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This video will show how to create a gift card holder. Christina demonstrates how to wrap a gift card simply using an envelope. You can use any size as long as the gift card fits inside. Also, see how Christina jazzes up the envelope with fun paper, ribbon and stamping. When she is finished, you'll agree that it doesn't look like an envelope any longer, but a super fun way to give a gift card, photograph, business card or really whatever you want to put inside. | <urn:uuid:ab74f3f7-7ae3-408c-a3b9-87b704df9b59> | 2013-05-23T18:59:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rendell Says Unifying the Country Is Not Enough
By Zachary A. Goldfarb
Pennsylvania Gov. Edward G. Rendell (D), whose state holds the nation's next primary, on April 22, implicitly criticized a key rationale of Sen. Barack Obama's presidential campaign, saying today that it is not enough to be a unifying figure.
"I think the important thing to understand is who's got the best solutions for the problems, not just unification. That's great, but unification is not going to bring us health care," said Rendell, a supporter of Obama's opponent, Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton.
"Senator Clinton's health care plan is far more workable, far more achievable, and it will not only give universal health care, but it will drive down costs, which are essential," Rendell added.
Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.), the 2004 Democratic presidential candidate and Obama supporter, countered that Clinton's plan "is a non-starter, because it starts with a mandate that is unachievable in the Senate." He was referring to Clinton's requirement that every American must purchase health insurance.
By contrast, said Kerry, Obama's plan requires purchasing health care coverage only for children, and it "works up to a system where, at the back end, you may have a mandate, you will get to universal coverage."
Kerry also said that it will be very difficult for Clinton to win the presidency because of her high negativity ratings.
"Her negatives are now higher than her positives. It is very difficult to win the presidency when that's true," he said.
The comments to this entry are closed. | <urn:uuid:ba68dbb6-d911-4d17-b5a5-a1dad5a6d7b4> | 2013-05-23T19:06:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bill Maher's racial attack against Herman Cain via Newt Gingrich.
It's slight of hand racist remarks like the one Bill Maher made is what unfortunately Herman Cain is going to have to deal with in his campaign. As usual, the racism came from the ones who claim to embrace diversity, "liberals". Maher's so called joke wasn't even funny, except to the dim witted drones who make up his audience and clap at his lame jokes on demand. As usual, it's a liberal who brought up race and attacked a person of a different race, because that person doesn't think like him. If a comedian would have "joked" and said during the primaries in 2008 that "Hillary Clinton" is a Democrat and she is getting beat by a black guy "Obama", you all know what the blow back would have been against that comedian. There is no questioning that. In this case, because Stewart is a white liberal, Newt is a white pseudo conservative and Herman Cain is a black conservative, Bill Maher won't get any negative feedback for his remarks. He's so lucky he never had to debate a conservative who is black like myself. He wouldn't be laughing after five minutes with me. There seems to be a pattern with race and Bill. Maybe Bill doesn't think Herman could be a "real black president".
And this guy has the nerve to say Republicans are the ones who are more likely to be racist, whatever Bill. | <urn:uuid:6b18d97d-566c-4460-9c09-a33dc68c62af> | 2013-05-23T18:50:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Delightful and delicious, The Servant of Two Masters is filled to the brim with music, dance and laughter. Mayhem erupts when a wily servant hatches a crafty scheme to double his wages by serving two masters at once.
It is a bright morning in Venice, and the young couple, Silvio and Clarice, has just been given permission to marry. Clarice had previously been engaged to another man, Federigo Rasponi, but his sudden death has freed her to marry her true love. Clarice's father Pantalone, Silvio's father Doctor Lombardi and the innkeeper Brighella stand by as witnesses. A knock at the door interrupts the happy scene. Smeraldina, Clarice's maid, brings in Truffaldino, a quirky servant with disastrous news—his master, Federigo Rasponi, isn't dead after all! And he's here in Venice! A man enters, declaring himself to be Federigo Rasponi and demanding to marry Clarice. Pantalone feels obliged to uphold the original engagement, much to the distress of his daughter, Silvio and Doctor Lombardi.
Meanwhile, the innkeeper Brighella draws Federigo aside—and reveals that he recognizes Federigo's true identity. The person dressed as Federigo is actually Beatrice, Federigo's sister. Federigo was indeed killed in a duel by Beatrice's fiancé, Florindo, who then fled to Venice. Beatrice has followed him, hoping to collect her brother's money from Pantalone. Outside the inn, the always-hungry Truffaldino waits in the street fantasizing about food. His master Federigo—who he has no idea is really Beatrice—doesn't feed him nearly enough. Therefore, he decides that the best course would be to find another master to serve as well. Two masters, double the food! At just this moment a man enters, struggling with his luggage: it is Florindo. Truffaldino offers to serve him, and Florindo agrees. The servant Truffaldino now has two masters.
Truffaldino's first job for his masters is to go to the post office for their mail. Unfortunately, Truffaldino can't read, and the letters get mixed up. Florindo reads Beatrice's letter and learns that she's in Venice dressed as a man. Delighted, he runs off to find her. Pantalone arrives with a bag of money, which he hands to Truffaldino for his "master." Truffaldino doesn't know which "master" Pantalone means and mistakenly gives it to Florindo, though it was intended for Federigo. Meanwhile, Clarice begs her father to release her from the engagement to Federigo. The disguised Beatrice arrives and asks to speak with Clarice in private. Once they are alone, Beatrice reveals her true identity. Clarice is greatly relieved and tells her father that she will now consent to marry "Federigo." Unfortunately, Silvio doesn't know the happy news. Enraged at the loss of his love, he attacks Pantalone and accuses Clarice of being faithless. Deeply hurt, Clarice prepares to kill herself. Luckily, her maid Smeraldina arrives just in time to stop her.
At last it's time for lunch. Both Florindo and "Federigo" order their meals at the same time, and Truffaldino finds himself in a jam. Can he keep both masters satisfied while also finding time to stuff his own face? Smeraldina arrives, and Truffaldino, who had previously noticed the pretty maid, declares his love for her. He discovers that she feels the same. More mix-ups lead Beatrice and Florindo to believe that the other one is dead. In despair, they run out of the inn at the same time, ready to take their own lives. But just as they are about to plunge in the knives, they see... each other! They embrace, delirious with joy. Silvio and Clarice are reunited, and even Truffaldino is forgiven for daring to try to serve two masters at once. Oh, happiness, once more!
To find out more, visit SheakespeareTheatre.org. | <urn:uuid:fa37263b-6dde-480c-b5e9-0824ade9f092> | 2013-05-23T19:06:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Computers running on the next version of Microsoft's Windows operating system will go on sale in October.
Microsoft Corp. announced the time frame for Windows 8's mass-market release Monday in Toronto. A specific sales date in October wasn't provided.
Most industry analysts expected Windows 8 would go on sale in the fall to ensure that the machines running on the operating system would be available for the holiday shopping season. Consumers and businesses who don't want to buy new computers will be able to buy Windows 8 and upgrade their systems.
New versions of Windows typically come out every three years, but this update is the most widely anticipated overhaul of the software since 1995.
Applications will appear in a mosaic of tiles on Windows 8. Microsoft also designed the operating system so it can run on personal computers or touch-based tablet computers.
Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash., plans to make its own tablet running on Windows 8 to compete against Apple Inc.'s hot-selling iPad. The company hasn't yet announced a price for its tablet, which will be called the Surface. It also will be competing against a variety of other tablets, including the Kindle Fire from Amazon.com Inc. and the Nexus 7, which is being released later this month by Google Inc.
As part of its efforts to develop more touch-based software, Microsoft also announced the acquisition of Perceptive Pixel Inc. The deal gives Microsoft access to technology used in large multi-touch displays for TV broadcasters, as well as government, defense, engineering and educational markets, Microsoft said.
Terms of the Perceptive Pixel purchase weren't disclosed.
Windows 8 is being counted on to help revive demand for laptops and other personal computers.
The operating system's versatility is expected to encourage leading PC makers such as Hewlett-Packard Co. and Dell Inc. to release hybrid machines that are part laptop, part tablet computer. Both HP and Dell have also indicated they plan to release tablet computers powered by Windows 8, thrusting them into competition with Microsoft's Surface.
Microsoft is releasing Windows 8 computer manufacturers during the first week of August.
The high hopes riding on Windows 8 is the main reason that Microsoft's stock has climbed by about 15 percent so far this year. The shares fell 28 cents to $29.91 in Monday's early afternoon trading. | <urn:uuid:022b1b2d-3291-4119-8393-8cad1e871915> | 2013-05-23T18:52:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Benjamin Sebena Waives Preliminary Hearing; Arraignment Set
The 30-year-old waived a preliminary hearing on Thursday. He is next in court on Jan. 24.
Benjamin Sebena waived his right to a preliminary hearing Thursday in Milwaukee County Circuit Court in the case of the shooting death of his wife, Wauwatosa Police Officer Jennifer Sebena and was bound over for trial.
In a preliminary hearing, a defendant could challenge the evidence contained in the criminal complaint against him and force police, the medical examiner or other witnesses to testify to the facts presented in it. Benjamin Sebena, in waiving his hearing, agreed to those essential findings.
With that, a judicial court commissioner found probable cause that a crime was committed and bound Sebena over for trial.
Milwaukee County Assistant District Attorney Mark Williams is representing the state, and Sebena's attorney is Michael Steinle.
Sebena again appeared in court, as he did in his charging last Thursday, strapped in a wheelchair and wearing a gown and a protective security vest. This time, he did have to answer questions from the bench, to each of which he replied in a clear but flat voice, "Yes, sir."
Sebena's next scheduled court appearance is an arraignment on Jan. 24, at which time he would be expected to enter a plea to the charges before presiding Judge David Borowski.
Sebena, 30, is charged with first-degree intentional homicide in the Christmas Eve shooting. He is being held on $1 million cash bail.
Jennifer Sebena was found dead at 4:38 a.m. by a fellow officer on the north side of Wauwatosa Fire Station No. 1 in the Village. According to police, the last contact she had with dispatch was at 3:29 a.m. Some time after that, dispatchers attempted to contact her and she did not respond.
Sebena was questioned at length the same day and arrested on Christmas Day. According to the criminal complaint, he admitted to police that he had stalked his wife for several days and waited hours for her to stop on her shift at the fire station.
In his statement to police, the complaint says, Sebena admitted shooting her twice in the back of the head with a 9mm handgun when she walked out of the station, then using her service pistol to shoot her three more times.
Both guns were found hidden in the basement ceiling of the Sebena home. | <urn:uuid:f7c9163e-fb95-4b96-a206-8fb6d5bcfae5> | 2013-05-23T18:44:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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a tree of the South
Updated: 2012-11-03 20:59:33 UTC (Sat)
Contact: Thomas Parker
Home Page: Parker Homestead, a tree of the South
Should you find a connection, let me know! I enjoy finding all infomation on the family. All infomation is posted, along with sources.
No Surname < A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z >
RHODEN, Bytha b: 30 Dec 1899 in Florida d: 21 Mar 1983 in Frostproof, Polk, Florida, United States of America
RHODEN, Cathy Loraine
RHODEN, Dave b: 23 Sep 1897 in Works Bowling Green FL d: 29 Mar 1983 in Bradenton, Manatee, Florida, USA
RHODEN, ELIZABETH THOMAS b: Apr 1834 in Georgia d: 6 May 1910 in Lafayette, Florida, United States
RHODEN, Elsie b: 28 MAY 1892 in Baker Co, Fl d: 18 JUL 1965
RHODEN, Ernest R. b: ABT 1888 in Florida
RHODEN, George b: 14 May 1859 in Florida, United States d: 19 Dec 1923 in Frostproof, Polk, Florida, USA
RHODEN, George b: 23 Apr 1895 in Fort Pierce, Stewart, Florida, USA d: Aug 1986 in Fort Pierce, Stewart, Florida, USA
RHODEN, Georgia "Dauty" b: 22 Dec 1906 in Frostproof, Polk, Florida, USA d: 24 Mar 2002 in Okeechobee, Florida, United States
RHODEN, Hansford b: 1850
RHODEN, James Arlie b: 1909 d: 21 SEP 1998
RHODEN, James J. b: ABT 1820
RHODEN, Jane b: 1853
RHODEN, John Hardy b: 30 Nov. 1857 in Florida d: 13 Sep 1927 in Lake City, Columbia Co., FL
RHODEN, John Jr b: 1830 in Barnwell, South Carolina, USA d: 1 Nov 1862 in Winchester, Frederick, Virginia, USA
RHODEN, John Sr b: 1803 in Barnwell, South Carolina, USA d: in Baker, Florida, USA
RHODEN, Lena Marguerite Elizabeth
RHODEN, Levi b: 1839
RHODEN, Lou Ella b: 18 Dec 1909 in Florida, USA d: 10 Dec 1973 in Orlando, Orange, Florida, USA
RHODEN, Lucinda b: 1856 in Georgia, USA d: 1892 in Kissimmee Island, Polk, Florida, USA
RHODEN, Mary b: 13 Dec 1908 in Frostproof, Polk County, Florida, U.S.A. d: 6 Feb 1996 in Frostproof, Polk County, Florida, U.S.A.
RHODEN, Nancy Mae b: 15 JAN 1920 in Heilbron Springs, Fl d: 10 MAY 1999 in Starke, Bradford COunty, Florida
RHODEN, Rachel b: 1845 d: 1927
RHODEN, Richard b: 1846
RHODEN, Ruth Effie b: 10 Jan. 1888 in Florida d: 19 Jan. 1963 in Suwannee County, Florida
RHODEN, Sidney b: 14 Apr 1893 in Lakeland, Polk, Florida, USA d: 19 Nov 1992 in Bowling Green, Hardee, Florida, United States of America
RHODEN, Tempy b: 1846
RHODEN, Virginia b: 1852
RHODEN, William b: 1840
RHODEN, William b: 8 Jun 1902 in Florida d: 5 Sep 1976 in Bradenton, Manatee, Florida, USA
RHODEN, William Washington b: 25 Feb 1855 in Georgia, USA d: 19 Apr 1940 in Brewster, Polk County, Florida, U.S.A.
RHODES, Allie Jane b: 15 OCT 1845 in AL d: 24 AUG 1924 in Pike, AL
RHODES, Allie Leona b: 12 JUN 1888 d: 22 APR 1909
RHODES, Amelia d: AFT 1820
RHODES, Annie b: 1876 d: AUG 1934
RHODES, Bibb Walter b: 15 FEB 1886 d: 25 APR 1949
RHODES, Candace 'Dicey'
RHODES, Caroline Jane
RHODES, Cora C.
RHODES, Delilah b: ABT 1774 d: 1838
RHODES, Delilah Mildred b: 03 OCT 1837 d: 26 JUN 1898
RHODES, Elbert Allison b: 17 SEP 1899 d: 23 JUN 1977
RHODES, Fannie A. b: 1852 d: 08 SEP 1898
RHODES, Floyd Garland
RHODES, Frances Martha b: 4 Aug 1815 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, George W.
RHODES, Hawkins Angeline b: 1836 d: 1926
RHODES, infant male b: ABT 1885 d: ABT 1886
RHODES, James Manly b: WFT Est. 1851 1871 d: WFT Est. 1885 1957
RHODES, James R. b: 1872 d: 1936
RHODES, James W.
RHODES, Lela b: 14 FEB 1883 d: 21 JAN 1911
RHODES, Lula b: 1868 d: WFT Est. 1882 1962
RHODES, Margaret Beatrice b: 28 NOV 1912 d: 08 MAY 1995 in Durham, Durham, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, Martha Anice b: BET JAN 1860 AND MAY 1860 d: 28 NOV 1911
RHODES, Martha Etta b: 1870 d: MAR 1906
RHODES, Mary d: in B: Port Royal Cemetary, Henry Co., KY
RHODES, Mary b: ABT 1725 in <, Carteret, Nc>
RHODES, Melinda E. b: 1840 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, Melinda Emeline b: abt 1821 in North Carolina d: in North Carolina, United States
RHODES, Minnie b: 1879 d: ABT MAR 1887
RHODES, Nancy Jane b: 1868 d: APR 1925
RHODES, Penelope 'Penny' b: ABT 1797 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA d: 09 FEB 1863 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, Rebecca d: AFT 1820
RHODES, Sarah b: AFT APR 1795 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, Sarah 'Sadie' Frances b: 03 MAY 1897 d: 12 SEP 1969
RHODES, Thomas Jefferson b: 31 JAN 1874 d: 05 MAR 1940
RHODES, William d: 1820 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, William d: AFT 28 OCT 1834 in Orange County, North Carolina, USA
RHODES, William Duncan b: 1866 d: 01 OCT 1918
RHODES, William Jasper
RHODES, William W.
RHODES, Willie T.
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RootsWeb.com, Inc. is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program. If you have a problem with a particular entry, please contact the submitter of said entry. You have full control over your GEDCOM. You can change or remove it at any time. | <urn:uuid:fc204eee-15f1-480c-a120-6d778916bb76> | 2013-05-23T18:45:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ImportXML lets you get information from filetypes such as xml, html, csv, tsv, as well as RSS and Atom feeds.
... fails with this message -
error: The xPath query given could not be evaluated. Please check the syntax of the query: //a/@href
Are there any changes in the way ImportXML function works in Google Docs Spreadsheet that makes it fail in some cases? | <urn:uuid:fd029985-ce08-4631-8c3b-1e304e9454d5> | 2013-05-23T18:38:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Please choose a project from your "current project" list
Create a new one
You have unpublished changes
You have changes that need to be published. Would you like to do that now?
We're sorry, something has gone wrong during the publish. Would you like to try again?Publish again
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Publish has been completed. | <urn:uuid:0cb0e7e7-32af-4b2e-8b85-1edc87155a52> | 2013-05-23T19:05:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Classic hamburgers and batter-dipped fries attract fast-food fans to this drive-through restaurant.. In Short Founded in the south in the 1980s, this chain is based on the idea of offering good food and drive-through convenience. Hamburger options include a basic single-patty burger and the two-patty Big Buford. There menu also features chili dogs, chicken strips, chicken sandwiches, batter-dipped spicy fries and shakes. The red-and-white restaurants are known for having two drive-through windows and no interior seating. However, many locations offer walk-up windows and outside seating at picnic-style tables. | <urn:uuid:1a739f08-5f6b-4b8d-9f29-9593e1ef60bb> | 2013-05-23T18:59:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Shark Assault Boat
The Shark Assault Boat is the Imperial Navy's standard Assault Boat. Typically 55 metres in length the Shark consists primarily of a large engine and an armoured troop compartment that is studded with magnetic clamps and Melta Charges. When the Shark reaches an enemy ship, the clamps latch on to the enemy hull as the charges, in concert with las-breachers, blast a hole through which assault troops can storm the vessel. Consequently, nearly all patterns of the Shark carry only defensive weapons with most of the space within the hull dedicated to armour, engines, or carrying capacity.
Tactically, Sharks are often accompanied by fighters to help the assault craft breach an enemy vessel's defences. To enable this tactic, the assault boats typically have engines capable of matching a starfighter's acceleration, although they are harder to maneuver.
- 1: Battlefleet Gothic Resources: Ships of the Gothic Sector (accessed 2010.11.17)
- 2: Battlefleet Gothic Resources: Imperial Fleets (accessed 2010.11.17)
- 3: Rogue Trader: Battlefleet Koronus, pg. 140 | <urn:uuid:ad95e8d6-a0c9-4935-96ec-d2538bef6d79> | 2013-05-23T18:52:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Nova Scotia is one of Canada’s three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole, its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi’kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia’s diversity.
In 1867 Nova Scotia was one of the three founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation. | <urn:uuid:89b97912-6feb-4cad-8449-d8a0378e0410> | 2013-05-23T18:52:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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By James Mackenzie
ROME (Reuters) - Italy's Civil Protection agency said on Tuesday that the manslaughter conviction of seven scientists and officials over a deadly 2009 earthquake in the central city of L'Aquila would create "paralysis" in disaster assessment and prevention.
On Monday, a court sentenced the group to six years in prison for failing to warn of the magnitude 6.3 quake which hit L'Aquila in the early hours of April 6, 2009, killing 308 people and devastating the medieval city.
The verdict has caused indignation among scientists around the world, who have warned it will make experts extremely reluctant to express an opinion in public about the likelihood of such events occurring in future.
The agency said it was "easy to imagine the effect of this incident on all those asked to assume responsibility in these sectors which are considered among the pillars of a modern civil protection service."
The sentence would not just affect seismological forecasting, it said, but could also deter other experts from offering opinions such as building safety assessments given by inspectors after the Emilia Romagna earthquakes this year.
The statement from the Civil Protection agency came after the heads of the government disaster assessment body at the center of the case resigned, saying it was no longer possible to carry on their work.
The head of the National Commission for the Forecast and Prevention of Major Risks, Luciano Maiani, former president Giuseppe Zamberletti and vice president Mauro Rosi said the convictions had made it impossible to continue their work.
The seven convicted on Monday were all members of the Commission.
Monday's case related to a meeting of the Commission on March 31, 2009 at which the scientists gave what prosecutors called "incomplete, imprecise and contradictory" statements about the risk of a major earthquake.
"A MEDIA OPERATION"
Prosecutors accepted it was impossible to forecast earthquakes with any accuracy but said the Commission had given an overly reassuring picture of the situation facing L'Aquila when the earthquake struck.
In the months preceding the meeting, dozens of lower level tremors had hit the region, stoking fears that a bigger shock could be on the way and the meeting was intended to inform the public of the situation.
At the heart of the issue is the kind of cautious language, hedged with qualifications, that is typical when scientists talk about uncertain events in the future but which does not always translate well into public information announcements.
A wiretapped conversation between the then head of the Civil Protection agency Guido Bertolaso and another official published on the website of the La Repubblica daily on Tuesday underlined the potential for misunderstanding.
The wiretap, made by police investigating a separate case, showed that Bertolaso wanted the scientists to send a reassuring message to the public.
"It's more a media operation, you understand," Bertolaso is heard telling the other official. "...it's not that we are worried or concerned, it's because we want to calm people down and instead of you or I talking, we'll get the biggest scientists in seismology to talk," he said.
Behind the controversy over the conviction of the scientists, commentators have also pointed to the wider issue of disaster preparedness in Italy, one of the most earthquake-prone regions in Europe.
Authorities have sometimes seemed more willing to issue soothing statements than to address longstanding problems such as illegal construction and poor urban planning which have often exacerbated the deadly impact of disasters such as earthquakes and severe floods.
(Editing by Andrew Osborn) | <urn:uuid:28e9904c-0163-4677-8e44-c901f81e150f> | 2013-05-23T18:33:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You are looking at historical revision 6537 of this page. It may differ significantly from its current revision.
A unification framework for web server communications systems like CGI, SCGI or FastCGI and Spiffy.
NOTE: This documentation is a quick write-up. It needs to be improved. The egg is alpha code too.
Requirements vary depending on how you want to run it; if you wish to use Spiffy, you'll need the spiffy egg, if you wish to use FastCGI you'll need the fastcgi egg, if you wish to use SCGI you'll need the scgi egg. If you only need CGI, there are no extra requirements.
Web-unity is an attempt to remove the differences between the various ways you can write web applications with Chicken. The goal is to ease professional webdevelopment by making it possible to deploy on different server architectures than you develop on, and making it easier to migrate to a different system when the need arises. This allows you to move from CGI to FastCGI if your webserver can't handle the requests any longer, or develop on Spiffy and deploy on your Lighttpd production server using SCGI.
This is done by abstracting away a couple of things, so it may mean slightly degraded performance or power.
(wu:set-header! name value)
Sets a HTTP header in the current response by changing the value of the current-response-headers parameter. If the header was already set it will be overwritten except in the case of Set-Cookie. In this case, it will just output an additional Set-Cookie header.
This invokes the main loop that handles requests. The dispatcher is a thunk (lambda with no args) that will be invoked whenever a request comes in on the server. This needs to be called last from whatever bootstrap code you run to set up a web application. The run-handler takes care of setting up the environment correctly so that the given dispatcher can have the information it needs to work with independently of the type of web server.
Write the current headers from the wu:response-headers parameter. This must be done before emitting any output and it must be done exactly once.
(wu:get-header name [default])
Get the current value of the given header. If the optional default is given, this is returned if the header is not found, otherwise #f is returned.
Most request information is available through SRFI-39 parameters
- request-method (symbol) : The current request's HTTP method as a lower-cased symbol (get, post).
- params (alist) : The current HTTP method's parameters with their values (all strings). With GET this is equal to the query-params, with POST it contains the POST request attributes
- query-params (alist) : The current query parameters (URL commandline parameters), even if the method is post, for example.
- script-name (string): The absolute path to the script in the URL, up to, but not including, the pathinfo.
- script-filename (string) : The absolute path to the script in the filesystem.
- path-info (string) : The pathinfo component of the URL (this is the pathname part after the actual script's filename)
- response-headers (alist) : The headers that will be sent when you call (wu:write-headers). Default: (("Content-Type" . "text/html))
- response-code (integer-string pair) : The response code that will be sent when you call (wu:write-headers). Default: (200 . "OK")
TODO: Invent a better example (one that doesn't statically load one file)
Here is a really small example file that is written in web-unity:
;; Example.scm (wu:set-header! "content-type" "text/html") (wu:write-headers) (printf "params: ~A<br />\nquery args: ~A\n<br />method: ~A\n" (wu:params) (wu:query-params) (wu:request-method)) (printf "parameter (http_)accept = ~A\n<br />" (wu:get-header "accept")) (printf "script-name = ~A\n<br />" (wu:script-name)) (printf "script-filename = ~A\n<br />" (wu:script-filename)) (printf "<form action=\"\" method=\"post\"><input name=\"foo\" /><input name=\"bar\" /><input type=\"submit\" /></form>")
You can setup lighttpd using CGI so it loads this script as follows:
cgi.assign = ( ".scm" => "/usr/libexec/cgi-dispatcher.scm")
where the cgi-dispatcher file contains the following:
#!/usr/pkg/bin/csi -s (use web-unity-cgi) (wu:run-handler (lambda () (load "example.scm")))
Lighttpd with FCGI works as follows:
fastcgi.server = ( ".scm" => ( "localhost" => ( "socket" => "/tmp/fastcgi-socket", "min-procs" => 1, "max-procs" => 1, "bin-path" => "/usr/libexec/fcgi-dispatcher.scm" ) ) )
where the cgi-dispatcher file contains the following:
#!/usr/pkg/bin/csi -s (use web-unity-fcgi) (wu:run-handler (lambda () (load "example.scm")))
Spiffy works a little differently:
(spiffy-file-ext-handlers `(("scm" (web-unity-handler "/usr/libexec/spiffy-dispatcher.scm"))))
where the spiffy-dispatcher file contains the following:
(use web-unity-spiffy) (define lp ##sys#current-load-path) (wu:run-handler (lambda () (load "example.scm")))
- 0.1 Initial release
Copyright (c) 2007, Peter Bex All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. | <urn:uuid:a9c40257-eb38-4c31-855e-7fd4669501b2> | 2013-05-23T18:59:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Forth Lesson 0
Why Bother?
Forth is weird compared to most popular computer languages. Until you learn how, it is hard to read because it is not based on the syntax of algebraic expressions.
But it is worth learning because a running Forth system gives you an extraordinary degree of low-level control over the system. Unlike most other programming environments that put up walls to hide or block access to "unauthorized" things, Forth makes it easy to get at anything, at any level from low to high.
Forth syntax
Here is syntactically-valid line of Forth code:
this is a test 123 456
Don't try to guess what it does; in fact it doesn't necessarily actually work, because some of the symbols might not be defined. But it is syntactically valid. It consists of 6 words, "this" "is" "a" "test" "123" "456". Words are separated by white space - spaces, tabs, and newlines. In most cases, spaces and newlines are the same.
Another syntactically valid line:
asdf foo jello @W#$%^,T/%$ 1a2qw2 gibbet
That's 6 words. One of them is pretty strange, consisting mostly of punctuation, but it is a word nevertheless. Any string of printing characters is a word, though most Forth implementations limit valid word names to 31 or fewer characters.
Left to right execution
The Forth interpreter is very simple. It parses the next word (i.e. it skips whitespace, then collects characters until it sees another whitespace character) and executes it.
That is it in a nutshell. So if you are trying to understand a Forth program in detail, you have to look at each word in turn and work out what it does. That sounds simple, but it will trip you up if you insist on looking for algebra. Just go left to right, one word at a time.
With practice, you will learn enough of the Forth vocabulary (the meanings of standard words) so that you can see what is going on at a glance, without having to puzzle out each individual word. It is just like learning to read - it is tedious until you get the basic vocabulary down, then it is easy.
Thus endeth the lesson. | <urn:uuid:dcce8b27-2e71-414c-960d-ab7375a0415f> | 2013-05-23T18:58:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ngari Panchen, Author
Dudjom Rinpoche, Author
All religions teach codes of ethical behavior. So too does Buddhism. This books is a translation of an indispensable exposition of the three sets of vows that are central to Tibetan Buddhist codes of discipline - the pratimoksa vows of individual liberation; the vows of the bodhisattva, who selflessly strives for the liberation of all beings; the vows of the esoteric path of tantra.
Here, the late Dudjom Rinpoche provides his authoritative commentary on the role of ethics and morality in Buddhist practice, outlining in detail the meaning and scope of the vows, and giving practical advice on maintaining the vows as supportive tools in the journey toward enlightenment. | <urn:uuid:7f08c48e-079c-4a87-990b-6592e01e99af> | 2013-05-23T18:46:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Archive for shiva/shakti
The yogis believe that emotional and spiritual wellness depends on the balance between these male and female energies (shiva and shakti). Alternate nostril breathing allows us to develop equanimity between these energies, as well as the two polarities of our brains. This helps us become more centered, experience clarity of thought and become more balanced energetically.
At this very moment, you are predominantly breathing through one nostril. This changes about every 90 minutes, when one polarity of the brain becomes more dominant than the other. Test it out by blocking one nostril and inhaling through the other. Then do the same for the other and you will likely discover a difference between the two. According to yogic philosophy, this has important implications on our mental, physical and spiritual health.
The left nostril is associated with the right hemisphere of the brain, which is our feminine and creative mind (shakti or yin). The right nostril is associated with our logical and masculine side (Shiva or yang). Every person has both male and female aspects to their personalities and at different times, one will preside over the other. Breathing through the left nostril (by blocking the right) has a sedating and calming effect, while breathing to through the right is energizing and stimulating.
There are different ways of practicing alternate nostril breathing. Here’s my method as it’s really simple and can be done just about anywhere, provided that you don’t mind that people might give you inquisitive looks if you do this in public.
- Inhale through the left nostril, while blocking the right (to the count of 4)
- Hold the breath for a few seconds.
- Then block the left nostril and exhale through the right (4 counts).
- Inhale through the right nostril to the count of 4
- Block the right nostril and exhale through the left.
- Inhale through the left nostril
- Block the left nostril and exhale through the right.
You can alternate back and forth this way. If you find it’s really difficult to inhale &/or exhale through one nostril or the other, try blocking one and breathing strictly through the congested nostril. After a few minutes, the air passage should clear up and you may find yourself entering into a more serene and balanced state. Once you find that there is a uniformity of air passing through each nostril, you can stop the exercise.
The yogis consider alternate nostril breathing to be one of the best techniques for calming down the nervous system and reaching an optimal level of health. | <urn:uuid:3bc74f61-234f-4d2c-95a8-a84ad2beb589> | 2013-05-23T18:31:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Pushing The Sheep Into The Pit
During the controversy relative to congregational cooperation many ideas have been promoted that would justify the unconditional transfer of funds from the treasury of one local church to any other local church. It has been shown that in the New Testament there is record of local churches engaging in unlimited congregational cooperation. It was always limited cooperation and the limit was that the receiving church was in need of the funds or assistance. Everyone in the church today who has studied this issue agrees that this is truth. Yet, due to the fact that there are those among us who would justify their practice at any cost, they teach the doctrine that an established church can arbitrarily become a "needy" church in order to promote some program of work that all other local churches bear the same relationship to and are equally responsible to accomplish. Others have countered that intercongregational cooperation or transfer of funds or assistance from one church to another is the exception and not the rule. God expects all His local churches to operate independent of one another except when the need demands otherwise. Therefore intercongregational cooperation is the abnormal function and not the normal function that God expects of His churches.
A premise has been stated that the unconditional transfer of funds from one church to another is sinful in God's sight. When limited to a need being the cause for the transfer of funds from one church to another, it must not be because of the arbitrary action of the receiving church to make itself needy, because all local churches have this right. If one church has the right to suddenly become a "needy" church by biting off more than it can chew without the help of other churches, then all churches have the same right. Therefore if all churches have the same right to declare themselves a needy church, all churches have the right to declare themselves a non-needy church. If they can declare that they are in a condition of need, they can also declare themselves out of a condition of need. Thus there would be no limiting factor to the transfer of funds from one church to another and we are back at the starting point.
This brings up the question of whether a thing may be right under abnormal conditions and wrong under normal conditions. Is there any truth to the position that during an emergency or its equivalent something may be permitted when it would be sinful under normal times? An incident in our Lord's life seems to teach this. (Read Matthew 12:1-5,11,12.) Jesus journeyed through lands where wheat and barley grew near the paths that He traveled. As He and His disciples walked, they hungered and gathered grain to eat. Pharisees who were constantly on the alert to find a flaw in His life saw this action and condemned Him as doing "that which is not lawful to do- upon the sabbath day." Jesus was doing no violence to the law and the Pharisees were aware of it for they knew that the law provided for the traveler to pluck grain to eat (Deut. 23:25). Yet, being anxious to condemn him, they considered His action as that of the work of harvesting. This was unlawful for the Sabbath was the day of rest and was to be kept holy unto the Lord. Although their accusation was false, Jesus shows them that the law provided for things to be lawfully done at certain times and the same things unlawfully done at other times. God would allow certain things during the existence of a need or emergency that normally He would not. Jesus proves this by stating that David violated no law when he ate of the shewbread in the temple when fleeing from King Saul (1 Sam. 21:1-7). It was unlawful for David to do such a thing under normal circumstances, but was lawful under the existence of the need. Our Lord further shows that the work done by priests on the Sabbath did not profane the Sabbath. Although they prepared shewbread, animal offerings, and even kindled fires, they were blameless. Kindling fires on the Sabbath was expressly a violation of the old law (Ex. 35:3). The priests were blameless under the circumstances described by Jesus. Let us consider the answer to a few questions here. Would David have been condemned for eating shewbread from the temple under normal circumstances? Would the priests have been blameless had they kindled fires for any other purpose than those which the need called for?
A little further in the chapter Jesus showed the inconsistency of the Pharisees by telling them that they would do that which was unlawful under normal circumstances and lawful under abnormal circumstances. He states, "What man shall there be among you, that shall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the Sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out? Wherefore it is lawful to do well on the Sabbath days" (Matt. 12:11,-12). Was Jesus trying to teach that they could work on the Sabbath under normal circumstances? Was He telling them that they could create the abnormal circumstances that would permit them to do that which under normal circumstances was unlawful? Would it have been lawful for the Jew to "push his sheep into the pit" in order to create the situation that would allow him to work? According to the theory that an established church can arbitrarily indebt itself beyond its means in order to create the conditions that permit the transfer of funds from one church to another, the Jew would be justified if he pushed his sheep into the pit to create the conditions that would permit him to work on the Sabbath.
It was assumed that all would agree that the unconditional and unlimited transfer of funds from one church to another is sinful — unlawful. It was also assumed that all would agree that the limiting factor is that the receiving church must be in need of support. The issue is how the need came about. Was it due to the fact that the receiving church was in need because of conditions she couldn't help or conditions she created?
It may be objected that this makes cooperation between churches or Christ sinful. Somebody may say, (and one has already) "Matthew 12 would make you believe church cooperation is all wrong unless an emergency or catastrophe came about." But will not our objector agree that the unconditional, unlimited, ungoverned, and uncontrolled transfer of funds or assistance from one church to another is sinful? If he says yes, he has drawn a limiting pattern — an exclusive pattern of Church cooperation. If he says no he finds himself completely at a loss to govern or control the transfer of funds from one church to another. There are no conditions he can describe that would be sinful. There is no limit he can state 'as to the transfer fund assistance from one church to another. The charge of teaching a principle that would "lead back to Rome" is logical and honest.
If not, when he stops wherever it may be — he has drawn a "militant pattern like the Guardian promulgates" — exclusive by the nature of patterns. | <urn:uuid:2ab974c2-6c54-4f9f-894f-582395a566cb> | 2013-05-23T18:39:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Definitely Probably One
Definitely Probably One:
A Generation Comes of Age Under China's One-Child Policy
Had China not imposed its controversial but effective one-child policy a quarter-century ago, its population today would be larger than it presently is by 300 million-roughly the whole population of the United States today, or of the entire world around the time of Genghis Khan.
The Chinese population-control policy of one child per family is 25 years old this year. A generation has come of age under the plan, which is the official expression of the Chinese quest to achieve zero population growth. China's adoption of the one-child policy has avoided some 300 million births during its tenure; without it, the Chinese population would currently be roughly 1.6 billion-the number at which the country hopes to stabilize its population around 2050. Many experts agree that it is also the maximum number that China's resources and carrying capacity can support. Standing now at a pivotal anniversary of the strategy, China is asking itself, Where to from here?
China's struggle with population has long been linked to the politics of national survival. China scholar Thomas Scharping has written that contradictory threads of historical consciousness have struggled to mold Chinese attitudes towards population issues. China possesses a "deeply ingrained notion of dynastic cycles" that casts large populations as "a symbol of prosperity, power, and the ability to cope with outside threat." At the same time, though, "historical memory has also interpreted a large population as an omen of approaching crisis and downfall." It was not until economic and development issues re-emerged as priorities in post-Mao Zedong's China that the impetus toward the one-child policy began to build rapidly. During Mao's rule population control was often seen as inhibiting the potential of a large population, but in the years following his death it became apparent that China's population presented itself as more of a liability than an asset. Policymakers eager to reverse the country's backwardness saw population control as necessary to ensure improved economic performance. (In 1982, China's per-capita GDP stood at US$218, according to the World Bank. The U.S. per-capita GDP, by way of comparison, was about $14,000.)
The campaign bore fruit when Mao's successor, Hua Guofeng, along with the State Council, including senior leaders such as Deng Xiaoping, decided on demographic targets that would curb the nation's high fertility rates. In 1979 the government announced that population growth must be lowered to a rate of natural increase of 0.5 percent per year by 1985. In fact, it took almost 20 years to reach a rate of 1 percent per year. (The overestimating was in part due to the lack of appropriate census data in 1979; it had been 15 years since the last population count and even then the numbers provided only a crude overview of the country's demography.) Nevertheless the Chinese government knew that promoting birth-planning policies was the only way to manifest their dedication and responsibility for future generations. In 1982 a new census was taken, allowing for more detailed planning. The government then affirmed the target of 1.2 billion Chinese for the year 2000. Demographers, however, were skeptical, predicting a resurgence in fertility levels at the turn of the century.
The promotion of such ambitious population plans went hand in hand with the need for modernization. Though vast and rich in resources, China's quantitative advantages shrink when viewed from the per-capita perspective, and the heavy burden placed on its resources by China's sheer numbers dictates that population planning remain high on the national agenda. The government has also stressed the correlation between population control and the improved health and education of its citizens, as well as the ability to feed and employ them. In September 2003, the Chinese magazine Qiushi noted that "since population has always been at the core of sustainable development, it is precisely the growth of population and its demands that have led to the depletion of resources and the degradation of the environment. The reduction in birth rate, the changes in the population age structure, especially the improvement in the quality of the population, can effectively control and relieve the pressure on our nation's environment and resources and strengthen our nation's capability to sustain development."
The Reach of the One-Child Policy
Despite the sense of urgency, the implementation of such a large-scale family planning program proved difficult to control, especially as directives and regulations were passed on to lower levels. In 1981, the State Council's Leading Group for Birth Planning was transformed into the State Population and Family Planning Commission. This allowed for the establishment of organizational arrangements to help turn the one-child campaign into a professional state family planning mechanism. Birth-planning bureaus were set up in all counties to manage the directives handed down from the central government.
Documentation on how the policy was implemented and received by the population varies from area to area. There are accounts of heavy sanctions for non-compliance, including the doubling of health insurance and long-term income deductions as well as forced abortions and sterilizations. Peasant families offered the most significant opposition; rural families with only one daughter often insisted that they be given the right to have a second child, in hopes of producing a son. On the other hand, in some regions married couples submitted written commitments to the birth-planning bureaus stating they would respect the one-child policy. Despite this variation, it is commonly accepted that preferential treatment in public services (education, health, and housing) was normally given to one-child families. Parents abiding by the one-child policy often obtained monthly bonuses, usually paid until the child reached the age of 14.
Especially in urban areas it has become commonplace for couples to willingly limit themselves to one child. Cities like Shanghai have recently eased the restrictions so that divorcees who remarry may have a second child, but there, as well as in Beijing and elsewhere, a second child is considered a luxury for many middle-class couples. In addition to the cost of food and clothing, educational expenses weigh heavily: As in many other countries, parents' desire to boost their children's odds of entering the top universities dictates the best available education from the beginning-and that is not cheap. The end of free schooling in China-another recent landmark-may prove to be an even more effective tool for restricting population growth than any family planning policy. Interestingly, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung has reported that Chinese students who manage to obtain a university education abroad often marry foreigners and end up having more than one child; when they return to China with a foreign spouse and passport they are exempt from the one-child policy.
There are other exceptions as well-it is rumored that couples in which both members are only children will be permitted to have two children of their own, for instance-and it is clear that during the policy's existence it has not been applied even-handedly to all. Chinese national minorities have consistently been subject to less restrictive birth planning. There also appears to have been a greater concentration of family planning efforts in urban centers than in rural areas. By early 1980, policy demanded that 95 percent of urban women and 90 percent of rural women be allowed only one child. In the December 1982 revision of the Chinese constitution, the commitment to population control was strengthened by including birth planning among citizens' responsibilities as well as among the tasks of lower level civil administrators. It is a common belief among many Chinese scholars who support the one-child policy that if population is not effectively controlled the pressures it imposes on the environment will not be relieved even if the economy grows.
More Services, Fewer Sanctions
Over time, Chinese population policy appears to have evolved toward a more service-based approach consistent with the consensus developed at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. According to Ru Xiao-mei of the State Population and Family Planning Commission, "We are no longer preaching population control. Instead, we are emphasizing quality of care and better meeting the needs of clients." Family planning clinics across the country are giving women and men wider access to contraceptive methods, including condoms and birth-control pills, thereby going beyond the more traditional use of intrauterine devices and/or sterilization after the birth of the first child. The Commission is also banking on the improved use of counseling to help keep fertility rates down.
Within China, one of the most prevalent criticisms of the one-child policy has been its implications for social security, particularly old-age support. One leading scholar envisions a scenario in which one grandchild must support two parents and four grandparents (the 4-2-1 constellation). This development is a grave concern for Chinese policymakers (as in other countries where aging populations stand to place a heavy burden on social security infrastructures as well as the generations now working to support them).
A related concern, especially in rural China where there is a lack of appropriate pension systems and among families whose only child is a daughter, is that it is sons who have traditionally supported parents in old age. The one-child policy and the preference for sons has also widened the ratio of males to females, raising alarms as the first children born into the one-child generation approach marriage age. The disparity is aggravated by modern ultrasound technology, which enables couples to abort female fetuses in hopes that the next pregnancy produces a son; although this practice is illegal, it remains in use. The 2000 census put the sex ratio at 117 boys to 100 girls, and according to The Guardian newspaper, China may have as many as 40 million single men by 2020. (There are several countries where the disparity is even greater. The UN Population Fund reports that countries such as Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates have male-to-female ratios ranging between 116:100 and 186:100.)
However, the traditional Chinese preference for sons may be on the decline. Dr. Zhang Rong Zhou of the Shanghai Population Information Center has argued that the preference for boys is weakening among the younger generation, in Shanghai at least, in part because girls cost less and are easier to raise. The sex ratio in Shanghai accordingly stands at 105 boys to every 100 girls, which is the international average. Shanghai has distinguished itself over the past 25 years as one of the first urban centers to adopt the one-child policy, and it promises to be a pioneer in gradually relaxing the restrictions in the years to come. Shanghai was the first region in China to have negative fertility growth; 2000 census data indicated that the rate of natural increase was -0.9 per 1,000.
A major concern remains that as the birth rate drops a smaller pool of young workers will be left to support a large population of retirees. Shanghai's decision to allow divorced Chinese who remarry to have a second child is taking advantage of the central government's policy, which lets local governments decide how to apply the one-child rule. Although Shanghai has devoted much effort to implementing the one-child policy over the past 25 years, the city is now allowing qualifying couples to explore the luxury of having a second child. This is a response to rising incomes (GDP has grown about 7 percent per year over the past 20 years) and divorce rates. As noted above, however, many couples, although often better off then their parents, remain hesitant to have more than one child because of the expense.
The first generation of only children in China is approaching parenthood accustomed to a level of economic wealth and spending power-and thus often to lifestyles-that previous generations could not even have imagined. However, China also faces a rapidly aging population. In the larger scheme of things, this may be the true test of the government's ability to provide for its citizens. The fate of China's family planning strategy-in a context in which social security is no longer provided by family members alone but by a network of government and/or private services-may be decided by the tension between the cost of children and the cost of the elderly. There seems little doubt, however, that family planning will be a key element of Chinese policymaking for many years to come.
Claudia Meulenberg, a former Worldwatch intern, received her master's degree from the George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs in May and now works at the Institute for International Mediation and Conflict Resolution at The Hague in her home country of the Netherlands.
References and readings for each article are available at www.worldwatch.org/pubs/mag/. | <urn:uuid:c083301e-7481-41e8-a02b-0463694f18b8> | 2013-05-23T18:59:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sifu Paul Ng has been practicing and studying martial arts for over forty years. The Confederation of Canada Wushu Organization has Sifu Paul Ng's Kung Fu standing at a Level 9 - Master Degree. He started learning the Hung-Gar (southern Style) in the late 1960's and in the early 1970's, went on to study My-Jong Law Horn (Northern Style). At that point in time, he became an instructor. In the 1980's, Sifu Paul Ng learned Wu Shu and was chosen to be the first Wu Shu team member (in 1985) to compete in China. Sifu Paul Ng and his students have participated in non-contact, semi-contact and full-contact kick boxing tournaments.
Sifu Paul Ng has learnt most of the internal styles of martial arts which include wrestling, Xing-Yi, Pa Gua, Yang Style, Chen Style and Wu Style Tai Chi. He is experienced in the higher levels of Chi Kung with various masters.
Sifu Paul Ng's various experiences and continuous practice in the martial arts, have made him an expert in reducing his opponent's power in push hand. He also has the ability to use finger pressure to heal with Chi Kung. In certain cases, Sifu Paul Ng is able to heal with remote Chi Kung.
After forty years of practice, Sifu Paul Ng's movements have become so refined as to be invisible to normal people in push hands. Wu Style Tai Chi has even helped him to become firm, gentle and light in his ballroom dancing !
Sifu Paul Ng's c ontact phone number is 604-836-8936 | <urn:uuid:b0d465a0-59ef-4eb7-9191-01e683c1a631> | 2013-05-23T18:51:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Heather Bauer, R.D., nu-train
In 1997, with the introduction of Red Bull, energy drinks began as a significant category in the US market. Since then, the market has grown by 50% almost yearly, and the energy drink market now totals more than four billion dollars. Clearly, this indicates that many Americans are consuming these caffeine laden trendy beverages, but are they really that good for us?
What is an Energy Drink?
Energy drinks, such as Red Bull, Monster, Cocaine, and Hype Energy, are beverages that contain large doses of caffeine, sugar, taurine, and other legal stimulants like ephedrine, guarana, and ginseng. These energy drinks may contain anywhere from 80mg of caffeine for 8 oz (about the equivalent of a strong cup of coffee) to 250mg. Energy drinks purport to have "functionality", including increasing concentration and cognitive performance of the consumer. The basis of these statements, however, lies in inconclusive data, from a limited number of studies. To de-bunk some of these claims, we will breakdown the most common ingredients.
Caffeine is one of the main active ingredients found in energy drinks. In spite of extensive research, the evidence with regard to the health implications of caffeine is inconclusive. There is, however, some evidence that high acute intakes of caffeine are associated with tachycardia (fast heart beat) and acute increases in blood pressure. Too much caffeine may also cause nervousness, irritability, and insomnia. The longer term risks, or possible benefits, of caffeine on cardiovascular disease and diabetes, are less known.
Guarana, a native South American plant, contains guaranine, a substance that is chemically similar to caffeine with likely comparable stimulant effects. There is very little information regarding the effects of guarana, and in the US, it is unregulated. As a result, many health professionals are wary of guarana-containing products.
Taurine is a normal metabolite in the body that is synthesized from the amino acid cysteine or other sulphur or cysteine containing compounds. Taurine, which is naturally present in the diet, has been shown to have beneficial health effects, including decreasing blood pressure. No published studies have found any negative physiological effects of high intakes of taurine in healthy adults. However, there have been no conclusive studies regarding taurine's interaction with the other stimulants in energy drinks.
The Dangers of Energy Drinks
While none of the common active ingredients in energy drinks seem to be particularly harmful alone, there has been limited research studying the combination of these ingredients on health. Energy drinks' stimulating properties have been anecdotally reported to increase heart rate and blood pressure, dehydrate the body, and prevent sleep. These effects may be particularly harmful if the drinks are used in sporting contexts. Sports drinks, such as Gatorade and Vitamin Water, have certain compositional requirements with regard to carbohydrates, electrolytes, and osmolarity. Energy drinks, on the other hand, do not have these requirements and because they contain caffeine, a known diuretic, they can greatly dehydrate an individual, whereas in sporting events or exercise, they would be needed to rehydrate. In addition, socially energy drinks are now used as mixers for alcoholic cocktails. The danger in this lies in the fact that energy drinks are stimulants and alcohol is a depressant. As a result, the stimulant properties of the energy drinks can mask the feeling of intoxication and can lead a person to drink well beyond the safe limit. Finally, though not necessarily dangerous, energy drinks contain loads of sugar, and therefore contain numerous calories. Thus, consuming energy drinks, especially in place of water, can lead to weight gain.
Instead of relying on energy drinks to wake you up, there are numerous lifestyle changes you can make to boost your energy naturally.
*DISCLAIMER*: The information contained in or provided through this site section is intended for general consumer understanding and education only and is not intended to be and is not a substitute for professional advice. Use of this site section and any information contained on or provided through this site section is at your own risk and any information contained on or provided through this site section is provided on an "as is" basis without any representations or warranties. | <urn:uuid:d149114e-86b7-4fe8-af08-00428174202e> | 2013-05-23T18:37:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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31 Mar 1814France
Allies enter Paris.
06 Apr 1814France
16 Apr 1814
Suspected traitors tried and hung at Burlington Heights.
20 Apr 1814Caribbean
HMS Orpheus captures USS Frolic.
25 Apr 1814East coast of America
Royal Navy extends blockade to New England.
29 Apr 1814Caribbean
USS Peacock captures HMS Epervier.
06 May 1814New York, US
British capture Fort Oswego.
14 May 1814Upper Canada
American forces raid and burn Port Dover. | <urn:uuid:af7eea7f-8fd4-414e-bd26-74246d99723b> | 2013-05-23T18:37:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Disclaimer: Although we've tried to make
the information on this web site as accurate as possible, we accept no responsibility
for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information
published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with
the relevant authorities before you travel. | <urn:uuid:7e84dc3c-4aaf-4d68-b3ad-439ef4c19a5d> | 2013-05-23T19:05:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Paradnaja lestnitza doma Tolstykh
Overview and History
Odessa is the largest city on the coastline of the Black Sea and was once the third largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. Her nicknames are "the Pearl of the Black Sea", "Odessa Mama" and "Southern Palmira."
The name probably comes from the earliest recorded inhabitants, a Greek colony called Odessos which disappeared around the fourth century AD. Here's a lightning overview of Odessa's rulers, from the beginning. First there were the ancient Greeks, then miscellaneous nomadic tribes, the Golden Horde of Mongolia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the U.S.S.R, and finally Ukrainian independence in 1991.
The founding of the first city in this location dates to 1240 AD and is credited to a Turkish Tatar named Hacibey Khan. Its name at that time was Khadjibey. The first fortress was built in the fourteenth century, when Odessa was already becoming a major trading center. The fortress served to protect the harbor. Khadjibey became part of the Ottoman Empire in the early sixteenth century. Its fortress was rebuilt by the Ottomans and named Yeni Dunya, around 1764 AD.
The eighteenth century saw Odessa change hands from Turkish to Russian control. Russia captured Odessa in 1789 under the command of Jose de Ribas, a Spaniard who became a Russian admiral and played a major part in the victory. Jose de Ribas gets the credit for founding the modern city of Odessa -- his name is remembered in the most prominent street through the heart of Odessa -- Deribasovskaya Street.
In the treaty of Jassy in 1792, Turkey gave over control of a wide swath of land encompassing modern-day Ukraine and Odessa. The city was rebuilt to be a fort, commercial port and naval base. During the nineteenth century Odessa attracted immigrants from Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Armenia and all over Europe, enjoying its status as a free port.
Odessa was bombed by British and French weaponry during the Crimean War of the 1850's. After the destruction was repaired, a railroad joined Odessa to Kiev in 1866 and the city rapidly developed as the main export center for grain production. It became a center of Ukranian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century and in 1905 Odessa was the scene of a worker's uprising, led by sailors from the battleship Potemkin. During the uprising hundreds of citizens were murdered on the staircase that has come to be called "the Potemkin Steps."
During WWI Odessa was bombarded by the Turkish fleet and after the Bolshevik Revolution the city was occupied by the Central Powers, the French and the Red Army. In 1922 Odessa was unified with the Ukranian Soviet Socialist Republic. There was terrible suffering in the famine which took place after the Russian revolution in 1921.
Odessa was taken by German forces in 1941, and almost 300,00 civilians were killed. It remained under Romanian administration during WWII until its liberation by the Soviet Army in 1944. The city went through another rapid growth period after WWII, with industries of ship-building, oil refineries and chemical processing. The city became part of newly-independent Ukraine in 1991 after the fall of communism.
By air, the International Airport of Odessa is where you'll arrive and it's linked to the city by buses. Passenger ships from Istanbul, Haifa and Varna connect with the port. The Marine terminal is at the bottom of the Potemkin steps. When you get to the top you'll be greeted by the Duke of Richelieu, one of the city's founding fathers. This staircase also forms an optical illusion; looking down from the top, the steps are invisible and the side walls of the staircase appear to run parallel. Don't be fooled.
The main railway station is in the southern part of the city and it's connected with trams and buses, as usual, to get you around.
People and Culture
Things to do, Recommendations
The Opera House is the oldest and most famous in Odessa, built in 1810 with rich decorative rococo style. Here's a look at the Opera Theater at night. The Palais-Royal is adjoined to the Opera Theater and is also worth a trip to see.
On the "must-see" list, Deribasovskaya Street is the very heart of Odessa. Its unique character lasted even when adherence to Soviet-design styles was strictly promoted -- so here you can find amazing architecture, outdoor cafes and restaurants, cobblestone streets and no vehicle traffic.
Here's a look in the Passage shopping mall and hotel in the city center, a cool place to walk around.
Visit the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, the largest Orthodox Church in the city. It's been newly reconstructed after its destruction by Bolsheviks in the 1930's.
Architectural curiosities: go and find the one-wall building when you run out of things to do. This would be first on my list, actually. Here's another mixup of architectural styles to have a look at.
Finally, go and visit Empress Ekaterina, one of the main founders the city, at her monument.
Text by Steve Smith. | <urn:uuid:0777141c-cc96-4f55-b60e-280e4e2cef6e> | 2013-05-23T18:47:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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[Author's note: Although I am employed by the Japanese American National Museum, this article should not be construed as coming from the National Museum. Instead, this article is my personal opinion and should be taken as such.]
Over the last month, I have posted articles about my grandfather and what happened to him during the Second World War. Much of my grandfather’s story was not unique. Approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans were illegally incarcerated during the war, their only crime was looking like the enemy. The majority of those incarcerated were American citizens.
When most people refer to where the Japanese American were held, they use the term: internment camp. But the term is not only inaccurate but also hides what they really were: concentration camps.
Before you get angry or offended, let me explain.
According to the Merrian Webster dictionary, a concentration camp is “a camp where persons (as prisoners of war, political prisoners, or refugees) are detained or confined.” The definition of a concentration camp describes exactly what happened to the Japanese Americans during WWII, where they were political prisoners confined in a camp.
One of the reasons people are reluctant to use the term is because they don’t want to imply what happened in the United States was similar to what happened to Jews and others in Europe. But I believe what happened in Europe was not a concentration camp but much much worse. A more accurate term would be “death camp,” because the main purpose of the European camps was to torture and kill its prisoners.
In the book, Common Ground: the Japanese American National Museum and the Culture of Collaborations, the Museum curators addressed this debate:
A “concentration camp” is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they committed, but simply because of who they are. Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history, the term “concentration camp” was first used at the turn of the century in the Spanish American and Boer Wars.
During World War II, America’s concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from Nazi Germany’s. Nazi camps were places of torture, barbarous medical experiments and summary executions: some were extermination centers with gas chambers. Six million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust. Many others, including Gypsies, Poles, homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the Nazi concentration camps.
In recent years, concentration camps have existed in the former Soviet Union, Cambodia and Bosnia.
Despite differences, all had one thing in common: the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen.
It should be noted that United States government and military officials (including the President) often referred to these places as concentration camps. It is also important to note that not all Japanese Americans agree with the use of the term. Some Japanese Americans would prefer to use the government terminology. Although I disagree with them, it is their right to do so.
If concentration camps is the historically most accurate term, is saying interment camp wrong? Yes, because internment camp is a euphemism. According to the Merrian Webster dictionary, a euphemism is “the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.” A good example of a euphemism is saying someone was “eliminated” versus “killed.”
Think it doesn’t make a difference? What images are evoked when you hear concentration camp versus when you hear internment camp? Internment seems benign at worst while concentration camp is always construed negatively. That difference is intentional.
Mako Nakagawa, a former teacher and Japanese American activist, spoke about the negative effects of the euphemism on the general perception of the World War II experiences of Japanese Americans in an interview with the Nichi Bei, a Japanese American newspaper:
Government-created euphemistic language led to some people actually believing that the Japanese Americans were being protected and even pampered in the camps. The use of inaccurate terms can, and too often does, distort facts into outright fantasies.
The old adage that “sticks and stones may break bones/But words will never hurt” is not true. Words have power. They can create and they can destroy. Every time I write anything, whether it’s a screenplay, blog, or email, I remember the following quote from Pearl Strachan to remind myself how important my words can be: “Handle them carefully, for words have more power than atom bombs.”
Internment camp wasn’t the only euphemism. Here is a short list of some of the other more egregious ones:
This last one is so unbelievable (and not very well known), I feel it is important to expand on it a little. In the evacuation order, it states:
All Japanese persons, both alien and non-alien, will be evacuated from the above designated area by 12:00 o’clock noon Tuesday, April 7, 1942.
If an alien is someone who is not a citizen, a non-alien is a citizen. But they couldn’t say, “All Japanese person, both citizen and non-citizen will be evacuated” because it would be too obviously unconstitutional. But if we say non-alien most people wouldn’t give it a second thought.
Hiding the truth of what happened behind euphemistic language doesn’t allow us as a country to learn from our mistake and make sure it doesn’t happen again. That’s why when people ask me about my family’s experience in World War II, I always make sure to start by saying that they were incarcerated for almost six years in America’s concentration camps.
If you want to learn more, I recommend reading Words Can Lie or Clarify: Terminology of the World War II Incarceration of Japanese Americans by Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga. (Aiko was one of the people responsible for proving that the incarceration of Japanese Americans was not based on a military necessity but racism.)
Finally, Mako Nakagawa will be speaking at the Japanese American National Museum on August 27, 2011 at 2pm. She will discuss euphemisms and the importance of using accurate terminology. | <urn:uuid:1f810c39-e1c7-47a2-b870-25227b799427> | 2013-05-23T18:52:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Two vehicles may have hit pedestrian
Police believe a 21-year-old woman was hit by two vehicles at Gol Gol on Friday night.
They say a semitrailer hit the woman about 11:30pm (AEDT) on the Sturt Highway.
She was taken to the Mildura Base Hospital and died a short time later.
The 56-year-old man driving the truck was uninjured.
Dareton police say the woman may have first been involved in a collision with a dark coloured vehicle.
Police are appealing for the driver of that vehicle to come forward and for any witnesses to contact them. | <urn:uuid:a9aed43f-1ef7-4548-aaa9-89470b20937e> | 2013-05-23T18:40:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Coming soon! Nanotech on your desktop
Within 15 years, desktop nanofactories could pump out anything from a new car to a novel nanoweapon, says a technology commentator.
And he warns that society needs to start preparing for this brave new world.
Mike Treder from the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN) in New York says advanced nanotechnology, like these nanofactories, could help solve world poverty but it could also wreak economic and social chaos.
"It's the biggest challenge we've ever faced as a species," says Treder, who has been addressing scientists in Australia this week.
CRN is a non-profit organisation advised among others by the so-called father of nanotechnology, Dr Eric Drexler.
The organisation says it aims to raise awareness about the benefits and dangers of molecular manufacturing, the precise assembly of products atom-by-atom.
While molecular manufacturing is not yet a reality, Treder says researchers are already working on building molecular-scale machines that could eventually move atoms around to make products.
And he says that in less than 15 years, nanoscale factories could be making consumer products from cups and chairs to cars and house bricks.
Raw materials like carbon would be pumped into the nanofactory, where atoms would be rearranged to make products according to programs downloaded from the internet, says Treder.
Treder says such desktop nanofactories could help reduce poverty and starvation in developing nations, and provide tremendous medical benefits. But society needs to guard against its potential risks.
In particular, he says CRN is concerned that these desktop nanofactories would lead to a nano "arms race" in which hard-to-detect nanoweapons could be designed, manufactured and tested much quicker than they are today.
"Imagine a suitcase filled with billions of toxin-carrying flying robots that could be released anywhere to target a population," he says.
"You could make a suitcase full of these things overnight for a few dollars."
The mass production of consumer goods by private desktop factories could also trigger social chaos due to economic disruption, says Treder.
"If I can make my own car at home for a couple of hundred dollars with a design downloaded from the internet that means I'm not a customer of the auto dealer down the road."
Waste from such easy manufacturing, or nanolitter, is another issue that needs to be thought about, he says. As is the prospect of nanospam.
"If someone could send you a product online that you don't want but they just make it pump out of your nanofactory, how are we going to prevent that?"
Experts are generally sceptical that desktop factories could exist so soon but welcome Treder's discussion of impacts of nanotechnology on society.
Dr Peter Binks of Nanotechnology Victoria, a sponsor for Treder's tour, says his organisation does not "yet buy into the idea" of the desktop factory.
"But we don't dismiss it either," he says. "We think there are a large number of technical hurdles to be overcome."
William Price, professor of nanotechnology at the University of Western Sydney says desktop factories may be possible but technical issues will mean this will not be within 15 years.
Professor Chennupati Jagadish of the Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network, which is also a sponsor for the tour, thinks Treder's views are imaginative and futuristic.
"Expecting those sorts of machines in 15 years is probably too optimistic," he says, estimating they would be more like 30 or 40 years away, if at all.
And it's this challenge that makes Professor Ned Seeman, of New York University, who is involved in self-assembling arrays of DNA machines, sceptical of Treder's claims.
"I think this suggestion is wildly optimistic," he says. "Most of the basic principles have not been demonstrated, much less in a 'desktop' context."
But even he is not willing to rule the technology out completely.
"One hundred years from now anything is possible." | <urn:uuid:8b29f1b2-f3ec-4c61-a471-ce6a42fd2e31> | 2013-05-23T18:32:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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located in Jiangxi Province is the largest freshwater
Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and...
A lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land. Lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams,...
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
It has a surface area of 3,585 km², a volume of 25 km³ and an average depth of eight meters. The lake provides a habitat for half a million migratory birds, and is a favorite destination for birding. It is fed by the Gan, Xin, and Xiu
Xiu is a Chinese language web site for online shopping, operated in the People's Republic of China.Founded by Mr. Ji Wenhong and Mr. Jin Huang in March 2008, it's a vertical e-commerce company, offering middle to luxury brand name fashion products - clothing, shoes, bags, ornaments, cosmetics and...
rivers, which connect to the Yangtse through a channel.
During the winter, the lake becomes home to a large number of migrating Siberian crane
The Siberian Crane also known as the Siberian White Crane or the Snow Crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes...
s, up to 90% of which spend the winter there.
Historically, although Poyang Lake has also been called Pengli Marsh (彭蠡澤) they are not the same. Before the Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
, the Yangtze followed a more northerly course through what is now Lake Longgan (龍感湖) whilst Pengli Marsh formed the lower reaches of the Gan River. The area that is now Poyang Lake was a plain along the Gan River. Around AD 400, the Yangtze River switched to a more southerly course, causing the Gan River to back up and form Lake Poyang. The backing up of the Gan River drowned Poyang County
Poyang County is a county under the administration of Shangrao city in Jiangxi Province of the People's Republic of China. It is located on the eastern side of Lake Poyang....
and Haihun County, forcing a mass migration to Wucheng Township in what is now Yongxiu County
Yongxiu County is a county under Jiujiang City in Jiangxi Province, China. The total area is square kilometre, and the population is as of 200?.-External links:...
. Wucheng thus became one of the great ancient townships of Jiangxi Province. This migration gave birth to the phrase, "Drowning Haihun County gives rise to Wucheng Township"「淹了海昏縣，出了吳城鎮」.
Lake Poyang reached its greatest size during the Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
, when its area reached 6000 km².
There has been a fishing ban in place since 2002.
In 2007 fears were expressed that China's finless porpoise
The finless porpoise is one of six porpoise species. In the waters around Japan, at the northern end of its range, it is known as the sunameri . A freshwater population found in the Yangtze River in China is known locally as the jiangzhu or "river pig". There is a degree of taxonomic uncertainty...
, known locally as the jiangzhu
("river pig"), a native of the lake, might follow the baiji
Baiji may refer to:* The Baiji or Yangtze River Dolphin * Baiji, Iraq, a city of northern Iraq.* "Baiji" is the pinyin Romanization for Baekje....
, the Yangtze river dolphin, into extinction.
Calls have been made for action to be taken to save the porpoise, of which there are about 1,400 left living, with between 700 and 900 in the Yangtze, with about another 500 in Poyang and Dongting Lakes.
2007 population levels are less than half the 1997 levels, and the population is dropping at a rate of 7.3 per cent per year.
Sand dredging has become a mainstay of local economic development in the last few years, and is an important source of revenue in the region that borders Poyang Lake. But at the same time, high-density dredging projects have been the principal cause of the death of the local wildlife population.
Dredging makes the waters of the lake muddier, and the porpoises cannot see as far as they once could, and have to rely on their highly-developed sonar systems to avoid obstacles and look for food. Large ships enter and leave the lake at the rate of two a minute and such a high density of shipping means the porpoises have difficulty hearing their food, and also cannot swim freely from one bank to the other.
In 1363, the Battle of Lake Poyang
The naval battle of Lake Poyang took place 30 August – 4 October AD 1363 and was one of the final battles fought in the fall of China's Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty...
took place there, and it is claimed to be the largest naval battle in history
The title of "largest naval battle in history" is disputed between adherents of criteria which include the numbers of personnel and/or vessels involved in the battle, and the total tonnage of the vessels involved...
The lake has also been described as the "Chinese Bermuda Triangle". Many ships have disappeared while sailing in it.
On 16 April 1945, a Japanese troop ship vanished without a trace with 200 sailors. | <urn:uuid:b51d44ab-e947-405d-afbe-bcfc3900d967> | 2013-05-23T18:32:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Soccer ace Cristiano Ronaldo has been awarded "substantial" damages from bosses at a U.K. newspaper over an article alleging the star put his injured ankle at risk with his excessive partying. The Real Madrid striker underwent surgery on his ankle in July 2008 and was ruled out of playing the sport for his then-team Manchester United for more than two months.
During that time, Britain's Daily Telegraph published a report alleging Ronaldo had risked further injury by dancing at a Hollywood club. The sports star launched legal action against the Telegraph Media Group Ltd, claiming the report caused him embarrassment, offense and distress and could damage his professional reputation.
On Monday, November 8, a judge at London's High Court ruled in Ronaldo's favor and the star, who was not present at the hearing, was awarded substantial libel damages from the newspaper group over the article, according to the AFP. | <urn:uuid:876847f4-4b41-4444-9dd6-c6adef8f513c> | 2013-05-23T19:08:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Toronto, ON (Sports Network) - Toronto FC announced Friday that it has signed defender Jeremy Hall and striker Andrew Wiedeman to new contracts. Per club and league policy, terms of the deals were not disclosed.
Hall, 24, made 23 league appearances and produced one goal for Toronto FC last season, scoring against the Houston Dynamo on June 20. He originally was acquired in a trade with FC Dallas in November of 2011.
Wiedeman, 23, was acquired on July 13 in a trade with FC Dallas. He has gone on to make 15 league appearances with Toronto, scoring two goals, while featuring in all four group stage matches in the CONCACAF Champions League. | <urn:uuid:4cbb6c9e-09a1-4d8f-97bd-8680d6ee866a> | 2013-05-23T18:44:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Vaizey’s proposals on the BBC (for greater transparency) highlight an even greater issue. Why should the BBC have special privileges at all? The BBC charter states that the organisation’s mission is “to inform, educate and entertain". However, whilst there is a case for, free access public service TV, for the education and the transfer of vital information, there is none for entertainment; especially in a multi-channel-stream world. The BBC has no exclusive power to entertain, and whilst I enjoy many of their programmes, they need not be made by the BBC, or forced on others. In addition and most importantly, if they are enjoyable then people will voluntarily pay for them through the market, just as they do with other goods.
Also, if one were to support a free access public TV services for vital information and/or education, there is no technical reason to use only one institution; inhibiting efficiency and innovation. The best method would be to offer the contracts on a competitive basis (and if the BBC were the best, then they of course they would get the contract).
Instead, the BBC could survive commercially like other channels through a mix of advertising, subscription services and other commercial mechanisms rather than forcing itself on the public. Let all the viewers decide what they want to watch, how, when and where. | <urn:uuid:f0db9855-9d48-4bd2-85fc-75d5df5f09c8> | 2013-05-23T18:41:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Thing 13 is simply that trickle down economics doesn't work. Making the rich richer doesn't make everyone richer therefore we shouldn't be planning to make the rich richer. The whole thing is based upon the marginal propensity to invest: investment is good for the future of the economy, the rich invest more of their incomes than the poor do thus if the rich get more of the money then there will be more investment and that's good for the future. Chang insists that this idea is wrong, based as it is upon the classical economists. The rich don't necessarily invest more therefore allowing them to have more of the pie won't increase investment and so no glorious future.
There's a very serious problem with this argument of Chang's. For the flip side of this marginal propensity to invest is the marginal propensity to consume. And it's an absolutely standard part of Keynesian economics (most definitely not classical economics then!) that the poor have a greater marginal propensity to consume than the rich do. Indeed, we do get people telling us that in economic hard times we should be taking money of the rich to give to the poor. Precisely because the rich will just save and invest it while the poor will spend it thus boosting aggregate demand.
Here is such an argument in fact:
“For example, in an economic downturn like today's, the best way to boost the economy is to redistribute wealth downward, as poorer people tend to spend a higher proportion of their incomes.”
The greater marginal propensity to consume is exactly the same thing as the lower marginal propensity to save and invest: if the poor are more likely to spend then this is the same statement as the rich are more likely to save. The really unfortunate thing for Chang's rejection of the idea that the rich invest more is that this sentence comes from Chang. In this very same chapter where he urges us a to reject the greater marginal propensity to invest of the rich. Oh dear, eh?
It's also probably true that Chang should be deprived of his economists' secret decoder ring or confusing wealth and income as he does in that sentence. Wealth is a stock, income a flow, and never should the two be confused.
There's a common rhetorical flourish throughout the chapter that should have been avoided as well. He veers between talking about a redistribution of income upwards in recent decades and the way in which the growth in incomes has gone disproportionately to the already rich. The two are very much not the same statement: the first is that extant incomes have been snatched, like a humble crust from a Dickensian waif's lips, to be awarded to the rich. The second is that of the new incomes that are being created the upper part of the income distribution is getting most of that new income: the crusts are still safe in the waif's hands. The truth is that there has not been a redistribution of incomes upwards: the last few decades have seen average (both mean and median) incomes rise therefore nothing has been taken away from anyone. It is true that a large portion of the new income created has gone preferentially to those already gaining high incomes.
You may be happy about that or not but that is what has been happening, not the first but the second.
And now we should look at the proof that Chang uses to show that allowing the rich those higher incomes doesn't improve the growth of the economy. It is, fairly simply, that in more equal times like the 50s and 60s then economic growth was higher than it has been since the 80s, when inequality started to rise. What more proof could we require that the rich getting more of the pie doesn't grow said pie?
At which point we'd probably recommend that Chang read his own chapter 9. In which he tells us, entirely correctly, that as economies mature growth will become more difficult and thus, presumably, slower. Chang's (and, interestingly, the correct, which is an amusing coincidence) argument is that in the long term economic growth comes from improvements in total factor productivity (tfp). This tfp is easier to increase in manufacturing than it is in services. Chang uses this to argue that therefore economies should have lots of manufacturing so that tfp can be improved: an argument we rejected as there's only so much manufacturing that we actually want.
But look at what that does to Chang's subsequent argument about economic growth. We know very well that manufacturing has fallen as a portion of western world economies in recent decades. Indeed Chang tells us that manufacturing as a percentage of total production fell, in Britain, from 37% in 1950 to 13% today. That's the manufacturing where tfp growth is easier than in the services which have grown faster (for yes, manufacturing output has still grown, just not as fast as services) which has shrunk as a portion of the economy. And it's Chang himself who tells us that this makes future economic growth more difficult as a result of that difficulty in increasing tfp in services.
Yet when it comes to comparing growth rates in manufacturing heavy and services heavy economies the lack of growth is all about how the rich have all the money. Go figure. Consistency isn't just the hobgoblin of little minds you know.
One final point about why we don't want to be taxing those high incomes too much. It isn't, as Chang purports, because only the rich can make everyone else rich by investing. Rather, it's because the process of people getting rich is what makes us all richer. Assuming no rent seeking (which we free marketeers do indeed abhor) and the lucky sperm club then the only way you can get rich, become rich, is by satisfying the desires of others. You need to be producing something that others are willing to purchase. That they are willing to purchase it shows that they value it more than it costs them: by definition this makes them richer. As the influx of cash makes you richer.
It's not the static state of being rich that makes everyone better off: it's the activity of producing what others value that makes both the producer and consumer richer. And that's why we don't want to take huge bites out of the incomes of people who are doing this: because we'd like them to be seen to be well rewarded so that others are willing to take the risks of similarly producing value that all can enjoy. After all, we know that taxing something produces less of it: thus taxing the creation of wealth will produce less wealth. | <urn:uuid:92b9d7a8-41f7-48d4-bdd3-0e42d1156094> | 2013-05-23T19:09:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I hate you. You're a jerk. You don't know anything about football. You're a fairweather fan. Your jokes aren't funny. At all. You're too young to know anything. You're too old to be relevant. You're ugly. You're impotent. Your tits are small. You have a gigantic, fat ass. You're stupid. You have horrible taste in beer, food, movies, television programs, and music. You live in your mom's basement. You spend all your time masturbating. You've never been kissed. You'll never get laid. Your armpits smell. Your breath is atrocious. You'll never amount to anything. Fuck you.
For future reference, please confine all fighting to this thread and this thread only. Discuss everything else everywhere else. | <urn:uuid:a239d59b-2c3b-438d-9362-39a6bc96b704> | 2013-05-23T19:05:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Italy: Pop-star cancels concert after stagehand shot dead
last update: August 03, 17:22
Rome, 3 Aug. (AKI) - Italian singer Laura Pausini on Friday cancelled a concert planned for Saturday the day after a stagehand was shot dead.
The pop singer cancelled her performance in the southern city of Lecce after Valentino Spalluto, 20 years old, was killed by two bullets fired into his arm and head by a masked gunman in what appeared to be a targeted killing. The killer was seen escaping on a scooter, his head covered by a black helmet.
"The huge emotional impact that this tragic event had on the city along with the delay in the technical support and the impossibility of guaranteeing a safe situation, have convinced both the organizers and the artist to call the concert off and reimburse everyone's tickets" said the star's event organizers.
tutte le notizie di CultureAndMedia | <urn:uuid:fe75616a-444c-4040-9271-d0c1c5aa871f> | 2013-05-23T18:58:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What type of Engineer do you want to be? What qualification will you require?
To help you choose, you will first need to understand something of the process of certification.
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the organisation that regulates all aviation activity within Europe and it delegates authority for implementation of its regulations to National Aviation Authorities; in our case the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
To assure safety within the industry, engineering personnel are licensed in the same way as pilots and air traffic controllers. If suitably licensed an engineer can certify the work that has been carried out on an aircraft and return it to service.
There are several categories of licence which cover different levels and disciplines and, as in other professions, a variety of routes exist to achieve them. Let us deal with the type of work and the licences required first.
A Ramp or Line Maintenance Certifying Mechanic is a person who is qualified to work on operational aircraft performing relatively minor maintenance tasks and part replacements that are required between major service overhauls and to subsequently certify these tasks; this work is generally done while the aircraft is in service, during turnrounds or overnight. A Category A Licence is required for this. It is attained after graduation from a 6 month approved course and after 1 year of appropriate certified experience. The alternative route to this licence is the self-improver, which can be achieved by self-study or attending a modular course. In this case 2 years appropriate experience is required.
A Base Maintenance Certifying Technician is a person who is qualified to work on aircraft that have been withdrawn from service for routine periodic servicing or major overhauls and re-fits and who can then subsequently certify his/her own and other work. A Category B Licence is required for this. It is attained after graduation from a 2 year approved course and after 2 years of appropriate certified experience. Category B licences are further divided into specialist skills such as mechanical or avionic. The alternative route to this licence is the self-improver, which can be achieved by self-study or attending a modular course. In this case 5 years appropriate experience is required.
Now we can deal with the different disciplines that these licences cover.
If you decide that you would like to be a Mechanical Engineer specialising in scheduled maintenance, restoration and re-fit of airframes, power plants, fuel systems and associated pneumatic, hydraulic and air-conditioning systems then you can select from both category A & B licence routes. The licence issued will show which category of aircraft it applies to - which will be one of the following:
Turbine Engines: (often referred to as jet engines) and also called combustion turbines, are rotary engines that extract energy from a flow of combustion gas. It has an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Turbine aircraft may be propeller or jet driven.
Piston Engines: (otherwise known as reciprocating engines) use fundamentally similar technology to those used by cars and motorcycles where pistons in cylinders are used to generate motive force for propulsion by turning pressure into a rotating motion. These engines are always propeller driven.
If you are more electronically orientated and decide that you would like to be an Avionics Engineer specialising in scheduled maintenance, restoration and modification of communication, navigation, radar equipment; guidance and control systems including auto-pilot/auto-land and cabin entertainment then this discipline is only licensed at category B level.
You will now need to know about how to achieve the qualification you have chosen.
As we have said before there are various routes that can be followed and each has its benefits depending on previous experience and education.
Air Service Training. Brahan Building, Crieff Road, Perth, Scotland (UK), PH1 2NX Tel: +44 (0) 1738 877105 Fax: +44 (0) 1738 553369
Copyright 2010. Air Service Training (Engineering) Limited. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:783dd516-c636-4b9a-bc7c-caf0eef64173> | 2013-05-23T18:38:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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One Deed Reflects On Another
The Torah describes how the people eagerly came to donate their prized possessions towards the building of the Mishkan (Tabernacle). "The men came with the women; everyone whose heart motivated him brought bracelets, nose-rings, body ornaments - all sorts of gold ornaments - every man who raised up an offering of gold to God." (1) The commentaries discuss the meaning of the phrase, "the men came with the women". Rabbeinu Bechaye explains that the women in fact came first to donate their jewelry, and the men only came after them. This, he explains, demonstrates their righteousness in and of itself but it also reflects positively on an earlier incident involving jewelry - that of the Golden Calf. When the men demanded that Aaron make for them a statue, he told them to remove the women's jewelry. However, the women refused to give over their jewelry so the men took their own gold and gave that towards the building of the Calf. From the incident of the Golden Calf alone, it is unclear why the women refused to give their jewelry. It was possible that their main motivation was their natural attachment to their jewelry, as opposed to the pure motivation of refusal to be involved with the sin of the Golden Calf. However, in Vayakhel we see that the women were very willing to donate their jewelry towards the elevated purpose of the building of the Mishkan. This retroactively teaches us about the reason that they did not give their jewelry at the Golden Calf. It was not because of their attachment to gold and silver, because that did not prevent the women from parting with them for the sake of the Mishkan. Rather, their refusal to give towards the Golden Calf emanated from leshem Shamayim (pure) motives - they wanted no part in that terrible sin.(2)
Rav Avraham Pam derives a very important concept from this explanation. It is known in Hebrew as 'Maasim shel adam mochichim zeh et zeh'. This means that the actions of a person in one area can reveal something about his actions in another area. In this case, the women's willingness to part with their jewelry for the Mishkan revealed their pure intentions when refusing to do so for the Golden Calf.
We see another example of this concept with regards to one of the names given to the Third meal that is eaten on Shabbos: Shalosh Seudas - this literally means, 'three meals'. This is a very strange name to give the third meal, it would be more appropriate to only use its other name - seudah shelishis. Why is this meal also known as 'three meals'? The answer is that the way a person conducts himself at the third meal reflects retroactively on his intentions during the first two Shabbat meals. There are two possible reasons as to why a person would eat well at the first two Shabbat meals: It could be because of his pure desire to honor the Shabbat by eating delicious food, or it could emanate from his hunger and desire to eat well, because both those meals come at a time when a person is normally hungry and ready to eat well. However, the third meal comes quite soon after Shabbat lunch, therefore a person's natural hunger will not be high. If he refrains from eating at the third meal despite the fact that it is a mitzvah to eat then, he retroactively shows that his main kavannah (intention) for the first two meals was to fill his stomach more than honor the Shabbat! If, however, he does partake in a delicious meal he demonstrates that his intentions are for the honor of Shabbat, for if it were not Shabbat he would otherwise eat far less or nothing at all. Accordingly, by eating the third meal he retroactively demonstrates his intent for the first two, and at this point it is clear that he ate ALL THREE MEALS with pure intentions. Therefore, the third meal merits the name, 'three meals' because, for one who eats the third meal, it is considered as if he ate all three meals with pure intent.(3)
This concept of 'Maasim shel adam mochichim zeh es zeh' is of great importance because it is a very effective mechanism in judging the consistency of people's actions. This idea is brought out by the Beis HaLevi, Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik,(4) on Vayigash. When Joseph revealed himself to his brothers he asked them the question; "is my father still alive?" (5) When the brothers heard this, they were completely speechless and disconcerted. The Midrash compares Joseph's revelation to his brothers to that of the Day of Judgment. It says that if the brothers could not answer Joseph who was younger than them, then all the more so when God (so to speak) comes and rebukes us, we will be left speechless.(6) The commentaries ask; what exactly is the comparison between Joseph's revelation to the brothers and the Day of Judgment.
The Beis HaLevi answers by first explaining Joseph's question about whether his father was alive - it was very clear from the events up to this time that Jacob was still alive! He answers that Joseph was in truth giving them a veiled rebuke. Yehuda had just spent a great deal of time arguing that Joseph should not take Benjamin as a slave because it would destroy Jacob. By bringing up the well-being of Jacob, Joseph was alluding to them that their purported concern for their father did not seem to be consistent with their actions in selling Joseph so many years earlier. At that time, they had shown no concern for the pain that their father would feel al the loss of his beloved son. In this way, the brothers had contradicted their own arguments through their very actions!
The Beis HaLevi then explains the similarity of Joseph's 'rebuke' to that of the Day of Judgment. On that awesome day each person will be asked about his various actions, including his sins and failure to keep mitzvot properly. He may have excuses however, these excuses will then be scrutinized by his other actions in that same area. For example, a person might justify his failure to give sufficient money to charity on the basis that he was lacking in his own livelihood. However, his spending in other areas will then be examined - if it becomes clear that in other areas he was all too willing and able to spend large amounts of money, then he himself has ruined his own justification for failing to give charity! In this vein, his actions in spending money for his own enjoyment reflects badly on his spending of money for the mitzvah of giving charity.
In this vein, the Chaftez Chaim once berated a wealthy man for giving insufficient funds to charity. The man answered that he did indeed give away a significant amount. The Chafetz Chaim then worked out the amount of money he gave to charity and compared it to his expenses on his own luxuries. It came out that the man spent more money on his drapery alone than on all the charity that he gave!
We have discussed the concept of 'Maasim shel adam mochichim zeh et zeh' and seen its great significance in the process of judgment. The obvious lesson to be derived from this concept, is that it is essential that a person analyze the consistency of his actions. For example, a person who claims that he does not have enough time to learn will have to justify his failure to learn on the Day of Judgment. If it becomes clear that he did have enough time for many other types of activities then his claim that he did not have enough time to learn will be put in serious jeopardy. His actions in other areas show that in truth it wasn't because he did not have enough time to learn rather that it was a very low priority in his list of importance. It would be much less disconcerting if we can make our own self-analysis of such inconsistencies and fix them before the Day of Judgment. May we all merit to achieve consistency in all our actions.
1. Shemot, 35:22.
2. Rabbeinu Bechaye, Shemot, 35:22.
3. Heard from Rav Yisroel Reisman.
4. He was the father of Reb Chaim Soloveitchik, and grandfather of the Brisker Rav, Rav Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik.
5. Bereishit, 45:3.
6. Bereishit Rabbah, 93:10. | <urn:uuid:c276153f-1255-44ed-84d8-c6b230411b52> | 2013-05-23T18:37:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ki Tisa(Exodus 30:11-34:35)
Two Types of Religious Encounter
Framing the epic events of this week's Torah portion are two objects - the two sets of tablets, the first given before, the second after, the sin of the Golden Calf. Of the first, we read:
The tablets were the work of God; the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets.
These were perhaps the holiest object in history: from beginning to end, the work of God. Yet within hours they lay shattered, broken by Moses when he saw the calf and the Israelites dancing around it.
The second tablets, brought down by Moses on the tenth of Tishri, were the result of his prolonged plea to God to forgive the people. This is the historic event that lies behind Yom Kippur (tenth of Tishri), the day marked in perpetuity as a time of favour, forgiveness and reconciliation between God and the Jewish people. The second tablets were different in one respect. They were not wholly the work of God:
Carve out two stone tablets like the first ones, and I will write on them the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke.
Hence the paradox: the first tablets, made by God, did not remain intact. The second tablets, the joint work of God and Moses, did. Surely the opposite should have been true: the greater the holiness, the more eternal. Why was the more holy object broken while the less holy stayed whole? This is not, as it might seem, a question specific to the tablets. It is, in fact, a powerful example of a fundamental principle in Jewish spirituality.
The Jewish mystics distinguished between two types of Divine-human encounter. They called them itaruta de-l'eylah and itaruta deletata, respectively "an awakening from above" and "an awakening from below." The first is initiated by God, the second by mankind. An "awakening from above" is spectacular, supernatural, an event that bursts through the chains of causality that at other times bind the natural world. An "awakening from below" has no such grandeur. It is a gesture that is human, all too human.
Yet there is another difference between them, in the opposite direction. An "awakening from above" may change nature, but it does not, in and of itself, change human nature. In it, no human effort has been expended. Those to whom it happens are passive. While it lasts, it is overwhelming; but only while it lasts. Thereafter, people revert to what they were. An "awakening from below", by contrast, leaves a permanent mark.
Because human beings have taken the initiative, something in them changes. Their horizons of possibility have been expanded. They now know they are capable of great things, and because they did so once, they are aware that they can do so again. An awakening from above temporarily transforms the external world; an awakening from below permanently transforms our internal world. The first changes the universe; the second changes us.
Two Examples. The first: Before and after the division of the Red Sea, the Israelites were confronted by enemies: before, by the Egyptians, after by the Amalekites. The difference is total.
Before the Red Sea, the Israelites were commanded to do nothing:
Stand still and you will see the deliverance God will bring you today ... God will fight for you; you need only be still. (14:13-14).
Facing the Amalekites, however, the Israelites themselves had to fight:
Moses said to Joshua, 'Choose men and go out and fight the Amalekites (17:9).
The first was an "awakening from above", the second an "awakening from below."
The difference was palpable. Within three days after the division of the Sea, the greatest of all miracles, the Israelites began complaining again (no water, no food). But after the war against the Amalekites, the Israelites never again complained when facing conflict (the sole exception - when the spies returned and the people lost heart - was when they relied on hearsay testimony, not on the immediate prospect of battle itself). The battles fought for us do not change us; the battles we fight, do.
The second example: Mount Sinai and the Tabernacle. The Torah speaks about these two revelations of "God's glory" in almost identical terms:
The glory of God settled on Mount Sinai. For six days the cloud covered the mountain, and on the seventh day God called to Moses from within the cloud. Then the cloud covered the Tent of Meeting, and the glory of God filled the tabernacle.
The difference between them was that the sanctity of Mount Sinai was momentary, while that of the tabernacle was permanent (at least, until the Temple was built, centuries later). The revelation at Sinai was an "awakening from above". It was initiated by God. So overwhelming was it that the people said to Moses, "Let God not speak to us any more, for if He does, we will die" (20:16). By contrast, the tabernacle involved human labour. The Israelites made it; they prepared the structured space the Divine presence would eventually fill. Forty days after the revelation at Sinai, the Israelites made a Golden Calf. But after constructing the sanctuary they made no more idols - at least until they entered the land. That is the difference between the things that are done for us and the things we have a share in doing ourselves. The former change us for a moment, the latter for a lifetime.
There was one other difference between the first tablets and the second. According to tradition, when Moses was given the first tablets, he was given only Torah shebikhtav, the "written Torah". At the time of the second tablets, he was given Torah she-be'al peh, the Oral Torah as well: "R. Jochanan said: God made a covenant with Israel only for the sake of the Oral Law, as it says : "For by the mouth of these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel" (Ex. 34:27).
The difference between the Written and Oral Torah is profound. The first is the word of God, with no human contribution. The second is a partnership - the word of God as interpreted by the mind of man. The following are two of several remarkable passages to this effect:
R. Judah said in the name of Shmuel: Three thousand traditional laws were forgotten during the period of mourning for Moses. They said to Joshua: "Ask" (through ruach hakodesh, the holy spirit). Joshua replied, "It is not in heaven." They said to Samuel, "Ask." He replied, "These are the commandments - implying that no prophet has the right to introduce anything new." (B.T. Temurah 16a) "If a thousand prophets of the stature of Elijah and Elisha were to give one interpretation of a verse, and one thousand and one sages were to offer a different interpretation, we follow the majority: the law is in accordance with the thousand-and-one sages and not in accordance with the thousand prophets." (Maimonides, Commentary to the Mishneh, Introduction)
Any attempt to reduce the Oral Torah to the Written - by relying on prophecy or Divine communication - mistakes its essential nature as the collaborative partnership between God and man, where revelation meets interpretation. Thus, the difference between the two precisely mirrors that between the first and second tablets. The first were Divine, the second the result of Divine-human collaboration. This helps us understand a glorious ambiguity. The Torah says that at Sinai the Israelites heard a "great voice velo yasaf" (Deut. 5:18). Two contradictory interpretations are given of this phrase. One reads it as "a great voice that was never heard again", the other as "a great voice that did not cease" - i.e. a voice that was always heard again. Both are true. The first refers to the Written Torah, given once and never to be repeated. The second applies to the Oral Torah, whose study has never ceased.
It also helps us understand why it was only after the second tablets, not the first, that "When Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of Testimony in his hands, he was unaware that his face was radiant because he had spoken with God" (34:29). Receiving the first tablets, Moses was passive. Therefore, nothing in him changed. For the second, he was active. He had a share in the making. He carved the stone on which the words were to be engraved. That is why he became a different person. His face shone.
In Judaism, the natural is greater than the supernatural in the sense that an "awakening from below" is more powerful in transforming us, and longer-lasting in its effects, than is an "awakening from above." That was why the second tablets survived intact while the first did not. Divine intervention changes nature, but it is human initiative - our approach to God - that changes us. | <urn:uuid:ffaac7e1-e6f5-4e10-bb04-0ea99b4abe7b> | 2013-05-23T18:30:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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LABELING AND RATING SYSTEMS
An Interpretation of the LIBRARY BILL OF RIGHTS
Libraries do not advocate the ideas found in their collections or in resources accessible through the library. The presence of books and other resources in a library does not indicate endorsement of their contents by the library. Likewise, providing access to digital information does not indicate endorsement or approval of that information by the library. Labeling and rating systems present distinct challenges to these intellectual freedom principles.
Labels on library materials may be viewpoint-neutral directional aids designed to save the time of users, or they may be attempts to prejudice or discourage users or restrict their access to materials. When labeling is an attempt to prejudice attitudes, it is a censor’s tool. The American Library Association opposes labeling as a means of predisposing people’s attitudes toward library materials.
Prejudicial labels are designed to restrict access, based on a value judgment that the content, language, or themes of the material, or the background or views of the creator(s) of the material, render it inappropriate or offensive for all or certain groups of users. The prejudicial label is used to warn, discourage, or prohibit users or certain groups of users from accessing the material. Such labels sometimes are used to place materials in restricted locations where access depends on staff intervention.
Viewpoint-neutral directional aids facilitate access by making it easier for users to locate materials. The materials are housed on open shelves and are equally accessible to all users, who may choose to consult or ignore the directional aids at their own discretion.
Directional aids can have the effect of prejudicial labels when their implementation becomes proscriptive rather than descriptive. When directional aids are used to forbid access or to suggest moral or doctrinal endorsement, the effect is the same as prejudicial labeling.
Many organizations use rating systems as a means of advising either their members or the general public regarding the organizations’ opinions of the contents and suitability or appropriate age for use of certain books, films, recordings, Web sites, games, or other materials. The adoption, enforcement, or endorsement of any of these rating systems by a library violates the Library Bill of Rights. When requested, librarians should provide information about rating systems equitably, regardless of viewpoint.
Adopting such systems into law or library policy may be unconstitutional. If labeling or rating systems are mandated by law, the library should seek legal advice regarding the law’s applicability to library operations.
Libraries sometimes acquire resources that include ratings as part of their packaging. Librarians should not endorse the inclusion of such rating systems; however, removing or destroying the ratings—if placed there by, or with permission of, the copyright holder—could constitute expurgation. In addition, the inclusion of ratings on bibliographic records in library catalogs is a violation of the Library Bill of Rights.
Prejudicial labeling and ratings presuppose the existence of individuals or groups with wisdom to determine by authority what is appropriate or inappropriate for others. They presuppose that individuals must be directed in making up their minds about the ideas they examine. The American Library Association affirms the rights of individuals to form their own opinions about resources they choose to read or view.
Adopted July 13, 1951, by the ALA Council; amended June 25, 1971; July 1, 1981; June 26,1990; January 19, 2005; July 15, 2009. | <urn:uuid:e3de72b0-832d-4aeb-99cb-c1673757c4ba> | 2013-05-23T19:06:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The first mention of the year 2011 would automatically bring to mind revolutions, ousted regimes, and disgruntled people. However, a closer look would reveal that another different feature distinguishes 2011: a whole spat of peculiar fatwas that swept through different countries in the region.
One of the weirdest and most controversial fatwas in 2011 was one issued by an Islamist preacher who lives in Europe. According to this preacher, women are prohibited from eating phallic-shaped fruits and vegetables like cucumbers, bananas, and carrots. Touching or consuming those, he argued, are bound to turn women on and make them engage in sinful fantasies.
In Morocco, the head of the Moroccan Association for Jurisprudence Research stirred both outrage and controversy when he issued a fatwa allowing Muslim men to have sex with their just-deceased wives under the pretext that nothing in Islam prohibits sex with corpses. This fatwa followed a series of sex-related ones issued by the same cleric.
In Somalia, the ultraconservative al-Shabaab al-Mujahedin Movement issued a fatwa during the holy month of Ramadan prohibiting the consumption of sambousak, a triangular pastry stuffed with meat, cheese, or vegetables. The popular snack, they explained, is a symbol of the Trinity in Christianity and is therefore not to be consumed by Muslims.
In Egypt, religious edicts were in most cases mixed with politics. Sheikh Amr Sotouhi, head of the Islamic Preaching Committee at al-Azhar, issued in November a fatwa prohibiting fathers from marrying their daughters to members of the formerly ruling National Democratic Party owing to their “corruption.”
A similar fatwa was issued by the late Sheikh Emad Effat, shot this month during recent clashes between Egyptian protestors and the army. Effat’s fatwa prohibited Muslims from voting for members of the same disbanded party and cited the same reason: corruption.
Mohamed Abdel Hadi, deputy chairman of the Salafi al-Nour Party in the governorate of Dakahliya went as far as saying that the results of the parliamentary elections, in which the party scored an unexpected victory, were mentioned in the holy Quran.
The most outrageous fatwa in Egypt was one that came out last June and in which Egyptian preacher Mohamed al-Zoghbi said eating the meat of the jinn is permissible in Islam and left everyone wondering how anyone can get hold of them in the first place, let alone eat their meat.
(Translated from Arabic by Sonia Farid) | <urn:uuid:190d435c-1dbf-460d-8eb9-f33e28452a64> | 2013-05-23T18:30:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A French combat helicopter bombed a police station in Mali’s northern city of Gao on Monday where Islamists and troops clashed at the weekend, witnesses told AFP.
Several witnesses said they saw a French army helicopter target the station. An AFP reporter at the scene said the building was destroyed and body parts were lying in the debris. The police station was the site of an hours-long gunbattle between Islamists and Malian soldiers on Sunday.
Malian troops told an AFP correspondent that the sound of the blast appeared to have come from the north of Gao, possibly from the checkpoint at the city’s northern entrance, the target of the suicide attacks Friday and Saturday.
Islamist insurgents launched a surprise raid in the heart of the Gao on Sunday, battling French and local troops in a blow to efforts to secure Mali's recaptured north.
Local residents hid in their homes or crouched behind walls as the crackle of gunfire from running street battles resounded through the sandy streets and mud-brick houses of the ancient Niger River town, retaken from Islamist rebels last month by a French-led offensive.
French helicopters clattered overhead and fired on al-Qaeda-allied rebels armed with AK-47s and rocket-propelled grenades who had infiltrated the central market area and holed up in a police station, Malian and French officers said.
The fighting inside Gao was certain to raise fears that pockets of determined Islamists who have escaped the lightning four-week-old French intervention in Mali will strike back with guerrilla attacks and suicide bombings.
After driving the bulk of the insurgents from major northern towns such as Timbuktu and Gao, French forces are trying to search out their bases in the remote and rugged Adrar des Ifoghas mountains, far up in the northeast.
But with Mali's weak army unable to secure recaptured zones, and the deployment of a larger African security force slowed by delays and kit shortages, vast areas to the rear of the French forward lines now look vulnerable to guerrilla activity.
“They infiltrated the town via the river. We think there were about 10 of them. They were identified by the population and they went into the police station,” said General Bernard Barrera, commander of French ground operations in Mali.
MUJAO, one of the al-Qaeda-linked groups that seized control of northern Mali for 10 months in the wake of a military coup in March 2012, claimed the attack and a suicide bombing Saturday, its second in two days.
A French-led force, backed by French air power, have over the last month driven the Islamist group from the cities that were once their strongholds.
But MUJAO has vowed to continue fighting French and government troops, using suicide attacks, land mines and raids such as the one on Sunday. | <urn:uuid:0d44780f-9f52-4fb2-b71d-44864fe7766e> | 2013-05-23T18:44:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ALBANY, Ga. -- While everyone knows the American flag has 13 stripes to stand for the original states, not everyone knows the tradition of folding the flag 13 times.
"There are many traditions for the 13 folds, but we use one that is anonymous and handed down," said Marvin Mixon of Albany American Legion Post 30.
Mixon spoke at the usual Friday Exchange Club of Albany luncheon meeting. The club's community service focuses on child abuse prevention, but it also encourages patriotism within the community.
One of the community functions that Post 30 offers involving the flag is the honorific draping of a flag across a veteran's coffin, the playing of taps by a bugler and an honor guard rifle salute.
When a flag is draped over a coffin, the stars are placed over the left side, over the heart of the deceased.
While two of his fellow American Legion members, Eugene Edmunds and Charles Nicholson, each held two corners of an unfurled flag, Mixon said that people should fly the flag on Flag Day, which is Monday.
"The flag represents the people of the country," Mixon said. "President Harry Truman in August 1949 signed for national Flag Day."
As Mixon related the story of the 13 folds that make up the triangular shape of the flag, Edmunds and Nicholson reverently folded the flag in front of the podium from which Mixon spoke.
They wore their American Legion overseas caps, dark blue blazers, gray slacks and spit-shined shoes as if they were honoring a deceased veteran.
At a veteran's funeral where a rifle salute has been fired, three spent rounds are collected, Mixon said.
The round casings are placed within the folds of the flag that is presented to the next of kin after the ceremony, he added.
"They represent duty, honor and country," Mixon said.
The folds themselves carried a variety of meanings, such as the first fold symbolizing life and the 13th fold symbolizing the nation's motto: "In God We Trust," Mixon said.
"Our club stresses patriotism. I think we should show more respect for the flag," club President-elect Barney Knighton said. "This is the proper way to handle a flag."
Knighton also encouraged people to fly the flag on Flag Day. | <urn:uuid:3321d4b3-45ed-4589-8b39-5606446feb47> | 2013-05-23T19:05:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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An Egyptian diplomatic source has criticized the recent Iranian - Syrian summit in Damascus during the visit of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The source said the summit "was not in favor of Arabs," because it drags them into the growing conflict between Iran and the West.
The meeting in Damascus was attended by President Bashar al-Assad, Ahmadinejad and the Secretary-General of Hizbullah Hassan Nasrallah.
The Egyptian diplomat told the A-Sharq alAwsat daily that the summit sums up the deepening of Iranian influence on a major Arab nation. Regarding the messages sent by this meeting to the Arab world, he said: "The messages indicate that things do not go to reassure (Arab) countries that Syria is betting on giving priority to its interests with the Arab World in exchange of downgrading its links with Iran." | <urn:uuid:99e4e0eb-048b-4dad-934c-f909a608ab0a> | 2013-05-23T18:35:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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An interim opposition government is being formed in the opposition-controlled area of Benghazi, east of Tripoli. It will have three months to prepare Libya for democratic elections, the head of the interim government, former Justice Minister in the Gaddafi administration Mustafa Mohamed Abdel-Jalil told Al Jazeera TV. He said that the caretaker government would comprise both military and civilians figures.
In Tripoli, which is still controlled by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's loyalists there was no traffic in the streets. Tanks were seen along the streets leading to Tripoli and they were deployed in all the entrances of the capital. Gunmen loyal to Gaddafi patrolled the city using four-wheel cars as most of the residents stayed home. One resident of the capital said that "the authorities sent overnight text messages to mobile phones, urging them to go to the bank to receive 500 dinars (about 406 dollars)." | <urn:uuid:04c27ce7-c30f-4ee8-a80b-a26f6e4dfd97> | 2013-05-23T18:34:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The following article is excerpted from The Ocean Limited:
"Late in 1915 the Canadian Government Railways (CGR) ordered twelve 10 section 2 drawing room all-steel sleeping cars for use on the Ocean Limited and Maritime Express. The wooden sleeping cars in use on those trains were to be cascaded onto the Halifax-Saint John and Halifax-Sydney overnight trains while the sleeping cars on those trains would be converted into colonist cars for use on immigrant trains. Four of the new sleeping cars were ordered from the Preston Car Company at Preston, Ontario and the remaining eight from National Steel Car at Hamilton, Ontario.
"The first car, the Val Brilliant, arrived in Moncton on May 13, 1916. To cope with cold winter weather temperatures, the car had two-inch-thick pressed cork insulation placed between its exterior and interior steel panels. The exterior was painted in the standard ICR olive green while the interior walls were faux painted to simulate wood. The main compartment finish was vermilion, the smoking room koko; one drawing room was done in English oak and the other in mahogany, and the ladies' washroom in white enamel and vermilion.
"All of the "V" series cars were delivered by September 1916. Most of them were removed from revenue passenger service in the 1950s after CN took delivery of its new streamlined passenger cars. The car Ville Marie was converted to rule instruction car 15039 in 1956. Acquired by the Alberta Pioneer Railway Association, it is the only pioneer all-steel Canadian built passenger car to be preserved.
"One popular new feature was the system of electric lights powered from the car axle. These were the first sleeping cars to have individual lights installed in the berths. The Moncton Daily Times commented that this feature added greatly to the convenience of retiring and make possible enjoyable reading in bed.
"Disaster struck the cars at Preston when a large part of the company's factory complex was destroyed in a disastrous fire the night of January 7, 1917. Lost in the destruction of the erecting shop were three CGR sleeping cars the Islet, Louisbourg andLunenburg. The PrestonProgress reported that one car had been only several days away from completion, while the other two had only a few weeks of work. Though Preston did rebuild its factory, the builder completed only one car of the order theLevis. Delivered in October 1917, this car was to have a long career. In 1941, it was air-conditioned and converted to a buffet sleeping car with kitchen facilities installed in the space formerly occupied by one drawing room. In 1963, it was rebuilt as a track recorder car for CN's Research and Development Department and numbered 15016. It was retired in 1971
The CGR ordered fourteen more steel 10 section- 2 drawing room cars from Pullman in 1918. Three cars were named for the ill-fated cars destroyed at Preston. Reflecting wartime inflation, Pullman's price of $35,890 per car was 26% higher than Preston's 1916 price.
"There were several other differences between the two orders. Unlike the steel cars purchased in 1916, the Pullman cars had mahogany interiors. One can only speculate that the change was made because of problems insulating the all-steel cars from the deep cold of Canadian winters. These cars used electricity as their primary means of illumination, but gas was provided as an auxiliary system. Six of the fourteen cars, including the second Louisbourg andLunenburg, remained in revenue passenger service until the end of the 1960s.
"The car was taken onto the roster of the Canadian National Railways in January 1920, and converted into Colonist Car #2928 in December, 1943."
(Excerpt from "The Ocean Limited: A Centennial Tribute", Douglas NW Smith, Trackside Canada, 2004. p. 50.)
In 1956 "VILLE MARIE" was made into a Rule Instruction Car - a mobile classroom for railway employees. One end of the car served as the living quarters for the instructor who traveled with the car from point to point along the railway. The car contained the instructor's living room and kitchen along with a bedroom complete with nickel plated sink and stainless steel shower. Usually there was only one instructor per car, but an extra bed was added for the rare times that two instructors were needed.
Rule Instruction Car # 15029 was sent to various stations in Western Canada, and railway employees would gather in the classroom section of the car to be taught and tested in their knowledge of the rule book and various aspects of railway operation. The car originally had desks and chairs with a much larger desk for the instructor and a blackboard on the wall behind the desk. The desks were removed in the mid 1960s and replaced with the current seats. Rule Instruction Car # 15029 served until 1974, so quite a few of the railway employees still working for CN were taught in this car. The carpet in the hallway and instructor's bedroom carries the black and white CN logo.
Donated by CN in 1979 and funded by a grant from the Alberta Museums Association and supported by the Inmate Work Program of Alberta Solicitor General, the Rule Instruction car was repainted in 1997.
About Rule Instruction Car 15029
Robert Killin was Acting Superintendent at Capreol. His experience dates back to 1972. Robert gives the following information on another preserved rule instruction car.
"The 'Bruce Kearney' rules car has been preserved for the York Durham Heritage Railway Association, and is named after the longest serving rules instructor in the Great Lakes Region of CN. Bruce is also serving as superintendent of the Heritage Railway, as well as an active member of the CNRA. In 1972, Bruce was the rules instructor who signed my 'B' card after attending rules training in the Capreol rules car - temporarily at Macmillan Yard. I saw Bruce last year [in 1999] and he is still thriving. Boy, this brings me back... the smoke-filled rules car (only on the breaks though); desks up both sides with an aisle down the middle; two to a desk; one 'teacher's' desk up front (to one side - or was that at the back?); chalk boards at both ends; flip charts; old desks with ink wells; benches instead of chairs (I think one of the cars used the old chairs instead, but it has been a long 30 years); I think we also used movable chalk boards. It had windows that opened; I think one of the older ones also had an old pot-bellied stove for heat at one end (which is where the heat always stayed). Drafty and stuffy at the same time; smelling like chalk, diesel and cigarette smoke. From dead silence, to one deep male voice talking - droning on for an hour - then out of no where the loud laughing of a dozen male voices, banging of hands on wooden desks - laughing at some joke that the instructor had devised to keep everyone awake, or some morbid humour to illustrate some point about the consequence of rules non-compliance. Paper and number 2 pencils (no pens, thank you very much); brown and later burgundy rules books; blue and white timetables; test rules questions; the 'B' book; flash cards for ABS, CTC and 'speed' signals; somber, serious faces, earnestly listening and trying to absorb every word and understanding; questioning over and over; the rules instructor questioning over and over; remembering by rote; the whistle to recall flagman from the north; rule 104B; rule G... Yes, I remember." | <urn:uuid:fbd6fc86-ff4a-4d77-9dd6-39172de390b5> | 2013-05-23T18:31:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The word “hermeneutic” is often used to refer to a method or style of interpretation commonly associated with the interpretation of Scripture. No doubt there are any number of hermeneutical methods a person can use when approaching Scripture: hermeneutic of rationalism, historical critical method, hermeneutic of trust, etc. Any person can, regardless of personal belief, approach Scripture using any hermeneutic they see fit to use. However, not ever hermeneutic is equal and not ever hermeneutic is useful in fostering spiritual growth and developing a deeper relationship with Christ.
The Catholic Church has never accepted many of the modern critical methods and hermeneutics used in biblical interpretation and biblical criticism in their totality; She has found them time and time again useful but inadequate in being able to give a complete interpretation of Scripture, for it is that each has their own pitfalls and stumbling blocks, which more often results in an emptying of meaning from Scripture than in a richer understanding of Scripture. Many of these modern critical methods fall under what scholars have named a hermeneutic of suspicion. In short, a hermeneutic of suspicion operates from the mindset that Scripture cannot be trusted in its current form. That the modern mind cannot and does not have access to the meaning of Scripture without first running it through certain textual and analytical filters. A hermeneutic of suspicion encourages the reader to suspect the credibility of Scripture and those who interpret Scripture operating from a different hermeneutic.
A hermeneutic of suspicion stands contrary to what Dei Verbum, the document from Vatican II on divine revelation, states:
“Holy Mother Church has firmly and with absolute constancy held, and continues to hold, that the four Gospels just named, whose historical character the Church unhesitatingly asserts, faithfully hand on what Jesus Christ, while living among men, really did and taught for their eternal salvation . . . The sacred authors wrote the four Gospels . . . told us the honest truth about Jesus. For their intention in writing was that either from their own memory and recollections, or from the witness of those who “themselves from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the Word” we might know “the truth” concerning those matters about which we have been instructed (§19)."The Vatican II document even stands in union with Pope Benedict’s XVI’s utterance of “I trust the Gospels” in his recent book Jesus of Nazareth (xxi). In other words, both Vatican II and Pope Benedict XVI are promoting and encouraging faithful readers of Scripture to approach the text first with a hermeneutic of trust. Something the church has always encouraged, as it states in Psalm 4 to "put your trust in the Lord" (RSVCE). Further, it often benefits the believer to first believe and trust Scripture so that later the believer might understand what it is he or she believes. Saint Augustine said it best when he preached in a sermon: “I believe, in order to understand; and I understand, the better to believe” (CCC 158).
In the early church, biblical interpretation was done differently than how it is done in most present day critical settings. It is not that the early church was uncritical in their approach to Scripture, it was that the early Church was critical about Scripture in a different manner than most modern critical methods. The ancient method included and exemplified a hermeneutic of trust, and interpretation was done according to the rule of faith (the Creed). The historical critical method and other hermeneutics of suspicion do not acknowledge the rule of faith when interpreting Scripture. The early Church sought Christ in Scripture and were less concerned with authorship of the Gospels, the dates the texts were written and under what political hermeneutic the Gospel writers wrote, because the early Church trusted the texts and those who vouched for the authenticity of those texts.
Unfortunately, the hermeneutic of suspicion is a method firmly entrenched in the minds of many scholars, students, church goers and the American public mind. It is a methodology taught and widely used in Universities of both secular and religious natures, high school, and in bible studies of nearly ever denomination. Priests and Deacons even preach the hermeneutic of suspicion from the pulpit at Sunday mass. To the unbeliever, a hermeneutic of trust is an unacceptable mode of operation towards Scripture. But what about the believer? What happens to a believer who uses solely a hermeneutic of suspicion when reading Scripture? How do you engage a believing Catholic in dialogue who approaches Scripture with a hermeneutic of suspicion? What do we do with these suspicious believers?
There are three basic approaches in speaking with a believing Catholic who operates from a hermeneutic of suspicion. The first approach is direct and can be summed up in saying “Because the Church says so.” The other two approaches are geared more at demonstrating that the believing Catholic who approaches Scripture with suspicion often approaches Scripture with faulty logic.
The first approach “Because the Church says so.” is and should be a sufficient reason as to why a Catholic should approach Scripture with trust. Though it is a sufficient reason it is not an adequate answer for the suspicious believer, and this approach is often best saved for a person who is trying to follow the Church’s teachings to the letter, but those people usually already trust Scripture and the Church. Too often a person who is already suspicious of Scripture will stop listening if they encounter the ‘because the church says so” answer because by virtue of not trusting Scripture this leads the suspicious believer to an inability to trust the party, namely the Church, who vouches for the accuracy of Scripture. In other words, to not trust Scripture is to not trust the Church and is akin to saying that the Church herself is untruthful and untrustworthy.
This second approach aims at showing the suspicious believer that believing in Christ, His Church, and approaching Scripture with suspicion does not follow logically if a person is trying to grow in holiness. One of the goals of every believer is to grow closer to Christ. Some Saints would even say the Christian is to have the same mind as Christ. Undoubtedly the suspicious believer will agree that the Christian is supposed to grow closer to God and Christ. They will also normally agree that Scripture is a good means to grow closer in their relationship with Christ. This is where their logic begins to falter.
One can begin by asking “What kind of relationship can you have with another person if you are always and already suspicious of the other person?” I have never met anyone who, when asked this question, has replied, “strong and healthy” to the kind of relationship that can be had when entered into with suspicion. This is because a strong and healthy relationship cannot be built upon suspicion. The relationship nurtured on suspicion is a relationship that is strained, tense, stressed and worrisome. It is like the wife who perpetually believes her husband is having an affair and is in bed with everyone except herself. To live in a relationship built upon suspicion is unhealthy in many areas of a person’s life and will likely end in a separation of the two parties because suspicion does not foster the growth of a close relationship. As it is, Scripture reiterates the point that it is necessary to trust God and that to not trust God, His Word and those who speak on His behalf results in disaster: e.g. "Because you did not trust in me, to show my holiness before the eyes of the Israelites, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land that I have given them" (RSVCE, Num. 20:21)
The third approach also explores how the logic of the suspicious believer is fickle. No doubt, the suspicious believer will also normally agree that every believer can grow closer to God and Christ by conversing with Scripture. Here their logic falters again. Like with relationships, the question arises, “What kind of conversation can a person enter into with another person when one is already suspicious of the other person and one is suspect of the conversation that will follow before the conversation even begins?” I asked this very question to a group of graduate students in theology, and it was unanimous; they all agreed that to enter into a conversation with suspicion is to have a conversation that is hindered, hard going, awkward, embarrassing, and sometimes the whole conversation is dismissed. The students even shared personal stories of calls home and parents suspecting that their child was calling only to ask for money and how the suspicion of the parent not only hindered the conversation but also resulted in the child feeling insulted and betrayed because their parents did not trust them.
When asked how a person should enter into a conversation, the students did not hesitate to chime in: “open minded” “non-judgmental”, and “tolerant of their views”, were just a few of their responses. Yet, when I applied the same question to Scripture: “What kind of conversation can we have with Scripture if we enter into that conversation already suspicious of that conversation we are about to have?” some of the students held that the Bible was exempt from the above approach. As it was, many of these students had Scripture professors who approached Scripture with suspicion and had passed on that suspicion to their students. So it was no surprise that the rules changed when applied to Scripture.
This was a problem. For by being unable to converse freely, fully, and openly with Scripture and being only able to approach Scripture with suspicion turns Scripture into a kind of supermarket tabloid fit with aliens, biblical doomsday prophecy, and Bigfoot’s baby. Scripture becomes a book of hearsay akin to hearing a story from a friend who heard it from a friend who knows a fellow who says it’s true. Further by conversing suspiciously with Scripture, Scripture resembles a fisherman’s story about the ‘big one’ that got away. Where on the fisher’s first telling, the fish is a reasonable size about ‘ye big’ as he would demonstrate with his hands spread apart. While on the fisher’s last telling of the story, the fisher, equipped only with a rod and reel in a 8-foot skiff, with his wits alone to protect him, fights Moby Dick himself long through the night and into the wee hours of the morning until the fish finally tires and surfaces next to the vessel in time only for the fisher’s line or pole to break before a net sizable enough can be reached, and all the while his camera, on the other side of the boat, cannot be reached in time to document the story That is, only after exaggeration and misinformation have been stripped away can the real meaning be determined. This is a take on Scripture highly contrary from the recommendations of Vatican II, the Holy Father and is different from how the Saints conversed with Scripture.
Finally, to approach Scripture with suspicion is to, by default, approach other parts of the doctrines of faith with the same suspicion, for much of Catholic theology is derived from Scripture. As mentioned earlier, to operate from a hermeneutic of suspicion is to be suspicious of not only Scripture but also the Church who vouches for it. Furthermore to not trust Scripture means that one does not trust the inspiration or the Person whom inspired the holy texts: the Holy Spirit. We know that wherever one person of the Trinity is present so are the other two and every act of God is always Trinitarian by virtue of the presence of all three Persons and the nature of who the Trinity is. So, therefore, to be suspicious of Scripture and to use only a hermeneutic of suspicion when interpreting Scripture is to be suspicious of God and all of His work, and it demonstrates a lack of faith in the Holy Spirit's guiding power given to the Church. In short, a hermeneutic of suspicion is contrary to the Catholic Church’s teaching, to Church Tradition, to what the saints and Popes have taught, to what is found in Scripture itself, and it makes God Himself suspect to the follies of Man. | <urn:uuid:48facb47-35fd-4338-b41e-73286edd94f3> | 2013-05-23T18:38:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Three-time Tour de France winner Contador faces the media after being banned last year [EPA]
Tour de France champion Alberto Contador can race again after having his one-year doping ban overturned.
The Spaniard's national cycling federation dropped his suspension on Tuesday after he failed a drug test during last year's race.
The 28-year-old, who faced being stripped of his 2010 Tour title, was suspended in August after testing positive for a small amount of the banned anabolic agent clenbuterol.
Contador said he was "relieved and obviously happy" at the decision, though the International Cycling Union (UCI) and the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) could yet appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
"It has been some very stressful months for me," Contador said in a statement on his Saxo Bank team's website.
"We take note of this decision and fully respect it, but we are also sensitive to the fact that the parties of this case still have the right to appeal this decision"
Bjarne Riis, Saxo Bank team owner
"To both the team and the authorities I have explained that I never cheated or deliberately took a banned substance."
Contador has been banned since August after testing positive for a small amount of the banned anabolic agent clenbuterol on his way to victory in last year's Tour, his third win in the sport's most important race.
The UCI said it reserved the right to study the reasons behind the RFEC decision before expressing an opinion.
"Once this documentation (from the RFEC) has been received, the UCI will issue its decision within 30 days," the body said in a statement.
WADA noted in a later statement it would have another 21 days to determine whether or not to use its independent right of appeal to the CAS.
Tuesday's ruling means Contador will be able to join up with Saxo Bank, conceivably in time to defend his title at the Tour of Algarve starting on Wednesday.
The 28-year-old Contador has always denied deliberate wrongdoing, saying the failed test was due to contaminated meat.
His team's owner Bjarne Riis said the Spaniard had been vindicated by Tuesday's ruling.
"This decision is indeed proof that the relevant authorities do not find grounds for believing that Alberto has committed any intentional doping offence," Riis said.
"We take note of this decision and fully respect it, but we are also sensitive to the fact that the parties of this case still have the right to appeal this decision."
Spanish media reported that the RFEC's disciplinary committee reversed their decision because it could not prove intent or negligence on Contador's part.
Announcing his appeal against the RFEC's original one-year ban, Contador had criticised "obsolete" doping controls in cycling.
He was backed by the local media, the general public and by the RFEC's president, who was not a part of the disciplinary proceedings.
Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero entered the fray last week.
"There is no legal reason to sanction Contador," he said on the government's Twitter feed. | <urn:uuid:ec673477-eb1b-4e24-8513-6a5ab8a37c06> | 2013-05-23T19:06:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Nine elephants cruelly captured in Zimbabwe for the elephant back safari trade and abused during the training process have been rescued and released to a national park by the Zimbabwe National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Against Animals (ZNSPCA). IDA is pleased to financially support the worthy project to repatriate these elephants, who have fully recovered from injuries sustained during the cruel breaking and training process.
Sadly, a tenth elephant perished after capture, due to malnutrition and abuse.) The ZNSPCA reports that, since their release, the elephants have been spotted together appearing healthy and sound. We congratulate our colleagues at the ZNSPCA for their excellent work on these behalf of these elephants and thank IDA members for giving us the resources necessary to support important projects to help elephants in the U.S. and abroad. | <urn:uuid:7995cd0e-08f0-4cf6-8443-5cabe0b0c061> | 2013-05-23T18:51:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Cryonics is the practice of preserving organisms, or at least their brains, for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped.
An organism held in such a state (either frozen or vitrified) is said to be cryopreserved. Barring social disruptions, cryonicists believe that a perfectly vitrified person can be expected to remain physically viable for at least 30,000 years, after which time cosmic ray damage is thought to be irreparable. Many scientists in the field, most notably Ralph Merkle and Brian Wowk, hold that molecular nanotechnology has the potential to extend even this limit many times over.
To its detractors, the justification for cryonics is unclear, given the primitive state of preservation technology. Advocates counter that even a slim chance of revival is better than no chance. In the future, they speculate, not only will conventional health services be improved, but they will also quite likely have expanded even to the conquering of old age itself (see links at the bottom). Therefore, if one could preserve one's body (or at least the contents of one's mind) for, say, another hundred years, one might well be resuscitated and live indefinitely long. But critics of the field contend that, while an interesting technical idea, cryonics is currently little more than a pipedream, that current "patients" will never be successfully revived, and that decades of research, at least, must occur before cryonics is to be a legitimate field with any hope of success.
Probably the most famous cryopreserved patient is Ted Williams. The popular urban legend that Walt Disney was cryopreserved is false; he was cremated, and interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. Robert Heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept, was cremated and his ashes distributed over the Pacific Ocean. Timothy Leary was a long-time cryonics advocate, and signed up with a major cryonics provider. He changed his mind, however, shortly before his death, and so was not cryopreserved.
Obstacles to success
Damage from ice formation
Cryonics has traditionally been dismissed by mainstream cryobiology, of which it is arguably a part. The reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which damage cells and cellular structures—a condition sometimes called "whole body freezer burn "—so as to render any future repair impossible. Cryonicists have long argued, however, that the extent of this damage was greatly exaggerated by the critics, presuming that some reasonable attempt is made to perfuse the body with cryoprotectant chemicals (traditionally glycerol) that inhibit ice crystal formation.
According to cryonicists, however, the freezer burn objection became moot around the turn of the millennium, when cryobiologists Greg Fahy and Brian Wowk, of Twenty-First Century Medicine developed major improvements in cryopreservation technology, including new cryoprotectants and new cryoprotectant solutions, that greatly improved the feasibility of eliminating ice crystal formation entirely, allowing vitrification (preservation in a glassy rather than frozen state). In a glass, the molecules do not rearrange themselves into grainy ice crystals as the solution cools, but instead become locked together while still randomly arranged as in a fluid, forming a "solid liquid" as the temperature falls below the glass transition temperature. Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the world's largest cryonics provider, has since been using these cryoprotectants, along with a new, faster cooling method, to vitrify whole human brains. They continue to use the less effective glycerol-based freezing for patients who opt to have their whole bodies preserved, since vitrification of an entire body is beyond current technical capabilities. The only other full-service cryonics provider in the world, the Cryonics Institute, is currently testing its own vitrification solution.
Current solutions being used for vitrification are stable enough to avoid crystallization even when a vitrified brain is warmed up. This has recently allowed brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. No ice crystal damage was found. However, if the circulation of the brain is compromised, protective chemicals may not be able to reach all parts of the brain, and freezing may occur either during cooling or during warming. Cryonicists argue, however, that injury caused during cooling can be repaired before the vitrified brain is warmed back up, and that damage during rewarming can be prevented by adding more cryoprotectant in the solid state, or by improving rewarming methods.
Some critics have speculated that because a cryonics patient has been declared legally dead, their organs are dead, and thus unable to allow cryoprotectants to reach the majority of cells. Cryonicists respond that it has been empirically demonstrated that, so long as the cryopreservation process begins immediately after legal death is declared, the individual organs (and perhaps even the patient as a whole) remain biologically alive, and vitrification (particularly of the brain) is quite feasible.
Critics have often quipped that it is easier to revive a corpse than a cryonically frozen body. Many cryonicists might actually agree with this, provided that the "corpse" were fresh, but they would argue that such a "corpse" may actually be biologically alive, under optimal conditions. A declaration of legal death does not mean that life has suddenly ended—death is a gradual process, not a sudden event. Rather, legal death is a declaration by medical personnel that there is nothing more they can do to save the patient. But if the body is clearly biologically dead, having been sitting at room temperature for a period of time, or having been traditionally embalmed, then cryonicists would hold that such a body is far less revivable than a cryonically preserved patient, since any process of resuscitation will depend on the quality of the structural and molecular preservation of the brain, which is largely destroyed by ischemic damage (from lack of blood flow) within minutes or hours of cardiac arrest, if the body is left to sit at room temperature. Traditional embalming also largely destroys this crucial neurological structure.
Cryonicists would also point out that the definitions of "death" and "corpse" currently in use may change with future medical advances, just as they have changed in the past, and so they generally reject the idea that they are trying to "raise the dead", viewing their procedures instead as highly experimental medical procedures, whose efficacy is yet to be either demonstrated or refuted. Some also suggest that if technology is developed that allows mind transfer, revival of the frozen brain might not even be required; the mind of the patient could instead be "uploaded" into an entirely new substrate.
The biggest drawback to current vitrification practice is a costs issue. Because the only really cost-effective means of storing a cryopreserved person is in liquid nitrogen, possibly large-scale fracturing of the brain occurs, a result of cooling to −196°C, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Fracture-free vitrification would require inexpensive storage at a temperature significantly below the glass transition temperature of about −125°C, but high enough to avoid fracturing (−150°C is about right). Alcor is currently developing such a storage system. Alcor believes, however, that even before such a storage system is developed, the current vitrification method is far superior to traditional glycerol-based freezing, since the fractures are very clean breaks that occur even with traditional glycerol cryoprotection, and the loss of neurological structure is still less than that caused by ice formation, by orders of magnitude.
While cryopreservation arrangements can be expensive (currently ranging from $28,000 to $150,000), most cryonicists pay for it with life insurance. The elderly, and others who may be uninsurable for health reasons, will often pay for the procedure through their estate. Others simply invest their money over a period of years, accepting the risk that they might die in the meantime. All in all, cryonics is actually quite affordable for the vast majority of those in the industrialized world who really want it, especially if they make arrangements while still young.
Even assuming perfect cryopreservation techniques, many cryonicists would still regard eventual revival as a long shot. In addition to the many technical hurdles that remain, the likelihood of obtaining a good cryopreservation is not very high because of logistical problems. The likelihood of the continuity of cryonics organizations as businesses, and the threat of legislative interference in the practice, don't help the odds either. Most cryonicists, therefore, regard their cryopreservation arrangements as a kind of medical insurance—not certain to keep them alive, but better than no chance at all and still a rational gamble to take.
Brain vs. whole-body cryopreservation
During the 1980s, the problems associated with crystallization were becoming better appreciated, and the emphasis shifted from whole body to brain-only or "neuropreservation", on the assumption that the rest of the body could be regrown, perhaps by cloning of the person's DNA or by using embryonic stem cell technology. The main goal now seems to be to preserve the information contained in the structure of the brain, on which memory and personal identity depends. Available scientific and medical evidence suggests that the mechanical structure of the brain is wholly responsible for personal identity and memories (for instance, spinal cord injury victims, organ transplant patients, and amputees appear to retain their personal identity and memories). Damage caused by freezing and fracturing is thought to be potentially repairable in the future, using nanotechnology, which will enable the manipulation of matter at the molecular level. To critics, this appears a kind of futuristic deus ex machina, but while the engineering details remain speculative, the rapidity of scientific advances over the past century, and more recently in the field of nanotechnology itself, suggest to some that there may be no insurmountable problems. And the cryopreserved patient can wait a long time. With the advent of vitrification, the importance of nanotechnology to the cryonics movement may begin to decrease.
Some critics, and even some cryonicists, question this emphasis on the brain, arguing that during neuropreservation some information about the body's phenotype will be lost and the new body may feel "unwanted", and that in case of brain damage the body may serve as a crude backup, helping restore indirectly some of the memories. Partly for this reason, the Cryonics Institute preserves only whole bodies. Some proponents of neuropreservation agree with these concerns, but still feel that lower costs and better brain preservation justify preserving only the brain.
Historically, cryonics began in 1962 with the publication of The Prospect of Immortality by Robert Ettinger. In the 1970s, the damage caused by crystallization was not well understood. Two early organizations went bankrupt, allowing their patients to thaw out, bringing the matter to the public eye, at which point the problem with cellular damage became more well known and the practice gained something of the reputation of a scam. During the 1980s, the extent of the damage from the freezing process became much clearer and better known, and the emphasis of the movement began to shift from whole-body to neuropreservation.
Alcor currently preserves about 60 human bodies and heads in Scottsdale, Arizona. Before the company moved to Arizona from Riverside, California in 1994, it was the center of several controversies, including a county coroner's ruling that a client was murdered with barbiturates before her head was removed by the company's staff. Alcor contended that the drug was administered after her death. No charges were ever filed.
- engineered negligible senescence
- life extension,
- Interstellar travel,
- Immortality Institute,
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:808b609d-c9b2-4043-aeea-548f59273c25> | 2013-05-23T18:31:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Trier (French: Trèves), is Germany's oldest city. It is situated on the western bank of the Moselle River in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone. It is located in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate near the German border with Luxembourg. Trier had around 100,000 inhabitants at the end of 2002. There is also an important wine-growing-region nearby: Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.
The Romans under Julius Caesar subdued the Celtic Treverans in 58 to 50 BC. When the Roman provinces in Germany were reorganised in 16 BC, Augustus decided that Trier, then called Augusta Treverorum, should become the regional capital. From 259 to 274 Trier was the capital of the break away Gallic Empire. Later for a few years (383 - 388) it was the capital of Magnus Maximus, who ruled most of the western Empire.
Sacked by Attila in 451, it passed to the Franks in 463, to Lorraine in 843, to Germany in 870, and back to Lorraine in 895, and was finally united to Germany by the Emperor Henry I. The Archbishop of Trier was, as chancellor of Burgundy, one of the electors of the empire, a right which originated in the 12th or 13th century, and which continued till the French Revolution. The last elector removed to Koblenz in 1786; and Treves was the capital of the French department of Sarre from 1794 till 1814, after which time it belonged to Prussia.
The city is well known for its well-preserved Roman buildings, among them the Porta Nigra, the best preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps, a complete amphitheatre, ruins of several Roman baths, and the huge Basilica, a basilica in the original Roman sense, being the 67m-length throne hall of Roman Emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestant church.
Trier is the oldest seat of a Christian bishop in Germany. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of Trier was an important ecclesiastical prince, controlling land from the French border to the Rhine. He was also one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:70ae6338-65ea-4c96-b633-8e96a8846182> | 2013-05-23T18:58:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Pietro Chiesa, born 1892 Mailand, served an apprenticeship in the studio of the furniture designer and interior decorator Giovan Battista Gianotti in Milan. In 1921 Pietro Chiesa opened Botega di Pietro Chiesa in Milan. In 1925 Pietro Chiesa showed work at the "Exposition Internationale des Arts D?coratifs et Industriels Modernes" in Paris. In 1927 Pietro Chiesa joined Gio Ponti, Michele Marelli, Tomaso Buzzi, Emilio Lancia, and Paolo Venini to found Il Labirinto, which made high-quality furnishings in the Novecento style. Pietro Chiesa concentrated mainly on designing glass. In 1933 Pietro Chiesa became artistic director of FontanaArte, the firm founded by Gio Ponti and Luigi Fontana. FontanaArte started out concentrating on furniture and glass but later became known for lighting. Pietro Chiesa treated glass like a valuable material, fragmenting pieces of it and using special cutting techniques. At the same time Pietro Chiesa created pure forms such as the 1932 glass table, made of a single bent band of clear glass. In 1933 Pietro Chiesa designed "Luminator", an elegant, flute-shaped floor lamp of lacquered brass tubing, which provided indirect light. Pietro Chiesa was a leading exponent of Italian Art d?co.The FontanaArte Cartoccio Vase captures in glass the fluid movement much like that seen in exquisite fabric. The Cartoccio Vase, designed by Pietro Chiesa in 1932, is considered a classic, modern design that influenced Italian glass design of the 20th Century. | <urn:uuid:e5cefd38-27ce-4980-8731-9dffa633b421> | 2013-05-23T19:00:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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September 23, 2010
Raffles: An Even Odds Gambling Fallacy
I don't like raffles.
I don't like pools where you don't pick your team. I don't like the lottery.
But I like "gambling" as investment. As long as my winning is dependent on my intellectual superiority, I'm in. Otherwise, where's the fun? | <urn:uuid:4c57c3ca-a0f3-4a8d-96c8-ff13698b1faf> | 2013-05-23T18:52:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If you want to add your voice and contribute to this existing news event, use the event code
(Event Code: @13104917), that you will find on each news event page, as the first word of the
SMS or MMS message followed by a space then add your contribution (text, image or video). For example:
@13104917 This is an amazing video of Greg Norman hitting a hole-in-one in Sydney, Australia.
The first word of the message should be @13104917 (event code), to make sure the system attaches
your voice to the right news event. | <urn:uuid:7d3eb451-4ac8-4e2a-92fb-badad377a675> | 2013-05-23T18:32:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Complete 2013 Long-Range Weather Forecast for the Atlantic Corridor Region, November 2012 to October 2013 includes week-by-week details.
Free 2-Month Weather Forecast
MAY 2013: temperature 61° (1° below avg.); precipitation 4" (1" above avg.); May 1-3: Sunny, warm; May 4-7: Rain, then sunny, cool; May 8-17: Rainy periods, cool north; a couple of showers, warm south; May 18-23: Sunny, then heavy rain, cool; May 24-28: Scattered t-storms, seasonable; May 29-31: Sunny, hot.
JUNE 2013: temperature 70° (1° below avg.); precipitation 5.5" (2" above avg.); Jun 1-5: A few t-storms, warm; Jun 6-8: Tropical storm threat; Jun 9-15: Occasional t-storms, turning cooler; Jun 16-17: Sunny, warm; Jun 18-22: Heavy rain north, t-storms south; turning cool; Jun 23-25: Sunny, hot; Jun 26-30: Scattered t-storms, seasonable.
Annual Weather Summary: November 2012 to October 2013
Winter will be colder and drier than normal, with snowfall below normal in the north and near normal in the south. The coldest periods will be from Christmas through early January and in early and mid-February. The snowiest periods will be in mid-December, just before Christmas, and in mid- to late February.
April and May will be slightly warmer and drier than normal.
Summer will be slightly warmer and drier than normal, with the hottest periods in mid- to late June, mid- and late July, and mid-August. The strongest threat of a tropical storm will be in early June.
September and October will be warmer and drier than normal. | <urn:uuid:0092f620-e3ac-4ea0-9636-a9f85b7e4b0f> | 2013-05-23T19:00:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Legal capacity and proxy decision making
Issues surrounding the loss of legal capacity
Under the Hungarian Civil Code of 1959, a person may be considered incompetent due to age (under 14), illness or state of mind. Sections 14 and 15 define diminished capacity and legal incompetency as follows:
Persons of legal age shall be of diminished capacity if a court has placed them in the custody of a guardian to that effect.
(4) Persons whose necessary discretionary ability for conducting their affairs is - owing to their mental state, unsound mind, or pathological addiction - permanently or recurrently diminished to a great extent in general or in relation to certain groups of matters shall be placed by a court in a guardianship that limits their competency.
(5) If the limitation of discretionary ability is only partial, the person under guardianship may make valid legal statements independently in all matters in relation to which the court did not limit his/her capacity in its decision.
(6) The court may limit the full capacity of a person placed under guardianship in particular in respect of the following groups of matters:
i. requests for social security, social and unemployment benefits and disposition over such benefits or over income deriving from employment ... exceeding the amount defined in paragraph (2) c) of section 14/B;
ii. right of disposition concerning moveable and real property;
iii. making certain legal statements in family law matters, namely:
a) legal statements concerning matrimonial property rights or property rights related to a registered partnership,
b) making statements in relation to the establishment of parentage,
c) defining the name of one's child and its alteration,
d) giving consent to the adoption of one's child;
iv. taking pecuniary decisions in relation to maintenance obligations;
v. making legal statements in relation to residential leases (conclusion and termination of the contract);
vi. inheritance matters;
vii. legal statements concerning placement in an social institution;
viii. disposing of rights related to health services;
ix. determination of place of residence
(1) Persons whom the court has placed in a guardianship precluding legal competency shall also be considered legally incompetent.
(4) Persons of legal age whose necessary discretionary ability for conducting their affairs is - owing to their mental state or unsound mind - completely and permanently absent shall be placed by a court in a guardianship that limits their competency.
Section 17 further stipulates that people who are completely lacking the mental ability to conduct their affairs shall be considered legally incompetent even if they have not been placed in the custody of a guardian.
Proxy decision making
Conditions for the appointment of a guardian
Sections 14 and 15 Hungarian Civil Code of 1959 describe the conditions for determining incapacity which are also those for the appointment of a guardian.
How guardianship is arranged
Once a court has determined diminished capacity and legal incompetency and decided that a guardian should be appointed, an administrative agency known as the guardianship authority appoints a guardian.
The choice of guardian
With regard to the appointment of guardians, preference shall be given to the person named by the person under guardianship, either when s/he was legally competent or following the court’s decision. If this is not possible or such a person does not exist the spouse/registered partner living in the same household shall be appointed. If such a person does not exist, a different appropriate person shall be appointed.
Preference is usually given to relatives. If it is not possible to appoint the guardian in any of these ways, a career guardian shall be appointed.
The guardian must be of legal age and legally competent. The person who has been appointed guardian must accept the office for the appointment to be valid.
A person cannot be appointed as a guardian if this would represent a conflict of interests with the person under guardianship. This applies to relatives and spouses as well. A person cannot be appointed as guardian if the person under guardianship has expressly objected to this.
The duties and responsibilities of the guardian
The guardian is the trustee and legal representative of the person under guardianship, either generally, or concerning certain affairs stated in the court’s decision, which might in certain cases extend to the provision of care (i.e. if the guardian takes on such responsibility).
How the financial affairs of the ward are handled
Guardians shall manage the affairs of the person under guardianship to the best of their ability. They should take into consideration requests of the person under guardianship and satisfy them if appropriate and depending on the funds available.
If the guardian is a close relative of the person under guardianship and his/her financial situation would not normally require accounting, the guardianship authority shall authorize simplified accounting.
With the exception of career guardians, an annual statement of accounts is not required if the person under guardianship has no assets, and if the monthly amount of his/her income from employment, pension or other benefits is below the limit specified in a separate legal regulation.
Measure to protect the person under guardianship from misuse of power
The guardianship authority oversees the activities of the guardian; the guardian is obliged to report on his/her activity and the condition of the person under guardianship at least yearly, or at any time on the request of the authority.
Article 16 of the Civil Code defines those cases in which the approval of the guardianship authority is needed for an effective/valid decision by the guardian.
Every year, the guardian shall submit a report to the guardianship authority on the financial affairs of the person under guardianship. The guardian may be excused from this obligation under special circumstances.
On the request of the person under guardianship, the authority may oblige the guardian to submit an ad hoc report in addition to the annual report.
Payment and liability of guardians
The guardianship authority shall remove the guardian from office, preceded by suspension in cases for which prompt action is required, if the guardian fails to fulfil his/her obligations or if s/he engages in conduct by which to cause serious injury to or endanger the interests of the person under guardianship.
The career guardians are employees of the local municipality and they receive their salary from it. The amount of the salary varies from one municipality to the next. Non-career guardians do not receive any salary or similar payment. However, the social benefits of the person under guardianship are delivered into their hands.
Duration of guardianship
The court shall periodically review its decision. The original decision of the court shall stipulate the exact date of the statutory review which cannot be later than 5 years from the court’s decision coming into force.
The court shall review its decision on the request of people and authorities mentioned in Article 21 of the Civil Code, which also includes the person under guardianship.
As a result of the statutory review the decision on guardianship can be altered or the guardianship terminated.
Guardianship comes to an end upon the death of the person under guardianship which can sometimes be problematic (e.g. in cases where the person under guardianship is in residential care and has no relatives).
The right to appeal
The person under guardianship can appeal against the decision of the court and request a review of the decision.
Recent developments in legislation related to guardianship
The new Civil Code was adopted by the Parliament on 9 November 2009 after the political veto of László Sólyom, the President of Hungary. The new rules on legal competency would have come into force on 1 May, 2010. During the adoption process many concerns were raised by political and professional stakeholders but on the whole, such concerns were not about the rules of legal competency. This new regulation contained crucial amendments based on human rights, such as abolishing complete guardianship and introducing supported decision-making and advanced directives. These rules would have made it possible to find tailored solutions for everyone, whilst diminishing their legal competency to the least possible extent. The cornerstones of the new regulation were in line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which Hungary ratified in July 2007.
However, despite the campaign by concerned NGOs, the new government of Hungary decided that the new Civil Code would not come into force. Moreover, new committees are working on a completely new Civil Code. The deadline for elaborating the new text of the codex is 30 September 2011. There is no news about the planned date of adoption or effectiveness of the Civil Code. Non-governmental organizations are concerned as neither the Government nor the members of the committees expressed their views on the guardianship. NGOs are concerned that the rights of people under guardianship will remain at risk in the coming years.
Capacity in specific domains
Marriage and divorce
Part 1 of the Hungarian Family Act of 1952 deals with marriage. A person who has been placed under guardianship on the grounds of legal incompetency is not considered as having the capacity to marry (§8). A marriage can be annulled by a court on the grounds that one of the spouses did not have sufficient capacity at the time of the marriage (§§7-12). Guardianship for people with diminished capacity affects the capacity to marry as the decision of the court limits legal capacity in that domain, making it necessary to obtain the approval of the guardian.
According to article 70 of the Constitution, all adult Hungarian citizens residing in Hungary have the right to be elected and to vote in parliamentary elections, local government elections or minority self-government elections. This right does not extend to people who are under guardianship.
Article 2, paragraph 2 of Act No. XXXIV of 1989 on the Election of Members of Parliament excludes people who are under guardianship with partial or complete incapacity from voting in elections for Members of Parliament.
The Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) recently won a case at the European Court of Human Rights in which the court stated that this absolute bar constitutes a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Human Rights Convention: http://mdac.info/en/european-court-human-rights-upholds-right-vote-per
People with diminished capacity have the right:
- to conclude contracts of minor importance aimed at satisfying their everyday needs,
- to dispose of 50% of their earnings acquired through work or social benefits,
- to assume obligations up to the extent of their earnings
- to conclude contracts that only offer advantages,
- to make legal statements of a personal nature for which they are authorized by legal regulation (Section 14 of the Civil Code).
According to section 18 of the Civil Code, legal statements made by legally incompetent people are considered null and void but legal representatives may act on behalf of incompetent people. Contracts of minor importance which do not require any special consideration can nevertheless be made by incompetent people and are not considered null and void.
Section 18 further stipulates that legal statements made by legally incompetent people who are not under guardianship are not considered null and void provided that, on the basis of the content and circumstances of the statement, it could be concluded that it would also have been justified had the person been legally competent.
It is possible to allocate a certain amount from the assets of the person under guardianship (on request and with the approval of the guardianship authority) to a descendant for the subsistence costs of the descendant provided that this does not exceed the compulsory share of inheritance of the descendant (Article 16 paragraph 2 of the Civil Code).
People with diminished capacity shall only be entitled to make public wills. Neither the consent of their legal representatives, nor the approval of a guardian shall be required for the public wills of such people to be valid. A public will can be drafted before a notary public or a court. Public wills cannot be validly drafted before a person who is a relative, guardian or conservator of the testator or the testator's spouse. Any bequest in favour of a person participating in the drafting of a public will or the relative, guardian, conservator or ward of such person shall be null and void.
People considered as legally incompetent do not have the capacity to make a will.
Section16/A. of the Civil Code states that people who mislead others regarding their legal competence shall be held responsible for their acts. Section 347 addresses the issue of liability for damage caused by people with deficient or no mental capacity. It states:
- A person with deficient or no mental capacity shall not be held liable for his/her actions. Liability for his/her actions shall be borne by his/her guardian, unless s/he is able to prove that, in the interest of performing his/her guardianship, s/he has acted in a manner that can generally be expected in the particular situation.
- If a person causing damage has no guardian or the liability of the guardian cannot be established, under special circumstances the person causing the damage can be ordered to provide total or partial compensation if it is clearly warranted by the circumstances of the case and the financial conditions of the parties.
- A person causing damage may not allege his/her mental incapacity or impairment if such condition was inflicted by the person him/herself.
With regard to criminal responsibility, section 22 of Act IV on the Criminal Code cites an “insane mental state” as grounds for the preclusion of punishability for a criminal offence.
Section 24 of Act IV on the Criminal Code states:
- That person shall not be punishable, who perpetrates an act in such an insane state of mental functions – thus in particular lunacy, imbecility, dementia, cognitive or personality disorder, - which makes him/her unable to recognise the consequences of the act or to act in accordance with this recognition.
- The punishment may be mitigated without limitation if the insane state of mental function hinders the perpetrator in the recognition of the consequences of the act or in acting in accordance with this recognition.
Last Updated: mardi 27 mars 2012 | <urn:uuid:d7027ed8-e6a6-4257-b103-fe379cda7c00> | 2013-05-23T18:52:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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question on g-rex
I've been thinking recently that if or when I have the money and decide to shell out for a high end expanded amiga system what the perfect setup would be. I've seen reletivly little but from what I've read G-rex would be the fastest pci solution avalible since it is not restricted by buster.
I read that most g-rex 4000t units were recalled due to hardware problems and was wondering are there any working g-rex 4000t units out there? I also read that it wasn't specifically for actual a4000t amigas but for a4000d in a tower case? can anyone confirm whether or not these things acctually exist and are out there and can they be made to work with an actual Amiga 4000t? How hard would it be to obtain one of these things? | <urn:uuid:96016ef5-7fbd-49f5-a9f4-c91e5760ad20> | 2013-05-23T18:30:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Girl in a chair outdoors
Found amongst my grandpa Simpson's photos we think her name was Minnie Simpson. Minnie was written in pencil on the back of the photo. She could have been a member of any of these familys, Simpson,Way,Platt, or Kelley
Who was Minnie? She appears to be in front of a large home possibly in Alabama or Texas we think. Our family roots come from both states so we are assuming here. Do you know her? If so let me know who this sweet child is. | <urn:uuid:f78360c5-c8d8-4067-93cc-eb9c907a633c> | 2013-05-23T18:52:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scanned text contains errors.
dicated to Cornelianus his "Ecloge," speaks of him in terms of high praise, and describes him as wor thy of the age of Demosthenes. (Comp. Phrynich. s. v. jSacriAicro'a, p. 225, s. v. rd Trpocranra, p. 379, ed. Lobeck.) Fronto (Epist. ad Amic. i. 4, p. 187 and p. 237) mentions a rhetorician of the name of Sulpicius Cornelianus; but whether he is the same as the friend of Phrynichus, as Mai supposes, is uncertain, though there is nothing to oppose the supposition. [L. S.]
CORNELIUS. Many plebeians of this name frequently occur towards the end of the republic without any cognomen. [cornelia gens.] Their great number is no doubt owing to the fact mentioned by Appian (B. C. i. 100), that the dictator Sulla bestowed the Roman franchise upon 10.000 slaves, and called them after his own name, " Cor-nelii," that he might always have a large number among the people to support him. Of these the most important are :—
2. cornelius phagita, the commander of a company of soldiers, into whose hands Caesar fell when he was proscribed by Sulla in b. c. 82. It •was with difficulty that Cornelius allowed liim to escape even after receiving a bribe of two talents, but Caesar never punished him when he afterwards obtained supreme power. (Suet. Caes. 74; Pint. Caes. 1.
3. C. cornelius, tribune of the plebs, b.c. 67, whom Cicero defended. See below.
4. C. cornelius, a Roman knight, and one of Catiline's crew, undertook, in conjunction with L. Vargunteius to murder Cicero in b.c. 63, but their plan was frustrated by information conveyed to Cicero through Curius and Fulvia. When accused subsequently, he could obtain no one to defend him; but he escaped punishment probably on account of the information he gave respecting the conspiracy. When P. Sulla was accused in b.c. 62 of participation in the conspiracy, Cornelius caused his son to come forward as a witness against Lira. (Sal. Cat. 17, 28; Cic.^ro Suit. 2, 6, 18.)
5. P. cornelius, tribune of the plebs, b.c. 51. (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 8.)
6. cornelius, a centurion in the army of young Octavianus, was at the head of the embassy sent to Rome in b. c. 43, to demand in the name of the army the consulship for their general. When the senate hesitated to comply with their demands, Cornelius threw back his cloak, and pointing to the hilt of his sword, exclaimed, " This shall make him consul, if you won't."(Suet. ^4^.26.)
C. CORNE'LIUS, of a plebeian branch of the Cornelia gens, was quaestor of Pompey the Great. In the year B. c. 67, he was tribune of the plebs, and proposed a law in the senate to prevent the lending of money to foreign ambassadors at Rome. The proposition was not carried, since many of the senators derived profit from the practice, which had led to shameful abuses by the bribery and extortions which it covered. He then proposed that 110 person should be released from the obligations of a law except by the populus. The senate had of late exercised a power, analogous to that of the British Parliament in passing private acts, which exempt individuals in certain cases from the general provisions of the law. This power the senate was
unwilling to be deprived of, and the tribune Ser-vilius Globulus, a colleague of Cornelius, was persuaded to interpose, and prohibit the reading of the rogation by the clerk. Cornelius thereupon read it himself, and a tumult followed. Cornelius took no part in the riot, and evinced his moderation by being content with a law, which made the presence of 200 senators requisite to the validity of a dispensing senatusconsultum. When his year of office was ended, he was accused of majestas by P. Cominius, for reading the rogation in defiance of the intercession of Globulus; the accusation was dropped this year, but renewed in b. c. 65. Cornelius was ably defended by Cicero (part of whose speech is extant), and was acquitted by a majority of votes. [cominius, Nos. 5 and 6.]
In his tribuneship, he was the successful pro poser of a law, of which the importance can scarcely be over-rated. In order to check the partiality of occasional edicts, it was enacted by the lex Cornelia " ut praetores ex edictis suis per- petuis jus clicerent." (Diet, of Ant. s. v. Edictum.} Cornelius was a man of blameless private life, and, in his public character, though he was accused of factiousness by the nobles, seems to have advo cated useful measures. (Asconius, in Cic. pro Cornel.; Dion Cass. xxxvi. 21, 23; Drumann's Gescli. Roms, ii. p. 613.) - [J. T. G.J
CORNELIUS, succeeded Fabianus as bishop of Rome on the 4th of June, a. d. 251. He is chiefly remarkable on account of the controversy which he maintained with Novatianus in regard to the readmission of the Lapsi, that is, Christians who after baptism, influenced by the terrors of per secution, had openly fallen away from the faith. Cornelius was disposed to be lenient towards the renegades upon receiving full evidence of their contrition, while Novatianus denied the power of the church to grant forgiveness under such circum stances and restore the culprits to her communion. The result of the dispute was, that, upon the elec tion of Cornelius, Novatianus refused to acknow ledge the authority of his opponent, who summoned a council, by which his own opinions were fully confirmed. Upon this the religious warfare raged more fiercely than ever; Novatianus was irregu larly chosen bishop by some of his own partisans, and thus arose the schism of the Novatians. [no vatianus.] Cornelius, however, enjoyed his dignity for but a very brief period. He was banished to Civita Vecchia by the emperor Gall us, in a. d. 252, where he soon after died, or, accord ing to some accounts, suffered martyrdom. He is known to have written several Epistles, two of which addressed to Cyprian will be found in the works of that prelate, and in Constant's " Epistolae Pontificum," p. 125, while a fragment of a third is preserved in the ecclesiastical history of Eusebius. (vi. 43.) [cyprianus.] [W. R.]
CORNELIUS, SE'RVIUS. In the Graeco-Roman Epitome Legum, composed about A. d. 945 by one Embatus, and preserved in MS. at Florence (Cod. Laurent. Ixxx. 6), it is stated, that Servius Cornelius was employed by the emperor Hadrian, in conjunction with Salvius Julianus, to collect, arrange, and remodel the edictum per-petuum. The passage (which, though the lateness of its date diminishes its value, is the most explicit of the few that relate to this obscure part of legal history) is given by Klenze. (Lehrlmch der GescJt. des Rom. Reclits. p. 54.) [J. T. G.] | <urn:uuid:4f892b82-c68d-4177-8ed4-d89d7fd50064> | 2013-05-23T18:30:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am alive; talk to me,
voices can sing to me, harmonise bass with me, make up the words to a ballad or yarn with me, loudly embark with me.
I am alive, laugh with me,
fall down and wrestle me, sport, spin and tumble your oneness in tune with me. Love me as I love me.
I am alive, approach me,
feel for the guffaw; believe that the bellies of folly live on in me, rhyming me, glance at me sideways and hope to encroach on me.
I am alive, notice me,
play up in mischief and open the windows for breezes to blow at me. Let me uphold you and so you can bolster me.
I am alive; distract me
in every direction, the clowning comes through to me. Shatter the eggs with me, clean up the mess with me, wear a chef’s hat for me.
I am alive; melt with me,
growl out a giggle and tickle me. Sparkle and yes with me. Make a fine mess with me. Yes with me. Yes with me.
William Blake 'Exuberance is Beauty' | <urn:uuid:6236d1fc-6e0d-4402-a396-9876f81d132d> | 2013-05-23T18:31:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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AçıklamaTest your memory by playing the classic card matching game with 24 pair of cards.
There are three ways to play:
1) One Player
2) One Player Vs The Computer
3) Two Player
In the "Vs The Computer" mode, the computers IQ can be adjusted for varying levels of difficulty. | <urn:uuid:8f4b5f2e-dbf2-4c25-9849-2f2fc47f1eba> | 2013-05-23T19:06:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Were you surprised by the unveiling of Chromebooks at the Google I/O conference? So were we. While the netbooks won't be available for pre-ordering until mid-June, it looks like one fortune-telling Italian cartoonist predicted that Chrome would be a "Windows killer" way back in November of 2008.
Perhaps the cartoonist simply meant to point out the similarities between the Chrome and Windows logos, but he ended up saying a whole lot more. Chromebooks is now prepared to take over the world this summer, after putting the Windows logo through the drying machine. | <urn:uuid:b129726c-63d6-4faf-86d2-f2a76f3c9f00> | 2013-05-23T19:09:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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September 1 to September 28 2011 Challenge: "I Have a Dream"
Re: September 1 to September 28 2011 Challenge: "I Have a Dream"
Congrats on your film Fred!
Some members won't have much idea of what your kind of football is, since they live in countries where some other kind of football is better known - like Australian Rules or Rugby League in Oz, Rugby in New Zealand, or that weird thing they play in the US with helmets and lots of padding. So to be fair, you should probably make the topic ANY kind of football.
I know Soccer has a round ball, that's about all I know about it.... oh yeah, and soccer hooligans... and there's a world cup isn't there....
Well, it should be a great opportunity for some classic "bouncing ball" animation! | <urn:uuid:5c9ddf9b-32f1-49de-b676-015809d39c85> | 2013-05-23T18:31:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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windy78 wrote:I really, really need help! I've read the guides about capturing ps2 footage and searched for other threads talking about this subject but I am still confused. How exactly do you capture ps2 footage (ie. Final Fantasy X?). What kind of software do you use to capture the footage? I've downloaded ps2play but it doesn't seem to work so I tried some other programs, but unfortunately, I still don't understand. Can anyone help me out here? I would very much appreciate it! Thanks!
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest | <urn:uuid:52a22aaf-6595-4375-89ff-2edd6b078d49> | 2013-05-23T18:39:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (manga)
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Go back to JoJo's Bizarre Adventure main page
JoJo is not the name of a person. It is instead the nickname for each main character dreived from the first two letters of the first and last names, i.e. Jonathan Joestar and Jotaro Kujo. The only exception is Giorno Giovanni, which is really GioGio, but sounds the same as JoJo.
"Captain Tenile" mentioned in vol. 2 of the third series is a pun on the name of the duo Captain and Tenille, which has an official site at http://captainandtennille.net/index.shtml .
The toy the ape plays with in the third arc is known as a "Rubik's cube", a popular plastic puzzle from the 80's.
The image of the man on the tv in the third volume of the third arc is Marlon Brando's Don Corleone from the Godfather. While "Where's Michael?" should be a line from the film, it might also be a pun directed at the "What's Michael?"" anime/manga series, since one of the next images of a cat named Neko-Dora-Kun is a parody of Doraemon, another cat drawn like Michael in this version.
The comment the old lady in vol. 5 of the third series makes about "That time with John Lennon from the Beatles" regarding the use of a hotel is likely a reference to John and Yoko's music video for "Give Peace a Chance".
In Part V "Vento Aureo" Vol.52, Chapter "The Express Train Heading Towards Florence 2", Buccellati's gang are watching soccer in the TV, and Oozora Tsubasa (from "Captain Tsubasa") is seen in the TV's screen.
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Muhammad and Aisha Revisited:
We continue our discussion of Muhammads marriage to nine-year-old Aisha, this time focusing on some of the common arguments and claims made by certain Muslims in their attempts of salvaging Muhammads reputation. We will focus on some of the most common points raised to either justify Muhammads marriage or outright deny that Aisha was as young as the reports claim, to see whether any of these assertions hold any weight.
In order to facilitate easier and quicker navigation of our article we have divided the paper into the following sections:
The Argument from Climate
Some Muslims argue that girls, at that time, reached puberty faster due to the hot climate of the Arabian desert. Despite there being absolutely no shred of evidence supporting this far fetched claim, the Muslim sources actually say that Aisha hadnt reached puberty when Muhammad consummated his marriage with her:
Abu Jafar [al-Tabari]: The Messenger of God did not marry another woman during the life of Khadijah until she passed away. When she died, the Messenger of God got married, but [opinions] differ as to whom he married first after Khadijah. Some say that it was Aisha bt. Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, while others say that it was Sawdah bt. Zamah b. Qays b. Abd Shams b. Abd Wudd b. Nasr. As for Aishah, when he married her she was very young AND NOT READY YET FOR CONSUMMATION, whereas Sawdah was already married before (The History of al-Tabari, Volume IX, p. 128)
One Muslim named Robert Squires tries to use al-Tabaris statement as proof against the view that Aisha hadnt attained puberty when Muhammad slept with her:
* The above question is answered directly and unambiguously on page 128 of The History of al-Tabari Volume IX, where it states that "As for 'A'ishah, when he married her she was very young and not yet ready for consummation"which clearly proves that they were waiting for her to reach puberty (i.e. to be biologically "ready"). Likewise, the statement that 'A'ishahradi Allahu 'anhawas "not yet ready for consummation" would undoubtedly be nonsensical in a social context where marriage to prepubescent children was allowed. Thus it both severely undermines the merely circumstantial evidence which has been brought forward in an ineffectual attempt to prove the contrary, and serves as strong proof that the marriage in question certainly did not involve a prepubescent girl. (Source)
Al-Tabaris statement proves no such thing, but simply means that Muhammad married Aisha when she was too young for consummation. It says absolutely nothing about her attaining puberty at the age of nine, or that this was the reason why her parents waited three years. If anything, one can argue that she was physically too young for a grown man to penetrate her and so she had to wait a few more years before she would be able to handle it. More on this later.
Moreover, the hadiths provide further support that Aisha had not reached puberty since they speak of her playing with dolls:
'A'isha reported that she used to PLAY WITH DOLLS in the presence of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and when her playmates came to her they left (the house) because they felt shy of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him), whereas Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent them to her. (Sahih Muslim, Book 031, Number 5981)
The reason why Aisha was permitted to play with dolls in front of Muhammad is because she hadnt attained puberty yet:
I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me. (The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, NOT YET REACHED THE AGE OF PUBERTY.) (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13) (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 151)
The Prophet was screening me with his Rida' (garment covering the upper part of the body) while I was looking at the Ethiopians who were playing in the courtyard of the mosque. (I continued watching) till I was satisfied. So you may deduce from this event how a little girl (who has not reached the age of puberty) who is eager to enjoy amusement should be treated in this respect. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 163)
Squires thinks he has a way of undermining the significance that Aishas playing with dolls has on establishing the position that she was prepubescent when Muhammad slept with her:
Now in regards to the various hadiths () that anti-Islamic apologists have employed in an attempt to prove that 'Aishahradi Allahu 'anhawas still a young girl who was playing with dolls at the time of her marriage. Well unfortunately for them, they've jumped to some hasty conclusions since none of these hadiths () explicitly indicate whether the marriage had been consummated at this time. Rather, one could just as easily concludeespecially in light of the evidence I've presented abovethat the incidents in which 'Aishahradi Allahu 'anhawas playing with dolls along with her young friends occurred at a time when she was still living with her parents (i.e. after the betrothal and prior to the consummation). Actually, based on the fact that the Prophetsalla Allahu 'alayhi wa salamwas known to regularly visit 'Aishah's father Abu Bakrradi Allahu 'anhu, these events could have taken place anytime during 'Aishah's childhoodradi Allahu 'anha. (Source: bold and underline emphasis ours)
Lets see if Squires claim holds any weight:
'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house AS A BRIDE WHEN SHE WAS NINE, AND HER DOLLS WERE WITH HER; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old. (Sahih Muslim, Book 008, Number 3311)
It is rather unfortunate for Squires that he did not read the hadiths carefully since they quite clearly show that Muhammad did consummate his marriage with Aisha while the latter was still playing with her dolls at the age of nine.
As if this werent bad enough he dares to misquote Ibn Hajar al-Asqalanis position:
* Even Hafiz Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani concludes that: "To say with certainty 'that she was not yet at the age of puberty' is questionable"and this view is seemingly based on considering this hadith in isolation without taking textual evidence from other sources in account...but Allahu 'alim. Thus in the final analysis, the so-called "evidence" and "proof" that this hadith provides to those trying to spin a case of prepubescent marriage is anything but decisive.
This is the same al-Asqalani who stated in Fateh-al-Bari, Volume 13, page 143, that the reason why Aisha was even allowed to play with dolls is because she hadnt reached puberty! This seeming contradiction is easily resolved when we realize that Al-Asqalanis comments were not made in regard to Aisha's age or maturity at the time of her marriage. They refer to this specific hadith:
Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:
When the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) arrived after the expedition to Tabuk or Khaybar (the narrator is doubtful), the draught raised an end of a curtain which was hung in front of her store-room, revealing some dolls which belonged to her.
He asked: What is this? She replied: My dolls. Among them he saw a horse with wings made of rags, and asked: What is this I see among them? She replied: A horse. He asked: What is this that it has on it? She replied: Two wings. He asked: A horse with two wings? She replied: Have you not heard that Solomon had horses with wings? She said: Thereupon the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) laughed so heartily that I could see his molar teeth. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 41, Number 4914)
Here is the context of al-Asqalanis quote:
Al-Haafiz goes on to say:[43: Fath al-Baaree 10/400, Baab (91), related to Hadeeth no.5954, 5955.]
Abu Daawood and An-Nasaa'ee have narrated with another chain (wajh aakhar) from 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) that she said:" The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) returned from the battle of Tabook or Khaibar...".
Here he mentioned the Hadeeth about his (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) tearing down the curtain which she (may Allah be pleased with her) attached to her door. She (may Allah be pleased with her) said:" Then the side of the curtain which was over the dolls of 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) was uncovered. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: What is this, O 'Aa'isha? She said: My dolls. She then said: then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) saw amongst them a winged horse which was tied up. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: What is this? I said: A horse. He said: A horse with two wings? I said: Didn't you hear that Sulaiman (Solomon - peace be upon him) had horses with wings? Then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) laughed".
Al-Khattaabee said: From this Hadeeth it is understood that playing with dolls (al-banaat) is not like the amusement from other images (suwar) concerning which the threat (wa'eed) of punishment is mentioned. The only reason why permission in this was given to 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) is because SHE HAD NOT, AT THAT TIME, REACHED THE AGE OF PUBERTY.
[al-Haafiz says:] I say: To say with certainty, [that she was not yet at the age of puberty] is questionable, though it might possibly be so. This, because 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) was a fourteen year old girl at the time of the Battle of Khaibar - either exactly fourteen years old, or having just passed her fourteenth year [and entering into the fifteenth year], or approaching it (the fourteenth year).
As for her age at the time of the Battle of Tabook - she had by then definitely reached the age of puberty. Therefore, THE STRONGEST VIEW is that of those who said: "It was in Khaibar" [i.e. WHEN SHE WAS NOT YET AT THE AGE OF PUBERTY], and made reconciliation (jam') [between the apparent contradictory rulings, of permissibility of dolls, in particular, and the prohibition of images, in general] with what al-Khattaabee said (above).
[al-Khattabee said that images are prohibited, except in the case of dolls for young girls]. This, because to reconcile (make jam') is better than to assume the ahaadith to be in contradiction (at-ta'aarud). Here Shaykh Bin Baaz concludes his quotation from al-Haafiz, saying: The above is the essence of the words of al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar. (The Beneficial Response Concerning the Islamic Ruling of Pictures/Images, by Shaykh Abdul-Azeez Ibn Abdullah Ibn Baaz, rendered in English by Abu Muhammad Abdur-Ra'uf Shakir; source; bold, capital and underline emphasis ours)
Al-Asqalani was not disputing whether Muhammad married Aisha before puberty, but whether she was still prepubescent during the expedition against Khaybar. Al-Asqalani claims that the strongest view is that she hadnt attained puberty even at that time when she was already 14 years old! Thus, al-Asqalani soundly refutes and exposes Squires assertion that Aisha was pubescent when Muhammad married her.
For a more thorough refutation of Squires points we recommend the following link: http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=452860#452860
There are other narrations which provide additional (albeit implicit) support that Aisha was too young for consummation due to the fact that she was prepubescent:
Narrated Urwa bin Al-Musayyab, Alqama bin Waqqas and Ubaidullah bin Abdullah:
About the story of 'Aisha and their narrations were similar attesting each other, when the liars said what they invented about 'Aisha, and the Divine Inspiration was delayed, Allah's Apostle sent for 'Ali and Usama to consult them in divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama said, "Keep your wife, as we know nothing about her except good." Buraira said, "I cannot accuse her of any defect except that she is still A YOUNG GIRL who sleeps, neglecting her family's dough which the domestic goats come to eat (i.e. she was too simpleminded to deceive her husband)." Allah's Apostle said, "Who can help me to take revenge over the man who has harmed me by defaming the reputation of my family? By Allah, I have not known about my family anything except good, and they mentioned (i.e. accused) a man about whom I did not know anything except good." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 48, Number 805)
Buraira said, 'No, by Allah Who has sent you with the Truth, I have never seen in her anything faulty except that she is a girl of IMMATURE AGE, who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough for the goats to eat.' (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 48, Number 829)
'A'isha said The women in those days were light of weight and they did not wear much flesh, as they ate less food; so they did not perceive the weight of my haudaj as they placed it upon the camel as I was A YOUNG GIRL at that time Barira said: By Him Who sent thee with the truth, I have seen nothing objectionable in her but only this much that she is A YOUNG GIRL and she goes to sleep while kneading the flour and the lamb eats that (Sahih Muslim, Book 037, Number 6673)
Many years after Muhammad had married Aisha and she is still described as being young and immature! Obviously, a girl who is described in such a manner is far from being ready for consummation with a grown man. The question that should be asked is what business did a fifty-four year old man have marrying such a girl in the first place?
To summarize: At the time when Aisha was taken to Muhammads house which is the time they consummated their marriage , she took her dolls with her and played with them. The Muslim sources explain this by pointing out that she had not reached puberty at that time. Even more, some sources state that she still played with dolls and had not reached puberty at the age of fourteen, i.e. five years later.
The Argument from Culture
According to certain Muslim polemicists, Muhammads marriage to Aisha was acceptable since in that day and culture girls often married at a young age.
However, not all Muslims agree with this assertion. Moiz Amjad of Understanding Islam says:
In my opinion, neither was it an Arab tradition to give away girls in marriage at an age as young as nine or ten years, nor did the Prophet (pbuh) marry Ayesha (ra) at such a young age. The people of Arabia did not object to this marriage, because it never happened in the manner it has been narrated. (What was Ayesha's (ra) Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet (pbuh)?; source)
T.O. Shanavas agrees with the assessment of the previous writer:
A Christian friend asked me once, "Will you marry your seven year old daughter to a fifty year old man?" I kept my silence. He continued, "If you would not, how can you approve the marriage of an innocent seven year old, Ayesha, with your Prophet?" I told him, "I dont have an answer to your question at this time." My friend smiled and left me with a thorn in the heart of my faith. Most Muslims answer that such marriages were accepted in those days. Otherwise, people would have objected to Prophets marriage with Ayesha.
However, such an explanation would be gullible only for those who are naive enough to believe it. But unfortunately, I was not satisfied with the answer.
The Prophet was an exemplary man. All his actions were most virtuous so that we, Muslims, can emulate them. However, most people in our Islamic Center of Toledo, including me, would not think of betrothing our seven years daughter to a fifty-two year-old man. If a parent agrees to such a wedding, most people, if not all, would look down upon the father and the old husband.
In 1923, registrars of marriage in Egypt were instructed not to register and issue official certificates of marriage for brides less than sixteen and grooms less than eighteen years of age. Eight years later, the Law of the Organization and Procedure of Sheriah courts of 1931 consolidated the above provision by not hearing the marriage disputes involving brides less than sixteen and grooms less than eighteen years old. (Women in Muslim Family Law, John Esposito, 1982). It shows that even in the Muslim majority country of Egypt the child marriages are unacceptable.
So, I believed, without solid evidence other than my reverence to my Prophet, that the stories of the marriage of seven-year-old Ayesha to 50-year-old Prophet are only myths. However, my long pursuit in search of the truth on this matter proved my intuition correct. My Prophet was a gentleman. And he did not marry an innocent seven or nine year old girl. The age of Ayesha has been erroneously reported in the hadith literature. Furthermore, I think that the narratives reporting this event are highly unreliable. Some of the hadith (traditions of the Prophet) regarding Ayeshas age at the time of her wedding with prophet are problematic. I present the following evidences against the acceptance of the fictitious story by Hisham ibn Urwah and to clear the name of my Prophet as an irresponsible old man preying on an innocent little girl. (Was Ayesha A Six-Year-Old Bride? The Ancient Myth Exposed; Sourc)
It is rather intriguing that those who reject the claims of the hadith that Muhammad married Aisha at nine have no problems admitting that such marriages with immature girls were not the norm or morally acceptable. On the other hand, those who accept these narrations as genuine are forced to argue that these marriages were normal during that time and therefore morally acceptable!
Moreover, we have evidence that ancient cultures fixed the marriageable age at puberty:
Almost all primitive cultures pay attention to puberty and marriage rituals, although there is a general tendency to pay more attention to the puberty rites of males than of females. Because puberty and marriage symbolize the fact that children are acquiring adult roles, most primitive cultures consider the rituals surrounding these events very important. Puberty rituals are often accompanied with ceremonial circumcision or some other operation on the male genitals. Female circumcision is less common, although it occurs in several cultures. Female puberty rites are more often related to the commencement of the menstrual cycle in young girls. (An Overview of the World's Religions; source)
In fact, one can safely say that most, if not all, Muslims accept puberty as the time when a child attains maturity. A Muslim site, seeking to defend Muhammads marriage to Aisha while the latter was nine, nonetheless admits:
Islam And the Age of Puberty
Islam clearly teaches that adulthood starts when a person have attained puberty.
From the collection of Bukhari, we read the following tracts:
The boy attaining the age of puberty and the validity of their witness and the Statement of Allâh:
"And when the children among you attain the age of puberty, then let them also ask for permission (to enter)." Qur'ân 24:59.
Al Mughira said, "I attained puberty at the age of twelve." The attaining of puberty by women is with the start of menses, as is referred to by the Statement of Allâh:
We are further told by this source that:
...Al-Hasan bin Salih said, "I saw a neighbour of mine who became a grandmother at the age of twenty-one."(1)
(1) The note for this reference says: "This women attained puberty at the age of nine and married to give birth to a daughter at ten; the daughter had the same experience."
Thus, it is clear that if the charge of "child molestation" were to be advanced against the Prophet(P), we would also have to include all the Semitic people who accepted marriage at puberty as the norm. (The Young Marriage of `Âishah(R); source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
It is indeed true that some girls attain puberty at a younger age, yet this is normally not the case nor was it the case with Aisha as we saw above. And just because a girl has attained puberty faster doesnt mean that she is physically ready to sleep with a man, especially one who was 54 years old!
We also know that Christians certainly looked down upon marriages with immature girls:
It is not only fornication, but also the giving in marriage prematurely, that is called fornication; when, so to speak, one not of ripe age is given to a husband, either of her own accord or by her parents. (Clement of Alexandria, IX.-Fragment of the Treatise on Marriage, Early Church Fathers - Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume II; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
Even Robert Squires must admit that cultures set the age of marriage at puberty:
According to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, right and wrong are ordained by Almighty God. As such, morality does not change over time based on our whims, desires or cultural sensitivities. In cultures where there is no Divinely revealed ruling on an issue, what is right and what is wrong is determined by cultural norms. In such cases, a person would only be considered "immoral" if they violated the accepted norms of their society. As we will demonstrate, the Prophet Muhammad's marriage to 'Aishah at such a young age. In case Christian readers are under the false impression that their values today are timeless and somehow reflect those of Biblical times, please consider the following points which are directly related to the question of at what age a person is properly ready to be married:
- Keeping in mind the ideas of "political correctness" and "absolute morality", in Biblical times the age at which a girl could marry was puberty. However, during the Middle Ages it was usually twelve years old. Now in most "Christian" countries it is between fourteen and sixteen years old. I live in country where some states allow partners of the same sex to legally marry, but consider an eighteen year old boy who sleeps with a sixteen year old girl a "statutory rapist". So even though Christians might disagree with much of what is becoming all too prevalent in Western society todaywhether it be drug abuse, gay marriages or abortionthey too have been swallowed up (possibly unknowingly) by the ugly monster of "moral relativism". Certainly, they might be giving in less quickly than people who do not believe in a Divine basis for morality, but they're giving in nonetheless.
- Historically, the age at which a girl was considered ready to be married has been puberty. This was the case in Biblical times, as we will discuss below, and is still used to determine the age of marriage in what the culturally arrogant West calls "primitive societies" throughout the world. As the ahadith about 'Aishah's age show, her betrothal took place at least three years before the consummation of the marriage. The reason for this was that they were waiting for her to come of age (i.e. to have her first menstrual period). Puberty is a biological sign which shows that a women is capable of bearing children. Can anyone logically deny this? Part of the wisdom behind the Prophet's Muhammad's "May the Peace and Blessings of God be upon him" marriage to 'Aishah just after she reached puberty is to firmly establish this as a point of Islamic Law, even though it was already cultural norm in all Semitic societies (including the one Jesus grew up in). The large majority of Islamic jurists say that the earliest time which a marriage can be consummated is at the onset of sexual maturity (bulugh), meaning puberty. Since this was the norm of all Semitic cultures and it still is the norm of many cultures todayit is certainly not something that Islam invented. However, widespread opposition to such a Divinely revealed and accepted historical norm is certainly something that is relatively new! ...
- It is upon reaching the age of puberty that a person, man or woman, becomes legally responsible under Islamic Law. At this point, they are allowed to make their own decisions and are held accountable for their actions. It should also be mentioned that in Islam, it is unlawful to force someone to marry someone that they do not want to marry. The evidence shows that 'Aishah's marriage to the Prophet Muhammad "May the Peace and Blessings of God be upon him" was one which both parties and their families agreed upon. Based on the culture at that time, no one saw anything wrong with it. On the contrary, they were all happy about it...
"Getting your period" marks a rite of passage for young girls entering womanhood (From the Women's Resource Center)
Another contemporary reference relating marriage age to puberty is an article on Central Africa, which says: ". . . women marry soon after puberty"4. The previous quotations, and plenty of others which were not used, should prove to any intelligent person what anthropologists and historians already know: in centuries past, people were considered ready for marriage when they reached puberty. (The Young Marriage of 'Aishah; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
Squires was quoting from the following source:
Puberty is defined as the age or period at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction, in other eras of history, a rite or celebration of this landmark event was a part of the culture. This is true of tribal societies that exist today, but for most of us, puberty as a specific event is part of a much more complicated piece of our lives called adolescence. (Sue Curewitz Arthen, Rites of Passage Puberty; source)
Since Squires admits that puberty is the time when a person attains adulthood and is capable of sexual relations then this means Muhammad went against this principle since he married Aisha before she had reached that point!
In most cases, puberty for girls starts at the age of 12, and it is rare for girls to attain puberty prior to that period. There is even data to support the position that specific cultures placed the age of marriage at a little over 12 years of age. As one Christian writer states:
The wife was to be taken from within the larger family circle (usually at the outset of puberty or around the age of 13) in order to maintain the purity of the family line; but she could not be too closely related as is shown by Leviticus 18. (James E. West, Ancient Israelite Marriage Customs; source)
The Jewish Mishnah sets the age of maturity for a female at twelve years and six months:
"she won her case in court before she matured [at the age of twelve years and six months], lo, they belong to the father." (Mishnah Ketubot, 4:1)
The Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible in volume 2, page 1407, under "Marriage", says this about Jewish marriage customs:
"Subsequently, minimum ages (for marriage) of 13 for boys and 12 for girls were set."
Interestingly, certain Muslims tend to place the marriageable age even higher, at around 15 years old:
Try, test, well the orphans, before reaching maturity with regard [the duties of] religion and [before] they can [legally] manage their own affairs, until they reach the age of marrying, that is, until they have become eligible for it through puberty or [legal] age, which, according to al-Shafi'i, is the completion of fifteen years; then, if you perceive in them maturity, that is, right [judgement] in matters of religion and their property, deliver their property to them; consume it not, O guardians, wastefully, without due merit, and in haste, that is, hastening to expend it, fearing, lest they should grow up, and become mature, at which time you will be obliged to hand it over to them. If any man, who is a guardian, is rich, let him be abstinent, that is, let him abstain from the orphan's property and refrain from consuming it; if he is poor, let him consume, of it, honourably, that is, in line with the wage for his work. And when you deliver to them, the orphans, their property, take witnesses over them, that they have received it and that you are absolved [of the obligation], so that if any dispute occurs, you are able to refer to a clear proof: this is a command [intended] for guidance. God suffices as a reckoner, as a guardian of His creatures' deeds and as a reckoner of these [deeds] (the ba' [in bi'Llahi] is extra). (Tafsir al-Jalalayn; source)
Puberty - Boys
Puberty is known in Islamic law as al-bulugh, or Tamyeez, (coming of age as a man and woman). There are three signs of puberty (bulugh):
1. Discharging semen as a result of wet dreams, known as inzaalul-manyyi. Allah (SWT) states: "But when the children among you come of age, let them also ask for permission, as do those senior to them in age..." (Al-Qur'an, 24-59)
In a hadith, the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "Friday bath (ghuslul-Jum'ah) is mandatory upon anyone who has experienced a wet dream." (Bukhari/Muslim) The point in this hadith is that Islamic obligations are not incumbent on anyone until they reach the age of bulugh.
2. Appearance of hair around the pubic area is another sign of puberty. If a person sees that even without wet dreams, he or she has attained puberty. This may happen at the age of thirteen or fourteen, and parents should inform girls and boys about these signs.
3. Reaching 15 years of age: When the person reaches 15, he OR SHE is a man OR A WOMAN, and anything that is obligatory on a man or woman is obligatory on him or her from that time on.
In a hadith reported by Abdullah Bin Umar (raa), he said: "My parents brought me to the Messenger of Allah on the eve of the Uhud Campaign and I was fourteen years old, so the Prophet (saas) did not enlist me in fighting." But a year later in the Campaign of Al-Khandaqq, I was fifteen, so this time the Prophet (saas) enlisted me in combat." (Muslim)
This hadith indicates the age of 15 is the legal age for a Muslim boy OR GIRL to be responsible for his or her religion as well as worldly responsibilities. Some of us who reside in the western world, seem to think adulthood depends on State laws. In some states it is 18, while in others it is 19, or 21, and so on. This is a very serious mistake, as the juvenile will reach puberty (bulugh) and adulthood, but go on without observing his or her Islamic duties, such as Salat, fasting, or being restrained from that which is prohibited.
Puberty - Girls
Girls reach puberty and adulthood when they experience the above three signs. However, they have a fourth sign, that is, menstruation (hayd). Whenever a girl experiences it, she is a woman even if she is 12 years old (For Whom Fasting Is Mandatory?; source; capital and underline emphasis ours)
Robert Squires quotes al-Shafis position but ends up contradicting himself, or citing contradictory statements, since he writes that:
The above ruling regarding the age of marriage is mutually supported by an authentic (hassan) narration in Sunan al-Tirmidhi's Kitab al-Nikah,where 'Aishah herself says: "When the girl reaches nine years of age she is a woman". Reason dictates that this is because she was referring to her own experience in which she reached puberty at the age of nine. If this wasn't the case, all of the just mentioned tafsirs would seemingly need to state that "until they reach the (age of) marriage" means "nine" and not "puberty". (source)
Yet right before this he quotes:
The fact that Muslim scholars overwhelmingly agree that the minimum age of marriage is puberty. This can be clearly seen in the Qur'anic exegesis of the phrase "they reach the (age of) marriage" found in Surat al-Nisa' 4:6. In regards to this, four of the well-known classical commentators have the following to say [Click here to view an image of the following statements in the original Arabic]:
Tafsir al-Tabari: Clearly states that "And when He said 'they reach the (age of) marriage' then He means they reached puberty (al-hulum)"and he lists numerous references.
Tafsir al-Qurtubi: In regards to the statement "until they reach the (age of) marriage", Imam al-Qurtubi says, "meaning puberty (al-hulum). And said the Most High, 'When children reach puberty' (al-Nur 59),meaning puberty (al-balugh) and state of marriage (wa hal al-nikah)."
Tafsir Ibn Kathir: In explaining, "until they reach the (age of) marriage", he states that "Mujahid said meaning puberty (al-hulum)".
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: Contains the explanation that: "'And Challenge' test 'the orphans' before they reach puberty in their religion and their conduct 'until they reach the (age of) marriage', meaning they reach puberty or the age of fifteen years old according to the Shafi'is".
Squires quotes Aisha claiming that a girl becomes a woman at the age of nine but then cites al-Shafi who argues that the age of marriage or puberty is fifteen! It is obvious why Aisha said nine (if she in fact did say it) since, as Squires correctly noted, she was referring to her own experience. She may have reasoned that even though she hadnt reached puberty and wasnt physically mature for sexual relations she must have been a woman; after all Muhammad married her!
What the foregoing demonstrates is that many (if not most) cultures fixed puberty as the marriageable age, with many agreeing that this age began when a girl became a little older than twelve. Thus, judging Muhammad by the surrounding cultural standards his marriage with a nine year old was sexual intercourse with a minor, a girl not yet ready for marriage.
More importantly, the problem with the position of Muslims such as al-Shafi and Squires is that the Quran does not make puberty a necessary prerequisite for marriage since it says:
And (as for) those of your women who have despaired of menstruation, if you have a doubt, their prescribed time shall be three months, and of those too who have not had their courses; and (as for) the pregnant women, their prescribed time is that they lay down their burden; and whoever is careful of (his duty to) Allah He will make easy for him his affair. S. 65:4 Shakir
The waiting period for divorced women who havent even menstruated is three months. This means that these women arent even women (they havent attained womanhood) but are in fact young girls who havent reached puberty! Now a woman can only be divorced if she is married and had her marriage consummated, since the Quran expressly teaches that there is no waiting period for marriages that have not been consummated:
O you who believe: When you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them, no period of idda (waiting) have you to count in respect of them: so give them a present and set them free in a graceful manner. S. 33:49
What this shows is that the waiting period only applies in the case of a prepubescent if her husband has actually slept with her. So it is clear that this injunction assumes that young girls can be married and divorced and remarry before they reach puberty.
Even more, the purpose of this waiting period is to ensure that the wife who is about to be divorced is not pregnant or, if she is, to make sure that the true father is known, i.e. that the child is from the current husband, and not a next husband that she may marry afterwards. Thus, this further proves that the Muslim men who are married to prepubescent girls have sexual intercourse with them. To put it simply, the Quran is allowing men to have sex with minors.
Lest Squires or any Muslim accuse us of distorting the meaning of this reference note carefully how the following Muslim sources interpret the above text:
(And for such of your women as despair of menstruation) because of old age, (if ye doubt) about their waiting period, (their period (of waiting) shall be three months) upon which another man asked: "O Messenger of Allah! What about the waiting period of those who do not have menstruation because they are too young?" (along with those who have it not) because of young age, their waiting period is three months. Another man asked: "what is the waiting period for those women who are pregnant?" (And for those with child) i.e. those who are pregnant, (their period) their waiting period (shall be till they bring forth their burden) their child. (And whosoever keepeth his duty to Allah) and whoever fears Allah regarding what he commands him, (He maketh his course easy for him) He makes his matter easy; and it is also said this means: He will help him to worship Him well. (Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn Abbâs; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
And [as for] those of your women who (read alla'i or alla'i in both instances) no longer expect to menstruate, if you have any doubts, about their waiting period, their prescribed [waiting] period shall be three months, and [also for] those who have not yet menstruated, because of their young age, their period shall [also] be three months - both cases apply to other than those whose spouses have died; for these [latter] their period is prescribed in the verse: they shall wait by themselves for four months and ten [days] [Q. 2:234]. And those who are pregnant, their term, the conclusion of their prescribed [waiting] period if divorced or if their spouses be dead, shall be when they deliver. And whoever fears God, He will make matters ease for him, in this world and in the Hereafter. (Tafsir al-Jalalayn; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
The renowned Muslim exegete Abu-Ala Maududi, in his six volume commentary on the Quran, confirms this by stating the following:
"Therefore, making mention of the waiting-period for girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl at this age but it is permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her. Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Quran has held as permissible." (Maududi, volume 5, p. 620, note 13, emphasis added)
Moreover, here is a hadith which clearly says that this verse permits men to marry and divorce prepubescent girls:
Narrated Sahl bin Sad:
While we were sitting in the company of the Prophet a woman came to him and presented herself (for marriage) to him. The Prophet looked at her, lowering his eyes and raising them, but did not give a reply. One of his companions said, "Marry her to me O Allah's Apostle!" The Prophet asked (him), "Have you got anything?" He said, "I have got nothing." The Prophet said, "Not even an iron ring?" He Sad, "Not even an iron ring, but I will tear my garment into two halves and give her one half and keep the other half." The Prophet; said, "No. Do you know some of the Quran (by heart)?" He said, "Yes." The Prophet said, "Go, I have agreed to marry her to you with what you know of the Qur'an (as her Mahr)." 'And for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature). (65.4) And the 'Iddat for the girl BEFORE PUBERTY is three months (in the above Verse). (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 63)
This English version of Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammad Muhsin Khan obscures the fact that the statement regarding the waiting period of young girls who havent attained maidenhood is actually part of the specific section which mentions Muhammads marriage to Aisha!
XXXIX. A man giving his young children in marriage
By the words of Allah, "that also applies to those who have not yet menstruated" (65:4) and He made the 'idda of a girl before puberty three months.
4840. It is related from 'A'isha that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, married her when she was six years old and consummated it when she was nine, and she was his wife for nine years. (Aisha Bewley, The Sahih Collection of Al-Bukhari, Chapter 70. Book of Marriage; source)
This suggests that al-Bukhari mentioned Aishas marriage as an example of a prepubescent girl who was married, which provides implicit proof that Muhammad married her before she reached maidenhood!
A prominent Salafi Muslim site claims:
Marriage to a young girl before she reaches puberty is permissible according to sharee'ah, and it was narrated that THERE WAS SCHOLARLY CONCENSUS on this point.
1 - Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise"
In this verse we see that Allaah states that for those who do not menstruate - because they are young and have not yet reached the age of puberty - the 'iddah in the case of divorce is three months. This clearly indicates that it is permissible for a young girl who has not started her periods to marry.
Al-Tabari (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
The interpretation of the verse "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise". He said: The same applies to the 'idaah for girls who do not menstruate because they are too young, if their husbands divorce them after consummating the marriage with them.
Tafseer al-Tabari, 14/142
2 - It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married her when she was six years old, and consummated the marriage with her when she was nine, and she stayed with him for nine years.
Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4840; Muslim, 1422.
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said:
The scholars are unanimously agreed that a father may marry off his young daughter without consulting her. The Messenger of Allaah married 'Aa'ishah bint Abi Bakr when she was young, six or seven years old, when her father married her to him.
The fact that it is permissible to marry a minor girl does not imply that it is permissible to have intercourse with her, rather the husband should not have intercourse with her until she becomes able for that. Hence the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) delayed consummating the marriage to 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her).
And Allaah knows best.
Islam Q&A (www.islam-qa.com)
(Question #12708: Is it acceptable to marry a girl who has not yet started her menses?; source; bold and capital emphasis ours)
Notice the assertion that a man should delay consummation until the girl is able for it. This furnishes evidence that the reason why Muhammad delayed sleeping with Aisha wasnt because he was waiting for her to attain puberty, but for the time when she could handle penetration. In another article this same site says:
Marrying a young girl before she reaches the age of adolescence is permitted in sharee'ah; indeed it was narrated that there was scholarly consensus on this point.
(a) Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise"
In this verse we see that Allaah has made the 'iddah in the case of divorce of a girl who does not have periods - because she is young and has not yet reached puberty - three months. This clearly indicates that Allaah has made this a valid marriage.
(b) It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married her when she was six years old, he consummated the marriage with her when she was nine and she stayed with him for nine years.
(Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4840; Muslim, 1422)
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married 'Aa'ishah when she was six years old and consummated the marriage when she was nine."
(Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim; Muslim says 'seven years')
The fact that it is permissible to marry a young girl does not mean that it is permissible to have intercourse with her; rather that should not be done until she is able for it. For that reason the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) delayed the consummation of his marriage to 'Aa'ishah. Al-Nawawi said: With regard to the wedding-party of a young married girl at the time of consummating the marriage, if the husband and the guardian of the girl agree upon something that will not cause harm to the young girl, then that may be done. If they disagree, then Ahmad and Abu 'Ubayd say that once a girl REACHES THE AGE OF NINE then the marriage may be consummated EVEN WITHOUT HER CONSENT, but that does not apply in the case of who is younger. Maalik, al-Shaafa'i and Abu Haneefah said: the marriage may be consummated when the girl is able for intercourse, which varies from one girl to another, SO NO AGE LIMIT CAN BE SET. THIS IS THE CORRECT VIEW. There is nothing in the hadeeth of 'Aa'ishah to set an age limit, OR TO FORBID THAT IN THE CASE OF A GIRL WHO IS ABLE FOR IT BEFORE THE AGE OF NINE, or to allow it in the case of a girl who is not able for it and has reached the age of nine. Al-Dawoodi said: 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) was[sic] reached physical maturity (at the time when her marriage was consummated). (Question #22442: On acting; and the ruling on marrying young girls; source; bold and capital emphasis ours)
Judging by the above quotations, being ready for intercourse is apparently defined in a merely physical way. These "scholars" seem to be saying that a girl is ready when the penis is able to slide in without tearing her up! They do not seem to be at all concerned with the biological and psychological aspects of the girl, whether she has the physiological and mental maturity to experience such intimacy. A troubling question that arises from the above claims is by what method is the husband supposed to test whether or not she is ready now? How many times should he be trying to penetrate her only to discover it doesn't work yet? How much damage is that doing to a little girl?
Do Cultural Norms Justify Muhammads Actions?
The appeal to culture is a rather weak defense of Muhammads marriage to a young immature girl. That there were certain groups which accepted specific practices in the past do not mean that they are morally acceptable. After all, there are many cultural practices and behaviors which both Christians and Muslims frown upon, whether homosexuality, incest, pre-marital sex, cannibalism etc.
In fact, both the Holy Bible and the Quran speak out against a rather prevalent cultural practice at that time, namely infanticide. In the case of Muhammad, the Quran suggests that during his time it was common for fathers to bury unwanted infant girls, an act which the Quran expressly condemns:
When if one of them receiveth tidings of the birth of a female, his face remaineth darkened, and he is wroth inwardly. He hideth himself from the folk because of the evil of that whereof he hath had tidings, (asking himself): Shall he keep it in contempt, or bury it beneath the dust. Verily evil is their judgment. S. 16:58-59 Pickthall
Another cultural practice condemned by the Quran was the classification of divorcees as the backs of mothers, an expression which implied that the women would be abandoned at home and prevented from ever remarrying. This was known as zihar. Muhammad even prohibited adoption, which was prevalent during his time:
Allah has not made for any man two hearts within him; nor has He made your wives whose backs you liken to the backs of your mothers as your mothers, nor has He made those whom you assert to be your sons your real sons; these are the words of your mouths; and Allah speaks the truth and He guides to the way. Assert their relationship to their fathers; this is more equitable with Allah; but if you do not know their fathers, then they are your brethren in faith and your friends; and there is no blame on you concerning that in which you made a mistake, but (concerning) that which your hearts do purposely (blame may rest on you), and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. S. 33:4-5 Shakir
The reason why Muhammad forbade adoption is because of the scandal that arose from his marriage to his adopted sons divorcee, which was another social taboo that Muhammad did away with.
According to Islamic sources, Allah commanded Muhammad to marry Zaynab ibn Harithas wife Zaynab bint Jash, who happened to be Muhammads cousin, in order to teach others by personal example that it was permissible for men to marry their adopted childrens divorcees. Basically, Muhammad did away with the stigma of marrying ones adopted sons former wife and then did away with adoption altogether! For more on this issue please read the following articles:
In fact, Muhammads marriage to Aisha was itself a departure from normal Arab custom which looked down on someone marrying the daughter of a person considered a brother. Note Abu Bakrs reaction to Muhammads marriage proposal:
The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother." The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she ('Aisha) is lawful for me to marry." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 18)
This hadith is interesting in light of the assertions of many a Muslim apologist that no one objected to Muhammads marriage with Aisha. Doesnt Abu Bakrs reaction refute such a claim? Was he not clearly objecting to Muhammads proposal, in fact perturbed and shocked that his prophet would do such a thing?
The English translator of Sahih Muslim, while seeking to justify Muhammads marriage to a young girl, nonetheless admits:
2728. Aisha was the third lady to enter the house of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) as his wife, and she was the only virgin in the consorts of purity of the Prophets house. She was of a tender age when she was married to Allahs Apostle (may peace be upon him). Historical records bear ample testimony to the fact that Aisha was a precocious genius and was developing in both mind and body with rapidity peculiar to such rare personalities. This marriage is significant in the history of Islam in so many aspects: firstly, it cemented the ties between Muhammad (may peace be upon him), and his devoted friend Abu Bakr who always stood by him in the hours of trial and who sacrificed his all for the cause of Islam; secondly, by this marriage, a lady of eminent qualities came under the direct influence of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) at a highly impressionable age, and this provided her ample opportunities to penetrate into the innermost recesses of the sacred heart of Muhammad (may be upon him). She shared his company and thus was able to develop her potentialities and refine her taste perfectly in accordance with the teachings of Islam under the direct supervision of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him). This young age was in fact very opportune for marriage as it has been clearly shown in the researches of psychoanalysts that much of the emotional life of a mature person and most of the seemingly unaccountable leanings, taste and tendencies comprised in the term idiosyncrasies can be traced to the experience of his or her highly formative age of either later childhood or early adolescence. Thirdly, all the wives of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) with the exception of Aisha were of advanced age and thus could neither share the feelings of the younger generation nor could they properly appreciate their point of view. The difference of age always stood as a barrier between them and the ladies of younger ages. The only lady with whom young women could frankly enter into conversation and discuss problems without any reserve could be none but Aisha. Thus the threshold of puberty was a great necessity, as it was through her that instructions could successfully be imparted to the young ladies who had newly entered the fold of Islam. Moreover, this marriage struck at the root of a wrong notion which had firmly taken hold of the minds of the people that it was contrary to religious ethics to marry the daughter of a man whom one declared to be ones brother. The Prophet (may peace be upon him), with the help of his personal example, showed to the people that there is a great difference between the brother in faith and the brother in relation to the blood. The marriage which is forbidden in Islam is with the daughter of the brother in blood and not with the daughter of the brother in faith. (Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim, rendered into English by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi [Kitab Bhavan Exporters & Importers, 1784, Kalan, Mahal, Daryaganji, New Delhi-110002 (India), 11th reprinted 1995], Volume III & IV, pp. 1298-1299; bold emphasis ours)
In light of all these clear examples of Muhammad going against and doing away with certain, prevalent cultural practices and customs, he could have just as easily done away with the custom of marrying prepubescent girls (assuming that this was the custom at that time). There was no pressure on him to marry a young immature girl.
And since Muslims claim that he was Gods last prophet:
Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Apostle of God, and the Seal of the Prophets: and God has full knowledge of all things. S. 33:40 Y. Ali
And the model of perfection and sublime morals:
Certainly you have in the Apostle of Allah an excellent exemplar for him who hopes in Allah and the latter day and remembers Allah much. S. 33:21 Shakir
And most surely you conform (yourself) to sublime morality. S. 68:4 Shakir
Shouldnt he have done away with such a despicable practice of marrying physically immature girls and set a greater ethical standard for others to follow? Shouldnt he have set a higher moral standard by classifying such marriages as unlawful in order to protect these girls from physical and psychological harm?
Putting it simply, theists expect that God would inspire his prophets to set a higher ethical code for humans to emulate, not merely subscribe to the cultural norms of their time, especially when such norms are morally reprehensible. This is irrespective of whether those prophets were able to live up to such standards, so long as God didnt justify their failure to comply with his moral standard.
As one sharp Christian writer and apologist stated:
Second, it isnt necessary for a lawgiver to institute laws by performing actions that create a precedent. In other words, Muhammad didnt need to marry a young girl in order establish a law about marrying girls who had reached puberty. Muhammad, as Islams lawgiver, could have simply issued a decree. For instance, Muhammad allowed husbands to beat their wives. Was it necessary for Muhammad to beat his wives in order to establish this as a law? Certainly not. Similarly, when an American lawmaker says that killing someone in self-defense is acceptable, no one argues that the lawmaker must go out and kill someone in self-defense if his law is to stand. Hence, the argument that Muhammad needed to marry a young girl to establish puberty as the appropriate age for marriage completely fails. (David Wood, Was Muhammad a Pedophile? An Examination of Muhammad's Relationship with a Nine-Year-Old Girl; 1; 2)
In light of the foregoing it is rather hard to escape the assessment made of Muhammad by some of his contemporaries:
Layla bt. al-Khatim b. Adi b. Amr b. Sawad b. Zafar b. al-Harith b. al-Khazraj approached the Prophet while his back was to the sun, and clapped him on his shoulder. He asked who it was, and she replied, "I am the daughter of one who competes with the wind. I am Layla bt. al-Khatim. I have come to offer myself [in marriage] to you, so marry me." He replied, "I accept." She went back to her people and said that the Messenger of God had married her. They said, "What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him." She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request] (The History of Al-Tabari: The Last Years of the Prophet, translated and annotated by Ismail K. Poonawala [State University of New York Press, Albany, 1990], Volume IX, p. 139; bold emphasis ours)
This conclusion becomes even harder to deny when we realize what Muhammad said about marrying young girls:
Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah:
When I got married, Allah's Apostle said to me, "What type of lady have you married?" I replied, "I have married a matron." He said, "Why, don't you have a liking for the virgins AND FOR FONDLING THEM?" Jabir also said: Allah's Apostle said, "Why didn't you marry a young girl so that YOU MIGHT PLAY WITH HER and she with you?" (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 17)
We will have a few more things to say regarding whether it was acceptable to marry young immature girls during Muhammads time in our next article.
Argument from the Chain of Transmission
In this section we want to deal with a few specific points raised by certain individuals like Moiz Amjad of www.understanding-islam.org who try to cast doubt on the veracity of the reports that explicitly say Muhammad married Aisha when she was nine.
Mr. Amjad calls into question the reliability of these reports on the grounds that the one who transmitted most of them, Hisham ibn Urwah, wasnt completely reliable:
- Most of these narratives are reported only by Hisham ibn `urwah reporting on the authority of his father. An event as well known as the one being reported, should logically have been reported by more people than just one, two or three.
- It is quite strange that no one from Medinah, where Hisham ibn `urwah lived the first seventy one years of his life has narrated the event, even though in Medinah his pupils included people as well known as Malik ibn Anas. All the narratives of this event have been reported by narrators from Iraq, where Hisham is reported to have had shifted after living in Medinah for seventy one years.
- Tehzibu'l-tehzib, one of the most well known books on the life and reliability of the narrators of the traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) reports that according to Yaqub ibn Shaibah: "narratives reported by Hisham are reliable except those that are reported through the people of Iraq". It further states that Malik ibn Anas objected on those narratives of Hisham which were reported through people of Iraq. (vol 11, pg 48 - 51)
- Mizanu'l-ai`tidal, another book on the narrators of the traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) reports that when he was old, Hisham's memory suffered quite badly. (vol 4, pg 301 - 302) (What was Ayeshas (ra) Age at the Time of Her Marriage?; source)
We will let Sunni writer Gibril Foaud Haddad refute Moiz Amjads criticism of Hisham ibn Urwah. Here is what he says in relation to the first point:
Try more than eleven authorities among the Tabi`in that reported it directly from `A'isha, not counting the other major Companions that reported the same, nor other major Successors that reported it from other than `A'isha. (Our Mother A'isha's Age At The Time Of Her Marriage to The Prophet, Answered by Shaykh Gibril F Haddad)
In regard to the second point, Haddad writes:
Not so. Al-Zuhri also reports it from `Urwa, from `A'isha; so does `Abd Allah ibn Dhakwan, both major Madanis. So is the Tabi`i Yahya al-Lakhmi who reports it from her in the Musnad and in Ibn Sa`d's Tabaqat. So is Abu Ishaq Sa`d ibn Ibrahim who reports it from Imam al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, one of the Seven Imams of Madina, from `A'isha. All the narratives of this event have been reported
Not so. In addition to the above four Madinese Tabi`in narrators, Sufyan ibn `Uyayna from Khurasan and `Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Yahya from Tabarayya in Palestine both report it.
Nor was this hadith reported only by `Urwa but also by `Abd al-Malik ibn `Umayr, al-Aswad, Ibn Abi Mulayka, Abu Salama ibn `Abd al-Rahman ibn `Awf, Yahya ibn `Abd al-Rahman ibn Hatib, Abu `Ubayda (`Amir ibn `Abd Allah ibn Mas`ud) and others of the Tabi`i Imams directly from `A'isha.
This makes the report mass-transmitted (mutawatir) from `A'isha by over eleven authorities among the Tabi`in, not counting the other major Companions that reported the same, such as Ibn Mas`ud nor other major Successors that reported it from other than `A'isha, such as Qatada!
And here is his answer to the third and fourth points:
Rather, Ya`qub said: "Trustworthy, thoroughly reliable (thiqa thabt), above reproach except after he went to Iraq, at which time he narrated overly from his father and was criticized for it." Notice that Ya`qub does not exactly endorse that criticism.
As for Malik, he reports over 100 hadiths from Hisham as is evident in the two Sahihs and Sunan! to the point that al-Dhahabi questions the authenticity of his alleged criticism of Hisham.
Indeed, none among the hadith Masters endorsed these reservations since they were based solely on the fact that Hisham in his last period (he was 71 at the time of his last trip to Iraq), for the sake of brevity, would say, "My father, from `A'isha? (abi `an `A'isha)" and no longer pronounced, "narrated to me (haddathani)".
Al-Mizzi in Tahdhib al-Kamal (30:238) explained that it became a foregone conclusion for the Iraqis that Hisham did not narrate anything from his father except what he had heard directly from him.
Ibn Hajar also dismisses the objections against Hisham ibn `Urwa as negligible in Tahdhib al-Tahdhib (11:45), saying: "It was clear enough to the Iraqis that he did not narrate from his father other than what he had heard directly from him".
In fact, to say that "narratives reported by Hisham ibn `Urwa are reliable except those that are reported through the people of Iraq" is major nonsense as that would eliminate all narrations of Ayyub al-Sakhtyani from him since Ayyub was a Basran Iraqi, and those of Abu `Umar al-Nakha`i who was from Kufa, and those of Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman from Kufa (the Shaykh of Abu Hanifa), and those of Hammad ibn Salama and Hammad ibn Zayd both from Basra, and those of Sufyan al-Thawri from Basra, and those of Shu`ba in Basra, all of whom narrated from Hisham!
An outright lie, on the contrary, al-Dhahabi in Mizan al-I`tidal (4:301 #9233) states: "Hisham ibn `Urwa, one of the eminent personalities. A Proof in himself, and an Imam. However, in his old age his memory diminished, but he certainly never became confused. Nor should any attention be paid to what Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Qattan said about him and Suhayl ibn Abi Salih becoming confused or changing! Yes, the man changed a little bit and his memory was not the same as it had been in his younger days, so that he forgot some of what he had memorized or lapsed, so what? Is he immune to forgetfulness? [p. 302] And when he came to Iraq in the last part of his life he narrated a great amount of knowledge, in the course of which are a few narrations in which he did not excel, and such as occurs also to Malik, and Shu`ba, and Waki`, and the major trustworthy masters. So spare yourself confusion and floundering, do not make mix the firmly-established Imams with the weak and muddled narrators. Hisham is a Shaykh al-Islam. But may Allah console us well of you, O Ibn al-Qattan, and the same with regard to `Abd al-Rahman ibn Khirash's statement from Malik!"
Mr. Amjad also claims that:
According to the generally accepted tradition, Ayesha (ra) was born about eight years before Hijrah. But according to another narrative in Bukhari (kitabu'l-tafseer) Ayesha (ra) is reported to have said that at the time Surah Al-Qamar, the 54th chapter of the Qur'an, was revealed, "I was a young girl". The 54th surah of the Qur'an was revealed nine years before Hijrah. According to this tradition, Ayesha (ra) had not only been born before the revelation of the referred surah, but was actually a young girl (jariyah), not an infant (sibyah) at that time. Obviously, if this narrative is held to be true, it is in clear contradiction with the narratives reported by Hisham ibn `urwah. I see absolutely no reason that after the comments of the experts on the narratives of Hisham ibn `urwah, why we should not accept this narrative to be more accurate.
Al-Maududi refutes this date:
Period of Revelation
The incident of the shaqq-al-Qamar (splitting of the moon) that has been mentioned in it determines its period of revelation precisely. The traditionists and commentators are agreed that this incident took place at Mina in Makkah about five years before the Holy Prophet's hijra to Madinah. (Source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
As does Haddad:
Not true. The hadith Masters, Sira historians, and Qur'anic commentators agree that the splitting of the moon took place about five years before the Holy Prophet's (upon him blessings and peace) Hijra to Madina.
Thus it is confirmed that our Mother `Aisha was born between seven and eight years before the Hijra and the words that she was a jariya or little girl five years before the Hijra match the fact that her age at the time Surat al-Qamar was revealed was around 2 or 3.
To read Haddads complete rebuttal to Amjads article please click on the following links: 1, 2, 3.
This concludes our discussion for this part. Continue with a brief article further touching on the issue of Muhammads marriage in light of the cultural practices at that time.
Articles by Sam Shamoun
Answering Islam Home Page | <urn:uuid:7ac9c079-3a51-4cc1-9aba-5be4c142cbc7> | 2013-05-23T18:39:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 11 July 2005 by
Judge James M. Webb in Superior Court, Moore County. Heard in the
Court of Appeals 12 September 2006.
P. Wayne Robbins, for plaintiff-appellee.
V. Lane Wharton, Jr., for defendant-appellant.
Under our appellate rules, a party may not present for the
first time in an appellate brief a question raising issues of law
not set out in the assignments of error contained in the record on
(See footnote 1)
Here, Defendant argues that the trial court's judgment
was invalid and too vague to be enforceable. Because Defendant
made no assignment of error that covers this issue, we must dismiss
his first argument. As to Defendant's second argument, we hold
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing
Plaintiff to amend its complaint. At a trial commenced on 13 March 1995, a jury determined
Defendant Waymon Marsh owed Plaintiff Roy Burt Enterprises, Inc.
$68,783.12. The record does not show the date on which the trial
court announced the judgment in court but does indicate the
judgment was filed on 26 April 1995.
On 15 March 2005, Roy Burt Enterprises, Inc. (hereafter Roy
Burt) commenced a civil action against Waymon Marsh to renew the
prior judgment for an additional ten years. In its complaint, Roy
Burt alleged it was awarded a judgment totaling $68,783.12 on 13
March 1995. Roy Burt alleged Waymon Marsh has since failed to pay
any of the judgment, and that the [j]udgment remains outstanding
Defendant Marsh in his answer, conceded that on 13 March 1995,
Roy Burt was awarded a judgment against Waymon Marsh totaling
$68,783.12, and that Defendant Marsh made no payments between the
date of the judgment and filing his answer. Waymon Marsh then
asserted that because the judgment was rendered 13 March 1995 and
Roy Burt commenced a civil action to renew the prior judgment on 15
March 2005, Plaintiff Roy Burt did not institute nor file its
complaint within the ten-year statutory period allowed to renew the
judgment. Waymon Marsh requested that the 1995 judgment not be
renewed and that Roy Burt recover nothing.
At the 11 July 2005 hearing on this matter, Plaintiff Roy Burt
was present, but Defendant Marsh was not, despite an indication on
the record on appeal that on 29 June 2005, Waymon Marsh filed
notice of the hearing. At the hearing, Roy Burt moved to amend itscomplaint to evidence the 1995 judgment was awarded 22 March 1995.
The trial court granted Roy Burt's motion to amend, and then
granted judgment in favor of Roy Burt to renew the 1995 judgment
for an additional ten years.
Waymon Marsh appeals, arguing (I) the trial court's decision
is not a valid judgment because (a) an existing judgment cannot be
revived or renewed in North Carolina and (b) the decision is too
vague and uncertain to be enforceable, and (II) the trial court
erred in allowing Plaintiff Roy Burt to amend its complaint without
prior notice to Defendant Waymon Marsh nor allowing an opportunity
Regarding Waymon Marsh's first argument, we need only
summarily point out that it is outside the scope of the following
three assignments of error that he makes on appeal:
1. The Court erred in allowing an amendment
for which there was no Motion to Amend
showing good cause in an attempt to
extend the 10 year statute.
2. That the Court erred in not allowing
Judgment for Defendant, the 10 year
statute of limitations having expired.
3. That the Court erred in allowing Judgment
for Plaintiff, the 10 year statute of
limitations having expired.
To present a question for appellate review, an appellant must
reference an assignment of error pertinent to the question
presented. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6) (2005). Under Rule 10, the
scope of review on appeal is confined to a consideration of those
assignments of error set out in the record on appeal . . . . N.C.R. App. P. 10(a) (2005). Moreover, Rule 28(a) states [r]eview is
limited to questions so presented in the several briefs. N.C. R.
App. P. 28(a) (2005). These rules prevent a party from presenting
for the first time in an appellate brief a question raising issues
of law not set out in the assignments of error contained in the
record on appeal. Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Staples
, 120 N.C.
App. 227, 231, 461 S.E.2d 921, 925 (1995)
(citation omitted). The
rules of appellate procedure are mandatory and failure to follow
these [rules] will subject an appeal to dismissal. N.C. Dep't of
Transp. v. Viar
, 359 N.C. 400, 401, 610 S.E.2d 360, 360 (2005)
In this case, as it is clear on its face that Waymon Marsh's
argument falls outside of the scope of his three assignments of
error. Accordingly, we must dismiss his first argument on appeal.
Waymon Marsh next argues the trial court erred in allowing Roy
Burt to amend its complaint on the day of the hearing, to the
prejudice of Defendant Marsh, without prior notice and an
opportunity to respond. We disagree.
Rule 15(a) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure
states that a party may amend his pleading by leave of the court
and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires. N.C.
R. Civ. P. Rule 15(a) (2005). This rule gives the trial court
broad discretion in determining whether leave to amend will be
granted after the time for amending as a matter of course has
expired. Tyson v. Ciba-Geigy Corp.
, 82 N.C. App. 626, 629, 347S.E.2d 473, 476 (1986). The trial court's grant of a motion to
amend a pleading will not be disturbed absent a clear showing the
trial court abused its discretion. Members Interior Constr., Inc.
v. Leader Constr. Co., Inc.
, 124 N.C. App. 121, 124, 476 S.E.2d
399, 402 (1996).
Waymon Marsh argues it was prejudicial error for the trial
court to grant Roy Burt's amendment to the complaint without
allowing Defendant Marsh an opportunity to respond. Waymon Marsh
cites Turner Halsey Co., Inc. v. Lawrence Knitting Mills, Inc.
N.C. App. 569, 248 S.E.2d 342 (1978), where the plaintiff amended
its complaint on the same day summary judgment was granted. In
this Court noted in dicta that [w]hen the complaint is
amended defendant should be entitled to amend his answer to meet
the contents of the new complaint . . . . Id.
at 573, 248 S.E.2d
at 345 (citations omitted).
Here, as in Turner,
Plaintiff Roy Burt moved to amend its
complaint on the same day judgment was granted; however, in this
case there is no evidence Defendant Marsh was not provided an
opportunity to object or to make a request for a reasonable time to
respond. Indeed, the record shows that Waymon Marsh filed a notice
on 29 June 2005 giving notice of the hearing for this matter.
Moreover, in rendering the judgment in this matter, the trial court
stated Waymon Marsh had been sent notice by the Clerk of Superior
Court of the setting of the case and [had] informed the Trial Court
Administrator that he was aware of the setting and in fact had set
the case. Thus, contrary to Defendant Marsh's assertion, he wasprovided an opportunity to respond but chose to waive that
opportunity by failing to appear. Accordingly, we hold the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in granting Roy Burt's motion to
amend its complaint.
Dismissed in part, affirmed in part.
Judges HUDSON and TYSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e). | <urn:uuid:b23e9ed2-6b40-4d41-8191-6310c40d3f00> | 2013-05-23T18:53:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v. Yancey County
No. 06 CRS 50642
Attorney General Roy A. Cooper, III, by Assistant Attorney
General Derrick C. Mertz, for the State.
Geoffrey W. Hosford, for defendant-appellant.
On 23 October 2006, Billy Wilson (defendant
) pled guilty to
assault inflicting serious bodily injury
In exchange for his
plea, the State agreed to dismiss a charge of assault with a deadly
weapon inflicting serious injury. Defendant further stipulated to
having six prior record level points and being a Level III
offender. The plea agreement also included the following:
The State seeks and does not oppose and the Defendant consents to a sentence of a minimum of 21 months, maximum of 26 months, suspended and an intermediate sentence upon such terms and conditions as the court deems just and proper but specifically including a task assessment and completion of the DART Cherry program.
The State and the Defendant further stipulate, understand and agree that the precedinglanguage is not to be construed as an arrangement concerning sentencing and that this plea is entered pursuant to the provisions of N.C.G.S. 15A-1023(c) and sentencing shall be in the sound discretion of the court.
At the plea hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to an active term of imprisonment, rather than suspend the sentence as proposed in the plea agreement. Defendant filed timely notice of appeal.
Defendant contends that when the trial court declined to sentence him in accordance with the plea agreement, it should have provided him with the opportunity to withdraw his guilty plea. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1024 (2005). Defendant further argues that the trial court, upon deciding not to accept the plea agreement, should have continued the matter until the next session of court. See id. We disagree.
Preliminarily, we note that 'a challenge to the procedures followed in accepting a guilty plea does not fall within the scope of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444 (2003), specifying the grounds giving rise to an appeal as of right.' State v. Carriker, __ N.C. App. __, __, 637 S.E.2d 557, 558 (2006) (quoting State v. Rhodes, 163 N.C. App. 191, 193, 592 S.E.2d 731, 732 (2004)). However, this Court has held that it is permissible for this Court to review pursuant to a petition for writ of certiorari during the appeal period a claim that the procedural requirements of Article 58 were violated. Rhodes, 163 N.C. App. at 194, 592 S.E.2d at 733 . Accordingly, in our discretion, we deny the State's motion to dismiss and allow defendant's petition for writ of certiorari. On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in not following the procedural safeguards established by North Carolina General Statutes, section 15A-1024. We disagree.
Section 15A-1024 provides that
[i]f at the time of sentencing, the judge for any reason determines to impose a sentence other than provided for in a plea arrangement between the parties, the judge must inform the defendant of that fact and inform the defendant that he may withdraw his plea. Upon withdrawal, the defendant is entitled to a continuance until the next session of court.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1024 (2005). As our Supreme Court has explained,
[t]he unambiguous language of 15A-1024 discloses that this statute applies in cases in which the trial judge does not reject a plea arrangement when it is presented to him but hears the evidence and at the time for sentencing determines that a sentence different from that provided for in the plea arrangement must be imposed. Under the express provisions of this statute a defendant is entitled to withdraw his plea and as a matter of right have his case continued until the next term.
State v. Williams , 291 N.C. 442, 446.47, 230 S.E.2d 515, 517.18 (1976) (emphasis in original).
We conclude, however, that the provisions of section 15A-1024 do not apply in the instant case because the trial court did not reject the plea agreement. The plea agreement plainly and unambiguously stated that there was no arrangement concerning sentencing and that sentencing was left to the discretion of the trial court. At the plea hearing, the district attorney reiteratedthe State's position that it did not oppose a suspended sentence, but in the end sentencing is in Your Honor's discretion.
The trial court informed defendant of every right listed in North Carolina General Statutes, section 15A-1022 as well as the maximum possible sentence. The Court also questioned defendant regarding his understanding of the charges and his satisfaction with his counsel before accepting the plea. The trial court then explained to defendant that sentencing would be in the court's discretion, and defendant indicated that he understood and agreed to these terms. North Carolina law is well-settled that where there is ample evidence to support a finding that the guilty plea was fully, knowingly, and voluntarily entered, the acceptance of the plea will not be disturbed on appeal. See State v. Jackson, 279 N.C. 503, 504, 183 S.E.2d 550, 551 (1971). Accordingly, we overrule defendant's argument.
Defendant has failed to argue assignment of error number 1 in the record on appeal, and therefore, it is deemed abandoned. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6) (2006).
Chief Judge MARTIN and Judge CALABRIA concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
*** Converted from WordPerfect *** | <urn:uuid:7f357a55-e825-440b-ab1a-bf2ebf8b9e1b> | 2013-05-23T18:52:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I need white start knob for GE electric dryer whose model number appears on left.
Answer Hello R.S! The model should be DPXH46EA1WW. The timer knob is part number WE01X10168 and the selector knob is part number WE01X10167. Thanks!
I need a start knob for my GE dryer. Can you give me the proper part?
Answer Angie, the bisque knob is part number WH01X10140 and the white knob is part number WH01X10060. Thanks!
I need a start knob white for GE profile dryer model# DPSR610EG7WT.
Answer David, I'm showing your model uses a push button for the start. The button is part number WE1M661. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:4e84f68a-0442-4937-8f1d-32f7dd26f06e> | 2013-05-23T18:45:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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11/13/2010 – The men's team soccer was defeated by Davenport 1-0 in the finals of the WHAC Tournament. The victory improves the Panthers record to 15-6 on the season and advances them to the NAIA Championships, while the Saints season comes to a close with a record of 15-5.
Aquinas, Davenport and an automatic bid to Nationals on the line was the backdrop on Aquinas' soccer field this afternoon. In typical fashion, both squads came at each other with everything they had. The first half saw seven shots by the Panthers and five shots by the shots, but no goals.
Davenport broke the scoreless tie in the 54th minute as Jesse Asanin-Miroux delivered a crossing pass right into the back of the Saints goal. Damian Goncalves and Alex Boehm were credited with assists on Davenport's goal. The Saints continued to execute resulting in nine second half shots, but could never find the equalizer. Jesse Guevara-Lehker recorded four saves as did his counterpart from Davenport, Kevin O'Brien.
A special congratulation to the four seniors who concluded their Aquinas careers with an overall record of 56-21-3. Jeo, Ruben, Chad and Mike -- thank you for everything you've done for the AQ Men's Soccer Program. | <urn:uuid:4122aa13-dea5-410d-ae13-12825e27888e> | 2013-05-23T18:30:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Born: September 26, 1877; Nyon, Switzerland
Died: June 15, 1962; Lausanne, France
Pianist Alfred Denis Cortot's father was French and his mother Swiss. He studied at the Paris Conservatory with Decambes and others, winning first prize in piano in 1896. He made his debut the same year in Beethoven's Third Piano Concerto. Soon he became widely acclaimed as a performer of Beethoven concertos, appearing as a soloist in two prominent Parisian concert series. In 1898 he went to Bayreuth to study Wagner's music and was hired as aRead more choral coach and then as an assistant conductor. Cortot brought Wagner to Paris, leading the first Paris performance of Götterdämmerung (May 1902), and a remarkable performance of Tristan und Isolde the next month. Also in 1902 he established his own concert series, the Association des Concerts A. Cortot. Although it lasted only two years, it did a lot towards breaking down the conservative French resistance to Wagner, particularly with a concert performance of Parsifal, and even the first French performances of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis and Brahms' Requiem. He also served contemporary French music by premiering works of Roussel, Magnard, and others.
In 1904 he became the conductor of the Concerts Populaires at Lille, and the following year he joined with cellist Pablo Casals and violinist Jacques Thibaud to form one of the greatest of permanently established piano trios, one which became a model of its type, touring frequently. This drew him back to the piano, which he had never given up despite his fame as a conductor. In 1907 he joined the faculty of the Paris Conservatory, teaching piano, but remained very active as a piano soloist and chamber music player. He gave up that position in 1917, feeling that his busy concert schedule had made it impossible to devote sufficient uninterrupted periods to teaching. In 1919 he founded the Ecole Normale de Musique, assembling a faculty of famous musicians. As the director, he taught a summer course in interpretation, which became famous. He continued a career performing piano around the world, including lecture recitals, and also guest conducted many orchestras. He also continued to premiere new French piano music. Cortot was a skillful and scholarly editor of great piano music, famous for his editions of most of Chopin's piano music. Cortot's teacher was a student of Chopin, and the grace of his Chopin performances, especially, remains breathtaking and should be recommended to all students of the piano; he also had a remarkable way with the music of Robert Schumann.
In 1943 Cortot founded the Chamber Music Society of the Paris Conservatory Concerts. However, his admiration for German culture served him ill when Germany occupied France between from 1940 to 1944, and he appeared to cooperate with them willingly. This led to his being shunned after the war both in France and elsewhere. By the time he returned to the concert stage, some years later, it was clear that his memory was failing. His main legacy remains in the records he made in the 1920s and 1930s. In addition, he was an avid collector and amassed, among other items, a large quantity of autograph scores and printed music. After his death, this collection was divided among several important libraries and universities; it remains an interesting view into the mind of a musician who was both a living link to Romantic Paris and a key figure of the twentieth century. Read less
There are 43 Alfred Cortot recordings available.
Select a specific Composer or Label or browse recordings by Formats & Featured below | <urn:uuid:1ede8fe8-5308-4e86-aa81-cf943a14e3eb> | 2013-05-23T19:05:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
The plot of this film is extremely complex and elusive, for the simple reason that we are left at odds as to the motivation of the characters to perform acts that are systematically the opposite of what is expected of them. Thus, the police inspector allows murders, commits murders himself and pretends not being occupied with his profession when off duty.
The film owes much of its ideological framework to surrealism, re-enforced by an ambiance of mystery et theatricality, very similar to the work of Luis Buñuel, who was known to punctuate his work with numerous « gratuitous » murders. We are also reminded of the absurd theatre of Alfred Jarry and Eugène Ionesco.
The location of the metro station of the RER of La Défense, then ending its construction phase and not yet receiving its 170 000 daily employees as is the case today, highly contributes to the atmosphere of the opening sequence of the film: a dehumanized urban space, cold and anxiety-ridden, filmed by night, the only encounters to be expected those of marginalized human beings. All "urban" scenes were filmed in Créteil, in areas under construction at the time.
Bertrand Blier reunites a sublime trio, with his fetish actor Gérard Depardieu), a un-police officer (Bernard Blier) and an assassin strangler of women played by Jean Carmet, all at the peak of their careers. | <urn:uuid:a90b1185-4b57-4a77-bbf3-4c45bbbcdc60> | 2013-05-23T18:30:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ROME.- Roman churches, funerary monuments and museums where artistic treasures are housed have been damaged in the Italian region affected by the earthquake. Even though the extent of the damage has not been calculated, David Rijser, an expert in Classic and Renaissance antiquities has tried to calculate the losses.
"It has been a true drama, there is a lot that has been lost, said David Rijser to Radio Nederland. In 1985 I visited the Abruzzo region for the first time. At that time there were no tourists, he told reporter Philip Smet by telephone. These days there are few art lovers in the region even though there are a lot of places that deserved to be visited. In L' Aguila and its surroundings there are many Roman and Gothic churches and other buildings from the XIII, XIV and XV centuries.
Italy today lives the tragedy caused by the earthquake that hit a region that is the birthplace of art and civilization. No other catastrophe can ever erase the memory of those who, throughout the centuries, marked the identity of their cities.
Among the masterpieces destroyed were the gothic church of Maria di Collemaggio, built in the 13th century in the mountainous region of Abruzzo that was the epicentre of the quake.
Sources from the Italian Superintendency of Cultural Heritage have stated that the Caracalla Thermal Baths, in Rome, have suffered damages due to the earthquake. Other Roman monuments in Rome have not suffered damages. | <urn:uuid:898d3e61-8803-43f4-83ba-4ef58efd7144> | 2013-05-23T18:31:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sir Henry Parkes
Sir Henry Parkes, the 'Father of Federation', was born on 27 May 1815 in Warwickshire, England, youngest of the seven children of Thomas Parkes, tenant farmer on Stoneleigh Abbey Estate, and his wife Martha Parkes, nee Fauconbridge.
The family, forced off their farm in 1823 by debt, moved to Glamorganshire, and around 1825 settled in Birmingham, where Thomas gained employment as a gardener and 'odd-job' man.
Henry Parkes later spoke of his own formal education as 'very limited and imperfect'. He briefly attended Stoneleigh Parish School and later the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute. To help support the family, he worked as a road labourer and in a brick pit and rope-walk. He was later apprenticed to John Holding, bone and ivory turner. On 11 July 1836 he married 23 year old Clarinda Varney, daughter of the local butcher, at the Edgbaston Parish Church. He completed his Articles and began his own business in 1837. His business failed, so he moved with Clarinda to London in search of work. They survived in London a few weeks by pawning his tools, and then decided to leave for New South Wales as Bounty Migrants.
In March 1839, Hetherington's Charter published verses from his 'A Poet's Farewell', which indignantly condemned a society through whose injustices 'men like this are compelled to seek the means of existence in a foreign wilderness'.
He and Clarinda sailed from Gravesend on 27 March 1839 in the Strathfieldsaye and reached Sydney on 25 July 1839. Their first surviving child was born at sea two days earlier. Life was not easy for Parkes, who found work as a labourer and later in an iron-mongery and brass-foundry. In 1840 he became a tide-waiter in the Customs Department, and in 1845 set up in Hunter Street as an ivory turner and importer of fancy goods. He opened branches in Maitland and Geelong, but both failed, and by 1850 he was in financial difficulties.
It was around this time that Parkes turned his attention to politics and poetry. In 1842 he published his first book of verse 'Stolen Moments'; and in 1848 he became Organizing Secretary of a tradesmen's committee, and later Chief organizer and canvasser for Rev. J.D.Lang.
From these humble and hard fought beginnings, emerged a man of considerable stature. Although not born in Australia, he considered himself an 'Australian', and noted "Nativity is a mere accident".
He founded the Empire newspaper in Sydney, 28 December 1850. This was suspended in 1858 - 1859, and incorporated in the Evening News 1875.
He made his first speech at a public meeting in Sydney, 15 August 1853 and entered the colonial parliament in 1854. On the 22 January 1866, He formed a coalition in New South Wales with James Martin, Premier.
He was from the outset a strong campaigner for Federation and on 4 March 1867 made a speech advocating Federation at the Inter-colonial Conference held in Melbourne between 4 - 20 March. Following this speech the delegates from this conference, called for the establishment of a Federal Council. On 14 October 1870, Parkes resigned from the New South Wales parliament, because of insolvency, and in February 1872 he was re-elected to the New South Wales parliament, as member for East Sydney.
On 14 May 1872, as Premier of New South Wales, he formed his first ministry. On 22 March 1877, he again formed a ministry in New South Wales after the defeat of the Robertson Government, and was appointed K.C.M.G. in that year.
On 21 December 1878, he became Premier for the third time, in coalition with Sir John Robertson, following the defeat of the Farnell Government.
It is interesting to note that on 30 November 1878, 'Advance Australia Fair', composed by Peter Dodds McCormick, was first played and sung in Sydney.
Parkes again became Premier of New South Wales on 20 January 1887, and Clarinda, his wife, died a year later, on 2 February 1888. During 1888, he was appointed G.C.M.G.
On 6 February 1889, he married for a second time, this time to Eleanor Dixon in St. Paul's Church of England, Redfern.
He commenced his fifth term of office as Premier on 8 March 1889.
On 24 October 1889, he delivered a stirring pro-Federation speech at Tenterfield, New South Wales, calling for a federal government and parliament in place of the ineffectual Federal Council. Ten days after the Tenterfield speech, he wrote to Lord Salisbury, The British Prime Minister, to urge the creation of 'a great National Council' in which all parts of the Empire should be represented on terms of equality.
The following February, representatives of all Australian colonial governments and two New Zealand representatives met in Melbourne, from 6 - 14 February, to discuss the Federation proposals, suggested by Parkes.
On 2 March 1891, the first Federal (National Australasian) Convention met in Sydney, until 9 April. The Convention consisted of forty-six delegates, and drafted a Federal Constitution.
Parkes lost his office in 1892, and the momentum towards Federation was temporarily lost. He did however, in June 1892, complete his important work 'Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History', and during this year, Tom Roberts painted his portrait. Meanwhile, Edmund Barton, New South Wales Attorney General, took over as leader of the Federation movement on Parkes retirement.
In 1893, a Federation Conference was held in Corowa, New South Wales, between 31 July and 1 August, and was called by the Australasian Federation League.
After the death of Lady Parkes from cancer, Sir Henry Parkes looked to retire to 'perfect privacy'. He still spoke on Fedration, and on 24 October 1895 married for a third time, this time, to Julia Lynch. On 27 April 1896 he died suddenly at his home, 'Kenilworth', in Annandale, New South Wales, of heart failure after an attack of pneumonia. He was buried beside his first wife at 'Fauconbridge' in the Blue Mountains. He was survived by his third wife, and by five daughters and a son of the twelve children of his first marriage, and by four sons and a daughter of his second.
It was not until 1897, between 22 March and 23 April, that the Second Federal Convention was held. This time is was in Adelaide, and in the following year, 1898, between 20 January and 17 March, the third session of the convention took place in Melbourne and completed the draft constitution.
On 1 January 1901, the new Commonwealth of Australia began, with the proclamation of the Federal Constitution at the Swearing-In Pavilion in Sydney. The First Federal Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, and was captured by Tom Roberts in his 'Big Picture'.
In Sydney, as part of the 'Commonwealth Celebrations' there were archways erected across many of the main streets in the city. In Melbourne, as part of the 'Duke of York Celebrations', apart from the archways, and lights on the facades of many of the city buildings, there were many events organized to commemorate the occasion. These included a Children's Fete, at which five thousand children sang the National Anthem, and an inspection of the Troops by the Duke at the Review, Flemington.
Although Sir Henry Parkes died on 27 April 1896 at the age of eighty, and did not live to take part in the celebrations of 1901, his contribution to Federation was not forgotten and Tom Roberts, included his portrait in the 'Big Picture', on the wall above the official platform.
In the closing paragraph of the extensive eight-page biography of Sir Henry Parkes in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, A.W.Martin notes 'Bearded after 1861, he was always physically impressive, though imposing rather than handsome. For studied oratory he had few peers among colonial contemporaries, despite his uncertainty about aspirates and a tendency towards affectation. He collected autographs, books and artistic bric-a brac, and his friends were always intrigued by his choice menagerie of native wild animals. Though temperate, he enjoyed champagne and had, as William Walker had it, great faith in the virtue of gastronomy as a political force.'
He is recognized today as the 'Father of Federation' in Australia, and is remembered and commemorated this Centenary of Federation year with his portrait appearing on the latest issue of the Australian Five Dollar Note. Also, the town Parkes in New South Wales bears his name. It was formerly known as Bushman's from the local mine named Bushman's Lead, and later in respect of the then, Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, adopted his name in 1873.
Arthur Streeton - Above Us The Great Grave Sky, 1890 | <urn:uuid:ee881847-6b46-4303-ba6d-6f41632ee698> | 2013-05-23T19:04:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Everyone benefits from yoga - if they undergo proper training and continue with the practice. Regular practice of yoga benefits the body in the following ways:
It improves digestion, circulation, and immunity
Yoga enhances function of neurological and endocrine organs
It can prevents and provides relief from chronic illnesses
Overall the body feels healthier, more energetic
Diabetes is of two types - Type 1, where there is no production of insulin and Type 2, where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. In many cases, it is also easy to ignore diabetes in its early stage, especially, when you do not experience any symptoms.
The practice of yoga is effective as a preventive measure and also to treat Type 2 diabetes, where the causes are attributed to life style and stress.
Sri Sri Yoga attends to every aspect of an asana from start to finish, as well as the breath-work. So correct training is essential, before individual practice. The following asanas and pranayamas are effective for diabetes. They should be learned with proper guidance, before putting them into practice:
Mandukasan (the version with fists in stomach region) | <urn:uuid:13f022ba-dd40-47f3-a227-48209885317b> | 2013-05-23T18:35:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The ASHA Thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary used to organize information in the fields of audiology and speech-language pathology.
Terms marked "(node label only)" are for classification only and should not be used for indexing. Non-preferred terms are in italics.
Can't find a term you need? Submit a Term Suggestion Form. | <urn:uuid:4f9ad9ed-7694-43da-bbc8-9cdfbdcde864> | 2013-05-23T19:06:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Her Kiss Tells You Everything
Pages: 1 2
reader's questionDoc Love,
There's a woman in my office building that I'm really interested in. She's a knockout. We've been talking on the phone and have gone out dancing for a month or so, and she seems to like it when I flirt with her.
The other day, we were making jokes about some old guy trying to get her number, and she mentioned that she wasn't interested in any guy! This confuses me. Was that her way of saying that I didn't have a chance, or was she just making conversation? I've stopped pursuing her, and I don't call her as much.
I'm still confused. Any answers?
Spencer -- who wants to know if he played it right
doc love's answerHi Spencer,
All your confusion about where you stand with this woman is based on your failure to "close" her properly. From what you've told me, it's pretty obvious that you haven't even tried to kiss her. It's been over a month. What were you waiting for, a lightning bolt from God?
Flirting isn't closing. You can flirt with a woman from here to kingdom come, and it won't tell you a damn thing about her Interest Level [degree of love]. Women who have no romantic interest in you whatsoever will flirt with you in a manner that is virtually indistinguishable from the way a girl who is gaga over you would.
You've got to move in for the kill... Next Page >> | <urn:uuid:10852d59-91ca-4192-a263-d661577d3a64> | 2013-05-23T18:52:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This gallery makes me
More about Nelly
Nelly was born Cornell Haynes, Jr. on November 2, 1978, in Austin, Texas. His childhood was difficult, as he was moved around from city to city and even to Spain at one point in time. His final stop, St. Louis, Missouri, proved to be prophetic. Haynes began to ... | <urn:uuid:6f959b7b-b318-4c5b-bb04-4a237c502bef> | 2013-05-23T18:31:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Why are these strange little spheres on Mars?
rover Opportunity chanced across
these unusually shaped beads earlier this month while exploring a place named
Kirkwood near the rim of Mars'
The above image taken by Opportunity's
Microscopic Imager shows that some ground near the rover is filled with these unusual spheres, each spanning only about 3 millimeters.
At first glance, the sometimes-fractured balls appear similar to the small rocks dubbed
blueberries seen by Opportunity eight years ago, but these spheres are densely compacted and have little iron content.
Although it is thought that
these orbs formed naturally, which natural processes formed them remain unknown.
Opportunity, an older sibling to the recently deployed
Curiosity rover, will continue to study these spheres with the hope that they will provide a new clue to the ancient history of the surface of the
Mars Exploration Rover Mission, | <urn:uuid:5098a63f-0b99-4229-a882-704abc277ff4> | 2013-05-23T19:05:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Get an insightful interpretation of your Vedic birth chart for an unique perspective of your life through the looking glass of Vedic astrology. Discover what makes you what you are, locate the pulse points of your life and understand your basic tendencies -- both positive and negative. Get pointers to take advantage of the opportunities in your life and learn how to dodge life's little obstacles. Get started right now!
The Moon in Vedic astrology represents your mind and your emotions. This insightful forecast gives you a detailed look on how the transit of planets will affect you on the whole as well as your relationships and how you will fare in your career and finances. You will also get a detailed look at what the stars indicate each month holds for you.
The Vedic Matchmaker is based upon a unique, time-tested methodology of examining the compatibility of two persons for a long-term relationship, and is the most comprehensive reading on Vedic compatibility available today. This unique and fascinating reading considers 25 different factors and rates your physical, emotional, sexual, psychological and spiritual compatibilities as well as looks at the longevity of the relationship.
Our lives are a series of interactions -- relationships -- with other people. How we approach and handle these relationships brings us either joy and happiness or pain and sorrow. Discover your attitude and approach to romantic relationships, as well as your relationships with friends, associates and employers using the wisdom and predictive powers of Vedic astrology. | <urn:uuid:7a2f289c-b428-4e38-8e90-1ba14488aba8> | 2013-05-23T18:59:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I'm quite (that is, extremely, but the English lingua is a modest one, right fellows?) unversed in karmic astrology, but as far as I know, it pertains to the nodes and their magnetic relations to the horoscope...? You need not affirm that.
I'm really concerned about the nodes, all information on them on the internet is difficult to penetrate for my idle brain, so if someone would deign to explain them to me, carefully or carelessly, I'd be ever so thankful.
My true node is Pisces, so I suppose my south node is Capricorn...? My boyfriend's true node is Taurus, so his would be Scorpio, I conjecture? And my close friend's north is Aries, which supposedly makes her south a Libra... Could you speak some of these constellations in short? Perhaps some kind soul could explain in detail on the implications of mine and then only briefly speak a little about what this means in relation to the other characters mentioned?
I must stress that I'm really verdant when it comes to karmic astrology - I don't even know if this is the proper thread - so please edify this humble novice... Anything might be of interest. For instance, do you know of any interesting books on the topic? | <urn:uuid:e0da979e-8ebc-416e-8e8d-b18dcf8d04a2> | 2013-05-23T18:39:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ISLAMABAD (AP) -- Pakistan on Tuesday ordered a security operation in response to the weekend bombing targeting minority Shiites that killed 89 people in the southwestern city of Quetta. The government also replaced the top police officer in the surrounding Baluchistan province.
It's unclear whether the actions will appease thousands of Shiites protesting for a third day in Quetta, the provincial capital. The protesters have refused to bury the bombing victims until the army takes control of the city and launches a targeted operation against sectarian militants attacking them.
A statement issued by Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf's office that announced the operation provided no details about who would carry it out or who would be targeted. Shiites have criticized police and paramilitary forces under control of the Interior Ministry in Quetta for failing to protect the minority sect, which makes up about 20 percent of the country's population of 180 million.
Radical Sunni militants have stepped up attacks against Shiites over the past year because they do not consider them to be real Muslims. Violence has been especially bad in Baluchistan province, which has the highest concentration of Shiites in the country. A double bombing at a billiards hall in January in Quetta killed 86 people.
The bomb that ripped through a produce market on Saturday, killing 89 people, was hidden in a water tank that was pulled into the market by a tractor. The militant group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi has claimed responsibility for the attack, as well as the one against the billiards hall in January.
The prime minister's order did not specify whether Lashkar-e-Jhangvi would be the target of the upcoming operation. Shiite leaders in Quetta have also demanded the army go after another banned sectarian group, Sipah-e-Sahaba, which has also targeted Shiites.
The order simply stated that the prime minister has ordered a "targeted operation aimed at eliminating those responsible for playing with lives of innocent civilians and restoring peace and security in Quetta."
Pakistan has launched numerous military operations against militants in recent years, but the focus has been on the Pakistani Taliban, who have been waging a bloody insurgency against the state that has killed thousands of people.
Rights organizations have criticized the government for not doing enough to target militant groups attacking Shiites. They explain this apathy by pointing to past connections between the country's military and anti-Shiite militants, and also allege the sectarian groups are seen as less of a threat than the Taliban because they are not targeting the state. Political parties have also relied on banned sectarian groups to deliver votes in elections.
Last year was the bloodiest in history for Pakistan's Shiites, according to Human Rights Watch. Over 400 were killed in targeted attacks across the country, at least 125 of whom were died in Baluchistan.
With two massive bombings targeting Shiites in as many months this year already, 2013 looks like it could be even worse.
The government promised to take action against sectarian militants following protests in January against the billiards hall bombing. Shiites brought the bodies of the victims into the street at the time and refused to bury them unless the government took steps to protect them.
After four days, Islamabad decided to dissolve the provincial government and put a federally-appointed governor in charge. The government said paramilitary forces would receive police powers and launch an operation against the militants behind the billiards hall attack. But officials refused to put the army in control of the city, as the current protesters are once again demanding.
This time around the government decided to replace Baluchistan's top police officer and replace him with an official from central Punjab province, said Fayaz Sumbal, deputy police chief in Quetta. Sumbal has also been ordered to replace the chief of police operations in Quetta, he said.
The government is also sending a group of lawmakers to Quetta to assess the situation and meet with Shiite leaders to hear their demands, the prime minister's office said in a statement.
Around 15,000 Shiites once again took to the streets to protest on Tuesday near the site of the recent attack. Others stayed beside the bodies of the bombing victims inside a nearby mosque. Some chanted "God is great." Others held placards that said "Stop killing Shiites."
Sattar reported from Quetta, Pakistan. Associated Press writers Munir Ahmed and Sebastian Abbot in Islamabad contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:b55b1145-09b6-4b1f-98f6-9b9bd51e3106> | 2013-05-23T18:32:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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*** Posted by run ***
Yes, we are going to replace the f16 with the JSF.
Is it true that the Danish AF is seriously involved in the development of the JSF program? I've just read from a reliable source that the Danish AF will have purchased a large batch of the JSF aircraft to eventually replace all the F-16's. Is this true?
The Anonymous account was just used to import messages from our old Forum. Anonymous posts are no longer an option ;) | <urn:uuid:ee08fe3e-e779-4492-90a9-aab6f6e7fce6> | 2013-05-23T18:38:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Pregnancy Test Results Factors
There are a number of factors that go into determining how early a pregnancy test will be able to get you a positive result. The fact of the matter is that it takes some time for your body to build up enough hCG (the pregnancy hormone) so that it can be measured by a pregnancy test. In addition, there are other factors that go into determining just how quick pregnancy test results will be.
Here are some of the pregnancy test results factors that you should be aware of:
- Implantation timing. A home pregnancy test looks for hCG in your urine. It takes a while for the hCG to get there. Once you have a fertilized egg, it has to travel through the fallopian tubes into the uterus. That trip in itself takes about a week. The fertilized egg then has to attach to the uterine lining. That can happen anywhere from about six to 12 days after the egg is fertilized. From there, the production of hCG starts. It takes about four to six days after implantation for hCG levels to be high enough in your urine to be detected on a pregnancy test.
- Urine concentration. Throughout the course of an average day, the concentration of hCG in your urine is going to change. Your urine can become diluted or it can become concentrated, depending on how much fluid you take in. The best time to take a pregnancy test is when your urine is very concentrated. That’s why many home pregnancy tests recommend that, for the most accurate results, you should take the pregnancy test in the morning.
- Test sensitivity. Some pregnancy tests are more sensitive than others. The lower sensitivity level, the earlier you’ll be able to detect a pregnancy. So, for example, a pregnancy test that can test at 20 mIU/ml will give you an earlier result than a test that has a sensitivity of 50 mIU/ml. Most pregnancy tests will indicate on the packaging how sensitive they are. Overall, a more sensitive pregnancy test is likely to help you get a positive result as many as two days before a less sensitive pregnancy test.
|BabyHopes sells sensitive pregnancy tests that can detect your pregnancy as early as 8 days before your period is due and costs up to 80% less than drugstore brands!| | <urn:uuid:28bbff6e-9091-419b-936c-7589f27ff0b4> | 2013-05-23T18:52:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Lochiel (2 syl.)
of Thomas Campbell is Sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel, surnamed The Black, and The Ulysses of the Highlands. His grandson Donald was called The Gentle Lochiel. Lochiel is the title of the head of the clan Cameron. | <urn:uuid:a09dcc6a-ec25-4139-a775-83f6eddf33f4> | 2013-05-23T18:39:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Did you know that Bill Bonham pitched 23 games at home, had an ERA of 2.62, pitched 82.1 innings, allowed 60 hits, had 24 earned runs, 25 runs, and 7 home runs, walked 31 batters (6 intentionally), threw 2 wild pitches, hit batters 3 times, and balked 0 times?
On the road, Bill Bonham pitched 21 games, had an ERA of 3.51, pitched 69.2 innings, allowed 66 hits, had 27 earned runs, 30 runs, and 3 home runs, walked 33 batters (1 intentionally), threw 5 wild pitches, hit batters 1 times, and balked 1 times.
Are you a Bill Bonham fan? Visit his page for comprehensive
biographical data, year-by-year hitting stats, detailed fielding
stats, pitching stats (where applicable), cumulative career totals
for all stats, uniform numbers worn, salary data and other factual | <urn:uuid:951167dc-73e2-4627-8132-50554f350f7c> | 2013-05-23T18:59:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Dolan was dropped to the minors after failing as a Braves pitcher in 1895-96, but
resurfaced as an outfielder in 1900. He was sold back to Boston in 1905, and died
of typhoid on a spring training trip in 1907, prompting the cancellation of the remainder
of the Braves' camp. | <urn:uuid:3f3804c7-a4a3-4600-a97c-9639ecea72ed> | 2013-05-23T18:45:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A 14 year veteran of the New Orleans police force was arrested on hit-and run charges for an accident which allegedly occurred last September in the city's Lower Garden District. The New Orleans Police Department's Public Integrity Bureau also placed 38-year-old Roger J. Jones, Jr. on emergency suspension without pay based on allegations that he drove recklessly, ignored a traffic signal, hit a parked car, and left the scene of an accident.
Jones was previously booked on charges stemming from another hit-an-run crash which purportedly took place on the same day in Jefferson Parish. According to investigators, Jones allegedly crashed his New Orleans Police Department vehicle in Metairie. After a Louisiana State Trooper visited Jones' home, smelled alcohol on his breath, and observed damage to the cruiser, Jones told the Trooper he hit a curb and a pole. Upon further investigation, there was no sign of an accident where Jones claimed the damage to his vehicle occurred. While on the scene, an alleged hit-and-run by a police cruiser at another location was reported to police. Police became suspicious after learning the vehicle purportedly hit was red and part of the damage to Jones' cruiser included red paint streaks. Jones is currently awaiting trial in that case.
Jones previously served in the city's 8th District as a "quality of life" officer. Prior to his latest arrest, Jones was placed on desk duty over the charges in Jefferson Parish. A spokesperson for the New Orleans Police Department stated that more details regarding Jones' arrest will be revealed at a later time. Donovan Livaccari, Jones' attorney, believes the arrest was unnecessary and local police should have instead issued a summons in accordance with departmental policy. Of the 6,000 hit-and-run accidents in New Orleans last year, only 200 individuals were physically arrested.
Cars are an essential part of daily life for most Americans. Car accidents may be caused by a number of factors including drivers who disregard rules of the road, inattentive drivers, and those who drive while drunk or intoxicated. If you were hurt in a car accident, an experienced personal injury lawyer can help you evaluate your claim and determine the appropriate amount of compensation you deserve based on your injuries and the facts of your case.
If you or a family member was injured in an automobile crash, Metairie car accident attorney J. Price McNamara can help. He is committed to assisting accident victims receive the compensation they deserve from the at fault driver's insurance company. Contact J. Price McNamara today to schedule your free initial consultation. He handles cases throughout Louisiana including New Orleans, Metairie, Baton Rouge, Mandeville, and Lafayette.
More blog posts:
Baton Rouge Bicyclist Killed by Drunk Driver, Baton Rouge Injury Lawyer Blog, January 24, 2012
Italian Cruise Disaster Has Not Slowed New Orleans Cruise Vacation Bookings, Baton Rouge Injury Lawyer Blog, January 20, 2012
New Orleans police officer arrested on hit-and-run charges, by Brendan McCarthy, Times-Picayune | <urn:uuid:b92cb56d-2778-43aa-9ce9-348924c145db> | 2013-05-23T19:04:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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21st February 1997 - 19th October 1998
Born: 30th November 1975
Presented with Stuart Miles, Katy Hill, Romana D'Annunzio and Konnie Huq.
Richard began his media career making tea at BBC Radio Nottingham and went on to spend three years at the station working as a News Reporter. During this time he fondly recalls interviewing Nicole Kidman and reporting on sunburnt pigs.
In February 1996 Richard joined L!ve TV as reporter, a risky job risk which saw him being banned from the State Opening of Parliament and having beer thrown over him by Damon Albarn when he tried to interview the singer when he left a nightclub.
In February 1997 Richard became the 24th Blue Peter presenter. During his time with the show he witnessed the opening of the Blue Peter Millennium Time Capsule, went to Canada and Mexico and underwent training at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst.
Richard's career with Blue Peter came to an abrupt end when his contract was terminated after a report in the the press telling the world that he had taken cocaine. After his dismissal, the then Head of BBC children's programmes, Lorraine Heggessey, went on air to explain the situation to CBBC viewers.
At the time Richard also released a statement which read, "I fully accept and agree with the decision that has been taken. I regret what I did but it was in my personal time and I therefore hope that it does not reflect on the show. I am very grateful to Blue Peter for the opportunity it has given me and am very sorry that I have let everybody down."
Despite the sacking, Richard's career didn't seem to suffer and following a stint as a roving reporter for The Big Breakfast on Channel 4 he landed the plum role of co-presenting the show with Amanda Byram.
Since leaving the Big Breakfast he has presented Rent Free and Get Staffed for BBC Choice. He also has participated in Have I Got News For You and was part of the regular panel on The Vicious Circle on Channel 5.
Richard currently presents the Friday drivetime and Sunday afternoon shows on Xfm, and recently presented inserts on BBC3's Johnny Vaughan Tonight.
Top Blue Peter moment: Training at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. | <urn:uuid:f7da02d1-6c28-4cdc-873c-12af9095b504> | 2013-05-23T19:00:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Will Smith (The Fresh Prince) met Jeff Townes (DJ Jazzy Jeff) while trying to make a name for himself in West Philadelphia's local hip hop scene. After joining forces with Clarence Holmes (Ready Rock C) the team members became local celebrities. Holmes left the group in 1990, and later sued it in 1999.
The group received the first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance in 1989 for "Parents Just Don't Understand", though their most successful single was "Summertime" which earned the group their second Grammy and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Will Smith and Jeff Townes are still friends and claim that they never split up, having made songs under Smith's solo performer credit. DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince have sold over 5.5 million albums in the US. | <urn:uuid:1de6762e-beb1-49b5-b57e-8532dcae4366> | 2013-05-23T19:06:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How to protect your hearing and keep ears safe
About 1 in 10 adults has damaged hearing which can be caused by loud music and noises. Here's Newsround's guide to keeping your ears safe.
Why does loud music harm our ears?
Our ears are sensitive instruments and loud music can damage tiny hairs inside the ear that help us hear properly.
When the hairs are damaged they can't be fixed and a lot of people are left with a ringing or whistling noise in their ears.
We call this tinnitus and people find it very annoying!
How loud is too loud?
Sound is measured in units called decibels. An electric drill makes about 100 decibels of noise - that's pretty loud!
Some music players can go up to 120 decibels which is the same as a plane taking off. Sounds that loud can damage your ears.
80 decibels is thought to be the safe upper limit for listening to music. People who can't hear music at 80 decibels might need special noise-cancelling headphones.
Top tips to keep ears safe
- Use headphones at a sensible volume. Read any safety warnings that pop up on your music player.
- Stand away from speakers at shows and events.
- If you're going somewhere loud like a concert wear foam ear plugs to reduce the volume.
- If you are worried about your hearing or have ringing in your ears tell a parent or teacher. | <urn:uuid:2a7e2c96-5c70-47e4-8fbf-46f9a665b7b4> | 2013-05-23T18:40:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There are currently 1,272 available episodes
In Our Time Alfred Russel Wallace
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the work of the biologist Alfred Russel Wallace.
Document Votes for Victorian Women
Sarah Richardson discovers a document which shows that women in Lichfield voted in 1843.
Witness The Lebanon hostage crisis
In 1991 Giandomenico Picco was sent to Beirut to try to free Western hostages.
Baroque in Britain Episode 5
5/5 Might the Baroque still be with us? Tim Marlow meets the Baroque-inspired artists of today
Baroque in Britain Episode 4
4/5 It's 1734, and a 'battle of the buildings' breaks out on the outskirts of Barnsley.
In Our Time Chekhov
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and work of the Russian writer Anton Chekhov.
Baroque in Britain Episode 3
3/5 It's 1711, and an opera premiere by Handel is about to set a new course for British opera.
Baroque in Britain Episode 2
2/5 Was the Great Fire of London a missed opportunity to create Europe's finest Baroque city?
Did the 1916 Dublin Rising catch the cabinet by surprise? Author Nick Rankin investigates.
Baroque in Britain Episode 1
1/5 30 January 1649, Charles I walks to his execution under Rubens's Banqueting House ceiling. | <urn:uuid:3e01c809-05b8-488b-91eb-c0a64c379e66> | 2013-05-23T18:38:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Wigan Warriors have chosen to face defending champions Leeds Rhinos in Super League's qualifying semi-finals.
The Warriors, who finished top of Super League in the regular season, had the choice under
the 'ClubCall' system.
The other qualifying play-off winners, St Helens, will face Warrington Wolves, who had been Wigan's other option.
Super League play-off semis
- Fri 28 Sep: Wigan Warriors v Leeds Rhinos
- Sat 29 Sep: St Helens v Warrington Wolves
The qualifying semi-finals will take place on the weekend of 28-29 September, with Wigan and St Helens both having home advantage.
The winners will meet in the Grand Final at Old Trafford on 6 October.
Wigan have already done the double over Leeds in the regular season, but
lost to them in the Challenge Cup semi-finals,
and will have the chance for revenge on Friday at the DW Stadium.
Leeds coach Brian McDermott said: "It [the cup semi-final] may count more for Wigan in terms of motivation but we won't read much into it.
"They beat us twice in the league and it wasn't a great day for us at home when they put 50 points past us."
In Saturday's second semi, Challenge Cup winners Warrington will travel to Langtree Park for a quick rematch against Saints, who
beat them 28-6 in the first round of the play-offs. | <urn:uuid:00a60a44-cbf9-4d5b-a750-c7c0ab2c0751> | 2013-05-23T18:40:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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BBC Knowledge is currently available in the following countries. Please select your region from the list below to go to the correct website for your location.
If your region is not shown, unfortunately BBC Knowledge is not yet available. To find out more about the channel please contact BBC Worldwide.
For information about the BBC Knowledge magazine please visit the website. | <urn:uuid:9acc48fa-4b65-4a43-928f-71caa8cb0e11> | 2013-05-23T18:52:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Spare yourself from starvation and other unfortunate consequences of a fad nutritive plan with the following no diet weight loss methods. Change your lifestyle to strip off a few pounds and load your body with vitamins.
If in need of life-saving ideas to get rid of a few
extra-pounds, it is worth experimenting with a large repertoire of
tricks. The following no diet weight loss methods can provide you
with useful rituals you can incorporate in your daily schedule to
cut back on calories.
Boost your metabolism to break down fat more easily. Feel free to choose alternatives that suit your lifestyle and preferences. These are some of the most efficient options on how to stuff your organism with vitamins and lose weight visibly.
Dairy products should be included in your meal plan especially if you wish to lose weight more quickly. The regular consumption of a glass of skim milk will prevent the storing of fat in your body. Reduce the calorie intake by swapping tea and soda for skim milk. Notice the positive impact of this slimming trick on your silhouette.
There's no need to eliminate this delicious serving from your
meal plan. In order to reduce calories
you'll have to make a small compromise.
Ask for your pizza cheese-less and use only Parmesan to add a delicious taste to your slice. This type of cheese is perfect if you wish to boost your metabolism to break down fat deposits with ease.
Consume at least 8 glasses of water per day. This is one of the
top tricks pro dietitians promote in order to help you lose weight
more easily. However, some have difficulties to embrace this weight
loss method. In this case all you have to do is find innovative
ways to add a delicious taste to your drink.
Limit yourself to low-calorie fruits as strawberries, grapefruit, watermelon and orange. Add only a slice of these ingredients to your water. The result of your creative project will be simply ambrosial.
The composition of your meals along with nutritive rituals can play an important role in your slimming project. Those who skip dieting can make a small change in their eating in order to cut back on calories. The trick is to use a timer and set it for 20 minutes. Enjoy your meals and make sure you load your body with anti-oxidants and vitamins. This is the ideal time for your brain to get the necessary signals that your stomach is full.
Chew sugarless mint gum if you have huge difficulties resisting the temptation of snacks. The strong flavor can suppress appetite and offers the chance to introduce only the necessary calories for the daily energy boost. Try your hand at this super-fun and simple weight loss method to make sure you don't deprive yourself of a dreamy silhouette.
Credit: Thinkstock Photos | <urn:uuid:ca17cf8f-c06b-4d14-a3f6-11face531f68> | 2013-05-23T18:58:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Smithwick Tribunal into the murders of two senior RUC officers opens today. Even 22 years on, its findings could still send shockwaves through Dublin and London, writes Alan Murray
On the morning of March 20, 1989, Harry Breen was consumed with foreboding. His hurriedly-planned journey to Dundalk Garda station with a colleague would be followed the next day with a top-level meeting with Customs and Excise officials and, two days after that, he was expected to slam a comprehensive report on the Chief Constable's desk outlining how effectively to dismantle the racketeering empire of the IRA's border godfather, Thomas 'Slab' Murphy.
Breen harboured thoughts of a fateful premonition and expressed disquiet to his staff officer at the presence of a particular Garda officer based in Co Louth and that officer's suspected links to the IRA.
Chief Superintendent Breen was scheduled to travel to Dundalk with a senior RUC colleague, but another operational commitment meant that the officer could not travel to Dundalk that day to fulfil the appointment.
Instead, it was determined that Harry Breen would travel to Dundalk with Superintendent Bob Buchanan who, the following week, would transfer to a much less dangerous operational posting in Newtownards, Co Down.
The two senior RUC officers would travel to Dundalk in Buchanan's red Vauxhall Cavalier car, which had been used previously by Buchanan to negotiate his way to Dundalk around 20 times in previous months.
What Breen did not know - and what Buchanan was totally unaware of - was that his Cavalier had been identified by the IRA as an 'RUC vehicle'.
Not only that, the IRA had tailed the Cavalier on a previous journey to Dundalk. Breen's sense of foreboding was completely justified.
But another thing that the two men and the RUC did not know was almost as alarming. An Army surveillance unit had actually observed and noted IRA 'dickers' following Buchanan's red Cavalier - the very car that was to be used to ferry Breen and Buchanan to and from Dundalk on March 20, 1989.
Why the Army failed to communicate the IRA's clear knowledge of Buchanan's car to the RUC's Special Branch, or why MI5 - if it received the intelligence information direct from the Army - failed to alert the RUC, is one of the compelling issues which will be probed at the Smithwick Tribunal which opens in formal public session in Dublin today.
The failure of the Garda and the RUC to take adequate and appropriate measures to safeguard the two senior RUC officers in the climate of intense IRA activity in 1989 will be one of the key aspects probed by Judge Smithwick's tribunal.
Collusion via omission has already been mentioned in the Rosemary Nelson Inquiry findings. And, if it was identified as a factor in her murder, then indisputably it was a key ingredient in the ability of the IRA to murder Harry Breen and Bob Buchanan.
The role of the Irish state in events leading up to the fatal ambush and the integrity of the Garda Siochanna will also come under the spotlight in the inquiry, which Dublin's justice minister, Alan Shatter, wants wrapped up by November.
It's not difficult to fathom why elements within the British and Irish security establishments - 22 years after the double-murder - might welcome proceedings being guillotined before the role of British Army double-agent Freddie Scappaticci could be dissected and explored in detail.
Equally difficult issues for the Dublin government that will arise will be why the decision of a Garda commissioner to approve the transfer of a garda based in Co Louth to another operational area was countermanded by Taoiseach Charlie Haughey's office not once, but twice.
Unofficially, some gardai in Co Louth were under suspicion by the force's headquarters in Dublin's Phoenix Park before Breen and Buchanan were ambushed.
Communications relating to IRA activity in Louth were routinely processed through Phoenix Park and RUC headquarters at Knock in Belfast, bypassing - where possible - gardai in the county.
The tribunal is expected to hear that the IRA had carried out surveillance of Dundalk Garda station from a building on the other side of the road and had probably first 'clocked' Bob Buchanan's red Cavalier as he parked it in front of the station during one of his 20 visits in the weeks prior to the Jonesborough ambush.
In spite of Harry Breen's foreboding about the trip to Dundalk, he would have been comforted slightly by the fact that the meeting with the Garda had not been long in the planning.
The IRA didn't have weeks to lay their deadly trap in Jonesborough. Perhaps they had only hours to prepare after learning that Buchanan's car was back again outside Dundalk Garda station.
Three former Garda officers have been granted legal representation at the Smithwick Tribunal, as has west Belfast IRA man Scappaticci - the British Army agent known as 'Stakeknife', who interrogated IRA members suspected of working for the British and who allegedly liaised with rogue Garda officers stationed along the border.
Scappaticci's involvement in the interrogation and torture of Cooley peninsula farmer Tom Oliver in July 1991 may be relevant to the Smithwick Tribunal.
It will be especially relevant if the Garda officer who betrayed Oliver - a registered Garda informant - is the same officer suspected of betraying Breen and Buchanan.
In spite of the Irish government's desire to guillotine Smithwick, it is inevitable that details embarrassing for both the British and Irish administrations will be made public. | <urn:uuid:d8fc3c16-4194-45d9-af17-0d7ecd587aae> | 2013-05-23T18:41:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chaos ensued on the D Train in Bensonhurst last night when a young man holding a baby got into a fight with a female rider.
The young man confronted the rider on account of her loud phone conversation. The rider became furious and pepper-sprayed the boy, who still had the infant in his arms.
According to eyewitnesses, he tried to hand the baby girl over to her mother but accidentally dropped her instead.
According to the New York Post, other bystanders were sprayed and sustained minor injuries. The baby is fine, only sustaining minor injuries as well.
The spray-crazy woman was charged with reckless endangerment, endangering the welfare of a child, assault, and criminal possession of a weapon. | <urn:uuid:a1703dfe-a64f-499b-a7cd-264e290ed627> | 2013-05-23T18:51:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Similar Threats: TR/BHO.cjl.trojan, TR/Spy.Bancos.axo.trojan, TR/PSW.Wow.geh.trojan,
Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh is a type of Trojan that runs quietly in the background without the computer user's knowledge. Usually the attacker uses the Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh to connect to a predetermined website to increase the vote counter. Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh is considered as one of the most malicious Trojan virus.
Warning: Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh can launch an HTTP server on a random TCP port, this is then used to download the Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh executable file to other computers. Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh is used to act as a legal program to get the illegal purpose. In order to remove Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh, just download Best Spyware Scanner, using its powerful security utility to handle the problem.
How to remove Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh manually?
1. Remove the registry entries hidden by Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh.
The followings are registry entries that may have been modified by Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh.
2. Remove all the files associated with Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh.
The followings are folders where Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh related files may locate:
C:\Documents and Settings
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\
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How to Remove Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh Automatically?
- Download and install Best Spyware Scanner.
- Run an Online Scan with Best Spyware Scanner.
- If the threat Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh is detected, click "Remove" to delete this malicious item.
In case that any stubborn threat could not be removed immediately by the method above, please feel free to contact us for a thorough solution. Just use the Analysis function of Best Spyware Scanner to send us an Analysis Report. Our technical experts of Best Spyware Scanner will promptly analyze it and give you a proper solution for your specific spyware problem.Download Best Spyware Scanner to Remove Trojan.Win32.Sasfis.xh Effectively with powerful Online Scan function.
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Order Best Spyware Scanner now, you can get back your money with any reasons in 60 days. Just $34.95 only! | <urn:uuid:99fdf5b3-5073-4029-acfe-84f8d6ea9b97> | 2013-05-23T18:58:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Similar Threats: Backdoor.Win32.Bifrose.aksg, Backdoor.Win32.Bifrose.aksh, Backdoor.Win32.Bifrose.aksl,
Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq usually disguises itself as seemingly harmless piece of software or desired files, but hen "open the gates" to other forms of malicious software, spyware or virus etc. Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq causes you to open anything for someone else to steal your privacy. Thus, Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq can compromise your computer security and leave it open to other dangers. Detect and remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq immediately!
Warning: Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq is often disguised as a normal looking file. It is dangerous for you to remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq by manual unless you are definitely good at computer maintenance. Thus, in order to remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq and safeguard your computer with ease, you had better download and install Best Spyware Scanner and run a scan on your PC at once. All the threat information can be removed automatically.
Remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq manually
1. Remove the registry entries hidden by Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq.
Once you find some programs on your PC run abnormally, you should immediately check the following entries in the Registry, and directly delete the spyware-related registry entries.
2. It is probably a way to load the "Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq" malicious program, by hiding within the system WIN.INI file and the strings "run=" and "load=", so this must be carefully checked.
3. Clean up IE Temporary file folder where the original carrier of PC threats is possibly stored. Meanwhile, the malicious files generated by Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq are possibly located in the following Location:
C:\Program Files\Common Files
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\
Most of the computer users can not handle the manually step-by-step guide to remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq due to the operating processes are so complicated. Would you like to wonder how to easily and efficiently remove Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq from your computer? The best solution is to download and install Best Spyware Scanner, and then run a full scan your computer with the most powerful Spyware removal tool in the market. After that, Trojan.Win32.Vapsup.gpq will disappear.
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- Download and install Best Spyware Scanner.
- Run an Online Scan with Best Spyware Scanner.
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In case that any stubborn threat could not be removed immediately by the method above, please feel free to contact us for a thorough solution. Just use the Analysis function of Best Spyware Scanner to send us an Analysis Report. Our technical experts of Best Spyware Scanner will promptly analyze it and give you a proper solution for your specific spyware problem.
Hope to stop your PC from being attacked by malicious programs?
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Order Best Spyware Scanner now, you can get back your money with any reasons in 60 days. Just $34.95 only! | <urn:uuid:f3507115-0384-4972-8593-1ccad7bb5f31> | 2013-05-23T18:37:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Posted 1/1/2010 7:18:43 PM
I saved time by using Mahatma saffron rice packets. I cooked the rice separately. I cooked the sausage and then sauteed the onion and garlic with it. I cooked the shrimp and scallops separately and then combined all ingredients into one large pot and simmered about 15 minutes. Delicious! | <urn:uuid:ba314854-782d-4150-8959-03b589d56135> | 2013-05-23T18:40:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Mumbai, July 20 :
Sinha, who underwent bypass surgery on Monday, is recovering and has
been shifted to a private room from the Intensive Care Unit
He was operated upon July 16 at the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital
Sinha is doing well. He is recovering. He has been moved from ICU
room yesterday (Thursday). He is fine now," Ram Narain, COO Kokilaben
Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, told IANS.
The 66-year-old had been
admitted to the hospital in suburban Andheri on July 2 after he
complained of breathlessness due to some paint work going on at his
Narain had informed that "during investigation,
blockages were discovered in the coronary arteries. Based on medical
advice, he underwent surgery".
Sinha made his Bollywood debut in
1969 with "Sajan" and has acted in over 200 Hindi films, besides being a
part of some Bengali and Punjabi movies.
Some of his famous Hindi films include "Kalicharan", "Vishwanath", "Blackmail", "Dostana", "Shaan" and "Kala Patthar".© IANS | <urn:uuid:312ea8df-d53d-4850-a62c-2f2e6b1592d9> | 2013-05-23T18:31:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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History of Science Museum
The History of Science Museum covers the highlights of the historical aspect of science in Egypt during the Pharaonic and Hellenistic eras, as well as, during the golden age of the Arab Islamic world.
Press play for a virtual tour of the History of Science Musuem.
Back to History
Click on the presentations to view samples from the Museum content. | <urn:uuid:025f5f71-61dc-425a-bfc4-4acdac67af52> | 2013-05-23T18:44:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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