive Analysis of Human Plasma Proteome | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2978-9_7 |
2023-01-01 | Low alloy steels, extensively used for structural applications, are prone to atmospheric corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion of these metallic materials causes nearly five times more loss than other forms of corrosion. Typically, the ability to form an oxide layer is a proven strategy for protection against atmospheric corrosion. But the oxides formed on the low alloy steels are not protective. However, composition modification can promote the passive protective layer formation in these steels. Furthermore, weather resistance in such compositionally modified low alloy steel is governed by the nature and structure of the oxide layer formed. Therefore, a thorough investigation of the chemistry and structure of oxide layer(s) has been carried out in different environments to determine its protective nature. The protectiveness indices were also defined based on such studies. This chapter provides a perspective on the historical development, mechanisms of the oxide layer growth, outlook, and challenges in corrosion-resistant low alloy steel development. | Materials Degradation: Metallic Materials | 10.1007/978-981-19-5570-9_7 |
2023-01-01 | There have been significant developments in the digitization of diagnostic and therapeutic regimes of the healthcare sector. However, the preventative medicine practice is lagging in taking full advantage of the rapidly advancing world of technology. This chapter summarizes the latest developments in both therapeutics and diagnostics in the healthcare settings, including surgical robotics, telemedicine and artificial intelligence. Then, we explore traditional methods of disease prevention and their challenges, consider the technological developments such as advancement of data analytics methods including geospatial surveillance for disease prevention such as heart disease, stroke and other chronic diseases, and, in preventive healthcare, practice and identify gaps in the latter. Challenges of big data related to safety, resource limitation, energy crisis, data ownership and ethics are highlighted. Lastly, we propose adoption of health technology advances for individual health data integration into predictive, precision, participatory and preventive health medicine. | Technological Innovations and the Advancement of Preventive Healthcare for Society 5.0 | 10.1007/978-3-031-36461-7_4 |
2023-01-01 | Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing treatment for cancer. Up to two-thirds of toxic deaths during cancer treatment are caused by infections, which are especially lethal during intensive cancer therapy. In immunosuppressed pediatric patients, the etiology of infections ranges from common pathogens infecting their usual hosts to opportunistic microorganisms arising from the normal flora, from the reactivation of past infections, or from the environment. Risk factors that make immunosuppressed children vulnerable to infections include frequent breaches of the natural barriers of the body, alterations in innate and acquired immunity, the presence of foreign bodies, intensive medical care, and malnutrition. Infectious syndromes frequently seen in immunosuppressed children include febrile neutropenia, bacteremias, sepsis and septic shock, respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and alimentary tract infections. Infections may be caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, some of which exhibit multidrug resistance. Surgical site infections are potentially serious complications, and preventing these is of the upmost importance. They can be decreased by ensuring optimal preparation of the environment of care and appropriate conduct of the surgical procedures, including timely administration of prophylactic antimicrobials. Providers of care for children with cancer must have an excellent knowledge of the various types of malignancies, the risk factors for infections, and the causative pathogens thereof, together with awareness of the most effective antibiotics, the effects of drugs, and potential drug–drug interactions. This knowledge will enable care providers to manage the treatment of children with infections and cancer. | Infections in Immunosuppressed Pediatric Patients | 10.1007/978-3-030-71113-9_98-1 |
2023-01-01 | The effect of a low concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) on corrosion resistance of low-carbon pipe steel in media with a moderate carbon dioxide gas content is studied. Presence of hydrogen sulfide within carbon dioxide atmospheres in an amount of not more than 65 mg/liter reduces the continuous corrosion rate for low-carbon steels by a factor of 4–5. A reduction in corrosion rate is due to the formation of sulfide film corrosion products on the surface of specimens in the presence of hydrogen sulfide that protects a metal surface from subsequent carbon dioxide corrosion. | Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Pipe Steel Carbon Dioxide Corrosion | 10.1007/s11015-023-01419-1 |
2023-01-01 | The chapter provides a comparative analysis of the use of digital technologies to combat climate change in Russia and the EU. Since global warming has accelerated recently, with threatening consequences for mankind, the study aims to analyze Russian and European approaches in combating climate change, primarily through digitalization. In this regard, this chapter is devoted to the study of the possibilities and consequences of the use of cloud platforms, artificial intelligence, and other digital technologies in the EU and Russia to achieve carbon neutrality. The study of this problem was based on a systematic approach, in which the authors considered the processes of digitalization, combating climate change, and development strategies of the EU and Russia as a whole. As a result, it was possible to prove that the digital transformation will reduce harmful emissions into the environment, and, in perspective, achieve carbon neutrality. The results of the chapter have practical relevance for countries and companies that are at the initial stage of digital transformation and can take them into account in the process of designing their environmental development strategies. | Applying Digital Technology to Combat Climate Change in Russia and the EU | 10.1007/978-3-031-19979-0_16 |
2023-01-01 | Nanopore sensing is a powerful tool for the rapid and label-free detection of oligonucleotides, including microRNA. When moving towards actual diagnostic applications, detection of microRNA at low concentrations is one of the significant issues to be addressed. We here describe a method to detect ultra-low concentrations of microRNA using isothermal amplification and nanopore technology. Using this method, the amplified DNA from 1 fM of target microRNA can be measured by a nanopore measurement. | MicroRNA Detection at Femtomolar Concentrations with Isothermal Amplification and a Biological Nanopore | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2982-6_5 |
2023-01-01 | The Council for Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) and the National Building Research Institute (NBRI) in 1952 commissioned the architectural profession to propose design solutions for the ‘problem’ of the rising population of Urban Natives. Design practices that keep housing development costs low are captioned in this study as the ‘Minimum Logic’. The research argues that the design of the Model Native House (between 1952 and 1994), the Reconstruction and Development Programme house (RDP) (1994–2004), and the Breaking New Ground house (BNG) (2004 to present), adhere, in their spatial delineation, limits to design, and finishes to the Minimum Logic. The paper aims to theorize this proposition, focusing on the embedded social meanings that the Minimum Logic instantiated. A review of Request for Proposals (RfPs) data of the Housing Development Agency (HDA) from 2017 to 2021 shows a reduced role of architects in low-cost housing projects. It is proposed that the stagnation in the design of low-cost housing is not due to the low-cost imperative, but rather due to the absence of the architect to re-order social meanings in a post-Apartheid South Africa, compared to their leadership in embedding social meaning into Apartheid housing schemes. | The Minimum Logic: The Influence of 1950s Model Native Housing Design on Contemporary Affordable Housing Design in South Africa | 10.1007/978-3-031-27308-7_36 |
2023-01-01 | Electrical Power System (EPS) is an important component of a satellite. The design and implementation of EPS to cater to the power demand of all the subsystems of the satellite is a challenging task. This work details the design and simulation of an efficient Electrical Power System for a 3U CubeSat. The objective is to build and launch a student satellite in Low Earth Orbit and perform on-orbit operations to demonstrate the imaging of the Earth’s surface, high altitude operations, and de-orbiting maneuver. The EPS was designed taking into consideration the power requirement from all the subsystems of the satellite. The system design includes a battery tied bus consisting of surface mounted and deployable solar panels, Lithium-ion batteries with over-voltage and under-voltage control. The EPS also involves the design of a highly efficient controllable power distribution system consisting DC–DC Converters which are capable to provide 3.3 V and 5 V regulated DC supply as well as unregulated supply. | Design and Development of an Electrical Power System for a 3U Cubesat | 10.1007/978-981-19-7198-3_13 |
2023-01-01 | One of the most fascinating questions in planetary science is whether life ever arose on Mars. Life may have emerged during habitable periods on Mars and remains may still be preserved in the subsurface, evaporite deposits, caves or polar regions. Several orbiters as well as the Insight lander, the Curiosity rover, the Perseverance rover and China’s Zhurong rover are currently exploring Mars. At present, NASA’s Perseverance rover is investigating habitability in the Jezero crater, an ancient river delta, and has started to collect and cache samples in sealed tubes for transport to Earth by a future Mars sample-return mission. Whether applied in situ or on returned samples, life-detection strategies must be robust to recover any traces of biomarkers; reliable results depend critically upon the sensitivity of detection methods, well-thought-out control analyses, and rigorous contamination control. Laboratory studies, field analogue research and experiments in low Earth orbit (LEO) are prerequisites to correctly identify, quantify low concentrations, and provide context for the persistence, preservation, and presence of organics or remnant biomass on Mars. | Laboratory Studies and Field Analogue Research in Support of Mars Exploration | 10.1007/978-3-031-29003-9_33 |
2023-01-01 | Genome sequencing of small species, such as those of meinofauna, can be challenging due to the extremely low input of genomic DNA. While nanopore sequencing is a promising technology for genome assembly due to its limitless long reads, recommended input of 1 μg for the Ligation Sequencing Kit often precludes the use of this technology. Here, I detail an unbiased droplet-based multiple displacement amplification of picogram order of DNA to realize nanopore sequencing with ultralow input of genomic DNA. For this purpose, a microfluidic chip of 10X Genomics Chromium Controller is utilized. With this method, over 10 μg of unbiased amplicons around 10 kbp in length can be obtained from as low as 50 pg of input DNA, which is enough for the construction of multiple sequencing libraries, or for the size selection of longer DNA fragments. | Ultralow-Input Genome Library Preparation for Nanopore Sequencing with Droplet MDA | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2996-3_7 |
2023-01-01 | China is actively taking the path of green and low-carbon development, so energy conservation in the construction field has also been put on the agenda, and the energy consumption of residential lighting cannot be underestimated. This paper studies the optimization design of residential lighting by exploring the calculation method of carbon emission of lighting design based on the whole life cycle. Taking the lighting design scheme of Yinyue Wanjing Mansion Project in Foshan City, Guangdong Province as an example, Dialux are used to simulate lighting parameters, and an optimization scheme is proposed to reduce carbon, save energy and optimize cost. A simple carbon emission calculation formula of lighting design based on the whole life cycle is innovatively proposed, which provides a healthy and energy-saving optimization method for lighting design. Finally, it discusses the difficulties encountered in the promotion of health lighting in China, and provides relevant suggestions for residents and designers to solve problems. | Research on Carbon Emission of Residential Buildings | 10.1007/978-981-99-3626-7_37 |
2023-01-01 | Examination of the spine consists of examining the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal column. Make sure that the patient is sufficiently unclothed, so that the connections between the various parts can be observed. The examination should be carried out in the following order: inspection (with superficial palpation), movement assessment, clinical palpation and the specific tests. It is important to observe the patient for movement limitations and pain throughout the tests, to stabilise the trunk and use the correct hand positions for the various joints being examined. Any abnormalities found from physical examination should always be interpreted in light of the patient’s context (from history-taking). As an isolated abnormal test finding will often have little scientific value. Physical examination findings will more reliable if those from history-taking, inspection, movement assessment, palpation and the specific test combined are consistent with the diagnosis. Common abnormalities and problems that can be found include scoliosis, thoracic kyphosis, neck and back problems (e.g. lumbago and non-specific myalgia), and degenerative disorders, such as spondylosis, spondylarthrosis deformans and facet joint arthrosis. | The spine | 10.1007/978-90-368-2931-1_28 |
2023-01-01 | Urodynamic assessment is of undisputed value for the diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunctions that occur with neurological diseases. This chapter discusses lower urinary tract pathophysiology and urodynamic testing of adult patients with relevant neurological abnormalities. It presents the practice of urodynamic testing in these patients, based on and, adapted from the International Continence Society – Good Urodynamic Practices Standard. Specific patient groups, congenital neurogenic dysfunction and dysfunctions as the consequence of later life onset neurology, are discussed with a focus on the pathophysiology of the dysfunction. Good Practice of Video-urodynamics is explained. A reference list is included for further reading. | Good Urodynamic Practice for Patients with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction | 10.1007/978-981-99-1659-7_71 |
2023-01-01 | Regional correlation of the Wufeng and Lungmachi formations is based on four correlative series across the Yangtze Platform. A global view of the latest Ordovician to early Silurian black shales is based on main regions and sections from the low latitudinal Gondwana and the periphery of the high latitudinal Gondwana. | Regional and Global Correlation of the Latest Ordovician to Early Silurian Shale Gas-Bearing Strata | 10.1007/978-981-99-3134-7_5 |
2023-01-01 | Water flooding development is widely used in low permeability porous carbonate reservoirs as an efficient secondary oil recovery method. Its development effect is affected not only by innate factors of oilfields, such as reservoir heterogeneity, oil properties, and natural aquifer energy but also significantly by field operational factors, such as when to start water injection. To determine the optimum time to start water injection in low-permeability porous carbonate oilfields, core flooding experiments were conducted to study the microscopic oil displacement efficiency, with cores and oil samples from typical fields A and B. Furthermore, the contributing factors and reasons for the difference in oil recovery were analyzed. By comparing the in-situ water flooding development efficiency of the typical oilfields, the macro factor that affects the optimum time to start injection is clarified. Fine numerical simulation of producer-injector pairs was adopted to depict the water flooding characteristics under different heterogeneity conditions and different times of starting water injection. Results indicated that: ① Reservoir heterogeneity is the key macro factor affecting water flooding efficiency; the optimum time to start water injection will judge from the degree of heterogeneity. ② With a homogeneous reservoir, start water injection when the reservoir pressure is exhausted to about 50% of the saturation point. The maximum recovery can be achieved microscopically when the energy of elastic drive and solution gas drive are fully utilized. ③ However, for a heterogeneous reservoir, the water injection should start at above bubble point pressure for maximum recovery, mainly because when formation pressure falls below bubble point, the degassing will result in increased oil viscosity and displacement pressure, which causes the injected water to be more likely breakthrough along the high permeability channel and reduce the swept volume. Therefore, for relatively homogeneous reservoirs, the optimum time to start water injection can be consistent with microscopic flooding experimental results, but for reservoirs with strong heterogeneity, it should be above the pressure of the bubble point to prevent premature water breakthrough. This study can provide valuable guidelines for waterflooding development in porous percarbonate reservoirs with low permeability and heterogeneity. | Study on Optimum Time to Start Water Injection in Porous Low-Permeability Carbonate Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_461 |
2023-01-01 | The freight and collective passenger transport sector is highly dependent on diesel oil in Brazil, representing one of the main sources of emissions in the energy sector. In this context, this chapter aims to discuss the role played by diesel in the Brazilian transport scenario, outlining prospects for the adoption of new potential fuels. As alternatives to diesel, biodiesel, liquefied natural gas, electricity, hydrogen, and green diesel were chosen and analysed by six dimensions: regulatory, technological, availability, infrastructure, economic and environmental. It was observed that biodiesel, despite its consolidated production capacity, should not develop beyond the percentage already expected due to technological and resource problems. Infrastructure investments necessary to adopt liquefied natural gas should be carried out in the short term to promote the associated fleet. Green diesel has great potential because of its similarity to fossil diesel; however, the lack of regulation has prevented its development. The adoption of electromobility has great potential in the medium term; however, incentive policies need to be adopted to offset the initial cost. It is observed that Brazil has several possibilities for diversifying the fuel supply mix, thus contributing to an energy transition towards a low-carbon economy. | The Future of Diesel: Paths and New Alternatives to Energy Security and Sustainability | 10.1007/978-3-031-21033-4_11 |
2023-01-01 | Many functionally distinct plant tissues have relatively low numbers of cells that are embedded within complex tissues. For example, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) consists of a small population of pluripotent stem cells surrounded by developing leaves and/or flowers at the growing tip of the plant. It is technically challenging to collect enough high-quality SAM samples for molecular analyses. Isolation of Nuclei Tagged in specific Cell Types (INTACT) is an easily reproducible method that allows the enrichment of biotin-tagged cell-type-specific nuclei from the total nuclei pool using biotin-streptavidin affinity purification. Here, we provide a detailed INTACT protocol for isolating nuclei from the Arabidopsis SAM. One can also adapt this protocol to isolate nuclei from other tissues and cell types for investigating tissue/cell-type-specific transcriptome and epigenome and their changes during developmental programs at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, due to its low cost and simple procedures, INTACT can be conducted in any standard molecular laboratory. | Isolation of Nuclei Tagged in Specific Cell Types (INTACT) in Arabidopsis | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_16 |
2023-01-01 | The article presents the results of the use of universal equipment (grain reaper) for harvesting soybeans of the “Smena” variety under conditions of the Ryazan region, with the KZS-1218 “PALESSE GS12” combine harvester, also if have not were determined the indicators of the minimum possible losses of seeds behind the reaper at the level of 8.1…12.6% at the combine speed of 1.2…1.6 m/s, of which 62…81% are in the form of fallen beans and free grain, also, If it is not possible to use specialized and standard grain reapers when harvesting soybeans, it is worth giving preference to devices with the small working width, which will improve the quality of copying the field relief in width, move at low speeds, which will reduce the deflection of the stems by the cutting unit, pay increased attention to position control and reel kinematics. Minimum installation height of the cut of plants for the reaper used in the experiment is 6 cm as a result of which the timely change of the position of the cutting unit is not ensured when working on insufficiently leveled fields. | Evaluation of the Possibility of Harvesting Soybeans with the Grain Reaper | 10.1007/978-3-031-21219-2_44 |
2023-01-01 | Low-power technologies, which have taken over the electronics sector, are being studied in this scientific literature. Power dissipation is an important design parameter in VLSI circuits because it predicts the performance of battery-operated devices, which is important in biomedical and communication applications. It gets more difficult to construct high-performance, low-power systems on a chip, as chip size reduces and device density and complexity rise. Furthermore, due to increased design complexity below the 100 nm node, total power management on a device is becoming a severe concern. Leakage current is also important in the power management of low-power VLSI devices. Because leakage and dynamic power consumption account for a large portion of overall power consumption in micro and nanotechnologies, they are becoming more relevant design factors. In order to increase the battery life of portable devices, VLSI circuit design focuses on reducing leakage and dynamic power. The numerous approaches, tactics and power management techniques that may be employed to construct low-power circuit-based systems are addressed in this scientific literature review. | Challenges and Future Perspectives of Low-Power VLSI Circuits: A Study | 10.1007/978-981-19-6383-4_46 |
2023-01-01 | Recent advances in the field of RF front end design have replaced multiple narrowband Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA) with one wideband LNA to support a variety of bands and standards. The effectiveness of the RF front end is heavily dependent on the performance of the LNA, as it is the first block in the RF receiver. High gain, high linearity, low noise figure, and low power dissipation are all desirable characteristics in an LNA. Because of the wideband LNA’s large bandwidth, a lot of interference gets in without being filtered, and if the LNA isn’t linear, it causes harmonic distortion, cross modulation, intermodulation, as well as a drop in 1dB compression point (P1dB) and sensitivity. To reduce the negative effects of intermodulation, wideband LNA linearization requires improvements in both second-order intercept point (IIIP2) and third-order intercept point (IIP3). In this paper, previously reported linearization techniques that improve both IIP2 and IIP3 are investigated thoroughly and divided into five main categories: (a) feedback, (b) feedforward, (c) complementary derivative superposition (CDS), (d) noise/distortion cancellation, and e) post distortion. After extensive analysis, it has been found that noise/distortion cancellation and complementary derivative superposition (CDS) have the potential to deliver reliable wideband linearization. Furthermore, rather than using a single linearization technique, integrating many strategies can result in improved linearization. | Systematic Analysis of Linearization Techniques for Wideband RF Low-Noise Amplifier | 10.1007/978-981-19-6780-1_3 |
2023-01-01 | Nuclear reactor regulator electric heating elements are supplied by the neutral point ungrounded system, and the long-term high temperature and high current harsh working conditions easily lead to the supply cable insulation degradation or even ground fault. This paper solves the challenge of online insulation monitoring and wiring protection for low-voltage AC systems by signal injection. When the system is in normal operation, a low-frequency signal is injected into the neutral point in real time to monitor the system insulation resistance quantitatively and determine whether a ground fault has occurred. After a fault occurs, the magnitude of the low-frequency injection source is changed, and the magnitude characteristics of the low-frequency currents at each feeder are analyzed before and after the change in the magnitude of the injection source, and the difference is made to identify the fault line according to the magnitude of the low-frequency current change. Simulation results show that the method is more resistant to fault resistance than the traditional fault detection scheme, and can achieve a wide range and high accuracy for protection purposes. | Online Insulation Monitoring and Fault Feeder Selection of Electric Heating Elements | 10.1007/978-981-99-0357-3_56 |
2023-01-01 | In view of the high cost of the measuring circuit of sequence component in power system and the complexity of the algorithm, this paper proposes a low-cost and simple measuring method of the sequence component based on the three ADC channels of single-phase multifunctional metering chip. The circuit principle is introduced, and the filtering algorithm of sequence component in case of high current grounding system and low current grounding system is introduced. The test results also show that the method has the advantages of less calculation, high precision, simple and easy operation, and has a certain practical value. | A Filtering Method of Sequence Component Based on Single-Phase Metering Chip | 10.1007/978-981-99-0408-2_99 |
2023-01-01 | Low visibility events, including heavy fog and mass fog, are critical threats to travel safety on expressways. However, it is relatively difficult to make predictions of some types of low visibility events in meteorological ways, such as mass fog. Therefore, mathematical modeling can be utilized as a supplement to meteorological ways to predict low visibility events on expressways. Under this context, this study innovatively applies the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to predict visibility in 30 min using data collected from meteorological monitoring stations on the expressway of Shandong Province, China. A classification for five warning levels is then conducted based on the predicted visibilities according to the related National Standard of China. The results suggest that the total prediction accuracy of the warning levels reaches 86.63%, which is leading in relevant research. Accurate predictions of low visibility events can prompt operators of the expressways to take countermeasures in advance to improve the safety of road travel during foggy days. | Prediction of Low-Visibility Events on Expressways Based on the Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) | 10.1007/978-981-99-2730-2_35 |
2023-01-01 | By the start of the 2020s, it had become clear that a number of hydrogen-rich fuels would power the hydrogen society, not just elemental hydrogen itself. Ammonia stands out among the alternatives because, like hydrogen, it is an entirely carbon-free molecule. The fact that hydrogen and ammonia have emerged as the only two carbon-free molecules with mainstream recognition inevitably casts them as rivals who will compete for adoption by developers of sustainable energy systems. The relative importance that each achieves will be determined by the accelerating flow of decisions being made by actors in business, governmental, and institutional settings. For those with an interest in the energy economy of the future, it can be instructive to see the decision-making dynamic at play in real-world settings. This chapter presents three case studies in which hydrogen and ammonia are both seen as leading fuel options. In the first, involving fuel cell vehicles, it appears that hydrogen has locked up the dominant role, largely by virtue of its multi-decade head start on ammonia. In the second, involving utility-scale combustion turbines, current indications are that the two fuels will each secure substantial shares of the market. Selection is likely to occur on a site-by-site basis, based on project-specific considerations. In the third, involving maritime shipping, all current signs suggest that ammonia applications will far outstrip those of hydrogen. This outcome is based on the ammonia’s superior fit with the design requirements and constraints of maritime fuel systems. | Ammonia’s Role in the Hydrogen Society | 10.1007/978-981-19-4767-4_4 |
2023-01-01 | This study investigated the potential of the southern mullet ( Chelon richardsonii ) as an aquaculture candidate. The southern mullet lives in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. It is a low-trophic level species with a diet primarily comprised of detritus and plankton. The species is also a target species of a small-scale fishery off Namibia. The fish’s biology makes it an ideal aquaculture candidate that can contribute to food security. This species has the possibility to be cultured with other fish species and feed on leftover feed as well as wastes acting. Moreover, it can be cultured in single-culture conditions. The culturing of this species will reduce pressure on wild stocks in both Namibia and South Africa, in which the latter is reported to be regionally overexploited. However, more biological studies will be needed to identify a specific method that can be used to culture the southern mullet optimally. Economic feasibility studies will also be required to address issues related to mass production, markets, and profitability. | The Southern Mullet (Chelon richardsonii) as a Potential Candidate Species for Aquaculture in the Southern African Region | 10.1007/978-981-19-7451-9_23 |
2023-01-01 | Low-frequency ultrasound has shown promising therapeutic outcomes for different wounds. The main advantage of applying ultrasound in the treatment of wounds is that it penetrates deeply into the wound bed, promoting wound healing in a painless way and mainly with no harmful effects. In addition to antimicrobial effects, triggering wound healing physiological mechanisms are among the mechanisms of action of US in wound healing. | Ultrasound in Wound Care | 10.1007/978-3-031-45453-0_20 |
2023-01-01 | The oil-water relative permeability curve in low permeability reservoirs is an important parameter to describe the characteristics of oil-water two-phase flow. Based on Darcy law and Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory, a traditional experimental data processing method for oil-water relative permeability (JBN method) was established. But when the seepage velocity and the driving pressure gradient do not follow the linear seepage law, the oil-water relative permeability curve calculated by JBN method must have certain errors. In this paper, based on the variation law of fluid boundary layer and driving pressure gradient, the nonlinear seepage model of low permeability reservoir was established. Based on this model, the traditional JBN method was improved, and a new method of experimental data processing for oil-water relative permeability considering the nonlinear seepage characteristics of low permeability reservoirs was established. For three low-permeability cores, oil flow characteristics experiments under irreducible water conditions and water-oil relative permeability experiments under unsteady conditions were carried out respectively. When the flow in a low permeability reservoir showed a nonlinear seepage characteristic, the oil-water relative permeability was lower than that calculated by the traditional JBN method. | New Model for Experimental Data Processing of Oil-Water Relative Permeability in Low Permeability Reservoirs Considering Starting Pressure and Nonlinear Seepage Characteristics | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_170 |
2023-01-01 | Considering start-up pressure gradient, the problem of non Darcy unstable percolation in low permeability deformed medium reservoir is studied. By the homogenization of non-homogeneous boundary conditions and the method of separating variables, the analytical solutions of unstable percolation are obtained under the four boundary conditions of constant injection volume, constant injection pressure, constant production and constant flow pressure. Taking the boundary conditions of constant injection pressure of injection well and constant production of production well as an example, the classical proof of the analytical solution is given. Combined with an example, the reliability and effectiveness of the acquired solution are verified. The calculation results of the analytical solution of unstable percolation are discussed. The effects of pressure-sensitive coefficient and start-up pressure gradient on the characteristics of pressure distribution between injection and production wells are also analyzed. | Study of Unstable Percolation in Low Permeability Deformed Medium Reservoir with Start-Up Pressure Gradient | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_189 |
2023-01-01 | In view of the low permeability, large reservoir thickness and small pore throat radius of Q oilfield, conventional water drive is difficult to develop effectively. In this paper, physical simulation and numerical simulation are used to explore the development technology of impure CO 2 gravity drive in thick and ultra-low permeability reservoir. Through the analysis of thin tube experiment, the miscibility of target oilfield is determined. Based on the mechanism of impure CO 2 gravity drive and the geological reservoir conditions of the target oilfield, the well type, number of well row and direction of the wells are optimized by numerical simulation. The results show that Q oilfield impure CO 2 flooding can achieve near miscible, and the pressure range of near miscible flooding is 30MPa–36MPa. Q oilfield reservoir has large thickness and obvious differences in physical properties in plane and vertical direction. Due to the influence of heterogeneity and reservoir thickness, different locations in the reservoir require the use of differentiated flood pattern. By optimizing the flood pattern, oil recovery ratio can be increased by more than 3%. This study will have a certain guiding significance for the promotion of gas flooding technology in offshore low-permeability reservoir. | Research and Application of Impure CO2 Gravity Drive Development Technology in Extremely Thick and Extra-Low Permeability Reservoir | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_192 |
2023-01-01 | The Nanbeier sag block in the Tamtsag basin belongs to the low permeability complex fault block tuffaceous sandstone reservoir. The block has developed faults, small oil-bearing area, thin oil layer development and poor physical properties. After entering the high water cut development stage, the mechanical water plugging method is used to implement the water plugging operation. According to the variation of liquid production structure, working life of wells, and other factors, The effectiveness evaluation criteria are formulated. The study showed that the measures did not play the purpose of controlling water and increasing production in high water cut and low permeability fault block. In order to improve the water plugging effect of oil wells, comprehensively consider the influence of reservoir, engineering design, construction technology and other factors on the water plugging effect, and find out the causes of ineffective measures caused by water plugging scheme layer selection, downhole tool quality, well structure channeling, etc. For those Wells with high initial productivity and rapid water cut increase, mechanical water plugging technology has a higher probability of success, the premise is that there is a better water plugging scheme based on sufficient geological research. Combined with fine geological research, comprehensive use of testing, water finding and other technical means to improve the accuracy of geological scheme layer selection, Appropriate water plugging time accurate water finding data and advanced water plugging integration technology are helpful to improve the effect of measures. Accurate channeling, good cementing quality, and reliable downhole tools are the keys to successful field operations during implementation in low permeability fault block reservoirs. | Analysis and Countermeasures of Water Plugging Failure in Low-Permeability Fault-Block Reservoirs | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_513 |
2023-01-01 | Sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to increase productivity and utilization of resources in the agricultural sector. However, the agricultural sector is currently confronted with the effects of climate change and workforce shortages. The population has risen such that food security has become vital. Furthermore, the global agriculture industry is struggling with issues such as labor and farmer scarcity as well as rising labor costs. To bring a solution to this current trend, the problems of agricultural labor forces, automation, sensor advancements, artificial intelligence, and IoT that can support more young farmers are highly required. The innovations and implementation of advanced machinery can be stratified based on regional demand and population engagement in the agriculture sector both in developed and developing nations. There are six degrees of mechanization and automation are significant noted: Level 0 refers to no automation, Level 1 is assistance in automation, Level 2 outlines partial automation, Level 3 is conditional automation, Level 4 is high automation, and Level 5 is full automation considering the sensing system lateral and longitudinal control of machinery. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss the application levels of mechanization to support labor shortages and increase productivity in developed and developing countries. This article solely describes the current trend in agricultural machinery adoption and the levels of mechanization that can be recommended for appropriateness globally. In addition to level selection, this article introduces sensors and transformation stages with low-cost automation, specifically shifting toward autonomous machinery development in the future spectrum. | Low-Cost Automatic Machinery Development to Increase Timeliness and Efficiency of Operation for Small-Scale Farmers to Achieve SDGs | 10.1007/978-981-19-8113-5_15 |
2023-01-01 | Radiation therapy is a vital integrated part of modern comprehensive cancer management. Aside from the typical use of radiotherapy in treatment of cancer, low-dose radiation (LDR), typically <100 mGy, shows the capacity to improve wound healing by promoting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, matrix deposition, keratinocyte proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, animal studies have shown LDR attenuates systemic acute inflammatory response by regulating inflammatory cytokines, thus alleviating damage associating with chronic diabetic and burn wounds. Wounds can be classified as open or closed. Open wounds, such as cuts, burns or ulcers, can arise from external factors such as accidents, surgery and trauma or internal factors, such as diabetes mellitus, whereas closed wounds may occur due to blunt force trauma. Additionally, wounds can be either acute or chronic, depending on their healing capacity. These disruptions of the skin’s structural and functional integrity go through four distinct phases to achieve complete wound healing, namely, haemostasis, inflammation, cellular migration and proliferation and remodelling. Photobiomodulation and low-dose ionizing radiation have been studied for their effects on the cellular and molecular processes involved in wound healing. Similarly, both methods of low-dose radiation treatment have also been examined for their cancer therapy-associated adverse effects. In this paper, the molecular and cellular effects of low-dose radiation on wound healing and cancer cells are discussed. Additionally, the protective effects of low-dose radiation against conventional cancer treatments such as high-dose radiation and chemotherapy are also discussed. | The Effects of Low-Dose Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation on Wound Healing and Cancer | 10.1007/16833_2022_60 |
2023-01-01 | Most ancient karst gas reservoirs with deep burial depth, with developed fracture and cave, belong to multi-media ones and are characterized by low permeability and porosity as well as strong heterogeneity. In the process of development programming, how much production pressure different available for not only efficient exploration and development of reserves but also EOR has long been a major challenge. In common experiments, the simulated pressure difference is often more than 1.0 MPa, resulting in the pressure gradient ranging from 10 MPa/m to 33.3 MPa/m far beyond the real one. This bigger gradient is inconsistent with that in actual flow, which may bring about making improper measures. So, it’s necessary to carry out special experiments on flow simulation at the low pressure gradient in order to made clear the main factors affecting percolation capacity and single-well deliverability under similar formation condition. In this study, some comparative experiments on percolation and depletion in the deep karst gas reservoirs were conducted at the extra-low pressure gradient (<1.0 MPa/m) by means of perfecting metering apparatus and methods. The necessity to guide reservoir development on the basis of percolation-law analysis was also confirmed. Results show that (1) with regard to cores from different reservoirs, there is obvious nonlinear flow, especially from certain area with extra-low pressure gradient; (2) as for a few cores with connate water, there is apparent threshold pressure effect because percolation channel is sealed by the connate water; (3) for vuggy cores, there is obvious initial pressure in their flow; and (4) for porous cores, their depletion flow takes the longest. Fast depletion rate may enlarge the production pressure different further to cause uneven exploitation more seriously or even insufficient gas play. Compared with common experiments, the recovery, which between about 30% to 55% obtained from the depletion experiments, comes closer to that in the actual deep karst gas reservoirs. | Percolation Capacity in Deep and Ancient Karst Gas Reservoirs with Extra-Low Pressure Gradient | 10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_532 |
2023-01-01 | Prefabricated rocking wall structural system has the features of low seismic damage and quick energy dissipation, harnessing the unique response pattern of rocking. In this chapter, a new type of damage-controllable rocking wall system is proposed. The system consists of multiple walls embedded inside a frame structure, with the prestressed tendon providing the self-resetting feature, replaceable damping blocks between walls providing energy dissipation, and dry contact surfaces lowering residual deformation. Firstly, both the monotonic and cyclic responses are investigated theoretically. Secondly, quasi-static experiments are conducted using large-scale specimens. Thirdly, finite element simulations are carried out. The results show that the proposed system experiences efficient dissipation, low structural damage, and low residual displacement when subjected to earthquakes. | Prefabricated Rocking Wall Structural System | 10.1007/978-981-19-6821-1_6 |
2023-01-01 | Even nowadays there are a lot of achievements concerning the human limb prosthetics, with sophisticated controls and the use of advanced materials, the contact between the prosthesis socket and the residual limb is still a challenge for developers, due to the sensitivity of the skin and tissue, loaded by the body weight and inertial forces. Moreover, the common shrinking, in time, of the residual limb makes more difficult and uncomfortable the load transfer from residual limb to the prosthesis socket. The paper presents the experimental and theoretical research of the boundary contact pressure distribution between the residual limb and a custom-made socket, provided with an adjusting mechanism for a better fit. The experiments were performed by use of three Medical Sensors 3000E [ 1 ], connected to F-Scan system from Tekscan company, in order to record the time variation of the contact pressure and the force loading the socket-skin interface. Any socket has a protective layer at the contact with the residual limb, made of hypo-allergenic rubber or a medical-grade silicone, which are deformable materials, providing parasitic small displacements of the residual limb, inside the socket. For three such materials were raised the curves force-deformation, with the objective to determine their compliance, for use in the model, developed for this purpose. The simulation results pointed out the influence of the materials parameters upon the amplitudes of the parasitic displacements between residual limb and prosthesis socket. | Experimental and Theoretical Research of the Socket-Residual Limb Interface at Trans-tibial Prostheses | 10.1007/978-3-031-40628-7_32 |
2023-01-01 | Most electric sensors are powered by battery and have strict requirements on energy consumption. The existing communication protocol of electric low power wireless sensor network (e-LPWSN) usually periodically wakes up sensors to save energy. This paper studies the communication protocol optimization of existing e-LPWSN based on active wakeup, where energy consumption is further reduced by minimizing not only the wake-up times, but also the retransmission due to channel collision. Besides, the proposed method can support both ACK and alarm transmission. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method can greatly improve data transmission success rate, and can reduce the energy consumption of sensors by more than 20%. | Communication Protocol Optimization of Electric Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Based on Active Wakeup | 10.1007/978-981-99-3408-9_1 |
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