text stringlengths 130 541k | id stringlengths 47 47 | date stringdate 2013-05-18 04:54:19 2013-06-20 13:35:46 | dump stringclasses 1
value | embeddings listlengths 1 351 | file_path stringclasses 916
values | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 30 166k | url stringlengths 14 835 | quality_score float64 0.16 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple has been slammed with another suit, this time by Russian Railways, which claims the hardware giant has infringed on its trademark.
The Russian company is seeking $65,000 compensation for use of its logo in a third party app, "Railway Tariff," sold in the App Store, RT reports. Railway Tariff lets users track cargo-delivery costs and times across the country.
A release from Russian Railways, translated by Google from Russian, states:
Clarification of the lawsuit JSC "Russian Railways" company to Apple Inc.
JSC "Russian Railways" to the Arbitration Court of Moscow with a claim concerning infringement of the exclusive right to the trademark under the certificate No. 341333 by Apple Inc. We are talking about the use of the trademark of "Russian Railways" in the online store Apple Store by posting pictures.
The Company intends to continue to protect its intellectual property, especially as the decision of the Federal Service for Intellectual Property of the trademark [is] recognized as well known in the Russian Federation.
The Russian Railways' suit follows another European rail company's case against Apple last year. In September, Swiss Federal Railways sued Apple for stealing its clock design. The Swiss company was awarded $21 million in November 2011.
Do you think Russian Railways will have the same luck as the Swiss, or does its case seem weaker? Let us know in the comments below.
Image courtesy of Flickr, mueritz | <urn:uuid:372a2ba4-7d50-4183-ae37-fcd3135cab6c> | 2013-05-21T17:09:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03284534439444542,
0.04054053872823715,
0.013419670052826405,
-0.0144519517198205,
0.07807807624340057,
-0.05855855718255043,
0.0021232168655842543,
0.08671171218156815,
-0.017924174666404724,
-0.012856606394052505,
0.020551802590489388,
0.03153153136372566,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962625 | 303 | http://mashable.com/2013/01/16/russian-railways-apple/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Mashable+%28Mashable%29 | 0.185625 |
It has been noticed on several occasions that
DayOfWeek function is rather slow when applied to a large list of dates, e.g. in this recent question. What faster alternatives do we have in such situations?
Just a literal implementation of a formula for the day of the week:
Seems to give a 5-fold speed increase:
Your function is readily compilable:
I will provide one solution which will be using Java and a simple Java reloader I recently introduced. This solution brings to the table up to 100-fold speed-up for large lists of dates.
I will borrow @Mike's functions to generate a random list of dates, from his code in his recent question
The input is a nested list of the type we construct randomly, which is a natural date format as it appears in Mathematica. I subtract 1 from month, to comply with the Java conventions.
Use and benchmarks
There is a 100-fold speedup for this example. Note that there is a small constant overhead of calling Java, so the larger is your list of dates, the more you gain.
I think that this can be one of the "canonical" examples of a situation where the use of Java is more than appropriate. Generally, this happens when some of the following is true:
Effective use of Java / JLink implies that loops are outsourced to Java. Only then the overhead of Java / JLink will not play a big role. Performing looping in Mathematica while invoking Java functions is likely to not be faster, and often be slower, than doing it all in Mathematica.
A big thanks goes to @Mike for spotting a bug in the reloader (which has been now fixed).
This assumes the use of the Gregorian system, so this will require some modification if you need to work with dates older than the switching date September 14, 1752 (where the Julian system was still in use).
Here's how to adapt
This recent post reminded me that
~ 41X speed-up.
Super-fast. You need the Joda Time library for that.
If you're a hardcore JLink user, you have the first two lines in your init.m anyway, so the problem reduces to 71 characters, with an amazing speed.
Joda Time is ISO 8601-compliant.
I will provide one solution which will be using ANSI C and LibraryLink. Needless to say that this is a speeder...(Platform: MacOSX, gcc 4.2)
The preparations are the same as in Leonid's answer.
Create the Library and load it
Microsoft's compiler (CL) has similar options with just different naming...
The dayOfWeek function
As the argumentation holds to use Java, because of it's simple interface I think I've shown that this holds as well for C/C++ and is unbeatable fast.
|show 27 more comments| | <urn:uuid:88a599b8-b398-421c-a39a-1915faeef50f> | 2013-05-21T17:24:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.048828125,
0.00592041015625,
0.0234375,
-0.00037384033203125,
0.045166015625,
-0.050537109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.10107421875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.018310546875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0654296875,
0.039306640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923551 | 609 | http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/7125/faster-alternatives-for-dayofweek | 0.273945 |
Unitary Method Problem
Date: 02/01/99 at 19:13:36 From: Tamara Subject: A Unitary Method Problem Runts come in a carton. There are 8 packages in one carton. There are 3 boxes in each package. If there are 170 runts in one box, how many runts are there in 6 cartons?
Date: 03/01/99 at 17:48:36 From: Doctor Swiss Subject: Re: A Unitary Method Problem This can be a difficult question to take in all at once. The best way to approach it is to break it down into steps. The first step is to notice how runts, boxes, packages, and cartons are related. It might help to draw a diagram, like this one: 170 runts/box --> 3 boxes/package --> 8 packages/carton --> 6 cartons Just so you know, by runt/box, we mean runts in a box. Now you can see how everything is related, and you can also see the steps that you have to take. Now to find out the number of runts in 6 cartons, it would help us to see how many packages are in 6 cartons. Why? Well, once we know the number of packages in 6 cartons, we can find out the number of boxes in 6 cartons, and finally the number of runts in 6 cartons. So now we are trying to find the number of packages in 6 cartons. We know the number of packages on 1 carton is 8. What if we had 2 cartons? Then we would have 8 cartons from the first package and 8 from the second, for a total of 8 + 8 = 16. Note that this is also 8 * 2 = 16 cartons. Try this for 3 cartons. I hope you can see the jump and figure out that there are 8 * 6 packages in 6 cartons. You can repeat this process to find that there are 3 * 8 * 6 boxes in 6 cartons. You need one more step to find the number of runts in 6 cartons. It turns out that this problem is just one big multiplication problem. Please write back if you need more help or have any more questions. Good luck, - Doctors Swiss, Teeple, and Stacey, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2013 The Math Forum | <urn:uuid:62fdfc79-523b-416e-907b-66a7613df15b> | 2013-05-21T17:10:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0238037109375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.1064453125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.008056640625,
0.0673828125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0859375,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.03271484375,
0.0213623046875,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915746 | 514 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/58707.html | 0.385214 |
"The struggle of people against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting." -- Milan Kundera
Tom Brokaw, Peter Jennings and Dan Rather, the former reigning kings of broadcast network news (along with the majority of their big media cohorts in cable and print) all contributed to the transaction that sold the war in Iraq. Their pre-invasion newscasts devoted, to only nominally varying degrees, overwhelming airtime not to questioning the grounds for invasion, but to how the U.S. military would execute the task.
While this is well documented by now, revisionist spin remains strong among some of those who are most responsible.
Peter Jennings, arguably the least hawkish of the Big Three anchors during the lead-up to the war, passed away from lung cancer in August 2005. Dan Rather has shown contrition for his role in the pre-war drumbeating; in Bill Moyers' documentary "Buying the War," for example, Rather conceded, "I don't think there is any excuse for, you know, my performance and the performance of the press in general in the roll up to the war. There were exceptions. There were some people, who, I think, did a better job than others. But overall and in the main there's no question that we didn't do a good job."
Yet Tom Brokaw, as evidenced in his appearance on CNN's Reliable Sources with Howard Kurtz this past Sunday, holds a decidedly unrepentant view:
KURTZ: In terms of the coverage [of the Vietnam War], do you see certain parallels here to Iraq? Most people would say, and I would agree, the media did a pretty poor job during the run-up to the Iraq War in terms of the way that President Bush was selling it, and now, of course, the coverage in recent years has been more critical.
BROKAW: Yes. The one thing I would disagree with you about, a lot of what happened on the run-up was unknowable. People did believe he had weapons of mass destruction. People who were critical of the war and the idea of going to war did in fact think that he had weapons of mass destruction, which was one of the bases for...
Kurtz actually affords Brokaw three chances to accept a modicum of accountability, but to no avail. Here's chance number two:
KURTZ: But shouldn't journalists have been more skeptical toward the line the administration was selling, even if they couldn't disprove it and given it more...
BROKAW: I think on the execution...
BROKAW: I think on the war plan they should have been a lot more skeptical.
Yes, the war plan. Still, to this day, it's about the war plan. The same myopically deficient focus that helped to sell the invasion of a country that never attacked us.
And the kicker:
KURTZ: And given more space, more air time to opposition voices? There was a feeling...
BROKAW: Yes, but remember -- you have to remember, the opposition voices were not that many in this town, for example, in Washington. There just weren't that many. We put Brent Scowcroft on "Nightly News." I did a two-way with him. And I was one of the few places where he would go where he would do that. We did have Senator Bob Byrd on the air and Ted Kennedy on the air, but it passed by a pretty considerable margin.
KURTZ: Oh, within the Democratic Party there weren't that many anti-war voices.
BROKAW: Yes, that's right.
Brokaw's statement reveals not only a failure of journalistic execution, but a troubling dysfunction at the core of mainstream news during the Bush years, which (sorry, Howie) largely continues to this day: a near wholesale abdication of the media's role as the fourth estate, the last line of defense in our nation's checks and balances.
Of course, legions of other credible voices - from award-winning investigative journalists to members of our own intelligence agencies to current and former weapons inspectors to historians familiar with the region - questioned the pre-war WMD charges, the White House's rationale for war, and also realized any invasion of Iraq, especially with intent to occupy, would be a disaster regardless of the "war plan."
It's just that, yes, those voices weren't coming from the Democratic leadership. That's a fact, but not an excuse.
Nor were those other voices welcome on NBC Nightly News, of which Brokaw was the managing editor as well as anchor. And in that role, surely he was instrumental in who appeared on his broadcast, no matter how much the corporate brass may have been meddling in such decisions. Moreover, if that had been the case, it's incumbent upon Brokaw to inform American citizens now. Something Dan Rather, his competitor for over two decades, is in the process of doing.
Washington Post columnist David Ignatius (as noted here recently) proffered a similar self-serving and inept defense back in 2004: "In a sense, the media were victims of their own professionalism. Because there was little criticism of the war from prominent Democrats and foreign policy analysts, journalistic rules meant we shouldn't create a debate on our own."
Regardless of quality work that Tom Brokaw may have contributed to over the years, toeing the company line will not suffice if he hopes to repair some of the damage to his credibility burned in the memories of millions who witnessed his pre-invasion coverage.
He had a choice then, and he has a choice now.
UPDATE: Brilliant supplementary reading on this subject:
The bulk of our establishment journalists aren't merely stenographers. They're bad stenographers. [...] For that reason, when establishment journalists are called "stenographers," the real insult is to professional stenographers, who are scrupulous about recording what everyone says with equal weight. But our media class gives enormous weight to government sources and, correspondingly, GOP operatives.
1. Journalists must be completely objective. This is the most important rule of journalism. Objectivity means not having any opinion or feelings whatsoever no matter what the circumstances. This rule was best expressed in a line I recently quoted from Washington Post columnist David Broder, the dean of American journalism, about his response [sic] President Kennedy's assassination: "As an ordinary man, I wanted leave the scene, hide somewhere, and weep," Broder said. "But I managed to calm myself and to report the event in the most objective way." As I explained in my earlier piece, "Broder refused to take sides after the President was killed. Was he for the assassination or against it? It was impossible to tell from his reporting. No matter what his personal feelings might have been, as a reporter he had to be objective when it came to whether killing Kennedy was a good thing or a bad thing."
2. There are two sides to every story and a journalist must give both sides equal weight even if he or she knows one side is completely false. Weighing one side against the other violates a journalist's objectivity. (See Rule No. 1.) | <urn:uuid:a9b0d618-40dd-45e6-8218-725dd0ac1726> | 2013-05-21T17:23:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.00390625,
0.0186767578125,
0.013916015625,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.0859375,
-0.05859375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.09912109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0419921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0576171875,
0.031005859375,
0.035888671875,
0.011474609375... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981398 | 1,498 | http://mediabloodhound.typepad.com/weblog/2007/11/op-ed-column-br.html | 0.186042 |
Your doctor will take a detailed history from you and observers to help determine if you have epilepsy . The history may include questions about:
- Your past medical history
- Family medical history
- Any and all medications you take
- How were you feeling before the seizure?
- How old were you at the onset of the condition?
- Was there any warning?
- What did the seizure look like, or what were you told it looked like?
- Were there any symptoms after the seizure?
- How long did the seizure last?
- How many seizures have you had before?
- After the seizure, did paralysis, twitches, confusion, slowed responsiveness, urine incontinence, or tongue biting occur?
Your doctor may perform a physical exam. Special attention will be given to your nervous system. Tests will be taken to see if you might have epilepsy, and if so, what type of seizures you have.
Tests may include:
You may need to have your brain activity tested. This can be done with:
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) —Best results are achieved when this test is performed within 24 hours of a seizure. Many times repetitive or continuous EEG monitoring may be needed.
- Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
- You may need to have brain scans. These can be done with:
- You may need to have your blood tested. Blood tests check for possible causes of the seizures, including:
You may need to have your bodily fluids tested. This can be done with urine tests.
- Urine tests
- Lumbar puncture , also known as a spinal tap
You may need to have your motor abilities, behavior and intellectual capacity tested. This can be done with:
- Developmental tests
- Neurological tests
- Behavioral tests
- Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD
- Review Date: 03/2013 -
- Update Date: 00/31/2013 - | <urn:uuid:eecb657a-fee8-4f1f-b531-6db00327cbc3> | 2013-05-21T17:18:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.027316933497786522,
0.006149885710328817,
0.020165903493762016,
-0.012299771420657635,
0.1270022839307785,
-0.018020594492554665,
-0.01287185400724411,
0.08810068666934967,
-0.05348970368504524,
0.009796910919249058,
0.07665903866291046,
0.02617276832461357,
-... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926616 | 409 | http://medtropolis.com/your-health/?/19397/Reducing-Your-Risk-of-Epilepsy~Diagnosis | 0.898076 |
Ingredients and Preparation
- Heat oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Season fish with salt and pepper, and sauté until opaque, about 3 minutes per side. Remove fish from pan and set aside.
- Add tomatoes, capers, and garlic to pan, and sauté 2 minutes. Spoon tomato mixture over fish and serve. | <urn:uuid:a4f5fe8c-e6b0-4028-b742-7661b288fdf5> | 2013-05-21T17:13:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.014495481736958027,
0.027861446142196655,
-0.006400602404028177,
0.052710842341184616,
0.07417168468236923,
0.02127259038388729,
-0.015530873090028763,
0.052710842341184616,
0.04179216921329498,
0.03294427692890167,
0.1295180767774582,
0.07266566157341003,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862045 | 74 | http://medtropolis.com/your-health/?/203814/Tilapia-With-Tomatoes-and-Capers | 0.871661 |
To help reduce your risk of developing hypertension , follow these guidelines:
- If you are overweight, lose weight.
- Avoid heavy alcohol use.
- If you smoke, quit.
- Eat a heart-healthy diet.
- Exercise regularly.
- Manage stress.
- Monitor use of pain relievers.
- Consider taking folic acid.
Losing as little as 10 pounds can help decrease your heart’s workload and lower your blood pressure. Follow the dietary and exercise plans recommended by your doctor. To lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. To maintain a healthy weight, balance the number of calories you consume with the number you expend. Try to keep your body mass index (BMI) below 25.
Drinking too much alcohol increases blood pressure and can lead to other heart problems. Moderate alcohol intake, however, is not associated with high blood pressure. Moderate alcohol intake is two drinks or fewer per day for men and one drink or fewer per day for women. Talk to your doctor if you need help reducing your alcohol intake, or quitting drinking entirely.
Smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries and may contribute to elevated blood pressure readings.
A diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, while rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables will help lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight—all of which leads to a healthier heart. Follow the meal plan recommended by your doctor, or ask for a referral to a registered dietitian.
A clinical study, called Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, has found that certain healthful eating patterns can reduce blood pressure. This is called the DASH diet . Findings from the second phase of the DASH study indicate that cutting salt intake is another effective way to lower blood pressure.
Choose exercises you enjoy and will make a regular part of your day. Strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthful weight. For many people, this includes walking or participating in another aerobic activity for 30 minutes per day. Exercise also can help you manage stress . Check with your doctor before starting any exercise program.
Although stress does not cause hypertension, hormones released by your body when you are under stress can increase your blood pressure. Take time out to relax, exercise, and practice relaxation techniques.
Taking pain relievers (eg, ibuprofen ) more often than once per week has been linked to the development of high blood pressure in women. If possible, limiting the use of these medicines to once per week may be something to consider if you are at risk of high blood pressure.
Women who take folic acid supplements daily may reduce their risk of high blood blood pressure. *¹ If you think you may not be getting enough folic acid (a B vitamin) in your diet, consider taking a daily 400 microgram supplement.
- Reviewer: Michael J. Fucci, DO
- Review Date: 09/2012 -
- Update Date: 00/91/2012 - | <urn:uuid:4e864807-d21d-4999-8758-e975dc2b050e> | 2013-05-21T17:24:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01141357421875,
0.0220947265625,
0.020751953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.111328125,
-0.0625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.11962890625,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.068359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00653076171875,
0.054443359375,
-0.011... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920534 | 627 | http://memorialhospitaljax.com/your-health/?/20337/Reducing-Your-Risk | 0.695714 |
Audie Murphy was a star in more ways than one. He was the most decorated hero of World War II, after being rejected for service because of his youth and size. He returned from war hailed as a hero, only to see hard times once again as he tried to find civilian employment. But that was just the beginning of his story, as he became a movie star, songwriter, veteran's advocate, and a role model. His was a truly amazing life.
Audie Leon Murphy was born in Hunt County, Texas on June 20th, 1926.... READ ON | <urn:uuid:24f42a5f-1bab-4eda-a6ff-12292d9ad524> | 2013-05-21T17:17:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0005119077395647764,
0.020665323361754417,
-0.008442540653049946,
-0.021421371027827263,
0.05796371027827263,
-0.022303426638245583,
-0.013608871027827263,
0.09828629344701767,
-0.022303426638245583,
-0.06905242055654526,
0.0473790317773819,
0.05040322616696358,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.995086 | 116 | http://mentalfloss.com/section/history/page/70/0 | 0.383642 |
Mike Schinkel made an excellent point on a question of mine recently regarding its wording. It didn't accurately describe the exact nature of the question, and rewording it has increased its value.
I've noticed this becoming more and more of a problem on stackoverflow recently, and it's something I'd like the WA community to be aware of. So, can we come up with some guidelines on the following:
- Questions vs. statements - IMO, wherever possible, titles should actually be questions including a question mark at the end!
- Moderation - are we generally agreed that moderators should be regularly cleaning up question titles? It would be nice if we weren't too precious about this and accepted, as a community, title edits from anyone with the permission to do so.
- Anything else?
There are several examples of poorly worded questions that I can currently see, including:
- Permalink Problems
- 5 blogs on one Wordpress site
- Cleanup uploads folder, Media Library db structure
- Wordpress stats API key
IMO, if WA is to succeed as a wiki, this is a vital consideration. | <urn:uuid:765b88fd-e470-4165-ba8e-82a664099400> | 2013-05-21T17:30:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.022611789405345917,
0.009019308723509312,
0.02807418629527092,
0.030487805604934692,
0.04090446978807449,
-0.04395325109362602,
-0.005716463550925255,
0.07723577320575714,
-0.021341463550925255,
-0.023246951401233673,
0.0034139989875257015,
0.05919715389609337,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966638 | 236 | http://meta.wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/68/what-should-our-question-title-guidelines-be?answertab=oldest | 0.191018 |
I heard him about 30 mins ago on ESPN describing the effect of a possible loss tomorrow. Trying to paraphrase him as accurately as possible, he mentioned that some of the alumni don't like Rodriguez, the tide has swollen considering the last events, and a loss tomorrow might make it a tsunami.
Since Desmond should be a well informed insider, I wondered why he would make such comments. Isn't he jumping the gun even though we had a terrible season last year, and some journalist with an agenda fabricated some allegations recently? Or is it that he says it like he sees it because there really is such a strong anti-RR alumni movement? Forgive me if this has been discussed before, but what's everybody's take on the way Desmond has been commenting since RR took over? | <urn:uuid:fdcb966c-e882-4139-b86f-fad4cfeb6f35> | 2013-05-21T17:48:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01664402149617672,
0.004946501459926367,
0.01647418551146984,
-0.0027173913549631834,
0.061141304671764374,
-0.05095108598470688,
0.0027386208530515432,
0.11141304671764374,
0.004521909169852734,
-0.029721466824412346,
0.013586956076323986,
0.03498641401529312,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987041 | 157 | http://mgoblog.com/mgoboard/what-do-you-make-desmonds-comments | 0.211456 |
Fascinating scene-setter in this longform New Times scorcher roasting former (and soon-to-be?) Gov. Charlie Crist:
"You're a piece of garbage!" a broad, wavy-haired New Yorker recalls bellowing at Crist and his wife. They were in Manhattan, weeks after the governor had left Tallahassee in 2011. Todd Rome, Carole Crist's ex-husband and a millionaire travel baron, remembers departing an Upper East Side bakery, clutching a box of cupcakes for his daughter's birthday, when he spotted them.
Rome, CEO of Blue Star Jets in New York, lost it. Carole, he explains, had moved to Florida, married Crist, and abandoned their teenage daughters, Jessica and Skylar. She hadn't returned any of their letters, texts, phone calls — nothing, he says. She simply dissolved into the Florida ether with Crist.
For a moment, in front of that cupcake shop on 57th Street, they all looked at each other, unsure. Then, Rome says, the couple immediately fled in separate directions. So Rome threw down his cupcakes and bolted after the former governor, yelling, "You have no balls! You're a lowlife! Why won't you stop and confront me?"
Crist, Rome says, evaded the confrontation by disappearing into a subway tunnel. "He's a piece of shit," says Rome, who has since remarried. "My kids were in the way of their lifestyle, and Charlie has never had a child, so he doesn't want them. He married a woman with two children and then walked away. A people person? He's a piece of shit."
Crist's political mentor, his father, comes in for some pretty harsh treatment for his segregationist past as well. If you despise Crist, you'll love this piece. | <urn:uuid:62fbd390-44ad-4005-8834-b0e571133be2> | 2013-05-21T17:44:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.000047036268369993195,
0.01963876187801361,
0.00015790747420396656,
0.025802752003073692,
0.0791284367442131,
-0.02264908328652382,
-0.001173666911199689,
0.10378440469503403,
-0.021645642817020416,
-0.06565366685390472,
0.08830275386571884,
0.03698394447565079,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987812 | 385 | http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2013/01/ex-of-charlie-crists-wife-to-former-gov-you-have-no-balls-youre-a-lowlife.html | 0.197799 |
Casey Brooks is having the ride of her life.
The 17-year-old, a senior at Thomson High School, is the shortstop for the Lady Bulldogs' fast-pitch softball team.
Through last Friday, the Thomson team was undefeated after five games this season.
"I'm hoping we can make it into the state playoffs this season," said Brooks during an interview last Thursday. "I really want to play in the state playoffs, because I've never played in them before."
Brooks believes the Lady Bulldogs have a lot of talent and that they can achieve such a goal, provided they continue to work hard and make adjustments.
"We've just got to keep doing what it takes to get there," said Brooks, who has been the starting shortstop since her sophomore year - the same year that Jason Osborn took over the softball program at Thomson High School. "I believe we can get there, if we continue to work hard."
Brooks delivered a key hit in the seventh inning last Wednesday against the Washington-Wilkes' Lady Tigers and went on to score the winning run in a thrilling come-from-behind 4-3 victory. It marked the second time this season that the Lady Bulldogs have beaten the Lady Tigers. The first game ended in a 2-0 win, which came in the championship game of the Thomson High School Invitational.
"I hope we keep winning, because it's my last year and I want to make some lasting memories," said Brooks, an A student and ranked third in this year's graduating class at Thomson High School.
She admits that Coach Osborn puts a lot of pressure on his players.
"He puts a lot of pressure on all of us, because he knows we can come through," explained Brooks.
She believes the Lady Bulldogs can realistically go as far as they want to this season, provided the team is willing to do what it will take to get there.
"I think if we stay confident and focused, we can really go a long way," said Brooks.
After graduation, Brooks plans to attend the University of Georgia in Athens and study to become an orthopedic surgeon.
For now, she's as happy as can be playing softball and helping her team be as good as they can be. | <urn:uuid:722b4f42-7474-421b-a4ff-8a847b4cba49> | 2013-05-21T17:44:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.001190185546875,
-0.000415802001953125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00299072265625,
0.049560546875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.07421875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0002651214599609375,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983989 | 469 | http://mirror.augusta.com/stories/083007/tho_141751.shtml | 0.198802 |
Asking the right question in order to get ourselves thinking, really thinking - there is so much truth in this.
When we can ask that question, at the right moment, and that gives us clarity of direction, how powerful this can be in our lives. And set us off in a direction that has deep meaning to us individually.
I believe very much that this is where it’s at - when we can reach that spot of deep meaning in our own lives - getting to this spot is so life affirming.
These questions I found while surfing the web have no right or wrong answers, because sometimes asking the right questions is the answer.
1. How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are?
2. Which is worse, failing or never trying?
3. Are you doing what you believe in, or are you settling for what you are doing?
4. To what degree have you actually controlled the course your life has taken?
5. Are you more worried about doing things right, or doing the right things?
6. What’s something you know you do differently than most people?
7. What one thing have you not done that you really want to do? What’s holding you back?
8. Have you been the kind of friend you want as a friend?
9. Which is worse, when a good friend moves away, or losing touch with a good friend who lives right near you?
10. Would you rather lose all of your old memories, or never be able to make new ones?
11. Have you ever been with someone, said nothing, and walked away feeling like you just had the best conversation ever?
12. Is it possible to know, without a doubt, what is good and what is evil?
13. When was the last time you marched into the dark with only the soft glow of an idea you strongly believed in?
14. When is it time to stop calculating risk and rewards, and just go ahead and do what you know is right?
15. If we learn from our mistakes, why are we always so afraid to make a mistake?
16. Decisions are being made right now. The question is: Are you making them for yourself, or are you letting others make them for you?
"There are four questions of value in life... What is sacred? Of what is the spirit made? What is worth living for, and what is worth dying for? The answer to each is the same. Only love."
~~ Johnny Depp
Sculpture by the Sea, Bondi, Sydney - November 2009 | <urn:uuid:65a6be80-b7f8-47f2-a03b-58654d187b4f> | 2013-05-21T17:23:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.02587890625,
-0.007080078125,
0.013427734375,
-0.021484375,
0.06787109375,
-0.08447265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.10888671875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.046630859375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.045166015625,
-0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970005 | 545 | http://miruspeg.blogspot.com/2012/03/powerful-questions.html | 0.337543 |
After participating in this activity, students will be able to:
- Describe the difference between herbivores, carnivores, and producers.
- Answer questions about the interdependence of herbivores, carnivores, and producers as members of a food chain.
- Answer questions about how pollution affects food chains.
All living organisms depend on one another for food. By reviewing the relationships of organisms that feed on one another, students begin to see how all organisms—including humans—are linked. If students understand the relationships in a simple food chain, they will better understand the importance and sensitivity of these connections, and why changes to one part of the food chain almost always impact another.
A food chain is a simplified way to show the relationship of organisms that feed on each other. It’s helpful to classify animals in a simple food chain by what they eat, or where they get their energy.
Green plants, called producers, form the basis of the aquatic food chain. They get their energy from the sun and make their own food through photosynthesis. In the Great Lakes, producers can be microscopic phytoplankton (plant plankton), algae, aquatic plants like Elodea, or plants like cattails that emerge from the water’s surface.
Herbivores, such as ducks, small fish, and many species of zooplankton (animal plankton), eat plants. Carnivores (meat eaters) eat other animals and can be small (i.e, frog) or large (i.e, lake trout). Omnivores are animals (including humans) that eat both plants and animals. Each is an important part of the food chain.
In reality, food chains overlap at many points—because animals often feed on multiple species—forming complex food webs. Food web diagrams depict all feeding interactions among species in real communities. These complex diagrams often appear as intricate spider webs connecting the species. See: Unit 1, Lesson 2
This lesson demonstrates that changes in one part of a food chain or web may affect other parts, resulting in impacts on carnivores, herbivores, and eventually on producers. An example of this might be the harmful effects of pollution.
The point that should be made is that when something disrupts a food web, humans should try to understand and minimize the disturbance. Students should also come to recognize that humans, too, are part of this complex web of life. | <urn:uuid:f1baaba0-3e9a-4eb0-b405-df100ad85365> | 2013-05-21T17:16:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.014892578125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.007781982421875,
0.033447265625,
0.07568359375,
-0.08203125,
0.0157470703125,
0.10546875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.1044921875,
0.00131988525390625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.07568359375,
0.0247802734375... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9316 | 504 | http://miseagrant.umich.edu/flow/U1/U1-L1.html?gclid=CISq9e6rr5ACFShkTAodKl033A | 0.445163 |
Izzat Ghafouri Baban is a trumpeter in the Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra:
"I can't practice in my house because I'm surrounded by husseiniyas," Mr. Baban, 41, said, referring to Shiite mosques that are named after the martyred grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. "Imagine if somebody hears there's a musician in my home. They'd think I'm against religion."Ali Nasser is a trombonist:
He squeezes in practice by arriving at the rehearsal hall two hours before his colleagues.
"The only thing that keeps us happy is when we see each other," said Mr. Baban, a stumpy man with gray hair and a grin as wide as a tuba's bell. "It's the happiest moment in our lives."
Mr. Nasser, perhaps even more than others, has proved his dedication to music. A baker in the southern city of Nasiriya, he drives or takes a taxi to rehearsals. That is a four- to six-hour drive each way, and soaring gasoline prices mean the trip sucks up half of his income. Even worse, the road runs through the "Triangle of Death," an area infested with insurgents, militiamen and criminal gangs. Gunmen once shot dead passengers in a taxi just a few cars ahead of him.From a New York Times article on the Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra
"My wife says: 'Please don't go. Life is very bad in Baghdad. There's a lot of death in Baghdad,'" he said. "She tries to prevent me from coming, but I have to come. We can't survive without music. It's like oxygen.”
Link: And the Orchestra Plays On, Echoing Iraq's Stuggles | <urn:uuid:038c412f-cb87-4c0c-aefc-7e38c1eeb209> | 2013-05-21T17:37:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01495853066444397,
0.007331161294132471,
-0.01680983416736126,
0.0071090045385062695,
0.10781990736722946,
-0.04620853066444397,
-0.01695793867111206,
0.07997630536556244,
-0.03021327033638954,
-0.10367298871278763,
0.047097157686948776,
0.03361966833472252,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978614 | 366 | http://mleddy.blogspot.com/2006/09/like-oxygen.html | 0.414949 |
[Welcome, Daring Fireball readers.]
[Note: There are links at the end of this post to four more posts on Pullum, Strunk, and White.]
"Fifty Years of Stupid Grammar Advice," Geoffrey K. Pullum's recent piece on William Strunk and E.B. White's The Elements of Style, is snarky and sensational enough to appeal to a reader suspicious of a dos-and-don'ts approach to writing. How refreshing to be told — by a grammarian no less — that Strunk and White are "grammatical incompetents," "idiosyncratic bumblers," purveyors of "uninformed bossiness" and "misbegotten rules." Pullum's professional indignation shines in this slightly funny sentence: "Certainly White was a fine writer, but he was not qualified as a grammarian."
True enough. But Pullum's take on Strunk and White involves a significant degree of distortion and plain misreading. For example:
Pullum characterizes some of Strunk and White's recommendations as "vapid." Pullum's example: "Be clear." By itself, yes, vapid. In context, "Be clear" involves some common-sense advice about sentence revision:
When you become hopelessly mired in a sentence, it is best to start fresh; do not try to fight your way through against the terrible odds of syntax. Usually what is wrong is that the construction has become too involved at some point; the sentence needs to be broken apart and replaced by two or more shorter sentences.Pullum labels "Do not explain too much" "tautologous." In context, this seemingly unhelpful recommendation appears more useful, as it's followed by advice to avoid adverbs after said when writing dialogue. "Let the conversation itself disclose the speaker's manner or condition," say Strunk and White. Again, reasonable and potentially useful advice.
Pullum says that "many" of Strunk and White's recommendations are "useless," citing "Omit needless words" as an example. On its own, this advice is no more helpful than telling a musician to avoid playing wrong notes. But "Omit needless words" doesn't appear on its own; it's accompanied by sixteen examples of how to improve cumbersome phrasing (e.g., "the fact that") and a demonstration of how six choppy sentences can be revised into one.
Even the recommendation "Do not inject opinion," which Pullum calls "truly silly," makes sense in context, as a reminder not to bring hobbyhorses and pet peeves into contexts where they're irrelevant:
If you have received a letter inviting you to speak at the dedication of a new cat hospital, and you hate cats, your reply, declining the invitation, does not necessarily have to cover the full range of your emotions. You must make it clear that you will not attend, but you do not have to let fly at cats.Pullum's summing up — "Following the platitudinous style recommendations of Elements would make your writing better if you knew how to follow them" — seems to forget that The Elements of Style is, after all, a book, with examples and explanations to help the reader to put its recommendations into practice.
Pullum's greater ire concerns what he calls Strunk and White's "grammar stipulations," which have "degraded" "American students' grasp of English grammar." Strunk and White: menaces to society! I'm not convinced. I teach many students who have never been taught to look at their writing with any degree of care for clarity and concision. (Indeed, student-writers, encouraged by "vocab"-loving teachers and word-counts, often value the ponderous prose that Strunk and White disdain.) In college composition classes, Strunk and White's minimalism seems passé, replaced by what's called a "handbook," typically a hardcover book of 1,000+ pages. My evidence is anecdotal, but I have never had a student mention Strunk and White as a significant part of her or his writing education. The Elements of Style now seems far more popular outside the world of English instruction, particularly among tech types, whose work writing code would foster respect for clarity and concision.
And speaking of tech stuff, I'm so glad I switched to a Mac. But there I go, injecting opinion. Back to grammar.
Pullum devotes almost a quarter of his essay to Strunk and White's advice to "Use the active voice." After granting that Strunk and White acknowledge appropriate use of the passive voice, Pullum blames them for what others have made of their work:
Sadly, writing tutors tend to ignore this moderation, and simply red-circle everything that looks like a passive, just as Microsoft Word's grammar checker underlines every passive in wavy green to signal that you should try to get rid of it. That overinterpretation is part of the damage that Strunk and White have unintentionally done.By this logic, the Tate-LaBianca murders are part of the damage that the Beatles did in creating the White Album. Pullum goes further:
What concerns me is that the bias against the passive is being retailed by a pair of authors so grammatically clueless that they don't know what is a passive construction and what isn't. Of the four pairs of examples offered to show readers what to avoid and how to correct it, a staggering three out of the four are mistaken diagnoses.Pullum again ignores context: Strunk and White do not present these sentences as examples involving the passive voice. Here is the passage preceding these sentences in The Elements of Style:
The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative concerned principally with action but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as there is or could be heard.The three examples that Pullum cites as mistakes all have sentences with forms of to be, all then revised with active verbs. Pullum here is misreading the plain sense of the text.
What Pullum says of The Elements of Style — "The treatment of the passive is not an isolated slip. It is typical" — might be said of "Fifty Years of Stupid Grammar Advice": Pullum's treatment of "Use the active voice" is not an isolated slip. It is typical. Pullum consistently decontextualizes Strunk and White's recommendations, turning them into commandments that offer no real guidance.
I'll leave most of Pullum's other points for you, reader, to consider. They involve a fair amount of harumphing and, as Matt Thomas points out, at least one missed joke. And citing "classic texts," as Pullum does, as guides to usage can be tricky. Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, and Lucy Maud Montgomery give us one picture of the language. Laurence Sterne and James Joyce would give us another.
In a comment on an earlier post about Strunk and White and a sentence from the New York Times, I wrote that "I've long thought that many of Strunk and White's precepts ('Omit needless words') are less than helpful to a developing writer." Looking back at The Elements of Style, which I hadn't read in years, has made me rethink that comment.
Last week on NPR's Talk of the Nation, Geoffrey Pullum claimed that Strunk and White prohibit the use of adjectives or adverbs. Host Neal Conan let the claim go unquestioned. I've written about it here: Hardly (adverb) convincing (adjective).
A sampling of other comentary: More on Pullum, Strunk, White.
On Strunk and White's mistakes: Strunk and White and wit.
A final word on Strunk and White: The Elements of Style, one more time. | <urn:uuid:3dc3f12a-1a69-4c3e-99ac-f3c7d85c720e> | 2013-05-21T17:23:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00299072265625,
0.0172119140625,
0.01007080078125,
0.020751953125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00164794921875,
0.138671875,
-0.029296875,
-0.052490234375,
0.06787109375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0546875,
0.0047607421875,
0.042724609375,
-0.00769... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959117 | 1,657 | http://mleddy.blogspot.com/2009/04/pullum-on-strunk-and-white.html?showComment=1239906900000 | 0.616649 |
It's normal for some female monarchs to develop eggs in the winter along the Gulf coast,
south Atlantic coast and California coast even in locations where there is no milkweed. These females desperately want to find milkweed to lay their eggs on. Intentionally depriving them of milkweed (via cutting the milkweed down to the ground) will cause them alot of stress and they will end up dying without breeding. Providing these females with milkweed (any kind of milkweed) will give their offspring a chance to survive and contribute to the growth of future generations of monarchs.
Paradoxically, some of the same people who think its cruel for commercial butterfly breeders to ship monarchs to the northern states in the early Spring because there is no milkweed for them that early in the year, think its beneficial for home gardeners along the gulf coast to cut tropical milkweed to the ground in the late fall and winter even though the consequences are just as cruel: the females will frantically look for milkweed and die without breeding. Another irony is that far from harming the migratory instincts of the monarchs, the monarch migrations in Australia and New Zealand are actually 100% dependent on a evergreen tropical milkweed (Asclepias fruticosa) because that's the only kind of milkweed that grows at temperate zone latitudes in those countries. So monarch conservationists in those countries would never dream of cutting tropical milkweed down to the ground in the late fall and winter. | <urn:uuid:7cfa320e-a9c8-4f2e-bda0-09616f6e988c> | 2013-05-21T17:24:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.015307971276342869,
0.024637680500745773,
-0.007653985638171434,
0.012590579688549042,
0.07608695328235626,
-0.0887681171298027,
0.017391303554177284,
0.10797101259231567,
-0.011775362305343151,
-0.03750000149011612,
0.05000000074505806,
0.01557970978319645,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961283 | 306 | http://monarchwatch.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=14317 | 0.270278 |
Next time you question your guy’s honesty, watch for these little clues to find out whether or not he’s telling the whole truth.
1) He looks up and to the left
The next time you ask him a sticky question or he wants to explain himself to you, note which way he looks. If his eyes move up to the right, he’s recalling information from his memory. If he looks up and to the left, there’s a good chance that he’s inventing the answer. If his head,eyes and tongue move to the right… he didn’t hear you, there’s a good chance he’s inventing an alibi…or is a European horn dog.. | <urn:uuid:973745cb-a4e7-4f66-87f0-554e444172cf> | 2013-05-21T17:44:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.002759576542302966,
-0.0006363407010212541,
0.013508064672350883,
-0.028629032894968987,
0.08145160973072052,
-0.05524193495512009,
0.002079133177176118,
0.09516128897666931,
-0.010080644860863686,
-0.030443549156188965,
0.049193549901247025,
-0.00340221775695681... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938433 | 155 | http://moodyeyeview.com/2010/05/31/eye-view-on-cosmo-secret-signals-men-give-when-they-lie-and-have-no-clue/ | 0.359341 |
Roy E. Smith, pastor of the Bread of Life Church of Dominion, aka Church of Dominion, Mckeesport, Pennsylvania and later Greensburg, Pennsylvania, was charged with one count of bank fraud in connection with allegations that he falsified information submitted in connection with loan applications.
According to the information, Smith falsely represented the Church of Dominion’s financial conditions in loan applications presented to financial institutions including by way of: financials statements which falsely represented the Church’s income and falsely represented that they were audited by independent accountants; a rent payment history letter that falsely represented the name of the landlord, amount of rent and rent payment history for the Church; a false award notification letter purporting to grant the Church $150,000; and false representations about the indebtedness of the Church. Smith also provided the same loan collateral to more than one financial institution without notifying them that the collateral had been previously pledged. In all, according to the information, Smith obtained $824,000 in loans based upon the false representations.
Accorrding to the Pittsburg Tribune-Review, board members of the Church of Dominion acknowledged that the loan proceeds were used for Church purposes. The article quoted Smith as saying “I had a lapse in judgment and I’m attempting to rectify it.“
The maximum penalty for a bank fraud conviction is 30 years in prison and a fine of not more than $1,000,000. | <urn:uuid:08bf4c64-6f95-4ace-9224-1888aca99642> | 2013-05-21T17:09:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.020769817754626274,
0.0024771341122686863,
-0.011290015652775764,
-0.00452553341165185,
0.08422256261110306,
-0.008003048598766327,
-0.009241615422070026,
0.06440548598766327,
-0.05106707289814949,
-0.033917684108018875,
0.09984756261110306,
0.016673019155859947,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967791 | 299 | http://mortgagefraudblog.com/pennsylvania_pastor_charged_with_bank_fraud/ | 0.211138 |
A few months ago I read about a very simple but fun probability puzzle. Someone tells you:Try to solve it yourself. John Baez mentions that you would think or he would think that the information about Tuesday is irrelevant because the days of the week are independent of the sex and we only care about the latter.
“I have two children. At least one is a boy born on a Tuesday. [And if it were not the case, I would have told you.] What is the probability I have two boys?”
So you would think that there are 4 equally represented groups of 2-kid families, namely boy-boy, boy-girl, girl-boy, and girl-girl families where the two hyphenated words refer to the younger and older kid, respectively. Only the girl-girl families are eliminated, and 1 of the remaining 3 groups is a two-boy family, so the conditional probability is 1/3.
However, that's a wrong result. The information about the Tuesday actually does matter. Here's why:
In all families with exactly 2 children, one may label the children as the "younger" and "older" one, even if the difference is just in seconds.
Each kid may be born on any day and have any sex, so there are 14 equally likely possibilities for each child. The two children are independent (forget that the phenomenon of twins tends to increase the same-day pairs), so there are 14 x 14 possibilities for two kids. Each of these 14 x 14 possibilities is equally likely. So 1/196 of the world's families with exactly 2 kids fits each condition.
Among the 196 types of the families, how many of them contain at least one Tuesday son? Well, in 14 of them, the younger kid is a Tuesday son (the older one may be anything chosen from the 14 possibilities). In 14 other of them (the younger can be anything), the older one is a Tuesday son. However, I have counted the families with two Tuesday sons twice. So there are 14+14-1 = 27 possibilities among the 196 for which the condition "at least one kid is a Tuesday son" is satisfied.
This is the assumption which is a part of the calculation of the conditional probability. We need the other part, too. Among these 27/196 of the families, 13/196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is
P = 13/27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition. Note that it is just slightly less than 1/2 = 13.5/27 i.e. much more than 1/3. I had to highlight the result because almost no one reads the full article and almost no one notices that the right results is neither 1/3 nor 1/2.
Indeed, the large difference of the right result from 1/3 appears because one de facto identifies one of the sons by mentioning that it is the kid from Tuesday. If you assumed there were infinitely many days in a week and you would take any family with at least one Tuesday kid, the "Tuesday" information would identify this kid completely (two Tuesday kids would be infinitesimally unlikely), and the question what is the probability of 2 sons would be reduced to the question what is the probability that the other, equally specific kid - the non-Tuesday kid - is male - which is of course 1/2.
I will discuss this "identification" and reasons why the result is close to 1/2 at the very end.
Indistinguishable kids' bound states
With kids that would satisfy the Bose or Fermi statistics, the counting would be different but equally straightforward. Instead of 14 x 14 = 196 possibilities, one has 14 x 15 / 2 = 105 for bosons (the symmetric triangle) and 14 x 13 / 2 = 91 (the antisymmetric triangle) for fermions. Among the 105 or 91 options, how many of them contain at least one Tuesday son? Well, in these two cases, we can't say which of them is older and younger: they're identical.
So if there is at least 1 Tuesday son, the number of states with at least 1 Tuesday son is 14 for the bosons - we can just create the other particle into the 1-particle state - or 13 for the fermions - we can also add the second creation operator, but with another Tuesday son, the state will vanish because of Pauli's exclusion principle.
Among these 14 or 13 states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two-son states, respectively. So the odds are 7/14 = 1/2 for the bosons and 6/13 for the fermions. Note that the bosons literally saturate the 1/2 bound while the fermions are just slightly below it.
Why not one third?
Finally, I want to comment on "why the information about Tuesday matters". If we sum up the probabilities for the problems where the son is born on Sunday, Monday... and up to Saturday, shouldn't we get the same result? And by symmetry, the result must be equal for all 7 days, so doesn't each term have to be 1/3?
The answer is that we can't add the probabilities in this way because the "at least one Monday son" etc. are assumptions, not propositions conditioned by these assumptions, and they're not disjoint. At any rate, the calculation is nonlinear because the conditional probabilities have the probability of the assumption in the denominator rather than the numerator, so you can't simply add the possibilities in any way.
The word term in the previous paragraph is therefore incorrect.
How and why 1/3 gets enhanced to nearly 1/2
If you were only told that "one of the kids is a boy", the mixed families would be overrepresented over the two-boy families by the 2-to-1 ratio because boy-girl and girl-boy families are as likely as boy-boy families; again, the kids notation is younger-older.
However, if you're told that "one of the kids is a Tuesday boy", this overrepresentation almost disappears. Why? Because 1/7 of the boy-girl and girl-boy families have a Tuesday boy. But (approximately) 2/7 of the boy-boy families have at least one Tuesday boy because each of these two boys has a chance to be born on Tuesday.
In this way, the boy-boy families (nearly) compensate the factor of two by which they were underrepresented relatively to the mixed families.
Bonus: this puzzle and crackpot Sean Carroll's misunderstanding of logic
This logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what's wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. Some people - those who say that the information about Tuesday doesn't matter and who typically end up with the result 1/3 - think that
Prob(cond,any_day) = Prob(cond,Monday) + ... + Prob(cond,Sunday)where "cond" is an extra condition. So if we make a statement about a specific object and if this statement doesn't prefer any day of the week, then adding the information about "its" day of the week doesn't matter. It only reduces the probability by a factor of 7 if the probability is day-blind.
That's right for "conclusions" or "outcomes". However, the error that these people are making is that they think that this "additive" counting of the probabilities also holds for the probabilities of assumptions, i.e. probabilities of conditions in the conditional probability. But no such a linearity exists over there. Conditions (and initial states) don't follow the same maths as the outcomes (and final states)!
There is no condition-outcome or past-future symmetry in mathematical logic! That's why it matters for the probabilities whether the information about Tuesday is specified even though there is nothing special about Tuesday. | <urn:uuid:f41a2762-3903-4c42-a292-d7c0d70bff3d> | 2013-05-21T17:09:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01092529296875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.018310546875,
0.07421875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0830078125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0751953125,
0.01611328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.038330078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96577 | 1,661 | http://motls.blogspot.com/2010/08/one-son-on-tuesday-probabilistic-puzzle.html?showComment=1282875577143 | 0.165256 |
Stop Saying This Is a Nation of Immigrants!
by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
A nation of immigrants: This is a convenient myth developed as a response to the 1960s movements against colonialism, neocolonialism, and white supremacy. The ruling class and its brain trust offered multiculturalism, diversity, and affirmative action in response to demands for decolonization, justice, reparations, social equality, an end of imperialism, and the rewriting of history -- not to be "inclusive" -- but to be accurate. What emerged to replace the liberal melting pot idea and the nationalist triumphal interpretation of the "greatest country on earth and in history," was the "nation of immigrants" story.
By the 1980s, the "waves of immigrants" story even included the indigenous peoples who were so brutally displaced and murdered by settlers and armies, accepting the flawed "Bering Straits" theory of indigenous immigration some 12,000 years ago. Even at that time, the date was known to be wrong, there was evidence of indigenous presence in the Americas as far back as 50,000 years ago, and probably much longer, and entrance by many means across the Pacific and the Atlantic -- perhaps, as Vine Deloria jr. put it, footsteps by indigenous Americans to other continents will one day be acknowledged. But, the new official history texts claimed, the indigenous peoples were the "first immigrants." They were followed, it was said, by immigrants from England and Africans, then by Irish, and then by Chinese, Eastern and Southern Europeans, Russians, Japanese, and Mexicans. There were some objections from African Americans to referring to enslaved Africans hauled across the ocean in chains as "immigrants," but that has not deterred the "nation of immigrants" chorus.
Misrepresenting the process of European colonization of North America, making everyone an immigrant, serves to preserve the "official story" of a mostly benign and benevolent USA, and to mask the fact that the pre-US independence settlers, were, well, settlers, colonial setters, just as they were in Africa and India, or the Spanish in Central and South America. The United States was founded as a settler state, and an imperialistic one from its inception ("manifest destiny," of course). The settlers were English, Welsh, Scots, Scots-Irish, and German, not including the huge number of Africans who were not settlers. Another group of Europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants: the poor, indentured, convicted, criminalized, kidnapped from the working class (vagabonds and unemployed artificers), as Peter Linebaugh puts it, many of who opted to join indigenous communities.
Only beginning in the 1840s, with the influx of millions of Irish Catholics pushed out of Ireland by British policies, did what might be called "immigration" begin. The Irish were discriminated against cheap labor, not settlers. They were followed by the influx of other workers from Scandinavia, Eastern and Southern Europe, always more Irish, plus Chinese and Japanese, although Asian immigration was soon barred. Immigration laws were not even enacted until 1875 when the US Supreme Court declared the regulation of immigration a federal responsibility. The Immigration Service was established in 1891.
Buried beneath the tons of propaganda -- from the landing of the English "pilgrims" (fanatic Protestant Christian evangelicals) to James Fennimore Cooper's phenomenally popular "Last of the Mohicans" claiming "natural rights" to not only the indigenous peoples territories but also to the territories claimed by other European powers -- is the fact that the founding of the United States was a division of the Anglo empire, with the US becoming a parallel empire to Great Britain. From day one, as was specified in the Northwest Ordinance that preceded the US Constitution, the new republic for empire (as Jefferson called the US) envisioned the future shape of what is now the lower 48 states of the US. They drew up rough maps, specifying the first territory to conquer as the "Northwest Territory," ergo the title of the ordinance. That territory was the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region, which was filled with indigenous farming communities.
Once the conquest of the "Northwest Territory" was accomplished through a combination of genocidal military campaigns and bringing in European settlers from the east, and the indigenous peoples moved south and north for protection into other indigenous territories, the republic for empire annexed Spanish Florida where runaway enslaved Africans and remnants of the indigenous communities that had escaped the Ohio carnage fought back during three major wars (Seminole wars) over two decades. In 1828, President Andrew Jackson (who had been a general leading the Seminole wars) pushed through the Indian Removal Act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the Southeast, from Georgia to the Mississippi River, to transfer to Oklahoma territory that had been gained through the "Louisiana Purchase" from France. Anglo settlers with enslaved Africans seized the indigenous agricultural lands for plantation agriculture in the Southern region. Many moved on into the Mexican province of Texas -- then came the US military invasion of Mexico in 1846, seizing Mexico City and forcing Mexico to give up its northern half through the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Texas were then opened to "legal" Anglo settlement, also legalizing those who had already settled illegally, and in Texas by force. The indigenous and the poor Mexican communities in the seized territory, such as the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche, resisted colonization, as they had resisted the Spanish empire, often by force of arms, for the next 40 years. The small class of Hispanic elites welcomed and collaborated with US occupation.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for the indigenous peoples of North America? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for enslaved Africans? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for the original European settlers? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for Mexicans who migrate for work to the United States? No. They are migrant workers crossing a border created by US military force. Many crossing that border now are also from Central America, from the small countries that were ravaged by US military intervention in the 1980s and who also have the right to make demands on the United States.
So, let's stop saying "this is a nation of immigrants."
Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz is a long-time activist, university professor, and writer. In addition to numerous scholarly books and articles, she has written three historical memoirs, Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie (Verso, 1997), Outlaw Woman: Memoir of the War Years, 1960–1975 (City Lights, 2002), and Blood on the Border: A Memoir of the Contra War (South End Press, 2005) about the 1980s contra war against the Sandinistas. | <urn:uuid:2e0b2022-f322-4028-ae56-009a3118dd1f> | 2013-05-21T17:24:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0201416015625,
0.01220703125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.0322265625,
0.05810546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.123046875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0002193450927734375,
0.10107421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.037353515625,
0.032958984375,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967227 | 1,402 | http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2006/dunbarortiz290506.html | 0.279293 |
Policy Migration Tool (Migpol.exe)
The Policy Migration tool provides the capability of migrating policy between two compatible versions of the .NET Framework. Migpol.exe is available only with the .NET Framework version 1.1.
-migrate toVersion [fromVersion]
Migrates security policy to the .NET Framework version indicated by the toVersion parameter. If more than two versions of the .NET Framework exist on the computer, the fromVersion parameter must be included.
-l or -listversions
Lists the versions of the .NET Framework on the computer.
-? or /?
-h or -help
Displays command syntax and options for the tool.
The command-line options for Migpol.exe are case-insensitive.
Code access security policy configuration state consists of three administrative policy levels: enterprise, machine, and user policy. Each policy level is persisted in an XML file containing the serialized security policy level object graph; each file is persisted in a version-qualified subdirectory. Thus, each version of the .NET Framework has separate security policy configuration files.
Because security policy is isolated by version, the security policy configuration state of one version will not automatically apply to any version of the .NET Framework that is subsequently installed. Similarly, administrative changes to the security policy of one version of the .NET Framework will not apply to other currently installed versions of the .NET Framework.
A copy of the Policy Migration tool, Migpol.exe, is contained in the .NET Framework version 1.1 redistributable files. Migpol.exe provides the capability of migrating policy between two compatible versions of the .NET Framework. By default, Migpol.exe should run silently following the installation of a newer version of the .NET Framework. However, any policy changes made to one version are not automatically migrated to the newly installed version. In this case, it is possible to run Migpol.exe as a command-line utility.
Migpol.exe does not migrate user policy or custom security objects. Custom security objects are membership conditions, permissions, or code groups created using a custom library object. For example, if you create a custom membership condition through code, which results in an assembly that you incorporate into the policy, that policy will not be migrated. Migpol.exe does migrate policy for the enterprise and machine policy levels created using Microsoft provided permissions, membership conditions, and code groups. | <urn:uuid:5a3905c9-c228-4739-b485-9b0f2f8618e4> | 2013-05-21T17:25:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.11962890625,
0.0079345703125,
0.126953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0284423828125,
0.10498046875,
0.062255859375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.00042533874511718... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842469 | 500 | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/d62kc2xz(v=vs.90).aspx | 0.171036 |
How to: Configure a Windows Communication Foundation Service to Use Port Sharing
The easiest way to use net.tcp:// port sharing in your Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) application is to expose a service using the NetTcpBinding.
This binding provides a PortSharingEnabled property that controls whether net.tcp:// port sharing is enabled for the service being configured with this binding.
The following procedure shows how to use the NetTcpBinding class to open an endpoint at the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) net.tcp://localhost/MyService, first in code and then by using configuration elements.
To enable net.tcp:// port sharing on a NetTcpBinding in code
Create a service to implement a contract called IMyService and call it MyService, .
ServiceHost host = new ServiceHost( typeof( MyService ) ); host.AddServiceEndpoint( typeof( IMyService ), portsharingBinding,"net.tcp://localhost/MyService" );
Note: This example uses the default TCP port of 808 because the endpoint address URI does not specify a different port number. Because port sharing is explicitly enabled on the transport binding, this service can share port 808 with other services in other processes. If port sharing were not allowed and another application were already using port 808, this service would throw an AddressAlreadyInUseException when it was opened.
To enable net.tcp:// port sharing on a NetTcpBinding in configuration
The following example shows how to enable port sharing and add the service endpoint using configuration elements.
<system.serviceModel> <bindings> <netTcpBinding name="portSharingBinding" portSharingEnabled="true" /> </bindings> <services> <service name="MyService"> <endpoint address="net.tcp://localhost/MyService" binding="netTcpBinding" contract="IMyService" bindingConfiguration="portSharingBinding" /> </service> </services> </system.serviceModel> | <urn:uuid:cb6d7157-5530-4115-8499-49eaad5fa379> | 2013-05-21T17:19:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.013852415606379509,
0.020483193919062614,
0.023503150790929794,
-0.01345850806683302,
0.05068277195096016,
-0.11869747936725616,
0.008731617592275143,
0.1150210052728653,
-0.0066964286379516125,
-0.03492647036910057,
0.044380251318216324,
0.052521008998155594,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.7377 | 428 | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms731810.aspx | 0.738956 |
The Black Diamond is a singer from West Virginia. And, no, he doesn't cover KISS's "Black Diamond" (so far as I know). He is, in fact, a black Neil Diamond impersonator who sings over what are, apparently, thinly-produced karaoke tracks. Despite the fact that he somtimes sings like Neil Diamond being strangled, or perhaps because of it, he seems to get a fair amount of professional gigs in West Virginia, at places like sporting events and at a reception for a medical conference.
"I'm A Believer" He sure is: "I thank GOD for loaning me this gift."
It's a loan? You mean he'll have to give it back?!? | <urn:uuid:d0b778aa-e0ff-4da0-af0a-123bc338c5b5> | 2013-05-21T17:43:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03433641791343689,
-0.0017963927239179611,
0.0002290702104801312,
0.0007444781949743629,
0.05246913433074951,
-0.024884259328246117,
0.0036651233676820993,
0.09297839552164078,
-0.02816358022391796,
-0.024016203358769417,
0.04089506343007088,
0.012924382463097572... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973787 | 149 | http://musicformaniacs.blogspot.com/2005/08/black-neil-diamond.html | 0.469096 |
Aya's distant cousin and director of C-Project (Celestial Project) conducted by Mikage International. He is one of the few members of the family who actually wants to meet Ceres and does not fear her. In fact, he almost seems in love with her. Kagami wants her captured for study, so that he can harness the exceedingly strong and powerful power and ability of the tennyo and wishes to learn their true nature in hopes of bettering humanity, though his methods are less than moral. When Kagami was young he suffered a tragic childhood and was beaten by his mother for not being the best at things. Because of this it has an effect on his personality. His objective on C-Project is to create the "perfect" human race. | <urn:uuid:3df9eea8-1a7a-44ed-a303-30cd4da1652d> | 2013-05-21T17:45:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.031067252159118652,
-0.006304824724793434,
-0.003769188653677702,
0.027960525825619698,
0.08552631735801697,
-0.053728070110082626,
0.004317434038966894,
0.11403508484363556,
-0.004614400677382946,
-0.0698099434375763,
0.0243055559694767,
0.012883772142231464,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988014 | 155 | http://myanimeshelf.com/character/500424_Mikage__Kagami_ | 0.663229 |
Register for FREE now (click here) and you will get the following:
- You can win an Apple iPad Mini, an Apple iPad 4 or a
Google Nexus 10
- You will get free support from companies
- You can share your views on broadband and other issues in south Africa
It is completely free and very easy to register, so Register now. | <urn:uuid:eed8e83a-dc9a-4db6-a268-5f029e9854e8> | 2013-05-21T17:37:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0001220703125,
0.02083333395421505,
0.013346354477107525,
0.0185546875,
0.0859375,
-0.05859375,
-0.0207248255610466,
0.0405815988779068,
-0.01372612826526165,
-0.02973090298473835,
0.0876736119389534,
-0.014431423507630825,
0.013888888992369175,
-0.0137803... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927905 | 74 | http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/member.php/147280-The-Rat | 0.923663 |
Are you having back pain with any of the following?
We understand that you are experiencing one or more of the health issues that might be impacting your back pain.
We recommend that you discuss these health issues with your doctor before proceeding with this program.
Once you are cleared by your doctor to do this program, we hope it helps you find relief from your back pain.
Successful weight loss means reducing the number of calories you eat and increasing the number of calories you burn. But just knowing what works isn't enough. Having a plan that works for you turns knowledge into action and will help you shed excess pounds and keep them off.
On paper, losing weight is a simple formula. A person must eat fewer calories than he or she burns. Eating 3,500 calories is equal to 1 pound of body weight. If you eat 3,500 calories more than your body uses, you will gain 1 pound. On the other hand, if you burn 3,500 calories more than you eat, you will lose 1 pound.
Think of it as a simple math equation.
Losing weight is a matter of using more calories than you consume. One approach is to eat fewer calories. However, this does not mean that you have to eat less food. It means you need to eat fewer calories. If you avoid high-calorie foods and focus on low-calorie foods, you can decrease calories without decreasing the amount of food you eat.
It is all about balance. Let's say each day you cut out one 300 calorie snack and start burning an extra 100 calories by walking up 10 flights of stairs. You will create a 400 calorie deficit. After 9 days, the 400 calories used will add up to about 3,500 calories, and you will have lost 1 pound.
Regular exercise is crucial to managing your weight. Any time you are physically active, your body increases the number of calories it uses. The result is weight loss. Exercise helps your body attain and maintain a healthy weight. Losing weight isn't the only benefit of exercise:
It is never too late to start being active. If you haven't been exercising recently, you could start with a short walk once every day. Pace yourself and then slowly build up over time.
If time is short, divide your exercise time into short workouts. For example:
A healthy diet will help you lose weight and the right kind of weight: fat rather than muscle. Consuming the right amount of healthy, low-calorie foods allows you to feel satisfied while cutting calories.
Following these guidelines is easier when you have a positive attitude about your healthy eating habits. If you focus on what you can eat, you won't have to worry too much about what you cannot. And remember, you can occasionally indulge in treats when quantities are reasonable and you compensate by eating fewer calories later.
Though you are eating fewer calories, there is no need to go hungry. These strategies will help you feel full and avoid getting hungry between meals:
If you have an emergency medical condition, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital. An emergency medical condition is any of the following: (1) a medical condition that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) such that you could reasonably expect the absence of immediate medical attention to result in serious jeopardy to your health or body functions or organs; (2) active labor when there isn't enough time for safe transfer to a Plan hospital (or designated hospital) before delivery, or if transfer poses a threat to your (or your unborn child's) health and safety, or (3) a mental disorder that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity such that either you are an immediate danger to yourself or others, or you are not immediately able to provide for, or use, food, shelter, or clothing, due to the mental disorder.
This information is not intended to diagnose health problems or to take the place of specific medical advice or care you receive from your physician or other health care professional. If you have persistent health problems, or if you have additional questions, please consult with your doctor. If you have questions or need more information about your medication, please speak to your pharmacist. Kaiser Permanente does not endorse the medications or products mentioned. Any trade names listed are for easy identification only. | <urn:uuid:6f7619e9-1c82-4974-b6eb-cfcf64f9de53> | 2013-05-21T17:44:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0245361328125,
0.00164031982421875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.1015625,
-0.057373046875,
0.00067138671875,
0.12255859375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.027587890625,
0.0771484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.025390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0498046875,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953276 | 878 | http://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/mdo/presentation/stayinghealthy/topic.jsp?condition=Health_Topic_Weight_-_Excess_Weight_How_Lose_-_Staying_Healthy.xml&crumb=140542&pageTitle=Healthy+Weight%7CExercise+--Sleep+Well%7CHealthy+Heart+%7CStaying+Healthy | 0.85763 |
welcome back ^^
welcome back to NB
Oh! A RPer :D Welcome back! :overjoy:
I know you u-u or rather have stalked the Wolverine contract and Snow release >_>
Welcome back and Konoha will be expecting you u-u
Hello and Welcome! :D I hope that you enjoy your stay at Narutobase.
Welcome to NarutoBase!!!!!! :hey: :hey:
Welcome to NB! Hope you have fun.
:hey: >>>Hello and Welcome to the Base.<<< :hey:
Welcome to the forum! If planning on RPing, FWM.
Welcome To The Leaf!!!!
Welcome to Narutobase ! | <urn:uuid:9b51ef7f-0fe2-4ad1-bab7-350c77fce53c> | 2013-05-21T17:44:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.014492753893136978,
0.021625906229019165,
0.007699275389313698,
0.008378623053431511,
0.10054347664117813,
-0.044610507786273956,
-0.02660778909921646,
0.07427535951137543,
0.006595334969460964,
-0.007869112305343151,
-0.06974637508392334,
0.025249093770980835,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832443 | 148 | http://narutobase.net/forums/showthread.php?t=316708&page=2 | 0.241983 |
Grace gushing on Tiger
The young South African on three rounds with the former World No 1
Since it broke in 2009 that he had been leading a second life jam-packed with extra-marital activity, pretty much everything said about Tiger Woods has been derogatory.
It's refreshing, then - especially to a massive Tiger fan like myself - to hear Branden Grace's kind words after playing three consecutive rounds with the World No 2 at the WGC-Bridgestone.
The South African, who has three European Tour victories in 2012, said: "I hadn’t played with him before, but now, to have played with him three days in a row, has been unreal.
"He's one hell of a guy, and he's pretty much the nicest guy I've ever played with." - Branden Grace on Tiger Woods
"I've learned a hell of a lot from playing with him. The way he plays
shots, the way he handles himself and things like that, has been great.
He's there because he is the best in the world. I've seen it now, and I
think people really criticise him, that is wrong."
The 24-year-old's closing statement was arguably he most surprising.
"He's one hell of a guy, and he's pretty much the nicest guy I've ever played with."
Is Tiger really the angry, unruly ogre the media makes him out to be? | <urn:uuid:f28f84ef-0c22-408a-ab64-83eb8f982d4b> | 2013-05-21T17:25:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.01635061949491501,
-0.0004504885873757303,
0.009723297320306301,
0.01315789483487606,
0.06424148380756378,
-0.05921052768826485,
-0.013738390058279037,
0.07314241677522659,
0.0015479875728487968,
-0.07236842066049576,
0.025928793475031853,
0.04779411852359772,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989106 | 304 | http://nationalclubgolfer.com/features/articles/blog/grace-gushing-about-his-time-with-tiger.html | 0.550657 |
The mother accused of killing her 8-day-old baby has been indicted on first degree pre-meditated murder and aggravated child abuse charges, following a grand jury hearing May 3.
On April 16, Michelle Marie Vasquez, 34, of Midway, was arrested by Santa Rosa County Sheriff's deputies when she emerged from the woods near her parents' home on Congress Street, saying she killed her baby.
Vasquez was reported missing by her parents, with who she was living with at the time, on April 15. She had taken her infant, Madison Marie Florez, with her.
The following day, Vasquez's stepfather, flagged down deputies, claiming to have found his stepdaughter and grand-daughter in the woods.
In a report released by the Santa Rosa County Sheriff's Office, Vasquez left her parent's home because "she felt that she did not belong there." Vasquez told Deputy Scott Zohn that she wanted to live on the streets.
Zonh's report stated that Vasquez admitted holding the baby "really tight to comfort her." She also repeatedly stated "I killed my baby," and "I am a murderer," while Zohn was questioning her.
When Zohn asked Vasquez if she knew what would happen if she held a baby too tight, she said "die."
Vasquez, who is an unemployed single mother, also has a two year-old daughter.
By the time authorities found Vasquez, the baby appeared to have been dead "for some time." Deputies found her wrapped in a blanket, lying on the ground.
An investigation by the sheriff's office and the Office of the Medical Examiner revealed that Vasquez had smothered the child.
When asked if Vasquez had been suffering from postpartum depression, her mother said she seemed fine.
Vasquez was scheduled to be in court for an arraignment hearing Wednesday, May 12. | <urn:uuid:9ce23d30-fb17-421a-b848-f93a50b1f479> | 2013-05-21T17:31:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.011808755807578564,
0.025057604536414146,
-0.0011520737316459417,
0.014616935513913631,
0.10080645233392715,
-0.025633640587329865,
0.003672234946861863,
0.1054147481918335,
-0.037442397326231,
-0.062211982905864716,
0.08698156476020813,
0.021745391190052032,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989214 | 395 | http://navarrepress.com/news/15/2177-vasquez-indicted-for-felony-murder | 0.82336 |
Goran Dragic (hip, wrist and back contusions) said he's sore after taking a fall in Wednesday's game against the Knicks, but expects to play Friday.
Dragic told reporters Thursday that he met with the team's training staff and they'll evaluate him again Friday. We're still considering him questionable, but we're cautiously optimistic he'll be able to play against the Pacers. We'll let you know if anything changes. If Dragic does sit out, Sebastian Telfair would likely run the point for Phoenix. | <urn:uuid:04259b25-3267-4d64-bb32-2e68df0d51e6> | 2013-05-21T17:16:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0029219980351626873,
0.021653544157743454,
0.023991141468286514,
-0.004828986246138811,
0.0856299176812172,
-0.003937007859349251,
0.016609251499176025,
0.07480315119028091,
0.010642223991453648,
-0.13090550899505615,
0.01870078779757023,
0.08021653443574905,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9824 | 108 | http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/40630866/ns/sports-player_news/ | 0.233889 |
Sunday, August 9, 2009
That's the Hebrew word chai, which means "life," not the peppery Indian tea.
When I was in middle and/or high school, my friend Jordan wore a necklace with a chai. My grandmother would see it around his neck and comment on it. "Jordan wears a chai," she'd say. "Don't you want to wear one, too?" Then she'd offer to get one for me. This was sweet, of course, but I wasn't into it.
Just the other day, weirdly, I had a desire to wear a chai around my neck. I've lived at the Kibbutz for almost a full year now, and my sense of Jewish identity has never been more solid, but that's not to say it is solid. It's just not as utterly plagued by ambivalence and self-loathing as it used to be. I see many a member of the Kibbutz community wearing a hamsa, and maybe it's rubbed off on me. I don't want to wear a mystical symbol, though, and something about the star of David doesn't sit too well with me, either.
But chai simply means life, and that seems okay. I already donate to charity and give gifts in multiples of $18, which is the Jewish numerological equivalent of chai; I learned to do that from my parents. Surely chai has some importance for me. Maybe I envy my fellow community members who proudly display their Jewishness by wearing yarmulkas on the street, but I'm not prepared to use such a distinctly religious symbol. Chai is spare, elegant, and linguistic, which makes it a good fit for my language-oriented mind. So I'll swing by Tree of Life Judaica, which is a few blocks from the Kibbutz, and see what they're charging for chai necklaces these days. Can't hurt to look. | <urn:uuid:c926a4ce-601a-46a2-85a9-f9eb530b81c1> | 2013-05-21T17:16:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.044426050037145615,
0.003673427039757371,
0.002017797902226448,
0.0052083334885537624,
0.051324501633644104,
-0.024834437295794487,
-0.009864790365099907,
0.08885210007429123,
-0.03145695477724075,
-0.0416666679084301,
0.05960264801979065,
0.025248344987630844,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989703 | 407 | http://neal-schindler.blogspot.com/2009/08/chai-anxiety.html | 0.234928 |
Category Archive 'Torture'
06 May 2011
Former CIA Director Michael B. Mukasey testifies to the crucial role played by mildly coercive interrogation techniques in establishing the trail that ultimately led to Osama bin Laden.
The cosmic irony is that the single greatest success of the Obama Administration resulted specifically from the policies and tactics used by the previous administration which he ran against and has since eliminated.
[T]he intelligence that led to bin Laden came… began with a disclosure from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM), who broke like a dam under the pressure of harsh interrogation techniques that included waterboarding. He loosed a torrent of information—including eventually the nickname of a trusted courier of bin Laden.
That regimen of harsh interrogation was used on KSM after another detainee, Abu Zubaydeh, was subjected to the same techniques. When he broke, he said that he and other members of al Qaeda were obligated to resist only until they could no longer do so, at which point it became permissible for them to yield. “Do this for all the brothers,” he advised his interrogators.
Abu Zubaydeh was coerced into disclosing information that led to the capture of Ramzi bin al Shibh, another of the planners of 9/11. Bin al Shibh disclosed information that, when combined with what was learned from Abu Zubaydeh, helped lead to the capture of KSM and other senior terrorists and the disruption of follow-on plots aimed at both Europe and the United States.
Another of those gathered up later in this harvest, Abu Faraj al-Libi, also was subjected to certain of these harsh techniques and disclosed further details about bin Laden’s couriers that helped in last weekend’s achievement.
The harsh techniques themselves were used selectively against only a small number of hard-core prisoners who successfully resisted other forms of interrogation, and then only with the explicit authorization of the director of the CIA. Of the thousands of unlawful combatants captured by the U.S., fewer than 100 were detained and questioned in the CIA program. Of those, fewer than one-third were subjected to any of these techniques.
Former CIA Director Michael Hayden has said that, as late as 2006, even with the growing success of other intelligence tools, fully half of the government’s knowledge about the structure and activities of al Qaeda came from those interrogations. The Bush administration put these techniques in place only after rigorous analysis by the Justice Department, which concluded that they were lawful.
The current president ran for election on the promise to do away with them even before he became aware, if he ever did, of what they were. Days after taking office he directed that the CIA interrogation program be done away with entirely, and that interrogation be limited to the techniques set forth in the Army Field Manual, a document designed for use by even the least experienced troops. It’s available on the Internet and used by terrorists as a training manual for resisting interrogation.
In April 2009, the administration made public the previously classified Justice Department memoranda analyzing the harsh techniques, thereby disclosing them to our enemies and assuring that they could never be used effectively again. ...
Immediately following the killing of bin Laden, the issue of interrogation techniques became in some quarters the “dirty little secret” of the event. But as disclosed in the declassified memos in 2009, the techniques are neither dirty nor, as noted by Director Hayden and others, were their results little. As the memoranda concluded—and as I concluded reading them at the beginning of my tenure as attorney general in 2007—the techniques were entirely lawful as the law stood at the time the memos were written, and the disclosures they elicited were enormously important. That they are no longer secret is deeply regrettable. ...
We… need to put an end to the ongoing investigations of CIA operatives that continue to undermine intelligence community morale.
Acknowledging and meeting the need for an effective and lawful interrogation program, which we once had, and freeing CIA operatives and others to administer it under congressional oversight, would be a fitting way to mark the demise of Osama bin Laden.
05 May 2011
Doug Ross outlines the simple facts which play havoc with one of Barack Obama’s principal campaign issues. Say, how is Eric Holder’s plan to prosecute CIA interrogators going?
1. 2003: Enhanced Interrogation of Khalid Sheikh Mohammad Results in the Nom De Guerre of bin Ladin’s Courier…
2. 2004: Enhanced Interrogation of al-Qahtani Confirms the Nom De Geure of bin Ladin’s Courier…
3. 2006 (?): Enhanced Interrogation of an Al Qaeda Captured in Iraq, Ghul, Produces the Real Name of the Courier…
4. 2006-2009: NSA Begins Furiously Intercepting Any And All Communications Made By Anyone “al-Kuwaiti” Has Ever Known…
5. Late 2010 (?): al-Kuwaiti Places a Very Ill-Advised Phone Call… “[conversing] with someone who was being monitored by U.S. intelligence… the courier [then] unknowingly led authorities to a [bizarre] compound in the northeast Pakistani town of Abbottabad…”
6. 2011: Surveying Abbottabad, We Grow Confident We’ve Found Bin Ladin’s Hideout…
7. April 29-May 1 2011: Obama’s Team Tells Him They Have High Confidence Bin Ladin (or at Least His Most Trusted Courier) is In the Compound, and Obama Agrees, and Orders the Raid; On May 1 It’s Executed By SEAL Team 6…
8. May 2011: Begin a Disinformation Campaign To Convince the Public That 2003-2008 Never Happened.
05 Dec 2010
David Ignatius observes that, in the new, morally-improved age of Obama, sleep deprivation, face slaps, and body shakes are out, but sudden death by high explosive is thriving as never before.
Liberal scruples about interrogation and unlimited detention and the significant percentage of released detainees returning to the jihad have very obviously modified the American approach to war. If you can’t gain any information from captured insurgents and you are going to wind up in the end playing catch-and-release, the likelihood that you are going to take any prisoners at all declines dramatically.
Most amusingly, the consciences of the intelligentsia have been found to be surprisingly comfortable with the more recent remote-killing campaign.
Every war brings its own deformations, but consider this disturbing fact about America’s war against al-Qaeda: It has become easier, politically and legally, for the United States to kill suspected terrorists than to capture and interrogate them.
Predator and Reaper drones, armed with Hellfire missiles, have become the weapons of choice against al-Qaeda operatives in the tribal areas of Pakistan. They have also been used in Yemen, and the demand for these efficient tools of war, which target enemies from 10,000 feet, is likely to grow.
The pace of drone attacks on the tribal areas has increased sharply during the Obama presidency, with more assaults in September and October of this year than in all of 2008. At the same time, efforts to capture al-Qaeda suspects have virtually stopped. Indeed, if CIA operatives were to snatch a terrorist tomorrow, the agency wouldn’t be sure where it could detain him for interrogation.
Michael Hayden, a former director of the CIA, frames the puzzle this way: “Have we made detention and interrogation so legally difficult and politically risky that our default option is to kill our adversaries rather than capture and interrogate them?”
It’s curious why the American public seems so comfortable with a tactic that arguably is a form of long-range assassination, after the furor about the CIA’s use of nonlethal methods known as “enhanced interrogation.” When Israel adopted an approach of “targeted killing” against Hamas and other terrorist adversaries, it provoked an extensive debate there and abroad.
“For reasons that defy logic, people are more comfortable with drone attacks” than with killings at close range, says Robert Grenier, a former top CIA counterterrorism officer who now is a consultant with ERG Partners. “It’s something that seems so clean and antiseptic, but the moral issues are the same.”
22 Oct 2010
The usual gang of establishment media collaborated:
New York Times
The commentariat of the left is complaining that US forces did not stop the Iraqis from coercively interrogating enemy prisoners. The other big news is the larger involvement of Iran in the Iraq insurgency than the US government publicly reported.
Rusty Shackleford notes the hypocrisy of leftist indignation.
WikiLeaks Bombshell: US Knew Arab Regime Tortured Citizens
Wow. this is the big deal? And what was the US supposed to do if they investigated claims that the Iraqi government tortured its citizens? Invade? Yeah, I bet Julian Assange, the hysterical Left, and their Islamist allies would love that.
It’s the problem with America haters like Assange, Chomsky, and Osama bin Laden: it’s a worldview where America is always in the wrong, no matter what we do.
When we act, it’s evidence of US Imperialism. When we don’t act, it’s evidence of the US not caring about brown people.
We’re damned if we do, we’re damned if we don’t.
Which makes their underlying theory of cause and effect not a theory at all. First because it’s not falsifiable. Second, because all affects are attributed to the same cause.
I think the part of the story that pisses me off the most is that Assange promised us last time he’d do a better job of vetting the documents in order to protect the lives of soldiers and civilians. So, what did he do? Gave al Jazeera complete access to them.
23 Mar 2010
Mohamedou Ould Slahi, Osama bin Laden, Ramzi Binalshibh and Mohammed Atta
All poor Mohamedou Ould Slahi did was recruit Mohammed Atta, Marwan al Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah, the suicide pilots of American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175, and United Airlines Flight 93, for their mission on September 11, 2001.
Mr. Slahi and his defense team allege that he was tortured, i.e., beaten, exposed to uncomfortable temperatures, threatened, frightened by threats against his family, and sexually taunted by female interrogators. A DOD inquiry failed to confirm most of these allegations, but they were obviously credited, and considered to constitute torture, by the officer in charge of prosecution.
Wall Street Journal:
Although the treatment apparently induced Mr. Slahi’s compliance, the military prosecutor, Marine Lt. Col. V. Stuart Couch, determined that it constituted torture and evidence it produced could not lawfully be used against Mr. Slahi.
Col. Couch, in a March 31, 2007, Page One story in The Wall Street Journal, cited legal, professional and moral reasons for declining to prosecute.
Mr. Slahi, who was then viewed as a cooperator by interrogators, was granted various privileges at Guantánamo Bay, including his own quarters and garden to tend.
Col. Couch, now in private practice in North Carolina, said Monday’s order “is one of the consequences that the decision-makers should have foreseen when they decided to adopt a policy of cruelty, and the interrogation techniques that flowed from it.”
The same Journal article informs us that he is consequently being freed to resume his former activities.
A suspected al Qaeda organizer once called “the highest value detainee” at Guantánamo Bay was ordered released by a federal judge in an order issued Monday.
Mohamedou Ould Slahi was accused in the 9/11 Commission report of helping recruit Mohammed Atta and other members of the al Qaeda cell in Hamburg, Germany, that took part in the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Military prosecutors suspected Mr. Slahi of links to other al Qaeda operations, and considered seeking the death penalty against him while preparing possible charges in 2003 and 2004.
U.S. District Judge James Robertson granted Mr. Slahi’s petition for habeas corpus, effectively finding the government lacked legal grounds to hold him. The order was classified, although the court said it planned to release a redacted public version in the coming weeks.
Mr. Robertson held four days of closed hearings in the Slahi case last year. Mr. Slahi testified via secure video link from Guantánamo Bay, said his attorney.
“They were considering giving him the death penalty. Now they don’t even have enough evidence to pass the test for habeas,” said the attorney, Nancy Hollander, of Albuquerque, N.M.
Spiegel did a major article in October of 2008 on Slahi.
What can one possibly say about the kind of stupidity that equates misinforming, threatening, taunting, scaring, and even roughing up or inflicting some discomfort on a mass murderer with torture? Or about the legal acumen of jurists who award habeas corpus protection to unlawful belligerents apprehended overseas during time of war?
Do you suppose they can quote “Quos Deus perdere, dementat” [Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad] in Arabic?
11 Mar 2010
Pakistani sources told the Washington Examiner.
The Afghan Taliban’s former second in command has been “singing like a male canary” since his capture last month, officials here told The Washington Examiner.
Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, who was arrested by Pakistani security agencies in Karachi, has become “a vital asset in gathering information on the Taliban and other extremist groups operating in the region,” one Pakistani counterintelligence official said.
The official spoke on condition of anonymity due to the sensitivity of his work. Baradar is of interest to both U.S. and Afghan authorities. It is believed that U.S. counterintelligence officials are also questioning Baradar, who has close ties to Mullah Omar and other leaders in the region.
Baradar’s information that will aide both Pakistan and the United States in the war on terror, the Pakistani officials said.
“He obviously does not want to be released under any circumstances,” one Pakistani official said. “He would not survive after the information he has given the government.”
Baradar was born in Wetmak village in the southern Uruzgan province of Afghanistan into an ethnic Pashtun Popalzai clan in 1968. His arrest dealt a serious blow to the Afghan Taliban.
The Pakistani official said Islamabad “is expected to turn over Baradar to Afghan authorities after we have finished with him.”
What the article and its sources fail to discuss is the obvious consideration that, post capture, Baradar was not Mirandized, taken to Guantanamo, sent to Illinois, given a trial in Manhattan, or released in Bermuda. In fact, he was not put in US custody at all.
It is only too clear that US domestic differences concerning detainee status, interrogation, and ultimate fate have produced a state of affairs in which we have every interest in making sure that a captured terrorist in possession of valuable information wind up in somebody’s else hands rather than our own. We cannot cope with prisoners.
We can’t interrogate them. We don’t know how to try them. And we are incapable even of keeping them safe in captivity. Bring someone like Baradar into the United States, and Ivy-League-educated attorneys will come a-running to be sure that he gets the full protection of the kind of top flight legal counsel you certainly could not afford, the domestic Constitution, the Magna Carta, and the opinion pages of the Washington Post and New York Times.
In Pakistan, the ISI can apply any enhanced interrogation techniques it cares to try. No wonder Baradar is talking.
Best of all, no one is accusing Barack Obama of renditioning Baradar to Pakistan. Why, the scoundrel was captured there. It’s not Obama’s fault that he fell into the tender mercies of Pakistani intelligence.
14 Nov 2009
How can a case against a foreign enemy apprehended by another government possibly be prosecuted within the rules of domestic criminal procedure? Khalid Shaikh Mohammed obviously was never Mirandized. What can Eric Holder and Barack Obama possibly be thinking? Are these people hopelessly naive?
Andrew McCarthy doesn’t think so. He thinks they know exactly what they’re doing.
We are now going to have a trial that never had to happen for defendants who have no defense. And when defendants have no defense for their own actions, there is only one thing for their lawyers to do: put the government on trial in hopes of getting the jury (and the media) spun up over government errors, abuses and incompetence. That is what is going to happen in the trial of KSM et al. It will be a soapbox for al-Qaeda’s case against America. Since that will be their “defense,” the defendants will demand every bit of information they can get about interrogations, renditions, secret prisons, undercover operations targeting Muslims and mosques, etc., and — depending on what judge catches the case — they are likely to be given a lot of it. The administration will be able to claim that the judge, not the administration, is responsible for the exposure of our defense secrets. And the circus will be played out for all to see — in the middle of the war. It will provide endless fodder for the transnational Left to press its case that actions taken in America’s defense are violations of international law that must be addressed by foreign courts. And the intelligence bounty will make our enemies more efficient at killing us.
Read the whole thing.
25 Aug 2009
US Special Operations-trained Interrogation Caterpillar. These guys are fierce.
Pamela Hess and Matt Appuzzo, writing for some news agency, are trying to shocking a nation’s conscience.
With just two weeks of training, or about half the time it takes to become a truck driver, the CIA certified its spies as interrogation experts after 9/11 and handed them the keys to the most coercive tactics in the agency’s arsenal.
Can you imagine? Just because some Muslim terrorists killed a lousy 3000 Americans and produced some mere billions of dollars worth of physical destruction and economic disruption, the Bush Administration actually allowed people with only two weeks of federal training to slap terrorists, pour water on them, and (worst of all) to expose them to caterpillar attack.
Hat tip to Stephen Frankel.
Unlike the US, Al Qaeda provided appropriately thorough training. They even produced a manual.
11 Jun 2009
As Stephen Hayes describes, first you make sure that US forces Mirandize captured enemy fighters.
When 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammad was captured on March 1, 2003, he was not cooperative. “I’ll talk to you guys after I get to New York and see my lawyer,” he said, according to former CIA Director George Tenet.
Of course, KSM did not get a lawyer until months later, after his interrogation was completed, and Tenet says that the information the CIA obtained from him disrupted plots and saved lives. “I believe none of these successes would have happened if we had had to treat KSM like a white-collar criminal—read him his Miranda rights and get him a lawyer who surely would have insisted that his client simply shut up,” Tenet wrote in his memoirs.
If Tenet is right, it’s a good thing KSM was captured before Barack Obama became president. For, the Obama Justice Department has quietly ordered FBI agents to read Miranda rights to high value detainees captured and held at U.S. detention facilities in Afghanistan, according a senior Republican on the House Intelligence Committee.
Then, you arrange $11.1 million a head retirement packages to the South Seas for your prisoners. Yes, 17 Uighurs into $200 million comes to $11.1 million semolians.
Palau says its decision to temporarily take the 17 Uighurs, or Chinese Muslims, being held at the Guantanamo Bay prison was a “humanitarian gesture.”
But the South Pacific island may have been motivated more by 200 million other reasons.
Two U.S. officials told the Associated Press that the U.S. was prepared to give Palau up to $200 million in return for accepting the Uighurs and as part of a mutual defense and cooperation treaty that is due to be renegotiated this year.
Figures on Palau’s federal budget weren’t immediately available, but if it is close to its size in 1999, when it was $71 million, the deal with the U.S. would in effect more than double the nation’s spending and make it the fastest growing economy in the world.
Frankly, I bet you could get very close to every terrorist simply to put down his AK-47 and retire for a considerably smaller one-time payment.
Of course, it’s hard to imagine a more effective recruiting promotional deal. I can see Achmed the al Qaeda recruiter delivering his spiel even now, “And if the soldiers of the great Shaitan capture you, they will only provide you with attorneys from Sherman & Sterling before funding your retirement to a life of leisure in a tropical paradise surrounded by beautiful maidens serving you Mai Tais. Inshallah!”
05 Jun 2009
And, my, oh my, the democrats did not like that, and they don’t want you to hear about it.
The Hill reports on democrat efforts to stonewall and obfuscate.
In the bowels of the Capitol Visitor Center, members of the (House Intelligence Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations) gathered behind locked doors on Thursday morning to begin a series of hearings on the interrogation of terrorism suspects.
What began as a remarkably quiet and secretive hearing had, within a matter of hours, exploded into a political brawl over intelligence matters and national security.
Despite the weeks-long furor over how the Central Intelligence Agency came to use enhanced interrogation techniques, and what members of Congress were told about their development and implementation, the committee’s first hearing on the issue during the 111th Congress almost came and went without notice. The hearing was announced publicly but was not open to the public.
According to Republicans, that was by design.
“Democrats weren’t sure what they were going to get,” said Rep. Pete Hoekstra (Mich.), ranking Republican on the Intelligence panel, referring to information on the merits of enhanced interrogation techniques. “Now that they know what they’ve got, they don’t want to talk about it.”
The hearing was publicly described only as a subcommittee hearing on “Interrogations.” A committee spokeswoman would not comment on whether the development and use of controversial interrogation tactics were discussed.
But Republicans on the panel said that not only did the use of interrogation techniques come up Thursday, but that the data shared about those techniques proved they had led to valuable information that in some instances prevented terrorist attacks.
Hoekstra did not attend the hearing, but said he later spoke with Republicans on the subcommittee who did. He said he came away with even more proof that the enhanced interrogation techniques employed by the CIA proved effective.
“I think the people who were at the hearing, in my opinion, clearly indicated that the enhanced interrogation techniques worked,” Hoekstra said.
Rep. John Kline (R-Minn.), a member of the subcommittee who attended the hearing, concurred with Hoekstra.
“The hearing did address the enhanced interrogation techniques that have been much in the news lately,” Kline said, noting that he was intentionally choosing his words carefully in observance of the committee rules and the nature of the information presented.
“Based on what I heard and the documents I have seen, I came away with a very clear impression that we did gather information that did disrupt terrorist plots,” Kline said.
Neither Hoekstra nor Kline revealed details about the specifics of what they were told Thursday or the identity of the briefers.
Democrats lambasted their Republican counterparts for discussing the information that was provided behind locked doors.
“I am absolutely shocked that members of the Intelligence committee who attended a closed-door hearing… then walked out that hearing – early, by the way – and characterized anything that happened in that hearing,” said Intelligence Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Chairwoman Jan Schakowsky (D-Ill.). “My understanding is that’s a violation of the rules. It may be more than that.”
House Intelligence Committee Chairman Silvestre Reyes (D-Texas) said, “Members on both sides need to watch what they say.”
Both Schakowsky and Reyes accused GOP members of playing politics with national security.
“I think they are playing a very dangerous game when it comes to the discussion of matters that were sensitive enough to be part of a closed hearing,” Schakowsky said.
Asked about the validity of Republican contentions that information shared in Thursday’s hearing showed the effectiveness of enhanced interrogation techniques, Schakowsky said she could not comment on what was discussed at a closed hearing.
Reyes responded by saying he did not attend the entire hearing.
“I wasn’t at the whole hearing,” Reyes said. “As the chairman my view is we need to get the facts about how the enhanced interrogation techniques came about, not just the results.”
23 May 2009
“In my long experience in Washington, few matters have inspired so much contrived indignation and phony moralizing as the interrogation methods applied to a few captured terrorists.”
Rich Lowry hits Obama’s nail right on the head.
Put Barack Obama in front of a Tele PrompTer and one thing is certain—he’ll make himself appear the most reasonable person in the room.
Rhetorically, he is in the middle of any debate, perpetually surrounded by finger-pointing extremists who can’t get over their reflexive combativeness and ideological fixations to acknowledge his surpassing thoughtfulness and grace. ...
It’s natural, then, that his speech at the National Archives on national security should superficially sound soothing, reasonable and even a little put upon (oh, what President Obama has to endure from all those finger-pointing extremists).
But beneath its surface, the speech—given heavy play in the press as an implicit debate with former Vice President Dick Cheney, who spoke on the same topic at a different venue immediately afterward—revealed something else: a president who has great difficulty admitting error; who can’t discuss the position of his opponents without resorting to rank caricature, and who adopts an off-putting pose of above-it-all righteousness.
Read the whole thing.
20 May 2009
David Kahane, at National Review Online, finds fuel for the next box office blockbuster in some recent headline.
[W]e still can’t sell scripts about “Muslim terrorists,” but a celebrity death match between the Central Intelligence Agency and the person who stands second to the vice president in the line of succession to the White House should any, you know, unfortunate accident befall the leader of the free world, is right up our alley. Which is why I was first off the mark last week when Nancy D’Alesandro Pelosi, the flower of Baltimore and the pride of San Francisco, accidentally pulled the pin on a live hand grenade in front of the fiercely independent Washington press corps and blew herself up.
She wasn’t trying to, of course. She was trying to explain to a bunch of less-than-enchanted media stenographers who would rather be covering Michelle Obama’s workout, or even Bo the dog’s breakfast, that the nasty, un-American CIA has deliberately “misled” her when discussing just precisely how they were going to insert bamboo shoots under the fingernails of a caterpillar that they would then waterboard and introduce into the cell of some totally innocent mujahedin caught up in the lawless Bush-Cheney dragnet during the hysteria that followed the inside job that was 9/11 and . . .
In the other corner we have the Central Intelligence Agency, which we in Tinseltown have been depicting for years as just about the most malevolent organization in the world, outside of the Catholic Church, the Club for Growth, and the Cheney family. In movie after movie, the shadowy CIA guy always wound up as the villain in the last reel. So imagine our surprise when, during the Bushitler interregnum, we discovered that the CIA is on our side, and has been for decades! Screwed up the whole Shah of Iran thing and opened the way for the mullahs? Check! Consistently overrated and then failed to forecast the sudden disintegration of the Soviet Union? Check!! Never did quite figure out what Osama bin Laden was up to? Check
To top it all off, along came super-top-secret agent/Vanity Fair babe Valerie Plame and her dashing, Graydon-Carter-tressed hubby, Joe Wilson, running a sting operation against the hapless Bush White House, whipsawing the president and the veep with Joe’s unprovoked New York Times tale of sipping mint tea with Colonel Kurtz up the Congo and all of sudden there’s shouting about the “sixteen words” in Chimpy’s State of the Union address and Valerie is outed by Cheney flunky Scooter Libby — okay, by Colin Powell flunky Dick Armitage, same thing — and then Judy Miller goes to jail and . . .
[H]ere’s the script that just made me a cool $1.5 mil plus five monkey points plus two first-class tickets to the premiere: Three Days of the Dodo Bird.
We open in Abu Ghraib prison, post-“Mission Accomplished,” where a SHADOWY CIA AGENT gets the bright idea to strike fear into the hearts of America’s “enemies” by photographing completely innocent prisoners in outrageous situations (piled naked on top of each other, led around on a dog leash by a woman, forced to wear panties on their heads) calculated to offend and inflame the sensibilities of the Religion of Peace. Now, you and I both know that these kinds of things happen every week at the right Hollywood parties, and they’re tons of fun, but for some weird cultural reason the photos are deemed offensive, the super-top-secret psy-war campaign winds up on the front page of the Times every day for a year, and the Shi’ites hit the fan.
Read the whole thing.
20 May 2009
Noemie Emery, at the SF Chronicle, thinks the way Nancy Pelosi’s pious grandstanding over enhanced interrogation techniques backfired on her was pretty funny.
It was always quite clear that liberals’ efforts to wreak vengeance on President George W. Bush for his (successful) terror-war strategy would hurt Democrats more than it hurt him, but who ever dreamed it would become quite so funny this fast?
Minutes after House Speaker Nancy Pelosi gave her news conference on the subject of “torture,” she, and not Bush, was the issue and story; she was at war with the CIA and Director Leon Panetta; she was at war with House Whip Steney Hoyer, who wants to succeed her; and she had become a huge problem for President Barack Obama — or as he might say, a “distraction” — who had trouble enough trying to reconcile his rhetoric with the demands of his office, and his responsibilities to protect the country with the addled demands of his frenetic admirers. Not bad for a 25-minute presser. And this was just the first day.
This knowledge that the Democratic leadership of the House and Senate had known of and approved at last tacitly the “harsh” techniques sanctioned by the Bush administration in the grim days after 9/11 was the more explosive on the heels of the news that many Bush-era tactics — detainment, rendition, Club Gitmo — were being endorsed by their president.
The problem is that like the CIA, the entire government is now in the hands of the Democrats, who now have the job of protecting the country, not under past conditions, not under conditions they like to imagine, but conditions that really exist. The conditions that exist are those in which small groups of people, undeterred by threats or the prospect of dying, are able to inflict immense harm.
Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack, but it took place thousands of miles from the mainland and was an assault on the Armed Forces. The 9/11 attacks were an assault on the mainland, on unarmed civilians who were going to work. In conditions like this, nice people from Chicago and Texas, who find themselves charged with protecting the lives of 300 million, may find themselves employing “enhanced information techniques” seldom used in the days of orthodox warfare.
This may cost them the good will of the chattering classes of the East and West coasts and most cities in Europe, but, as Scrappleface puts it, “crashing hijacked planes into buildings full of noncombatant civilians is one of several ‘enhanced immolation techniques’ forbidden under U.S. and international law.”
Trying to square their need to trash Bush for his successful deterrence agenda with their need to escape blame if harm comes if his acts are reversed by their people, liberals react with the perfect lucidity that has long been their main trait. Eugene Robinson insists that because it can’t be proved beyond doubt that any technique used by the Bush administration stopped any specific attack from occurring, it proves beyond doubt that none did.
Read the whole thing.
17 May 2009
Stung by CIA rebuttals, Nancy Pelosi did her best to forstall more damage to herself by trying to assure CIA officers that they were not her targets. She was only continuing the left’s vendetta against George W. Bush and officials of his administration.
So ease up, fellows. The Speaker is signaling that you’re safe and she is not sincere. It’s just politics.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi has backed down slightly in her fight with the CIA, saying that she really meant only to criticize the Bush administration rather than career officials.
“My criticism of the manner in which the Bush Administration did not appropriately inform Congress is separate from my respect for those in the intelligence community who work to keep our country safe,” Pelosi said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:a70c4bb3-8a36-4991-bffe-d2456d3313cd> | 2013-05-21T17:30:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0087890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.103515625,
-0.037109375,
-0.018310546875,
0.10302734375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0576171875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.07763671875,
0.044677734375,
0.0306396484375,
0.010... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964699 | 7,372 | http://neveryetmelted.com/categories/iraq-war/torture/ | 0.166857 |
Mathematician and physicist; b. at Perugia, Italy, 1577; d. at Rome, 1644. He was destined by his parents for the service of the Church and entered the Order of St. Benedict, at Monte Cassino. There he became abbot, and in 1640 he was transferred to the Abbey of San Benedetto Aloysio. He was specially interested in the mathematical sciences and their application to hydraulics. Galileo, his teacher, and Toricelli, one of his pupils, speak very highly of his scientific attainments, and both of them frequently asked his advice. In 1623 Urban VIII invited him to Rome and later appointed him chief mathematician to the pope and public professor of mathematics in the University of Rome. In 1625 he was sent with Monsignore Corsini to study the disorders occasioned by the waters of the Romagna, and to propose a remedy. Here he completed his important work on the "Mensuration of Running Water", in which he developed the important relations, that the speed of a current varies inversely as the area of its cross section, and that the discharge from a vessel depends on the depth of the tap below the free surface of the water. He was often consulted in other provinces of Italy in connexion with drainage, water-supply, prevention of floods, and the like.
His chief work is "Della misura dell'acqua corrente" (Rome, 1628; 3rd ed., 1660), translated into English by Salusbury (London, 1661), and into French by Saporta (1664), reprinted (Bologna, 1823) in Cardinali's collection "d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acqua". Another work is "Risposta alle oppositioni del Sig. Lodvico, &c., contro al trattato del Sig. Galileo, Delle cose che stanno sopra acqua" (Bologna, 1655). According to Poggendorf, the invention of the helioscope is ascribed to him.
SALUSBURY, Math. Collections and Translations (London, 1661); La Grande Encycl., s.v.
APA citation. (1908). Benedetto Castelli. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm
MLA citation. "Benedetto Castelli." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas J. Bress.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. November 1, 1908. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:27cab94f-569e-4379-bfce-de02e7254a9d> | 2013-05-21T17:31:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0230712890625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.03369140625,
0.09912109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0830078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.07861328125,
0.06982421875,
0.007568359375,
-0.049560546875,
0.01446533203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946164 | 702 | http://newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm | 0.186644 |
Vapor Trails, Rush's 17th studio album, was released May 14, 2002 (May 13th in Europe, May 12th in Japan). Produced by Rush with engineer Paul Northfield, the album's first single, "One Little Victory", debuted Friday, March 29th, and climbed to #22 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart its first week. After the first week, the album climbed to #6 with sales of 111,199, while Soundscan reported it as #3 of the Top 100 albums in sales/#1 among the Top 50 Metal Albums. For more information visit the Vapor Trails News Archive.
While appearing on Larry King Live, Country singer Tim McGraw [known to non-Country fans as "the guy married to Faith Hill"] was asked "Do you listen to other kinds of music?", to which he replied:
"Yes, I'm a huge '70s classic rock fan...The Eagles -- big Eagles fan. I love Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, of course. I love Phil Collins, which I guess is a little more '80s but I love those guys in Genesis. Rush. Big Rush fan..." Click here for the complete transcript. - CNN's Larry King Live, December 10, 2002
In Spring 2000, Alex Lifeson produced three songs with Mississippi-based 3 Doors Down: "Dangerous Game," "Dead Love," and "Wasted Time". In addition, at least two of the three tracks may also include Lifeson on guitar (although some fan sites state that he played on all three tracks). Of the three tracks, "Wasted Me" was made available on a special 2CD Australian release of Better Life, as well as a b-side to the "Kryptonite" import single, while "Dangerous Game was later released on Away From The Sun. | <urn:uuid:9f1c4133-7f58-41ae-b318-956ee953993e> | 2013-05-21T17:30:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.015133172273635864,
0.014225181192159653,
-0.011122881434857845,
0.02330508455634117,
0.05780871585011482,
-0.021791767328977585,
0.0022132263984531164,
0.07263922691345215,
-0.05054479464888573,
-0.05387409031391144,
0.021943099796772003,
0.018084140494465828,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971638 | 377 | http://news.2112.net/2002_12_01_archive.html | 0.205382 |
Britain should have a day to celebrate its national identity, Gordon Brown has proposed in a speech portraying Labour as a modern patriotic party.
The chancellor used his first major speech of 2006 to urge Labour supporters to "embrace the Union flag".
In an address to the Fabian Society in London, he said it is important the flag is recaptured from the far right.
Mr Brown said promoting integration had become even more important since the London bombings.
"We have to face uncomfortable facts that while the British response to July 7th was remarkable, they were British citizens, British born apparently integrated into our communities, who were prepared to maim and kill fellow British citizens irrespective of their religion.
"We have to be clearer now about how diverse cultures which inevitably contain differences can find the essential common purpose also without which no society can flourish."
He said society should not apply a narrow "cricket test" to ethnic minorities but needed a "united shared sense of purpose".
In the wide-ranging speech, Mr Brown said it is time for the modern Labour party and its supporters to be unashamedly patriotic as, for too long, such feelings have been caricatured as being tied up with right-wing beliefs, when in fact they encompass "progressive" ideas of liberty, fairness and responsibility.
"Instead of the BNP using it as a symbol of racial division, the flag should be a symbol of unity and part of a modern expression of patriotism too," Mr Brown said.
"All the United Kingdom should honour it, not ignore it. We should assert that the Union flag by definition is a flag for tolerance and inclusion."
The speech to the left-of-centre think-tank included references to the July 4th celebrations in the US and the common practice of many citizens having a flag in their gardens.
"What is our equivalent for a national celebration of who we are and what we stand for?" Mr Brown said.
"And what is our equivalent of the national symbolism of a flag in the United States in every garden?"
Labour MP Michael Wills, who has been working on the idea with Mr Brown, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme the chancellor wanted there to be a day to "focus on the things that bring us together... whatever our backgrounds".
"The French have it with Bastille Day, the Americans have it, most countries actually have a national day and I think it's probably time that we do too," he said.
The Commission for Racial Equality welcomed Mr Brown's comments.
"It is important to talk about and identify our shared common values and discuss ideas and find ways to celebrate being British," a spokesman said.
Singer Billy Bragg told the BBC it was right to have a national debate about what it means to be British.
"I do think we need to talk about the issue of identity, about who we are," he said.
"We live in a very multi-cultural society, perhaps the most multi-cultural society in Europe. What actually binds us together? Well, interestingly the thing that binds us together is our civic identity which is Britishness".
Former Prime Minister Sir John Major told the Today programme the chancellor was "absolutely right" to promote the concept of Britishness.
But he added: "He seems not to mention that many of the actions of the present Government have ruptured Britishness by their own legislation."
Mr Brown also described his drive to encourage volunteering.
The government has already allocated £50m for volunteering, but Mr Brown wants businesses to match this as part of a plan is modelled on the US's successful GI Bill from the 1940s.
The chancellor unveiled his National Community Service scheme a year ago to encourage one million young people into volunteering.
Shadow Chancellor George Osborne said the volunteering scheme was a "pale imitation of [Tory leader] David Cameron's National School Leaver Programme announced in August.
"David Cameron is meeting 15 leading youth and community organisations to discuss taking this idea forward on January 24, and perhaps Gordon Brown would like to attend to learn more," he added. | <urn:uuid:b22f5143-14ab-4155-b1a1-9101437f3ec0> | 2013-05-21T17:45:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.032958984375,
0.01806640625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.10546875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.09326171875,
-0.013671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.052978515625,
0.0048828125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0234375,
0.017822265625,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974198 | 840 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4611682.stm | 0.268449 |
Call it too little, too late.
Mitsubishi is the latest Japanese conglomerate to show off a new robot to work at the devastated Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, following Toshiba's flubbed demo of a quadruped walker.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan's largest defense contractor, yesterday unveiled the Maintenance Equipment Integrated System of Telecontrol Robot (Meister), a two-armed unit that rolls around on four tracks.
The remote-controlled bot can wield a variety of tools such as cutters and drills, clear obstacles, and pierce through concrete to check radiation levels, according to MHI.
Just like human arms, its robotic appendages can move along seven axes. Check it out cutting a pipe in the video below. … Read more | <urn:uuid:05be8496-809e-4ec6-bcd2-8ad5b4d94f3d> | 2013-05-21T17:23:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.026468578726053238,
0.02851776033639908,
0.008025956340134144,
0.026639344170689583,
0.09153005480766296,
-0.053620219230651855,
0.005592554807662964,
0.10655737668275833,
-0.032786883413791656,
-0.048497267067432404,
-0.00905054621398449,
0.02988388016819954,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89638 | 161 | http://news.cnet.com/8300-5_3-0-5.html?categoryId=9969708 | 0.20906 |
Re: Spore the unhappiest country in Asia
- From: "rinpoche" <webmaster@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: 14 Jul 2006 08:49:20 -0700
Again? You don't seem too aware that the majority of people who bought
overpriced property were not even speculating in the first place.
Perhaps they were just a bit naive to trust the government on what is
"discounted" or "subsidised".
Fat hopes....the minute the loan was written off, they'll plough
their moneys into property speculation again......since they
reckon it's a good deal to recoup 40% of their losses......as the
60% was free......LOL....
- Prev by Date: My favorite soup.
- Next by Date: Sewage contamination has led to outbreaks of hepatitis A and cholera throughout the world: Smithsonian Institution
- Previous by thread: Re: Spore the unhappiest country in Asia
- Next by thread: Re: Spore the unhappiest country in Asia | <urn:uuid:9e077284-d8a9-4c40-be6c-9053b32878b1> | 2013-05-21T17:39:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.004148229956626892,
0.029314158484339714,
0.005565542262047529,
0.00044939160579815507,
0.09955751895904541,
-0.04646017774939537,
-0.012513827532529831,
0.04728982225060463,
-0.009679203853011131,
0.009402655065059662,
0.06443583965301514,
0.03207964450120926,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95005 | 225 | http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.singapore/2006-07/msg01130.html | 0.212573 |
Will The Earth Stop Rotating?
Date: 1999 - 2000
Will the earth stop rotating?
Yes, but not for a long long long time. (If I remember correctly, it is
currently slowing down by about half a second per century.) As the
earth rotates it gets stretched and squeezed by tidal forces. The
energy required to do this work comes from the earth's rotation.
The simple answer to this is No.
It is believed that the Earth's day will be twice as long as it is now, in
about 5 thousand million years time, but there is too much momentum in the
Earth to stop it from rotating.
By the way, at the moment the Earth is rotating its fastest since the late
1920s, having lost approximately 0.63 milliseconds per day in the last 12
months (to June 28, 2001) against atomic time, based on preliminary
International Earth Rotation Service data; compared with 3.13 milliseconds
per day in 1972, and 3.89 milliseconds per day in 1912. The Earth GAINED on
atomic time in 1929 by 0.35 ms/day.
Because of tidal friction.... yes it will. In fact, it is slowing as
we ride on it now. Actually, it will not stop, but rather the period of
rotation will equal its period of revolution. I do not have the number
at hand, but I seem to recall that each (solar) year is .00024 seconds
slower than the year one century earlier. The number may not be
correct, but the concept is. In the same way that the moon has rotates
around the earth, the earth will eventually rotate around the sun... if
the sun does not supernova first!
There is a small tidal drag on the earth caused by the gravitational
forces of the moon and sun which have a small effect on the earth's
rotation, but the effect, while measurable, is exceedingly small. On the
other hand, the reason the moon always presents the same face to the earth
it is believed was caused by tidal drag of the earth on the moon, which is
much greater because the mass of the moon is so much smaller than that of
Click here to return to the Astronomy Archives
Update: June 2012 | <urn:uuid:04155edf-d0d0-4ea6-b914-a10ba3c95a22> | 2013-05-21T17:38:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03476482629776001,
0.005975204519927502,
-0.016168199479579926,
0.0066142636351287365,
0.04422290250658989,
-0.10020449757575989,
-0.007636758498847485,
0.11247443407773972,
-0.022622698917984962,
-0.010991820134222507,
0.08384457975625992,
-0.013036809861660004,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924305 | 476 | http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/ast99/ast99498.htm | 0.313914 |
Photo and caption by Patricia Yaremchuk
This jackel had been frightened off by a safari truck and had dropped the food he had just stolen away from the lions. Along came a crow, chased away by an eagle, chased away by this Lappet-faced Vulture. The battle began. The jackel kept returning over and over to fight for his food, but could not win against the large bird. Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, Africa; August 2012.
Location: Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, Africa | <urn:uuid:16949e40-1a0f-463a-bc96-b6883439d49a> | 2013-05-21T17:10:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.004035382065922022,
-0.008651859126985073,
-0.01924070157110691,
0.03719008341431618,
0.11983471363782883,
-0.06430785357952118,
-0.007102272938936949,
0.06766528636217117,
0.014398244209587574,
-0.06353306025266647,
0.0625,
0.023889463394880295,
-0.0260847099... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979998 | 115 | http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/photo-contest/2012/entries/194410/view/ | 0.702864 |
Roman's Revenge, Roman Holiday, Roman in Moscow, Bottoms Up, Monster and many more.
Roman Zolanski (pronounced roh-mun zo-lan-skee or zo-lan-sky) is the favorite alter ego of Nicki Minaj. He is also the most known, famous and used alter ego that Nicki has, aside from Harajuku Barbie. Zolanski is described as a blond homosexual male from London, England, characterized as being far more outspoken (and perhaps malicious) than Nicki Minaj. His first appearance in a song was in "Bottoms Up," a song by Trey Songz.
The first reference to Roman was a passing mention on Twitter—Minaj simply stated that she had "officially changed [her] name" and that she would only respond to Roman Zolanski. Two months later, Minaj announced that Roman was her "twin sister." Minaj gave little information on Zolanski outright, but Zolanski was described as crazy and was conspicuously female. Roman Zolanski was not so much a character at the time as he was a dark personality and force of will, a particularly one-dimensional ego who was "crazy" and nothing else. In his first two musical appearances, "Bottoms Up" and "Monster," Zolanski was certainly explicit and uninhibited, but little more was known of the character.
Months later in the documentary My Time Now, Minaj elaborated that Roman is a crazy boy who lives inside her, who says the things that she doesn't want to say. He threatens to beat people and he's violent. Nicki also said in the documentary that she "[asks] him to leave, but he can't. He's here for a reason. People have brought him out. People have conjured him up now he won't leave." His personality is also very arrogant and insensitive to others. Zolanski's switch from female to male appears to purely be a retcon—that is, Roman is now considered to have always been male, even though in his early stages he was called female.
The character Martha Zolanski, Roman's mother, was created as a type of foil for Roman, first appearing in "Roman's Revenge." Martha, an older woman with a great respect for tradition, manners, and "the rules" further highlights the outlandish and audacious behavior of Roman. The relationship between the two is clearly strained—Martha treats Roman as a child in "Roman's Revenge" and believes he needs to be exorcised of demons in "Roman Holiday," based solely on the fact that he does not look or act like an average person—his unruly behavior and homosexuality are in direct conflict with Martha's beliefs. Martha also forces him to take his medicine to "wind down." Roman disagrees with his mother's strict adherence to societal norms and Minaj has since made clear that, despite his mother's desire force him into conformity, "he’s never gonna change, he’s never gonna be exorcised. Even when they throw the holy water on him, he still rises above." Though he and his mother constantly fight, Minaj has made clear that Roman will always love his mother. The conflicting nature of the two egos has developed Roman as Minaj's most complex alter ego, having a much more detailed backstory than any other. With the very ambivalent relationship between the two, it is unclear to what degree Roman is actually evil and to what degree he is simply misunderstood.
Unlike in his first appearances, Roman's personality on later tracks such as "Where Them Girls At," "Dance (A$$) (Remix)," "Stupid Hoe," and "Give Me All Your Luvin'" were significantly less violent and more carefree and fun-loving. This has given an overall view of Roman as a rebellious and comical character that is not necessarily maleficent. These songs show the happier side of Roman and that he is not always as violent and angry as he was earlier portrayed, since Minaj stated that Roman does not care anymore.
Roman is typically portrayed as blond and wears mostly dark clothing. An exception to this was in "Monster" when he had black hair, although Minaj said that he is likes to experiment with pink and green wigs and wear lipstick. Roman has been compared to Eminem's alter ego, Slim Shady. Roman is also back in the nuthouse with Martha until further notice according to Nicki.There are rumours that Roman will return on the first single of her third studio album.
Roman appears mostly on songs where at least an adequate amount of anger is displayed, or where heavy lyrics are used.
He is famously known for his appearance on "Roman's Revenge", introducing himself to Minaj's fans. | <urn:uuid:874f00ae-234f-4861-9480-062912b351ed> | 2013-05-21T17:38:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.000021338462829589844,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0771484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.002410888671875,
0.10693359375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.06884765625,
0.07763671875,
0.006072998046875,
0.05029296875,
-0.03125,
0.032958984375,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987997 | 981 | http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Roman_Zolanski?page=6 | 0.470973 |
Shaking Hands with Saddam
The White House denied any involvement in the meeting with the Iraqi dictator. However President Clinton did express his support for Richard's mission.
Iraq's Foreign Minister Mohammed Said Al-Sahaf has stated in recent months that a personal message from President Clinton to Saddam Hussein could help.
Peter Bourne, former Carter Administration Drug Czar who resigned after it was revealed he attended a Washington party where cocaine was being consumed, acted as an intermediary to request Richardson's help.
William Barloon and David Daliberti, working for American defense contractors, have been held in Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison since March 13. They were captured on Kuwaiti border with Iraq.
Secretary of State Warren Christopher congratuled Richardson on CNN for a job the administration has been struggling with.
It was the third such high profile assignment for Richardson in eight months.
In December Richardson was in Asia when U.S. helicopter pilot Bobby Hall and Chief Warrant Officer David Hilemon were shot down over North Korean airspace.
Richardson made several efforts to Burma on behalf of Aung San Su Kyi, a dissident. Earlier this month Richardson denied making a deal for the release of Suu Kyi.
In 1994 Richardson went to Haiti to meet with Lt. Gen. Raoul Cedras. Richardson reported Cedras was "not totally intransigent." | <urn:uuid:bec3b0a8-b5c4-4bde-bdb3-8b97e1eaf64b> | 2013-05-21T17:23:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.013565112836658955,
0.05586816743016243,
-0.009997989982366562,
0.015373794361948967,
0.09646302461624146,
-0.03255626931786537,
-0.019091639667749405,
0.07194533944129944,
-0.005827974062412977,
-0.0480305477976799,
0.08239550143480301,
0.041800644248723984,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973447 | 280 | http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/1995_07_16_archive.html | 0.278679 |
Treatment of Bronchitis
Treatment of Bronchitis and cure.
- To thin mucus secretions, drink a glass of clean water every two waking hours.
- Homemade chicken soup also thins mucus. Add garlic or ginger for flavor and immune support.
- To reduce phlegm, have some hot barley soup.
- Onions are an old folk remedy and have anti-inflammatory properties, so eat them often.
- If you have bacterial bronchitis and are taking antibiotics, consume nondairy sour products, such as kefir or sauerkraut, daily to replenish disease-fighting bacteria.
Foods to Avoid
Eliminate foods that encourage mucus production: dairy products, chocolate, and bananas, as well as processed, refined, fried, and junk foods. Avoid simple sugars, as they suppress immune function.
Fast on water, soup, juice, and herbal tea for a few days to let your body turn its full attention to fighting the infection. Fasting will also speed the elimination of mucus, especially when expectorant herbal teas are part of the regimen.
- Rest, preferably in bed, while the illness is at it’s worst. When you feel better, move around to keep the infection from settling into your lungs, but continue to rest after periods of activity. | <urn:uuid:c30d769a-0425-46f9-a4eb-18c37d5417e5> | 2013-05-21T17:38:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0009926774073392153,
0.018667491152882576,
0.009333745576441288,
0.006188118830323219,
0.10519801825284958,
-0.013201320543885231,
0.003790222806856036,
0.0833333358168602,
0.0027073018718510866,
-0.029496699571609497,
0.06023102253675461,
0.03135313466191292,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932338 | 280 | http://notecook.com/soup/treatment-of-bronchitis/ | 0.701476 |
Who operates New York's Canal System?
The New York State Canal System is operated and maintained by the New York State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority, a public benefit corporation of New York State government. For more information about the NYS Canal System, see the link below.
Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently asked questions about the NYS Canal System. | <urn:uuid:5f2e96e7-0005-42f8-ae51-edf8cf7efd3b> | 2013-05-21T17:16:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.031078295782208443,
0.026614010334014893,
-0.0016633756458759308,
-0.013135301880538464,
0.09203296899795532,
-0.09203296899795532,
0.009057348594069481,
0.06868132203817368,
-0.0037130836863070726,
-0.013564560562372208,
0.20054945349693298,
0.01699862629175186,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900724 | 81 | http://nysegov.com/citGuide.cfm?ques_id=1091&superCat=219&cat=152&content=relatedFAQs | 0.857842 |
Formatting marks in a Word document.
Imagine that you have typed a few paragraphs. The paragraphs seem very far apart, and the second paragraph starts farther to the right than the first paragraph.
You can see what's going on in your document by looking at the formatting marks that Word automatically inserts as you type. These marks are always in documents, but they are invisible to you until you display them.
For example, a dot appears every time you press the SPACEBAR, such as between words. One dot is one space; two dots are two spaces, and so on. Normally there should be one space between each word.
Word inserts a paragraph mark ( ) each time you press ENTER to start a new paragraph. In the picture, there are two paragraph marks between the two paragraphs, which means that ENTER was pressed twice. This creates extra space between paragraphs.
One arrow ( ) appears each time TAB is pressed. In the picture there is one arrow before the first paragraph and two arrows before the second paragraph, so TAB was pressed twice in the second paragraph.
To see formatting marks, go to the ribbon, at the top of the window. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide button ( ). Click the button again to hide formatting marks.
Note: These marks are just for show. They won't be on printed pages, even when you see them on the screen. | <urn:uuid:19ad7cec-3621-445b-88be-076ef3743391> | 2013-05-21T17:38:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.018021471798419952,
-0.008627300150692463,
0.005607745610177517,
-0.01878834329545498,
0.05291410908102989,
-0.0659509226679802,
0.017542177811264992,
0.05368098244071007,
-0.05138036981225014,
-0.02118481509387493,
0.10966257750988007,
0.02070552110671997,
-... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94974 | 293 | http://office.microsoft.com/en-za/word-help/go-behind-the-scenes-with-formatting-marks-RZ101806168.aspx?section=4 | 0.50499 |
From Ohio History Central
The Progressive Movement was a widespread reform effort to cure the many social and political ills in America after the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
During the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the United States of America underwent tremendous change. One of the principal changes was the shift from a predominantly agricultural economy to a much more industrialized one. This change also brought stark social changes to the United States. Now millions of Americans relied on other people -- business owners -- for their livelihood. Oftentimes, the employers reinvested profits back into the company, rather than paying workers a fair wage. These business owners also had tremendous power within the federal government. Many Americans believed that the business owners had undue influence over the government and that the employers had no desire to relinquish any power to middle and working-class Americans.
By the 1890s, a group of reformers, known as the Progressives, emerged to combat some of the ill effects of these changes. Most Progressives came from middle-class backgrounds. Many of them were college educated. Progressives generally believed that industrialization was good for the United States, but they also contended that human greed had overcome industrialization's more positive effects. They hoped to instill in Americans moral values based upon Protestant religious beliefs. The Progressives wanted employers to treat their workers as the bosses wanted to be treated. They also hoped that, if working conditions improved, Americans would not engage in immoral activities, like drinking and gambling, to forget the difficulties that they faced.
Progressives sought better pay, safer working conditions, shorter hours, and increased benefits for workers. Believing that only education would allow Americans to lead successful lives, Progressives opposed child labor, wanting children to attend school rather than working in mines and factories. They supported Prohibition and succeeded in enacting a ban on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. Progressives also sought to reclaim government from the business owners and corrupt politicians partly by supporting the direct election by the people of United States Senators. The Progressives succeeded in attaining this reform with the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913. Other reforms included Initiative, which allowed voters to pass legislation on their own, Referendum, which allowed voters to repeal laws that they did not support, and Recall, which allowed voters to remove elected officials from office. Many Progressives supported women's suffrage, helping women secure the right to vote through the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. Progressives also battled against city bosses, including Cincinnati, Ohio's George Cox, by hiring city managers.
While Progressives enacted numerous positive reforms, some of their goals were questionable. They did seek to make the United States government more democratic and to protect American workers, but they also sought to force their social and political beliefs on others. Progressives opposed immigration and enacted several immigration restrictions during the 1920s. Progressives also tried to force immigrants to adopt Progressive moral beliefs. One way they tried to accomplish this was through settlement houses. Settlement houses existed in most major cities during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. They were places where immigrants could go to receive free food, clothing, job training, and educational classes. While all of these items greatly helped immigrants, Progressives also used the settlement houses to convince immigrants to adopt "American" or Progressive beliefs, causing the foreigners to forsake their own culture. During the 1920s, many Progressives also joined the Ku Klux Klan, a self-proclaimed religious group that was to enforce morality -- based on Progressive beliefs -- on other people. Due to such the Progressives' participation in Prohibition, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration restrictions, many Americans stopped supporting the Progressive Movement. While aspects of its beliefs remain today, as a functioning and clearly identifiable group, the Progressive Movement began to weaken by the late 1920s and the early 1930s. | <urn:uuid:e9660ef2-5da1-41fd-903e-62e73e7d71ca> | 2013-05-21T17:10:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.020263671875,
0.0234375,
0.0118408203125,
0.01116943359375,
0.07861328125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.130859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03466796875,
0.1015625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0380859375,
0.00952148437... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974349 | 801 | http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Progressive_Movement?rec=543&nm=Progressive-Movement | 0.903369 |
What is OPEC?
OPEC is an acronym for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC was formed in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq with five founding member countries. Currently OPEC is a cartel composed of 11
oil producing countries. Current member countries include: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC's stated purpose is said to serve three main functions:
- Help stabilize world oil prices
- Ensure oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on production
- Ensure a stable supply of crude oil for consumer use. OPEC has a current goal of $27 US per barrel of oil.
How much crude oil do the OPEC countries produce?
Collectively these countries hold approximately 77% of known world crude oil reserves.
In terms of daily crude oil production OPEC countries currently produce about 41% (24.2 million barrels per day) of the world's crude oil. The oil exported by the OPEC countries accounts for 55% of all oil traded internationally. OPEC countries also represent about 15% of
total world natural gas production.
How does OPEC set oil prices?
OPEC does not "set" oil prices. OPEC manipulates the free market price of crude oil by setting caps on the oil production of its member countries. Twice each year, ministers from each OPEC country meet
in Vienna, Austria to review the status of the international oil market and to forecast the future oil demands in order to agree upon an appropriate crude oil production level. | <urn:uuid:59656bb5-8c00-49fc-a789-775c1d020d7c> | 2013-05-21T17:37:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.002947022905573249,
0.04031065106391907,
-0.02034023590385914,
0.03753698244690895,
0.09689348936080933,
-0.08136094361543655,
-0.008875739760696888,
0.06360946595668793,
-0.0003756009682547301,
0.015070266090333462,
0.048076923936605453,
0.0018953402759507298,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952593 | 311 | http://oklahomagasprices.com/OPEC_Info.aspx | 0.936341 |
By JOE COCHRANE
A 19th-century warehouse that lies off the main square of Jakarta's Dutch Batavia quarter once held supplies for the needs of traders, seamen, colonial civil servants and foreign adventurers.
Today, inside the terra-cotta colored building, giant trees stretch more than 20 meters into the air through a caved-in roof. What were once wooden floors in the 400-square-meter dwelling are now uneven hills of dirt and debris that has fallen into the gutted-out structure for more than half a century.
The shop house's owner is Ella Ubaidi, leader of a local conservation group. She bought the building several years ago and has plans to restore it to its former glory. But Ms. Ubaidi, an Indonesian who has a Dutch grandmother, says she won't act until a comprehensive revitalization program for the Batavia quarter gets underway.
Also known as "Kota Tua" or the Old Town, Batavia is an 87-hectare neighborhood of centuries-old colonial buildings that are abandoned and steadily decaying into ruins.
"Twenty-five years ago, Amsterdam was crumbling. So a Dutch company bought the [old] buildings, developed them and rented them out," Ms. Ubaidi says. "We need that model here."
The first Dutch sailing fleet arrived in Jakarta in 1607, and in the ensuing decades the Dutch built a trading post in the city. During its economic peak in the 1650s, Batavia was where the Dutch East India Company, or Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, ran its spice trade of cloves, pepper and nutmeg and administered one of Europe's most-envied colonial possessions. Surrounded by Batavia's high walls that kept out hostile local tribes and invading Central Javanese armies, traders, merchants, bankers, civil servants, engineers, soldiers, plantation operators and tax collectors worked here through the 17th and into the 18th centuries. Around the main square, known as Taman Fatahillah, there were packed warehouses, busy trading houses, Dutch administrative offices, a church, and ale houses that served warm beer amid the tropical heat.
Batavia was in decline in the mid-1700s and by the 1770s was nearly a ghost town. The city had become overcrowded, its rivers packed with garbage, and diseases such as dysentery and dengue fever were rife. By the 20th century, it was a shadow of its former self. Today, Central Jakarta lies several miles inland, surrounded by high-rise office buildings and outlandish upscale shopping malls, while the capital's main port lies eight kilometers to the east of the old Dutch quarter.
The fact that Batavia lies in an area where demand for commercial property is low may have saved it from the wrecking ball, unlike colonial Asian buildings in Hong Kong, Singapore, Hanoi and Shanghai. In today's Batavia, there are preserved buildings with original stain-glass windows, and arched bridges over Dutch-built canals and waterways. But aside from one restaurant and a few museums—a karaoke bar and pool hall recently closed—the area is neglected.
Jakarta Gov. Fauzi Bowo, who as a boy played in Batavia's dusty streets, is trying to become the first city leader since the 1970s to make economic use of its past. In 2008, his office drafted a new revitalization master plan for Batavia — the ninth since 1991. Taman Fatahillah square and its surrounding area were closed to traffic, and jackhammers tore up the old pavement. New cobblestones, a new drainage system and ground lighting were installed at a cost of $5 million.
The square buzzes with life during daylight hours, hosting weekend music concerts, cultural exhibits and historic walking and bicycle tours. Foreign and local tourists roll off of buses to walk through the dungeons of the old city hall, which was built in 1710 and is now a museum. The square is also a favorite spot for young couples to do pre-wedding photo shoots. Café Batavia, which opened in 1993 inside a 19th-century restored warehouse, has become a must for new Jakarta expatriates and foreign visitors.
But beyond the main square, nearly all of the 59 colonial-era buildings surrounding it remain empty and unused. Some are occupied by squatters while others are literally falling apart, like the Jasindo Building, built in 1912, which in March saw two-thirds of its roof collapse. When the sun goes down, affluent city residents scurry home, and squatters, beggars and garbage scavengers come out and occupy the streets and the main square.
"The city did what they could do, but it didn't bring any change because there is no economic activity," Ms. Ubaidi says. "Starbucks could consider opening an outlet if it gets traffic. But if people hanging out at night only spend 10,000 rupiah ($1.17), who will invest?"
The main obstacle to revitalizing Batavia, according to local officials and conservationists, is that about half of the historic buildings surrounding Taman Fatahillah are owned by the Indonesian government. Current state regulations restrict them being leased for commercial use. With so many other problems to be solved, there's not much appetite among some locals for tackling this heritage issue.
"Conservation is still the idea of the elites, not the general public," says Mohammad Danisworo, chairman of the Center for Urban Design Studies in Bandung, West Java, and an adviser to five Jakarta governors. "Batavia is not their history. It's the Dutch history."
The Jakarta Governor's Office and national Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises have a vague agreement on leasing out the buildings for private commercial use as well as public use, including restoring a building for a satellite campus of the Jakarta Arts Institute. Gatut Dwihastoro, the new head of a city government redevelopment unit for Batavia, said he remains hopeful that the Jakarta city administration and national government will finally implement their agreement so the buildings can be saved and turned into privately run shops, restaurants, galleries, and wine bars.
"I will not give up," he said.
Ms. Ubaidi, meanwhile, is considering renovating the front porch of her 19th-century warehouse to turn it into a hangout lounge with free Wi-Fi and soft drinks."I'm curious to see what happens, what the impact is," she says. "Somebody has to start to think about how to take those abandoned buildings and make the area alive." | <urn:uuid:8eb1845f-171f-46c2-a195-833d20b72495> | 2013-05-21T17:33:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.003021240234375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.014892578125,
0.018310546875,
0.078125,
-0.068359375,
0.004730224609375,
0.09619140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0400390625,
0.07666015625,
0.0419921875,
0.04345703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.019165039... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971262 | 1,369 | http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304520804576343004061989640.html | 0.274974 |
- Proton Transfer Networks and the Mechanism of Long Range Proton Transfer in Proteins (2010)
- The main energy providing reaction systems in living cells, for example the photosynthesis or the respiratory chain, are based on long range proton transfer (LRPT) reactions. Even since these LRPT reactions have been heavily investigated in the last decades, the mechanism of these reactions is still not completely understood. The reaction kinetics of the LRPT are under heavy discussion and it is not clear, whether the reorientation of the hydrogen bond network (HBN)or the electrostatic barrier for the charge transfer is rate limiting. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamics of chemical reactions inside of proteins, focused on long range proton transfer reactions. Electron transfer reactions, rotations of water molecules or conformational changes of the protein are also considered. The developed sequential dynamical Monte Carlo (SDMC) method is applicable to almost all kinds of chemical reactions. For all proton transfer reactions, the HBN of a protein plays a major role. Protons are transferred along such hydrogen bonds. Therefore, knowledge about the hydrogen bond network of a protein is crucial for the simulation of LRPT systems. The HBN can be calculated from the protein structure and the rotational state of the amino acid side chains. The reaction rate can be calculated from the electrostatic energies of the participating proton donor and acceptor groups. These two criteria are combined for the decision if a proton transfer between two molecules is possible and how fast this transfer would happen. While the calculation of electrostatic energies of protonatable amino acid side chains or relevant cofactors in proteins (among them also water molecules) is already solved - implemented in various programs - the remaining tasks - calculating the hydrogen bond network followed by calculating the reaction rates - were solved during this work. Before the hydrogen bond network and the electrostatic energies could be calculated, the lack of water positions in many available crystallographically resolved protein structures made it necessary to develop an algorithm to detect internal cavities in proteins and fill these cavities with water molecules. The derived water positions could be included in the electrostatic calculations as well as in the calculation of the HBN. The simulation of the LRPT in Gramicidin A (gA) compared to experimental data of the proton transfer in this polypeptide showed the possibilities of the simulation of the LRPT by the SDMC algorithm. The promising results encouraged us to investigate the mechanism of the LRPT, especially, if the reorientation of the HBN or the electrostatic energy barrier of the charge transfer is rate limiting for the LRPT. The results indicate, that both effects influence the LRPT and none of them is exclusively responsible for the LRPT rate. Further analysis of the hydrogen bond network topology showed that graph algorithms can be used to analyze these networks. Hydrogen bond networks can be clustered into regions which are close connected to each other. On the other hand, residues connecting two or more of these densely connected regions might play an important role for proton transfer pathways since a loss of such residues cuts a proton transfer pathway. A comparison of an analysis of the HBN topology of the photosynthetic reaction center with mutation studies of the same system showed, that residues identified as important for proton transfer by the mutation studies are identified as connection points between clusters by the network analysis. The developed algorithms together with the introduction of a new method for the simulation of the LRPT process (SDMC) improved the picture of the proton transfer processes in proteins. Starting from the protein structure, the developed algorithms cover all steps from the detection of protein cavities, the placement of water molecules in these cavities, the calculation and analysis of the hydrogen bond network, the simulation of the LRPT and the investigation of the reaction kinetics. The analysis of the HBN by graph theoretical methods gives further insight into the HBN topology and identifies residues important for proton transfer pathways and therefore important for the protein activity. | <urn:uuid:cbeab5a9-e536-47d2-b7fd-955b6995c01d> | 2013-05-21T17:43:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.00014495849609375,
0.00958251953125,
0.10498046875,
-0.12060546875,
0.0062255859375,
0.125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.08544921875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.005523681640625,
0.09326171875,
0.0279541015625... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931213 | 818 | http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22Mirco+Till%22 | 0.353587 |
[en] The purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (CT) features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. Initial (n = 35) and follow-up (n = 12) CT images were available from 35 dogs. The most commonly encountered CT findings were (1) moderate to severe cavitary destruction of the turbinates with presence of a variable amount of abnormal soft tissue in the nasal passages, (2) non-specific thickening of the mucosa adjacent to the inner surface of bones of the frontal sinus, maxillary recess and nasal cavity and, (3) thickened reactive bone. The findings were consistent with a disease initially affecting one nasal cavity then progressing into the ipsilateral frontal sinus, the contralateral nasal cavity and the contralateral frontal sinus. Two dogs with associated nasal foreign body had a more localized invasion of the nasal cavity. Attenuation values and contrast enhancement were not specific. With follow-up examinations, a reduction in the amount of abnormal soft tissue was observed in all dogs except one, but this reduction could not be quantified. | <urn:uuid:addab042-6658-4f75-adfd-e106c1ad6eb5> | 2013-05-21T17:38:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.018821023404598236,
-0.011600378900766373,
0.008937026374042034,
0.01645359769463539,
0.11363636702299118,
-0.0002996271359734237,
-0.016216855496168137,
0.07244317978620529,
-0.017045455053448677,
-0.007753314450383186,
0.11268939077854156,
0.01905776560306549,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95166 | 226 | http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/1262 | 0.253629 |
An Analysis of the Classic Arctic Outbreak Event of Late December 2008-Early January 2009
By Christian M. Cassell
Stratospheric Role |
The 2008-2009 winter was characterized by colder than normal temperatures and above normal snowfall for each month from October through March. While there was no one significant snow event that overshadowed any other this past winter, a bitterly cold Arctic outbreak that persisted for more than two weeks brought the coldest temperatures in a decade to the Anchorage area, and grabbed headlines around the world for extreme cold in interior parts of the state. This analysis will show how the outbreak developed and how it was able to persist for a prolonged period of time.
*-Indicates a record low value for that particular date.
1. Summary of temperatures and records from the outbreak
The following chart is a breakdown of temperatures and extremes at Anchorage during the two week Arctic outbreak.
**-Indicates tying or setting of the lowest temperature of this decade (2000-2009).
Though it is arbitrary as to when the outbreak began and ended based on the numbers, the temperature at Anchorage dropped below zero degrees during the evening hours of December 29th, and remained below zero until January 8th except for a one-hour period during the afternoon of January 5th when the temperature managed to make it to 0.4 degrees briefly during the mid afternoon hours. This represented the longest streak of sub-zero days since 30 January . 5 February 1999.
Additionally, the eleven-day streak (29 Dec . 8 Jan) with the minimum temperature falling to
-10 degrees or lower from the official reporting station at the National Weather Service office on Sand Lake Road was the longest such streak since 17-29 December 1961. Therefore, while there were no record low minimum temperature values set at the official temperature station in Anchorage, the duration of the cold in terms of minimum temperatures at or below -10 degrees was the longest such stretch in 47 years.
Go to next page
Stratospheric Role | | <urn:uuid:9aae393d-86f4-4331-b269-7344c5e77b24> | 2013-05-21T17:17:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.008202278055250645,
-0.01708243042230606,
-0.026979392394423485,
0.0012879609130322933,
0.04040130227804184,
-0.12472885102033615,
0.0008558161789551377,
0.10520607233047485,
-0.017760302871465683,
-0.027928415685892105,
0.09327548742294312,
0.033893708139657974,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950954 | 406 | http://pafc.arh.noaa.gov/stories/viewer.php?pId=arctic&year=2009&extn=php | 0.159274 |
Ala'a Hussein Ali Al-Khafaji Al-Jaber
1948) () served at the head of a puppet government
(the "Republic of Kuwait
") in Kuwait
during the initial stages of the Gulf War
from August 4, 1990 to August 8, 1990.
Ali held dual nationalities as an Iraqi and Kuwaiti, having grown up in Kuwait and studied in Baghdad
where he became a member of the ruling Baath party
. Having held a lieutenant's position in the Kuwaiti army
prior to the invasion, Ali was promoted to colonel in Baghdad and placed at the head of a 9-member puppet government during the invasion. A week later Kuwait was annexed by Iraq and Ali became Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister. After Desert Storm
he was not heard of until 1998 when he fled to Norway
with his family under a fake name.
In 1993, Ali was sentenced in absentia
to death by hanging for treason
by the Kuwaiti government. In January 2000 he returned to Kuwait attempting to appeal the sentence. The court however, confirmed Ali guilty of treason again on May 3, 2000. In March 2001, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. | <urn:uuid:760ee7c4-3aea-4567-8f28-574d55b7322d> | 2013-05-21T17:11:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.014279026538133621,
0.021418539807200432,
-0.029845505952835083,
-0.006466526072472334,
0.07069288194179535,
-0.06367041170597076,
-0.051966290920972824,
0.03932584449648857,
-0.017673220485448837,
-0.04330524429678917,
0.042837079614400864,
0.046114232391119,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986499 | 245 | http://pages.rediff.com/alaa-hussein-ali/258164 | 0.984758 |
Quebec City is divided into six arrondissements or boroughs. These boroughs are the result of several waves of amalgamation and reorganization of the political boundaries of Quebec City. Most of the land area of the current city From 2002 to 2009 there were eight boroughs. Prior to the 197s
The six boroughs are further divided into 36 quartiers ("neighbourhoods"), which are numbered instead of named.
Until October 31, 2009, the city had eight boroughs: La Cité, Les Rivières, Sainte-Foy—Sillery, Charlesbourg, Beauport, Limoilou, La Haute-Saint-Charles and Laurentien. The boroughs of La Cité and Limoilou were merged on November 1, while the borough of Laurentien was dissolved and divided between Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge and La Haute-Saint-Charles. | <urn:uuid:1f96f659-cb85-4443-a6b1-e87411a7358d> | 2013-05-21T17:32:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.043133802711963654,
0.0017147153848782182,
-0.035798121243715286,
-0.02934272214770317,
0.04489436745643616,
-0.02244718372821808,
-0.010930164717137814,
0.06338027864694595,
0.016285210847854614,
-0.031396713107824326,
0.1238262876868248,
-0.0077024647034704685,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940206 | 195 | http://pages.rediff.com/boroughs-of-quebec-city/350689 | 0.964157 |
WALLACE: You were sitting in the audience that night in Edwards' line of sight. What did you think and what did you do?
CHENEY: I was in the very front row, and I was very angry, as was the rest of my family, because it was such a cheap and blatant political ploy on behalf of Senator Edwards.
You know, my initial reaction was one I'm not necessarily sure is appropriate to share on television, but...
WALLACE: You mouthed an expletive, correct?
CHENEY: That would be a good way to put it, yes.
WALLACE: And your mom and your sister?
CHENEY: My mom and my sister took a slightly higher road. They stuck their tongues out at him.
WALLACE: And did the senator see the Cheney women?
CHENEY: I honestly don't know. We were in the front row just a few feet from him. I don't see how he could have missed us. But I honestly don't know.
Monday, May 15, 2006
On a note related to the last post, I watched Chris Wallace's interview of Mary Cheney on Fox News Sunday. The transcript includes discussion both of the FMA and also Ms. Cheney's reaction to John Kerry and John Edwards' allusions in the 2004 debates to Cheney's her homosexual relationship. This portion was rather amusing:
Posted by Ben at 5/15/2006 | <urn:uuid:16303dba-e77a-4b62-a40f-e2266c6b1f2f> | 2013-05-21T17:17:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0035962301772087812,
0.01875000074505806,
0.0031746032182127237,
-0.008829365484416485,
0.09246031939983368,
0.0013330853544175625,
-0.0025421627797186375,
0.03035714291036129,
-0.03134920820593834,
-0.08253968507051468,
0.08373016119003296,
0.02113095298409462,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990135 | 303 | http://paleoevangelical.blogspot.com/2006/05/mary-cheney-on-john-edwards.html | 0.771364 |
(Fair warning - I'm completely sleep deprived and it's entirely like that I will say a lot without really contributing anything)
I've always hated how others referred to some of my experiences. I hate hearing it referred to as "What happened with D---" or "The situation with Jody" or if I was really lucky sometimes it was "The time Jody took advantage of you". 'Took advantage', my foot. And the stumbled "You know..." with that meaningful, slightly uncomfortable <i>look</i> has been more hurtful to me than anything. I always want to blurt out "Yes, I know and so do you, so why don't we just call a spade a spade?" I know that these people are often simply trying to 'protect me'. But to that little girl inside of me, what it translates into is "this is so shameful that we can't even call it what it is." To me, it translates into silence. Suddenly, I feel uncomfortable about labeling my own experience with them, because there is now the feeling that they are more comfortable if they don't hear the 'r-word'. I remember when I was first dating Chris and he learned I had been sexually abused as a child. He told me about the fact that his mom had been sexually abused as well. While I know that he was just trying to help me to feel comfortable in confiding in him and his heart was completely in the right place, one thing about that conversation has always stuck out in my mind. When he mentioned it, he said that his grandpa had "tried to get into bed with" his mom...or something to that effect. He wouldn't label it, and I felt like dryly saying "Oh, you mean she was sexually abused." - though I guess it's not mine to label. It's just that what I heard in what he said is "I'm uncomfortable talking about this and therefore am probably not the best person to confide in."
In talking with another member recently, she told me about her 'experience' (for lack of a better word, because I don't want to label what is not mine) and asked me if I thought it was rape. I was glad that she had the guts to ask and to voice her fears and her questions, but I was kind of like, "Okay, I want to validate her, but how can I label something that isn't mine to label?"
Labeling is something that is very hard, and I think there is some damage in forcing one to label 'it' before they are ready. Years ago, after the second date rape, I was talking about it with one of my close friends, and she said to me, "You know, you were raped." and I about lost it. I was just not ready to face it, to see it for what it really was. In some ways, she helped me to see later on that it WAS rape, but there was also something greatly disturbing about having someone take my experience and label it for me.
However, I am of the belief that labeling our experiences is one of the most powerful things we can do. It's so very hard, because we are forced to acknowledge that something did happen - we are forced out of the denial that we have lived in. We are forced to take ownership of the rapes/abuse. We are forced to acknowledge that it was a big deal and that it does matter. There is a certain fear there. But yes, doing so helps us to heal. How <i>can</i> we heal from something if we don't know what it is we are healing from? To me, labeling each of the experiences has been validating and empowering. It has given me the chance to say "I was raped. This is what happened to me. I don't want it, but it is mine. It's not 'the situation' or 'that thing that happened'. It is not something that I wish to hide from any longer. It was a big deal. It did hurt me." For me, labeling it (although it made 'it' painfully real) has helped to dispel the shame. It has helped to make it less scary somehow. I do have a hard time talking about the rapes in RL. I have a very hard time saying "I was raped. I was sexually abused." But I think that it is something that we all must do in order to heal.
Good grief, would someone tell me to shut up?! I've rambled far too long, and probably contributed nothing. I should follow Rain's example and post only when fully awake. :) | <urn:uuid:fa44e976-f788-44d0-84ee-9948b258aae3> | 2013-05-21T17:18:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0194091796875,
0.0016021728515625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.010498046875,
0.06005859375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.10986328125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.04296875,
0.052001953125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.038818359375,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993225 | 956 | http://pandys.org/forums/index.php?s=f93e1ab7fa1f0c31f700f46e72f261ee&showtopic=2960&st=0&p=17137&forceDownload=1&_k=880ea6a14ea49e853634fbdc5015a024 | 0.179009 |
Presidential Power in Comparative Perspective: The Puzzling Persistence of Imperial Presidency in Post-Authoritarian Africa
H. Kwasi Prempeh
Seton Hall University School of Law
August 19, 2007
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2008
One of the paradoxes of modern government is the phenomenon of the democratically accountable president or prime minister who rules without regard to formal checks and balances. As democracy and democratic constitutions have spread to regions of the world once dominated by autocratic regimes, a longstanding feature of the ancien régime - the imperial presidency - has persisted. While constitutional scholars have shown a great deal of interest in new constitutional courts in the world's newest democracies, the contemporaneous phenomenon of persistent imperial presidency has been largely ignored. Although relatively little attention has been paid to it in comparative constitutional discourse, Africa, too, has witnessed, since 1990, a dramatic transition to democratic rule that has resulted in the toppling of many of the region's long-reining autocrats and the installation of new counter-authoritarian constitutions. However, following the global trend, Africa's longstanding tradition of imperial presidency has survived these recent constitutional changes.
Refuting "cultural" explanations rooted in notions of African exceptionalism, the Article traces the rise of imperial presidency in Africa to authoritarian conceptions and policies of "national integration" and "development" embraced by Africa's postcolonial leadership in the founding moments of the 1960s and identifies ways in which the structure of the extant colonial state and contemporaneous models of presidential power influenced African agency in the direction of authoritarianism. Examining why the phenomenon of imperial presidency has survived recent constitutional reforms, the Article uncovers omissions and shortcomings in Africa's contemporary constitutional design and democratic project that have enabled the force of path dependency to undermine prospects for constitutionalism. The Article offers some tentative constitutional reform proposals to tame presidential supremacy in Africa and thereby enhance constitutionalism in Africa's emerging democracies.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 87
Keywords: Africa, imperial presidency, constitutional design, presidential power, imperial presidency, post-authoritarianAccepted Paper Series
Date posted: September 19, 2007 ; Last revised: May 8, 2013
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This page was processed by apollo5 in 0.563 seconds | <urn:uuid:efe7e62a-9189-49d3-8d1f-8e3310514d6d> | 2013-05-21T17:10:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.01324462890625,
0.022216796875,
0.027587890625,
0.036376953125,
0.057373046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.1376953125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0205078125,
0.05615234375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.051513671875,
0.05712890625,
0.0400390625,
-0.001365... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898325 | 480 | http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1015369 | 0.227701 |
The history and tradition of Patna go back to the earliest dawn of civilization. The original name of Patna was Pataliputra or Patalipattan and its history makes a start from the century 600 B.C. The name Patna has undergone many changes at its earliest stages like Pataligram, Kusumpur,Patliputra, Azimabad etc., ultimately terminating to the present one. Chandragupta Maurya made it his capital in the 4th century A.D. Thereafter the city lost its importance until Sherkhan Suri rose into power in the early 16th century A.D. Another version that comes to focus is that there existed a village named Pattan or Patthan, which later turned into Patna.It has been said that Pataliputra was founded by Ajatashatru. Patna, therefore, has become inextricably bound up with the ancient Pataliputra. The ancient village was named ‘Patali’ and the word ‘Pattan’ was added to it. Greek history mentions ‘Palibothra’ which perhaps is Pataliputra itself.
Ajatashatru had to adopt certain security measures in order to protect Patna from the repeated Lichchavi invasions. He had got a natural riverine fort protected by three rivers. Ajatashatru’s son had moved his capital from Rajagriha to Pataliputra and this status was maintained during the reign of the Mauryas and the Guptas. Ashoka the Great, administered his empire from here. Chandragupta Maurya and Samudragupta, valliant warriors, they took Pataliputra as their capital. It was from here Chahandragupta sent forth his army to fight the Greeks of the western frontier and Chandragupta Vikramaditya repelled the Shakas and the Huns from here. It was there that the Greek ambassador Megasthenes stayed during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The famous traveler Fa-Hien in the 3rd century and Hiuen-Tsang in the 7th century inspected the city. Many noted scholars like Kautilya stayed here and works like ‘Arthashastra’ were written from this place. This city was the fountainhead of the spring of knowledge and wisdom in ancient times. | <urn:uuid:041ab45a-c6f0-41a9-b149-cf589c747e04> | 2013-05-21T17:37:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.012939453125,
0.0830078125,
-0.087890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.04150390625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.02587890625,
0.03857421875,
0.01300048828125,
0.035400390625,
0.0216064453125,
0.00439453125,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980694 | 505 | http://patna.bih.nic.in/District/history.htm | 0.372386 |
RE: Plant-based fats question
Posted Tuesday, March 5, 2013 at 9:18 AM
It depends on your goals - weight loss? disease prevention? cancer survival? general health and well being?
Here's our general advice with high-fat plant foods:
A low-fat diet is not a no-fat diet. There are traces of natural oils in vegetables, beans, and fruits, and these fats are important for health. Some people add additional sources of healthful omega-3 (“good”) fats, such as walnuts, flaxseeds or flax oil, or soy products. And some researchers have found health benefits to having a small serving of nuts each day, despite the fact that nuts are very fatty. The idea is that nuts are heart-healthy and may even prevent arrhythmias—disorders of the heartbeat.
PCRM’s advice is to be cautious with these foods. They can easily impart enough fat to bring your weight loss to a halt. Rather than using nuts and seeds as snack foods (where it is so easy to go overboard), use them as condiments or in sauces, limiting them to about an ounce or so (about one modest handful) each day.
Susan Levin, MS, RD
PCRM Director of Nutrition Education | <urn:uuid:d1074449-0b9d-47bf-bc09-773fc9f5219b> | 2013-05-21T17:23:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.018644068390130997,
0.023728813976049423,
0.0033103814348578453,
0.005932203494012356,
0.087711863219738,
-0.03368644043803215,
0.011599576100707054,
0.10720338672399521,
0.009957627393305302,
-0.021292373538017273,
0.04894067719578743,
0.04025423899292946,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955508 | 268 | http://pcrm.org/kickstartHome/forum/messages.cfm?messageid=3AF3AEA4-E69C-7111-5010F6637021E35B | 0.265938 |
* create your own exception class (extending PEAR_Exception)
* use a code when you throw an exception, e.g. implement codes through class constants and e.g. use self::ERR_NO_SOCKET. this allows people to check what kind of exception they received.
* if i supply auto_connect = false, it would still call connect() (from __construct())
* connect() doesn't return anything (doc problem)
* wrap your "if (!$this->_socket)" into a method and also check if it's a resource (not just if it's not false)
* instead of fputs(), you should use fwrite() (imho)
* fputs/fwrite can return false, shouldn't that be checked?
* stream_get_contents can also return false
(Maybe wrap those calls into their own method and throw an exception if it doesn't work for some reason.)
* simplify your if/else (most time the else is not necessary)
* unless PEAR_Exception implements toString(), you will have to do echo $e->getMessage() in your example
Last but not least, I'd like to see more of the API supported (this can be done on the way to 1.0-stable), regardless - what's your own plan/roadmap for this?
One last suggestion/question - I wonder if it would make sense to subclass e.g. create Net_AsteriskManager_Queue, Net_AsteriskManager_Sip, *_Zap, *_Monitor, *_Mailbox, etc.. This would maybe help organize the feature-set, otherwise you end up with a couple dozen methods in Net_AsteriskManager. | <urn:uuid:8c61e8b7-369d-4478-aec3-aad0efefab2d> | 2013-05-21T17:25:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04156479239463806,
0.014899143949151039,
0.04217603802680969,
0.007946209982037544,
0.0403422974050045,
-0.05195599049329758,
0.022921759635210037,
0.05409535393118858,
-0.03270171210169792,
0.01696210354566574,
0.05378973111510277,
0.03652200475335121,
-0.07... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866696 | 370 | http://pear.php.net/pepr/pepr-vote-show.php?id=543&handle=till | 0.724734 |
Vin Diesel was born on July 18, 1967 in New York
, USA, never knowing his biological father. He is a famous American actor.
Biography and Career :
He was raised by his astrologer mother and adoptive father in the Westbeth artist's housing project in New York's Greenwich Village. Vin Diesel first showed an inclination to becoming a performer at the age of three during a visit to Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus when he tried to join in with the show, before being rescued by his mother.
Vin Diesel's father, a theatre director turned drama teacher at New York University, further stimulated the young Vin Diesel's innate interest by taking him, his twin brother and his younger sisters to the movies.
His first break in acting happened by chance, when at the age of seven he and his friends broke into a theatre to vandalize it. A woman stopped them and offered them each a script and $20, on the condition that they would attend everyday after school. From there, Vin Diesel's fledgling career progressed from the New York repertory company run by his father, to the Off-Off-Broadway circuit. At 17 and already sporting a well-honed physique, Vin Diesel became a bouncer at some of New York's hippest clubs to earn himself some extra cash. It was at this time that he changed his name to 'Vin Diesel'.
Vin Diesel enrolled as an English major at Hunter College, but dropped out after three years to go to Hollywood to further his acting career. Being an experienced theatre actor did not make any impression in Hollywood and after a year of struggling to make his mark, he returned to New York. His mother then gave him a book called "Feature Films at Used Car Prices" by 'Rick Schmidt'. The book showed him that he could take control of his career and make his own movies.
He wrote a short film based on his own experiences as an actor, called Multi-Facial (1994), which was shot in less than three days at a cost of $3,000. Multi-Facial (1994) was eventually accepted for the 1995 Cannes Film Festival where it got a tumultuous reception.
Afterwards, Vin Diesel returned to Los Angeles
and raised almost $50,000 through telemarketing to fund the making of his first feature, Strays (1997). Six months after shooting, the film was accepted for the 1997 Sundance Film Festival, and although it received a good reception, it didn't sell as well as hoped. Yet again Vin Diesel returned disappointed to New York only to receive a dream phone call. Steven Spielberg was impressed by Multi-Facial (1994) and wanted to meet Vin, leading him to be cast in Saving Private Ryan (1998). Multi-Facial (1994) earned Vin Diesel more work, when the director of Iron Giant, The (1999) saw it and decided to cast Vin Diesel in the title role. From there, Vin's career has steadily grown, with him securing his first lead role as 'Richard B Riddick' in the sci-fi film Pitch Black (2000). That role has earned him a legion of devoted fans and the public recognition he deserves.
- He worked as a bouncer in New York.
- Has a non-identical twin brother, Paul Vincent (IV), who is a film editor.
- Has an Italina Mastiff named "Roman".
- Mother is an astrologer.
- Has 2 sisters
Vin Diesel's Dates :
Mariah Carey (1993)
Samantha Phillips (1998)
Carmen Electra (2000)
Chanel Ryan (2000)
Karrine Steffans (2001)
Michelle Rodriguez (2001)
Maria Menounos (2004)
Alexandra Cheron (2005)
Vin Diesel Image : funmunch.com
Vin Diesel Lists | <urn:uuid:2218fe78-f071-4e8b-ace1-f3fc702082a8> | 2013-05-21T17:47:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.00445556640625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.00006580352783203125,
0.0751953125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0003871917724609375,
0.11083984375,
-0.03515625,
-0.055908203125,
0.07958984375,
0.0257568359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.0356445312... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981005 | 802 | http://people.famouswhy.com/vin_diesel/ | 0.847846 |
Feb 12, 2002, 4:41 AM
Post #4 of 8
Re: [RedRum] Will you fall into the trap?
[In reply to]
I saw this post and was curious. Rather than cheat, I thought
I would take a guess as to what happens in this and then test
my guess later. If I didn't do this, then no one will see the point
of your exercise.
So, here goes:
print (1 + 2) + 4;
In this, the (1 + 2) portion of this is the real arguments to the
print function. Therefore I believe that '3' should be printed to
STDOUT. Since you did not assign a variable to the return result,
$_ should have the value of the returned value from print(), which
if it printed is '1', plus '4', the sum of which is 5. So, if you print $_
next, it would be '5'.
Next, looking at your second example:
print (1 + 2) + (4 + 4 + (3 + 3));
I believe that '3' should be printed to STDOUT again and a print of
$_ would print 15, the sum of the return value '1' + 14.
Now, I will go test this.
Good example of how not to program.
print unpack"u*",pack "h*",$a,"\n\n"; | <urn:uuid:8b86c44f-6bfc-41e1-991b-df50d542d10e> | 2013-05-21T17:19:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.023865582421422005,
0.00023410744324792176,
0.009899401105940342,
-0.00941780861467123,
0.04109589010477066,
-0.07234589010477066,
0.011397688649594784,
0.039811644703149796,
-0.03446061536669731,
-0.005859375,
0.02514982968568802,
0.010755565017461777,
-0.00... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889959 | 306 | http://perlguru.com/gforum.cgi?post=14022;sb=post_subject;so=DESC;forum_view=forum_view_expandable;page=last;guest= | 0.881556 |
Jerusalem, The Biography by Simon Sebag Montefiore
February 2, 2012 by Bob Livingston
The fact that Jerusalem is the center of the spiritual world for so many people seems to make politics there frighteningly complex and deadly. Consequently, if you have any interest in understanding why the area in and around Jerusalem is such a contentious piece of real estate, Jerusalem explicates, in exquisite historical detail, the thousands of years of fighting over a piece of ground that so many people want to possess. Sometimes, the details supplied by Montefiore are a bit overwhelming. But the historical tidbits, footnotes, archeological gossip and descriptions of what we know or think we know about what historical figures did to each other in this part of the planet are never less than fascinating and illuminating.
Near the beginning of the book, Montefiore describes a time when Jerusalem was ruled by a confederation of tribes who were challenged by the Philistines, “part of the Sea Peoples, who originated in the Aegean (Sea).” The Israelites led first by Saul and then by David beat them back. As king, David established his stronghold at Jerusalem because it was a demilitarized zone between the northern and southern tribes.
Later on, though, rulers of the various kingdoms in and around Jerusalem would periodically invade and kill many of the local inhabitants, making off with gold from the city’s temple. And then, in between invasions and sieges, members of the ruling class would battle with each other for power, brothers killing each other in order to take control, children killing parents, in-laws plotting each other’s doom and generals using assassinations and bloodbaths to establish their own dynasties.
At the same time, the ruling Jewish kings twice built magnificent temples in Jerusalem (each eventually destroyed), filling them with golden treasures (all eventually looted) and established the city as a living, holy shrine.
But the battles never stopped.
In one typical period, as the Assyrians invaded, Israel’s King Ahab joined with Judah and Syria to repel the would-be conquerors. But soon, the three anti-Assyrian partners began to war with each other, civil wars broke out and King Ahab was killed by his own troops. In the power vacuum, a general named Jehu decided it was time to do away with the rest of the royal family. He stacked the heads of Ahab’s 70 sons in a gruesome pile at the one of the city’s gates, killed the new king who was trying to succeed Ahab and, for good measure, murdered the visiting king of Judah. Ahab’s wife, Queen Jezebel, was unceremoniously thrown out of a palace window, “pulverized” by chariots and fed to the dogs. But Ahab’s family was soon in control again. One of Jezebel’s daughters, Athalia, took power, killing every prince she could get her hands on (all of whom were her own grandchildren). She made Baal the state religion and set up idols in the Temple. Athalia, though, was eventually murdered, as were her priests.
This kind of back-and-forth killing was typical. Eventually, the Assyrians came back for more booty, and the Egyptians took a turn invading the area. When those empires backed off, the Babylonians arrived for their share. A couple of hundred years later, the Persians took out the Babylonians, followed by the Greeks and later the Romans.
Destruction And Conflict
Soon after Jesus was crucified, relations between Rome and the Jewish rulers of Jerusalem reached a tipping point. Roman legions marched into the city, looted it, burned it to the ground and slaughtered most its residents, hauling many of the survivors back to Rome as slaves and unwilling participants in bloody shows at the Coliseum. For a time, the city was a camp for Roman soldiers.
Later, when the Romans eventually left, the city settled down into relative obscurity, lapsing into low level anarchy before being invaded by European Crusaders.
Today, of course, Jerusalem is in the center of the controversy between Palestinians and Israelis, each group claiming that they should control the area. After reading Jerusalem, you won’t wonder that the city and the area around it is a continual source of conflict. You may wonder why it isn’t worse. Montefiore warns, “… there have always been two Jerusalems, the temporal and the celestial, both ruled more by faith and emotion than by reason and facts.” | <urn:uuid:a84c7c31-de2f-41dc-a218-44d84a739fb0> | 2013-05-21T17:10:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0106201171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.014404296875,
0.091796875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03076171875,
0.1181640625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.072265625,
0.0048828125,
0.00135040283203125,
0.031494140625,
0.041015625,
0.01403... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969634 | 955 | http://personalliberty.com/2012/02/02/jerusalem-the-biography-by-simon-sebag-montefiore/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=ca8cc7cdd9 | 0.210955 |
Vocal Jam at the end of Limb by Limb was South African-influenced, amazing. Perhaps a tribute to the World Cup opening day in South Africa..?
I think Phish purposefully made up for a less-than-stellar show here last here.
We're in for a great tour.
Soundcheck: Show of Life, Burn That Bridge [list and order unconfirmed]
No whistling.
Ending vocal jam.
DEG tease by Trey in intro. Fishman drum solo. "Jon Fishman" substituted for "Marco Esquandolas." Lyrics changed to "Been you to have any stick."
Phish debut.
Notes: After Possum, Trey congratulated the hometown Chicago Blackhawks' victory over his beloved Philadelphia Flyers in the Stanley Cup Finals that ended two days before this show. Reba was performed without the whistling ending. Limb by Limb included an ending vocal jam. Caspian was unfinished. Antelope contained a Dave's Energy Guide tease by Trey in the intro section. Antelope subsequently contained a Fishman drum solo. "Jon Fishman" was substituted for "Marco Esquandolas" and Antelope's lyrics were further changed with "Been you to have any stick." This show featured the Phish debut of Show of Life.
This show was part of the "2010 Early Summer Tour." | <urn:uuid:76693589-c7ab-40c2-8500-d3d44856d76e> | 2013-05-21T17:44:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.010250796563923359,
0.006095740478485823,
0.00030789710581302643,
0.010897691361606121,
0.06329617649316788,
-0.014729299582540989,
0.0024631768465042114,
0.04438694193959236,
-0.04677547886967659,
-0.08558917045593262,
0.02667197398841381,
0.027269108220934868,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953251 | 283 | http://phish.net/setlists/?d=2010-06-11&highlight=683 | 0.221267 |
Here's maybe a slightly different viewpoint to the general consensus opinion of 'this is a bad idea':
Will adding a lens modifier- generally speaking a modifier of significantly lower quality than the lens itself- detract from the quality of a lenses optics? Yes. Absolutely. Your picture will never be as sharp or accurate as if you hadn't added the modifier to the front of the lens. In fact, it will be significantly degraded. Period.
Should you buy this item? That depends on what you're looking to accomplish with your photography, and what (in general) you want your pictures to look like. If you like the 'lo-fi' photography look that can be achieved through the use of things like Lensbabys, and Lomo cameras, then you're likely to think the look that comes from one of these modifiers is cool! If, on the other hand, you're hoping for performance that in any way rivals an actual dedicated zoom lens on a 'real' camera, it would be better to avoid such modifiers because the quality of the images you'll be able to make won't even be in the same city as a dedicated lens would, let alone the same ballpark.
Personally, I think this modifier looks like a heck of a lot of fun for use as a 'goof around' camera attachment, and at ~$35 it's a small enough investment that it seems like a bit of 'no-brainer' to give it a go... | <urn:uuid:2059cb41-04d3-4ce2-b8e0-040f8f161de4> | 2013-05-21T17:32:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.05480480566620827,
0.008399023674428463,
0.012293543666601181,
-0.006756756920367479,
0.04954954981803894,
-0.05067567527294159,
-0.00572447432205081,
0.057057056576013565,
-0.01942567527294159,
-0.06306306272745132,
0.06081081181764603,
0.03847597539424896,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966858 | 297 | http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/9502/recommendations-for-zoom-lenses-for-an-iphone-3gs | 0.369434 |
Laurent Cipriani / AP
A supporter of Socialist Party candidate Francois Hollande celebrates after the results of the first round of the French elections were announced at the party's headquarters in Paris, France, on April 22, 2012.
Reuters reports — Far-rightist Marine Le Pen threw France's presidential race wide open on Sunday by scoring nearly 20 percent in the first round -- votes that might determine the runoff between Socialist favorite Francois Hollande and conservative President Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande got 27.5 percent, compared to Sarkozy's 26.6 percent, and the two will meet in a head-to-head decider on May 6.
But Le Pen's record score of 20 percent was the sensation of the night, beating her father's 2002 result and outpolling hard leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon, in fourth place with 10 percent. Centrist Francois Bayrou finished fifth with nine percent. Continue reading.
Jean-Pierre Muller / AFP - Getty Images
Socialist Party candidate Francois Hollande adjusts his glasses on stage after the announcement of the estimated results of the first round put him in first place.
Kenzo Tribouillard / AFP - Getty Images
France's President and Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) candidate Nicolas Sarkozy is pictured following the announcement of the estimated results, which put him in second place.
Philippe Desmazes / AFP - Getty Images
Far right Front National (FN) candidate Marine Le Pen celebrates after a strong performance gave her the highest ever score for her anti-immigrant party. She finished third.
Jeff Pachoud / AFP - Getty Images
Ballots are displayed on a table in a polling station in Lyon during first round voting.
In this year's U.S. presidential campaign, more than $100 million has already been spent on TV ads. As Rock Center Special Correspondent Ted Koppel reports, the system is very different in France, where the candidates disappear from TV in the run-up to voting. | <urn:uuid:f3d3d22d-6bf8-43df-8eda-bd400d9f6d38> | 2013-05-21T17:19:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.031604308634996414,
0.05328798294067383,
-0.0054209185764193535,
0.01856575906276703,
0.05215419456362724,
-0.012188208289444447,
-0.019274376332759857,
0.09693877398967743,
-0.00726332189515233,
-0.05980725586414337,
0.05924036353826523,
-0.00010463169746799394,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935266 | 408 | http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/23/11346763-french-far-right-holds-balance-after-francois-hollande-edges-nicolas-sarkozy | 0.170686 |
10 tips to find what you are looking for
- Search by using words from the English dictionary. As some sources are French, you can also use French keywords in some cases.
- You can search by category; just type one of the following abbreviations in the Search field:
- If you aren't sure of the spelling:
- Use an underscore to replace the character you are not sure of. For example, le_insky (v or w?).
- Use % to replace the part of the word you are not sure of. For example, the query expression "Verhof%" finds all terms beginning with 'Verhof'.
- You can type composed names, e.g. Armand De Decker, European Commission
- If you type more than one keyword, the result will only display photos containing the exact query. E.g. if you type "Prince Charles", the result will only display pictures containing the exact term "Prince Charles".
- If possible, try to specify the period or time. By searching on "whenever", it can take more time.
- Lower case or capital letters do not influence the search engine e.g. Mathilde = mathilde.
- If you are not sure of the credit or source: choose 'Search in all available sources'.
- To print: click the right button of your mouse.
- To order: add "to basket" and go to 'My basket' via the top menu.
How to refine your search:
(The following tips apply for the homepage, the simple and advanced search, not for coverage and gallery search)
- AND: When looking for a picture containing more than one keyword regardless of the order of the terms used, separate those keywords with 'AND'.
E.g. if you type 'Charles AND Prince', the system will return any pictures containing those keywords: Prince Charles, Charles prince of Wales, etc.
- NOT: If you want to make a search but want to exclude a possible result, use 'NOT' between the keywords.
E.g. If you're looking for someone called 'Charles' but don't want the results to contain pictures about 'Prince Charles': type 'Charles NOT Prince'
- OR: If you hesitate between 2 keywords, you can separate both terms with 'OR'.
E.g. Prince OR Charles | <urn:uuid:ea4ca732-418b-4b1a-a1b9-6dd7eddc0c1e> | 2013-05-21T17:29:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.008056640625,
0.008056640625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.03662109375,
0.07666015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.076171875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0072021484375,
0.11572265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.030029296875,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814178 | 483 | http://picture.belga.be/belgapicture/editorial/all/advanced-search.html | 0.909781 |
The Pittsburgh Pirates signed the following two players from this year's draft.
Colten Brewer (4th round - RHP): Went 8-2 with a 1.43 ERA and 98 strikeouts...Was the District 14 3A Pitcher-of-the-Year in 2011...He was also a first-team District 14 3A selection at first base in 2010...Was the 2009 District 14 Newcomer-of-the-Year.
Jason Creasy (8th round - RHP): Helped lead Clayton High School to the Greater Neuse River 4-A Conference Championship in 2011 as a senior while also being named the league pitcher-of-the-year...Went 7-1 with a 1.43 ERA (49.0ip/10er) and 68 strikeouts as a senior...Signed a letter of intent with North Carolina State before signing with the Pirates.
The Pirates have now signed 16 players from this year's Draft.
The following are trademarks or service marks of Major League Baseball entities and may be used only with permission of Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. or the relevant Major League Baseball entity: Major League, Major League Baseball, MLB, the silhouetted batter logo, World Series, National League, American League, Division Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the names, nicknames, logos, uniform designs, color combinations, and slogans designating the Major League Baseball clubs and entities, and their respective mascots, events and exhibitions. | <urn:uuid:fb65ff9d-7107-40be-8de1-8cc423ff8232> | 2013-05-21T17:11:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.008484791964292526,
0.014929525554180145,
0.0008519566035829484,
-0.013074926100671291,
0.02466617152094841,
-0.012518545612692833,
0.003268731525167823,
0.04599406570196152,
0.006398368161171675,
-0.031157270073890686,
0.11943620443344116,
0.05267062410712242,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941266 | 303 | http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20110713&content_id=21776566&vkey=pr_pit&fext=.jsp&c_id=pit | 0.160715 |
Puzzle pageIssue 37
Mystery Christmas theft
Where's that missing coin?
As a last treat before the start of the busiest period of the year, Santa Claus and Rudolph the Reindeer decide to go out for a meal. The Easter Bunny comes along for company. They feast on scrumptious food and mulled wine, which makes Rudolph's nose glow redder than ever. At the end of the night the bill totals 30 North Pole Pounds, and the three decide to share it evenly, each paying 10 Pounds. The waiter takes the money and walks over to the til, where he meets the proprietress of the restaurant. She tells him that for these very distinguished guests the last bottle of mulled wine is on the house. That bottle was 5 Pounds, so now the bill only comes to 25 Pounds. She gives the waiter 5 Pound coins in change. But the waiter, not being a very honest sort and still holding a grudge about an undelivered present, slips two Pounds into his pocket and only returns 3 Pounds, 1 Pound to each of the three guests.
Now each has paid 9 Pounds, making 27 in total. The waiter stole 2 Pounds, making 29. But Santa, Rudolph and the Easter Bunny paid 30 Pounds in total! What happened to the missing Pound? | <urn:uuid:a82a53ed-a18b-4a46-b4b3-3c440e480c50> | 2013-05-21T17:31:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0023981407284736633,
0.022745253518223763,
-0.015328322537243366,
0.02076740562915802,
0.08623417466878891,
-0.008059730753302574,
-0.013152689673006535,
0.08030063658952713,
-0.019382910802960396,
-0.05656645447015762,
0.07555379718542099,
0.010235363617539406,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955469 | 274 | http://plus.maths.org/content/puzzle-page-57 | 0.190477 |
Yes, you do have to chain breed.
First get a Male Blastoise/Wartortle/Squirtle and make sure it know Rapid Spin. Breed it with a Female Kabuto/Kabutops and the egg will be a Kabuto with Rapid Spin, make sure the newly hatched Kabuto is a MALE. Then breed the Male Kabuto that knows Rapid Spin to a Female Tentacool/Tentacruel. The result will be a Tentacool with Rapid Spin.
For more info on Tentacool | <urn:uuid:5c9ea7e0-57c7-45fb-9be7-409569afd1d1> | 2013-05-21T17:39:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.004831414669752121,
0.03591008856892586,
0.009114583022892475,
0.04714912176132202,
0.07072368264198303,
-0.013569079339504242,
-0.020010964944958687,
0.08278508484363556,
0.011581688188016415,
-0.008086622692644596,
0.01589912362396717,
0.011787280440330505,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850799 | 112 | http://pokemondb.net/pokebase/66359/tentacool-and-rapid-spin | 0.202549 |
Do You Know Your Political Jargon?
Do You Know the NRA?
Do You Know the Second Amendment?
How well do you know gay rights?
How much do you know about abortion politics?
Are 'stand your ground' laws a good idea?
Should free speech ever be restricted?
Is the mainstream media anti-religion?
Should cigarette smoking be banned?
Should the Republican party back civil unions or gay marriage?
See all 17 issues
See all people
• Law professor, Public Official
• Business Owner, Realtor | <urn:uuid:f6123219-1f3d-4d4a-a4a9-b1dc38646cb1> | 2013-05-21T17:25:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04645270109176636,
0.030968468636274338,
0.03476914390921593,
-0.003712697187438607,
0.11148648709058762,
-0.03997747600078583,
-0.020129503682255745,
0.10078828781843185,
-0.008164414204657078,
0.029279278591275215,
0.02857545018196106,
0.020411036908626556,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.732856 | 115 | http://politix.topix.com/election/ipswich-ma | 0.88485 |
What you say is quite fascinating, human.
Relate to me further information about these "deadly human viruses."
What did I tell you about talking to aliens?
Title-text: Evil alien ruse -- foiled.
If there's evil aliens out there, contact isn't the problem, it's discovery. No alien species is going to raid Earth for resources simply because they discover we can communicate with them. They would be more likely to raid Earth only because it happened to be on their schedule of planets to raid. And I would bet the planets would be sorted by distance and usefulness of resources, not by transmission of signals from life forms. And finally, any species capable of spanning solar systems and mining resources, could possibly be able to synthesize their own elements, eliminating any potential need to even seek out Earth-like planets. | <urn:uuid:071f133f-c7fe-4ccb-9962-e91d822fceb9> | 2013-05-21T17:31:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0356217622756958,
0.008703043684363365,
0.005990932695567608,
0.02396373078227043,
0.0893782377243042,
-0.06152849644422531,
0.006112370640039444,
0.13212434947490692,
-0.0031776230316609144,
-0.001629290753044188,
0.0537564754486084,
0.0032788212411105633,
-... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951258 | 172 | http://popstrip.com/aliens | 0.560354 |
|One guidance service that we wish to offer to professionals of literary translation and publishing sector consists in literary historical and contemporary heritage lists able to facilitate the work of identifying texts for translation and publication. In view of this we are making the following lists providing information and contact details available to professional literary translators. |
- A collection of national lists of works recommended for translation by UNESCO's National Commissions (available by clicking on the world map on the left side of the screen).
- The historical catalogue of the UNESCO Collection of representative works, which lists approximately 1400 works identified by UNESCO through a period of over 50 years, as masterpieces of the world literature; they have already been translated and published in at least one of the major written vehicular languages.
- The list of the Society for the promotion of Africa, Asia and South America (Litprom), established after consultation with the on-field organisms specialised in locating quality texts from regions lacking editorial opportunities.
- The African Book Collective (ABC) proposes to UNESCO twenty african works from the lists of publishers participating in the ABC programme, as books suitable for translation and potential new titles for inclusion in its Collection of Representative Works. | <urn:uuid:a6aaa4c6-0145-4b88-b73a-1cbf6eeffacb> | 2013-05-21T17:38:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0044084819965064526,
-0.002455357229337096,
0.0048828125,
-0.0031808034982532263,
0.11071428656578064,
-0.01875000074505806,
-0.00887276791036129,
0.04062499850988388,
-0.01830357126891613,
-0.01049107126891613,
0.06339285522699356,
-0.013058035634458065,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920885 | 239 | http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1545&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | 0.174625 |
07-04-2012, 05:06 AM
So I tend to have a couple of nervous tics, but can't seem to stop them. One is nail-biting, and another is picking at my beard. I've tried several things to stop them, but I can't seem to do so. I've tried writing myself reminders everyday to stop doing it, I've even tried bad-tasting nail polish to stop the fingernail biting, but I actually just bite through anyway. Has anyone else had either of these two tics and stopped successfully? How did you do it? | <urn:uuid:d97b533b-0493-49ad-8cbf-4767a8ac3935> | 2013-05-21T17:31:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03242481127381325,
0.01192434225231409,
0.01715225540101528,
0.004669877700507641,
0.04863721877336502,
-0.027138158679008484,
-0.02408364601433277,
0.0869360938668251,
-0.01104323286563158,
0.004640507511794567,
0.008928571827709675,
0.014156484976410866,
-0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992563 | 122 | http://postmasculine.com/forum/archive/index.php/thread-1636.html | 0.297282 |
|Grudem sent P.G.W. Glare a copy of his 1990 article on kephale. In reply, the editor says “I am in broad agreement with your conclusions... Kephale is the word normally used to translate the Hebrew r'osh,|
Let me just add that it doesn't matter who Glare is. Kephale is not the word normally used to translate r'osh, when r'osh is used in a figurative sense. But that's a fine point.
Gordon Fee says in his book on First Corinthians (pg. 502 & 503)
“Indeed, the metaphorical use of kephale to mean “chief” or “person of the highest rank” is rare in Greek literature------so much so that even though the Hebrew word “ros” often carried this sense, the Greek translators of the LXX, who ordinarily used kephale to translate ros when the physical head was intended, almost never did so when “ruler” was intended, thus indicating that this metaphorical sense is an exceptional usage and not part of the ordinary range of meaning for the Greek word. “
Out of 180 times that r'osh reference to a person, kephale was only used a few times. Maybe Glare was unaware of this. Who knows? | <urn:uuid:b7508787-90be-4029-b0f9-498635f1b729> | 2013-05-21T17:18:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01753048785030842,
0.0021913109812885523,
-0.0017693815752863884,
-0.006369773298501968,
0.04834494739770889,
-0.09973867237567902,
-0.008057490922510624,
0.07447735220193863,
-0.024063589051365852,
-0.026894599199295044,
-0.0024226915556937456,
0.032447736710309... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946514 | 281 | http://powerscourt.blogspot.com/2008/02/who-can-you-disagree-with.html | 0.321587 |
There is a chapter in "Making Software: What really works and why we believe it" By Andy Oram and Greg Wilson about software defects, and what metrics can be used to predict them.
To summarize (from what I can remember), they explained that they used a C codebase that was open source and had a published defect tracking history. They used a variety of well known metrics to see what was best at predicting the presence of defects. The first metric that they started with was lines of code (minus comments), which showed a correlation to defects (.i.e. as LOC increase so do defects). They did the same for a variety of other metrics (don't remember what off the top of my head) and ultimately concluded that more complex metrics were not significantly better at predicting defects than simple LOC count.
It would be easy to infer from this that choosing a less verbose language (a dynamic language?) will result in less lines of code and thus less defects. But the research in "Making Software" did not discuss the effect of language choice on defects, or on the class of defects. For example, perhaps a java program can be rewritten in clojure (or scala, or groovy, or...) resulting in more than 10x LOC savings. And you might infer 10x less defects because of that.
But is it possible that the concise language, while less verbose, is more prone to programmer errors (relative to the more verbose language)? Or, that defects written in the less verbose language are 10x harder to find and fix? The research in "Making Software" was a fine start, but it left me wanting more. Is there anything published on this topic? | <urn:uuid:72057bcb-7832-41d7-9285-37b5b4760307> | 2013-05-21T17:24:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0521099753677845,
0.015824807807803154,
0.015744885429739952,
-0.006953324656933546,
0.06457800418138504,
-0.054987210780382156,
-0.00959079246968031,
0.09718669950962067,
-0.036764707416296005,
-0.011269181966781616,
0.040920715779066086,
0.019661124795675278,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974347 | 345 | http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/131137/research-on-software-defects/131202 | 0.822692 |
I don't understand why many (many) companies treat software developers like they are assembly line workers making widgets. Joel Spolsky has a great example of the problems this creates:
With programmers, it's especially hard. Productivity depends on being able to juggle a lot of little details in short term memory all at once. Any kind of interruption can cause these details to come crashing down. When you resume work, you can't remember any of the details (like local variable names you were using, or where you were up to in implementing that search algorithm) and you have to keep looking these things up, which slows you down a lot until you get back up to speed.
Here's the simple algebra. Let's say (as the evidence seems to suggest) that if we interrupt a programmer, even for a minute, we're really blowing away 15 minutes of productivity. For this example, lets put two programmers, Jeff and Mutt, in open cubicles next to each other in a standard Dilbert veal-fattening farm. Mutt can't remember the name of the Unicode version of the strcpy function. He could look it up, which takes 30 seconds, or he could ask Jeff, which takes 15 seconds. Since he's sitting right next to Jeff, he asks Jeff. Jeff gets distracted and loses 15 minutes of productivity (to save Mutt 15 seconds).
Now let's move them into separate offices with walls and doors. Now when Mutt can't remember the name of that function, he could look it up, which still takes 30 seconds, or he could ask Jeff, which now takes 45 seconds and involves standing up (not an easy task given the average physical fitness of programmers!). So he looks it up. So now Mutt loses 30 seconds of productivity, but we save 15 minutes for Jeff. Ahhh!
Why don't managers and owner's see this? | <urn:uuid:c4b1893d-d3b2-457b-8311-08b659dd1b87> | 2013-05-21T17:43:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03683294728398323,
0.010005800053477287,
0.010585847310721874,
-0.01276102103292942,
0.08758700639009476,
-0.03233758732676506,
0.005075405817478895,
0.12412992864847183,
-0.006416763179004192,
-0.03741299360990524,
0.06960556656122208,
0.03262760862708092,
0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964121 | 388 | http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/46517/why-are-marketing-employees-product-managers-etc-deserving-of-their-own-offic/46525 | 0.210222 |
Not that most North American fans will care, but it was among the best hockey games played this season. Nicklas Lidstrom scored the winning goal early in the third period, and the Swedes held off a furious rush in the closing seconds to defeat Finland 3-2 in today's gold medal game.
It is Sweden's second Olympic title, the first coming in 1994. Finland previously won the silver medal in 1988, and has never won gold at the Olympics.
The Czech Republic won the bronze medal on Saturday, defeating Russia 3-0 in a somewhat lacklustre game. | <urn:uuid:732fe71f-523e-46b0-a9ce-f23691d68e2e> | 2013-05-21T17:23:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0097966268658638,
0.00632440485060215,
-0.0010618179803714156,
-0.003658234141767025,
0.0617559514939785,
-0.0669642835855484,
-0.0251736119389534,
0.0992063507437706,
-0.01215277798473835,
-0.0498511902987957,
0.01884920708835125,
0.02504960261285305,
-0.0476... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983263 | 119 | http://proicehockey.about.com/b/2006/02/26/sweden-replaces-ugly-memories-with-olympic-gold.htm | 0.957031 |
The Psychology Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was founded in 1921 by John Frederick Dashiell. In that year, he brought together courses in psychology previously offered by the Department of Philosophy and the School of Education to form an autonomous Psychology Department, training both graduate and undergraduate students. The program initially emphasized study in experimental-physiological psychology, but under Dr. Dashiell's able and vigorous chairmanship faculty the program expanded to provide instruction in the areas of clinical-personality (Professors Bagby and Crane), quantitative-statistical (Professors Bayroff and Wherry), and social psychology (Professor F. Allport).
This expansion of the program necessitated the department's move to the New West building in 1930. Further evolution included the formation of a clinical training program in the late 1940's. The Psychometric Laboratory, affiliated with the quantitative program, was initiated by L.L. Thurstone in 1952 and was ably expanded and directed for many years by Lyle Jones. Continued growth of the department made necessary a move to the department's current home, Davie Hall, in 1967.
In the 1960's a concentration in developmental psychology was added, and in 1989 an additional concentration in the rapidly growing area of cognitive psychology was formed. These additions to the graduate program strengthened the department's tradition of facilitating interdisciplinary study, as well as emphasizing both research and applied work in psychology. The quality and reputation of the faculty, the excellent placement record of recent UNC-CH Psychology Ph.D.'s in a very competitive market, as well as the large number of applications the department receives for graduate study (986 in the 1992-1993 academic year alone), all attest to the high reputation of the department. During Professor Dashiell's long tenure as chairman (1921-1949), thirty-six M.A. candidates and twenty-five doctoral candidates completed their graduate studies in the department. In 1991, twenty-one students earned doctoral degrees in psychology, which is nearly as many as during the first thirty years of the department.
Currently, the department offers the B.A. and B.S. in psychology at the undergraduate level, and the M.A. and Ph.D. at the graduate level. Admission to the graduate program is limited to students seeking the doctorate; in some areas the candidates are also required to complete a Master's thesis. Among the department's distinguished faculty members who have made significant contributions to psychology are Dorothy Adkins (measurement), W. Grant Dahlstrom (clinical and personality), Lyle Jones (quantitative), Harold McCurdy (social and personality), Harriet Rheingold (developmental) and John Thibaut (social). | <urn:uuid:b3b939fb-2030-4ceb-81cb-5b0e9e123fb9> | 2013-05-21T17:31:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0286865234375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.004119873046875,
0.07568359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.00811767578125,
0.09765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.05810546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0859375,
0.0076904296875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960663 | 549 | http://psychology.unc.edu/news-events/department-history/home-page | 0.187008 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
- For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to genetics.
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genitive” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits in a discrete manner—these basic units of inheritance are now called genes.
Genes correspond to regions within DNA, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides—the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit. DNA naturally occurs in a double stranded form, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to each other. Each strand can act as a template for creating a new partner strand—this is the physical method for making copies of genes that can be inherited.
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to produce a chain of amino acids, creating proteins—the order of amino acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the gene. This is known as the genetic code. The amino acids in a protein determine how it folds into a three-dimensional shape; this structure is, in turn, responsible for the protein's function. Proteins carry out almost all the functions needed for cells to live. A change to the DNA in a gene can change a protein's amino acids, changing its shape and function: this can have a dramatic effect in the cell and on the organism as a whole.
Although genetics plays a large role in the appearance and behavior of organisms, it is the combination of genetics with what an organism experiences that determines the ultimate outcome. For example, while genes play a role in determining a person's height, the nutrition and health that person experiences in childhood also have a large effect.
- Main article: History of genetics
Although the science of genetics began with the applied and theoretical work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-1800s, other theories of inheritance preceded Mendel. A popular theory during Mendel's time was the concept of blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents. Mendel's work disproved this, showing that traits are composed of combinations of distinct genes rather than a continuous blend. Another theory that had some support at that time was the inheritance of acquired characteristics: the belief that individuals inherit traits strengthened by their parents. This theory (commonly associated with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck) is now known to be wrong—the experiences of individuals do not affect the genes they pass to their children. Other theories included the pangenesis of Charles Darwin (which had both acquired and inherited aspects) and Francis Galton's reformulation of pangenesis as both particulate and inherited.
Mendelian and classical geneticsEdit
The modern science of genetics traces its roots to Gregor Johann Mendel, a German-Czech Augustinian monk and scientist who studied the nature of inheritance in plants. In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically. Although this pattern of inheritance could only be observed for a few traits, Mendel's work suggested that heredity was particulate, not acquired, and that the inheritance patterns of many traits could be explained through simple rules and ratios.
The importance of Mendel's work did not gain wide understanding until the 1890s, after his death, when other scientists working on similar problems re-discovered his research. William Bateson, a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905. (The adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis - γένεσις, "origin" and that from the word genno - γεννώ, "to give birth", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860.) Bateson popularized the usage of the word genetics to describe the study of inheritance in his inaugural address to the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London, England, in 1906.
After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan argued that genes are on chromosomes, based on observations of a sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit flies. In 1913, his student Alfred Sturtevant used the phenomenon of genetic linkage to show that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome.
<span id="molecular" />
Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA—scientists did not know which of these was responsible for inheritance. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation (see Griffith's experiment): dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to "transform" other still-living bacteria. Sixteen years later, in 1944, Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty identified the molecule responsible for transformation as DNA. The Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 also showed that DNA (rather than protein) was the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA was the molecule responsible for inheritance.
James D. Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin that indicated DNA had a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew). Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what looks like rungs on a twisted ladder. This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA. The structure also suggested a simple method for duplication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.
Although the structure of DNA showed how inheritance worked, it was still not known how DNA influenced the behavior of cells. In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production. It was discovered that the cell uses DNA as a template to create matching messenger RNA (a molecule with nucleotides, very similar to DNA). The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein; this translation between nucleotide and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code.
With this molecular understanding of inheritance, an explosion of research became possible. One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger: this technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of a DNA from a mixture. Through the pooled efforts of the Human Genome Project and the parallel private effort by Celera Genomics, these and other techniques culminated in the sequencing of the human genome in 2003.
Features of inheritanceEdit
Discrete inheritance and Mendel's lawsEdit
- Main article: Mendelian inheritance
At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by means of discrete traits, called genes. This property was first observed by Gregor Mendel, who studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants. In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white - and never an intermediate between the two colors. These different, discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles.
In the case of pea plants, each organism has two alleles of each gene, and the plants inherit one allele from each parent. Many organisms, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance. Organisms with two copies of the same allele are called homozygous, while organisms with two different alleles are heterozygous.
The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype, while the observable trait the organism has is called its phenotype. When organisms are heterozygous, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once.
When a pair of organisms reproduce sexually, their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. These observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of alleles are collectively known as Mendel's first law or the Law of Segregation.
Notation and diagramsEdit
Geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. A gene is represented by a letter (or letters)—the capitalized letter represents the dominant allele and the recessive is represented by lowercase. Often a "+" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene.
In fertilization and breeding experiments (and especially when discussing Mendel's laws) the parents are referred to as the "P" generation and the offspring as the "F1" (first filial) generation. When the F1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the "F2" (second filial) generation. One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square.
Interactions of multiple genesEdit
Organisms have thousands of genes, and in sexually reproducing organisms assortment of these genes are generally independent of each other. This means that the inheritance of an allele for yellow or green pea color is unrelated to the inheritance of alleles for white or purple flowers. This phenomenon, known as "Mendel's second law" or the "Law of independent assortment", means that the alleles of different genes get shuffled between parents to form offspring with many different combinations.(Some genes do not assort independently, demonstrating genetic linkage, a topic discussed later in this article.)
Often different genes can interact in a way that influences the same trait. In the Blue-eyed Mary (Omphalodes verna), for example, there exists a gene with alleles that determine the color of flowers: blue or magenta. Another gene, however, controls whether the flowers have color at all: color or white. When a plant has two copies of this white allele, its flowers are white - regardless of whether the first gene has blue or magenta alleles. This interaction between genes is called epistasis, with the second gene epistatic to the first.
Many traits are not discrete features (eg. purple or white flowers) but are instead continuous features (eg. human height and skin color). These complex traits are the product of many genes. The influence of these genes is mediated, to varying degrees, by the environment an organism has experienced. The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability. Measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative - in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. For example, human height is a complex trait with a heritability of 89% in the United States. In Nigeria, however, where people experience a more variable access to good nutrition and health care, height has a heritability of only 62%.
Molecular basis for inheritanceEdit
DNA and chromosomesEdit
- Main article: DNA
The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain. Viruses are the only exception to this rule—sometimes viruses use the very similar molecule RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material.
DNA normally exists as a double-stranded molecule, coiled into the shape of a double-helix. Each nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs with its partner nucleotide on the opposite strand: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand.
Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA sequence, called chromosomes. In bacteria, each cell has a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotic organisms (which includes plants and animals) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, repeating units of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all chromosomes) is called the genome.
While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid, containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene. The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of sister chromatids, each allele inherited from a different parent.
An exception exists in the sex chromosomes, specialized chromosomes many animals have evolved that play a role in determining the sex of an organism. In humans and other mammals, the Y chromosome has very few genes and triggers the development of male sexual characteristics, while the X chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes unrelated to sex determination. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, but males have one Y and only one X chromosome - this difference in X chromosome copy numbers leads to the unusual inheritance patterns of sex-linked disorders.
- Main article: Asexual reproduction
When cells divide, their full genome is copied and each daughter cell inherits one copy. This process, called mitosis, is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones.
Eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents. The process of sexual reproduction alternates between forms that contain single copies of the genome (haploid) and double copies (diploid). Haploid cells fuse and combine genetic material to create a diploid cell with paired chromosomes. Diploid organisms form haploids by dividing, without replicating their DNA, to create daughter cells that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. Most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes.
Although they do not use the haploid/diploid method of sexual reproduction, bacteria have many methods of acquiring new genetic information. Some bacteria can undergo conjugation, transferring a small circular piece of DNA to another bacterium. Bacteria can also take up raw DNA fragments found in the environment and integrate them into their genome, a phenomenon known as transformation. These processes result in horizontal gene transfer, transmitting fragments of genetic information between organisms that would be otherwise unrelated.
- Main article: Chromosomal crossover
The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently during sexual reproduction, recombining to form new combinations of genes. Genes on the same chromosome would theoretically never recombine, however, were it not for the process of chromosomal crossover. During crossover, chromosomes exchange stretches of DNA, effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes. This process of chromosomal crossover generally occurs during meiosis, a series of cell divisions that creates haploid cells.
The probability of chromosomal crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related to the distance between them. For an arbitrarily long distance, the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated. For genes that are closer together, however, the lower probability of crossover means that the genes demonstrate genetic linkage - alleles for the two genes tend to be inherited together. The amounts of linkage between a series of genes can be combined to form a linear linkage map that roughly describes the arrangement of the genes along the chromosome.
- Main article: Genetic code
Genes generally express their functional effect through the production of proteins, which are complex molecules responsible for most functions in the cell. Proteins are chains of amino acids, and the DNA sequence of a gene (through RNA intermediate) is used to produce a specific protein sequence. This process begins with the production of an RNA molecule with a sequence matching the gene's DNA sequence, a process called transcription.
This messenger RNA molecule is then used to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence through a process called translation. Each group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds to one of the twenty possible amino acids in protein - this correspondence is called the genetic code. The flow of information is unidirectional: information is transferred from nucleotide sequences into the amino acid sequence of proteins, but it never transfers from protein back into the sequence of DNA—a phenomenon Francis Crick called the central dogma of molecular biology.
The specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three-dimensional structure for that protein, and the three-dimensional structures of protein are related to their function. Some are simple structural molecules, like the fibers formed by the protein collagen. Proteins can bind to other proteins and simple molecules, sometimes acting as enzymes by facilitating chemical reactions within the bound molecules (without changing the structure of the protein itself). Protein structure is dynamic; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly different forms as it facilitates the capture, transport, and release of oxygen molecules within mammalian blood.
A single nucleotide difference within DNA can cause a single change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. Because protein structures are the result of their amino acid sequences, some changes can dramatically change the properties of a protein by destabilizing the structure or changing the surface of the protein in a way that changes its interaction with other proteins and molecules. For example, sickle-cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the β-globin section of hemoglobin, causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin's physical properties. Sickle-cell versions of hemoglobin stick to themselves, stacking to form fibers that distort the shape of red blood cells carrying the protein. These sickle-shaped cells no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels, having a tendency to clog or degrade, causing the medical problems associated with this disease.
Some genes are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products - these are called non-coding RNA molecules. In some cases, these products fold into structures which are involved in critical cell functions (eg. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA). RNA can also have regulatory effect through hybridization interactions with other RNA molecules (eg. microRNA).
Nature versus nurtureEdit
Although genes contain all the information an organism uses to function, the environment plays an important role in determining the ultimate phenotype—a dichotomy often referred to as "nature vs. nurture." The phenotype of an organism depends on the interaction of genetics with the environment. One example of this is the case of temperature-sensitive mutations. Often, a single amino acid change within the sequence of a protein does not change its behavior and interactions with other molecules, but it does destabilize the structure. In a high temperature environment, where molecules are moving more quickly and hitting each other, this results in the protein losing its structure and failing to function. In a low temperature environment, however, the protein's structure is stable and functions normally. This type of mutation is visible in the coat coloration of Siamese cats, where a mutation in an enzyme responsible for pigment production causes it to destabilize and lose function at high temperatures. The protein remains functional in areas of skin that are colder—legs, ears, tail, and face—and so the cat has dark fur at its extremities.
Environment also plays a dramatic role in effects of the human genetic disease phenylketonuria. The mutation that causes phenylketonuria disrupts the ability of the body to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, causing a toxic build-up of an intermediate molecule that, in turn, causes severe symptoms of progressive mental retardation and seizures. If someone with the phenylketonuria mutation follows a strict diet that avoids this amino acid, however, they remain normal and healthy.
- Main article: Regulation of gene expression
The genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. A gene is expressed when it is being transcribed into mRNA (and translated into protein), and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to the start of genes, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of the gene. Within the genome of Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. However, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. The presence of tryptophan directly affects the activity of the genes—tryptophan molecules bind to the tryptophan repressor (a transcription factor), changing the repressor's structure such that the repressor binds to the genes. The tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process.
Differences in gene expression are especially clear within multicellular organisms, where cells all contain the same genome but have very different structures and behaviors due to the expression of different sets of genes. All the cells in a multicellular organism derive from a single cell, differentiating into variant cell types in response to external and intercellular signals and gradually establishing different patterns of gene expression to create different behaviors. As no single gene is responsible for the development of structures within multicellular organisms, these patterns arise from the complex interactions between many cells.
Within eukaryotes there exist structural features of chromatin that influence the transcription of genes, often in the form of modifications to DNA and chromatin that are stably inherited by daughter cells. These features are called "epigenetic" because they exist "on top" of the DNA sequence and retain inheritance from one cell generation to the next. Because of epigenetic features, different cell types grown within the same medium can retain very different properties. Although epigenetic features are generally dynamic over the course of development, some, like the phenomenon of paramutation, have multigenerational inheritance and exist as rare exceptions to the general rule of DNA as the basis for inheritance.
- Main article: Mutation
During the process of DNA replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. These errors, called mutations, can have an impact on the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are usually very low—1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "proofreading" ability of DNA polymerases. (Without proofreading error rates are a thousand-fold higher; because many viruses rely on DNA and RNA polymerases that lack proofreading ability, they experience higher mutation rates.) Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic: mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication, often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing, while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure. Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well, and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks in DNA—nevertheless, the repair sometimes fails to return the DNA to its original sequence.
In organisms that use chromosomal crossover to exchange DNA and recombine genes, errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations. Errors in crossover are especially likely when similar sequences cause partner chromosomes to adopt a mistaken alignment; this makes some regions in genomes more prone to mutating in this way. These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence—duplications, inversions or deletions of entire regions, or the accidental exchanging of whole parts between different chromosomes (called translocation).
Natural selection and evolutionEdit
- Main article: Evolution
Mutations produce organisms with different genotypes, and those differences can result in different phenotypes. Many mutations have little effect on an organism's phenotype, health, and reproductive fitness. Mutations that do have an effect are often deleterious, but occasionally mutations are beneficial. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.
Population genetics research studies the distributions of these genetic differences within populations and how the distributions change over time. Changes in the frequency of an allele in a population can be influenced by natural selection, where a given allele's higher rate of survival and reproduction causes it to become more frequent in the population over time. Genetic drift can also occur, where chance events lead to random changes in allele frequency.
Over many generations, the genomes of organisms can change, resulting in the phenomenon of evolution. Mutations and the selection for beneficial mutations can cause a species to evolve into forms that better survive their environment, a process called adaptation. New species are formed through the process of speciation, a process often caused by geographical separations that allow different populations to genetically diverge. The application of genetic principles to the study of population biology and evolution is referred to as the modern synthesis.
As sequences diverge and change during the process of evolution, these differences between sequences can be used as a molecular clock to calculate the evolutionary distance between them. Genetic comparisons are generally considered the most accurate method of characterizing the relatedness between species, an improvement over the sometimes deceptive comparison of phenotypic characteristics. The evolutionary distances between species can be combined to form evolutionary trees - these trees represent the common descent and divergence of species over time, although they cannot represent the transfer of genetic material between unrelated species (known as horizontal gene transfer and most common in bacteria).
Research and technologyEdit
Model organisms and geneticsEdit
Although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms. The fact that significant research already existed for a given organism would encourage new researchers to choose it for further study, and so eventually a few model organisms became the basis for most genetics research. Common research topics in model organism genetics include the study of gene regulation and the involvement of genes in development and cancer.
Organisms were chosen, in part, for convenience—short generation times and easy genetic manipulation made some organisms popular genetics research tools. Widely used model organisms include the gut bacterium Escherichia coli, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and the common house mouse (Mus musculus).
Medical genetics researchEdit
Medical genetics seeks to understand how genetic variation relates to human health and disease. When searching for an unknown gene that may be involved in a disease, researchers commonly use genetic linkage and genetic pedigree charts to find the location on the genome associated with the disease. At the population level, researchers take advantage of Mendelian randomization to look for locations in the genome that are associated with diseases, a technique especially useful for multigenic traits not clearly defined by a single gene. Once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the same gene (called an orthologous gene) in model organisms. In addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping techniques has led to the field of pharmacogenetics—studying how genotype can affect drug responses.
Although it is not an inherited disease, cancer is also considered a genetic disease. The process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events. Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. While these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. There are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger cell death, but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. An internal process of natural selection occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body.
DNA can be manipulated in the laboratory. Restriction enzymes are a commonly used enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of DNA. The use of ligation enzymes allows these fragments to be reconnected, and by ligating fragments of DNA together from different sources, researchers can create recombinant DNA. Often associated with genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA is commonly used in the context of plasmids - short circular DNA fragments with a few genes on them. By inserting plasmids into bacteria and growing those bacteria on plates of agar (to isolate clones of bacteria cells), researchers can clonally amplify the inserted fragment of DNA (a process known as molecular cloning). (Cloning can also refer to the creation of clonal organisms, through various techniques.)
DNA can also be amplified using a procedure called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By using specific short sequences of DNA, PCR can isolate and exponentially amplify a targeted region of DNA. Because it can amplify from extremely small amounts of DNA, PCR is also often used to detect the presence of specific DNA sequences.
DNA sequencing and genomicsEdit
One of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, DNA sequencing allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments. Developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger and coworkers, chain-termination sequencing is now routinely used to sequence DNA fragments. With this technology, researchers have been able to study the molecular sequences associated with many human diseases.
As sequencing has become less expensive and with the aid of computational tools, researchers have sequenced the genomes of many organisms by stitching together the sequences of many different fragments (a process called genome assembly). These technologies were used to sequence the human genome, leading to the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. New high-throughput sequencing technologies are dramatically lowering the cost of DNA sequencing, with many researchers hoping to bring the cost of resequencing a human genome down to a thousand dollars.
The large amount of sequences available has created the field of genomics, research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. Genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics, which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biological data.
- Animal breeding
- Animal mate selection
- Animal strain differences
- Assortive mating
- Behavioural genetics
- Blood groups
- Family resemblance
- Genetic counselling
- Population genetics
- Genetic disorders
- Genetic engineering
- Human accelerated regions
- Hybrids (biology)
- Instinctive behaviour
- Reproductive technology
- Selective breeding
- Sexual reproduction
- Species differences
- Translocation (chromosomes)
- ↑ Genetikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
- ↑ Genesis, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
- ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 1 (Genetics and the Organism): Introduction
- ↑ Hartl D, Jones E (2005)
- ↑ Weiling F (1991). Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884. American Journal of Medical Genetics 40 (1): 1–25; discussion 26.
- ↑ Lamarck, J-B (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online on 2008-03-16.
- ↑ Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergency of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989): chapters 2 & 3.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mendel, GJ (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn 4: 3–47. (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32) English translation available online
- ↑ genetics, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
- ↑ Bateson W. Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905. The John Innes Centre. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.. Note that the letter was to an Adam Sedgwick, a zoologist at Trinity College, Cambridge, not "Alan", and not to be confused with the renown British geologist, Adam Sedgwick, who lived some time earlier.
- ↑ genetic, adj., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
- ↑ Bateson, W (1907). "The Progress of Genetic Research". Wilks, W (editor) Report of the Third 1906 International Conference on Genetics: Hybridization (the cross-breeding of genera or species), the cross-breeding of varieties, and general plant breeding, London: Royal Horticultural Society.
- Initially titled the "International Conference on Hybridisation and Plant Breeding", Wilks changed the title for publication as a result of Bateson's speech.
- ↑ Moore JA (1983). Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist. American Zoologist 23 (4): 855–865.
- ↑ Sturtevant AH (1913). The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. Journal of Experimental Biology 14: 43–59. PDF from Electronic Scholarly Publishing
- ↑ Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M (1944). Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine 79 (1): 137–158.35th anniversary reprint available
- ↑ Hershey AD, Chase M (1952). Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. The Journal of General Physiology 36: 39–56.
- ↑ Judson, Horace (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, 51–169, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
- ↑ Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953). Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Nature 171 (4356): 737–738.
- ↑ Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953). Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Nature 171 (4361): 964–967.
- ↑ Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Nature 74 (12): 5463–5467.
- ↑ Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N (1985). Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science 230 (4732): 1350–1354.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Human Genome Project Information. Human Genome Project. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene
- ↑ Richard W. Cheney. Genetic Notation. URL accessed on 2008-03-18.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Human Genetics
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios
- ↑ Mayeux R (2005). Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (6): 1404–1407.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 25 (Quantitative Genetics): Quantifying heritability
- ↑ Luke A, Guo X, Adeyemo AA, Wilks R, Forrester T, Lowe W Jr, Comuzzie AG, Martin LJ, Zhu X, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS (2001). Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (7): 1034–1041. Abstract from NCBI
- ↑ Pearson H (2006). Genetics: what is a gene?. Nature 441 (7092): 398–401.
- ↑ Prescott, L (1993). Microbiology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 8 (The Structure and Replication of DNA): Mechanism of DNA Replication
- ↑ Gregory SG et al. (2006). The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 441: 315–321. free full text available
- ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial conjugation
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial transformation
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Nature of crossing-over
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Linkage maps
- ↑ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). Biochemistry, 5th edition, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point
- ↑ Crick, F (1970): Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (PDF). Nature 227, 561–563. PMID 4913914
- ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins
- ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function
- ↑ How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders. URL accessed on 2007-07-23.
- ↑ Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA (2006). Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation. Animal Genetics 37 (2): 175.
- ↑ MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria. NIH: National Library of Medicine. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.
- ↑ Brivanlou AH, Darnell JE Jr (2002). Signal transduction and the control of gene expression. Science 295 (5556): 813–818.
- ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), II.3. Control of Gene Expression – The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria
- ↑ Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nature Genetics 33 (3s): 245–254.
- ↑ Chandler VL (2007). Paramutation: From Maize to Mice. Cell 128: 641–645.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Spontaneous mutations
- ↑ Kunkel TA (2004). DNA Replication Fidelity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (17): 16895–16898.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Induced mutations
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 17 (Chromosome Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure): Introduction
- ↑ Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL (2007). Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (16): 6504–10.
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Variation and its modulation
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Selection
- ↑ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Random events
- ↑ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species, 1st, 1, John Murray.. Related earlier ideas were acknowledged in Darwin, Charles (1861). On the Origin of Species, 3rd, xiii, John Murray.
- ↑ Gavrilets S (2003). Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution 57 (10): 2197–2215.
- ↑ Wolf YI, Rogozin IB, Grishin NV, Koonin EV (2002). Genome trees and the tree of life. Trends Genet. 18 (9): 472–479.
- ↑ The Use of Model Organisms in Instruction. University of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.
- ↑ NCBI: Genes and Disease. NIH: National Center for Biotechnology Information. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.
- ↑ Davey Smith, G, Ebrahim, S (2003). ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. International Journal of Epidemiology 32: 1–22.
- ↑ Pharmacogenetics Fact Sheet. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. URL accessed on 2008-03-15.
- ↑ Strachan T, Read AP (1999). Human Molecular Genetics 2, second edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc..Chapter 18: Cancer Genetics
- ↑ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.1. DNA Cloning with Plasmid Vectors
- ↑ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Cloning
- ↑ Brown TA (2002). Genomes 2, 2nd edition.Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.1. The Methodology for DNA Sequencing
- ↑ Brown (2002), Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.2. Assembly of a Contiguous DNA Sequence
- ↑ Service RF (2006). The Race for the $1000 Genome. Science 311 (5767): 1544–1546.
- Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, and Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition.
- Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
- Hartl D, Jones E (2005). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 6th edition, Jones & Bartlett.
- Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, and Darnell J (2000). Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84> | 2013-05-21T17:32:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.045654296875,
0.005401611328125,
0.0050048828125,
0.005035400390625,
0.0888671875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.00634765625,
0.1357421875,
-0.03125,
-0.04345703125,
0.08056640625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0458984375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0290527343... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905158 | 9,607 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Genetics?oldid=140515 | 0.560717 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) describes a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which includes, but is not limited to Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Over time, as it became apparent through research and clinical experience that a range of effects (including physical, behavioral, and cognitive) could arise from prenatal alcohol exposure, the term Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or FASD, was developed to include Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) as well as other conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. There are a number of other subtypes with evolving nomenclature and definitions based on partial expressions of FAS, including Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS), Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND), Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD), and Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE).
The term Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is not in itself a clinical diagnosis but describes the full range of disabilities that may result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Currently, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the only expression of prenatal alcohol exposure that is defined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and assigned ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnoses.
Since the original syndrome of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was reported in 1973, four FASD diagnostic systems that diagnose FAS and other FASD conditions have been developed in North America:
- The Institute of Medicine's guidelines for FAS, the first system to standardize diagnoses of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure,
- The University of Washington's "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code," which ranks the four key features of FASD on a Likert scale of one to four and yields 256 descriptive codes that can be categorized into 22 distinct clinical categories, ranging from FAS to no findings,
- The Centers for Disease Control's "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis," which established general consensus on the diagnosis FAS in the U.S. but deferred addressing other FASD conditions, and
- Canadian guidelines for FASD diagnoses, which established criteria for diagnosing FASD in Canada and harmonized most differences between the IOM and University of Washington's systems.
Each diagnostic system requires that a complete FASD evaluation include assessment of the four key features of FASD, described below. A positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of FAS, the first diagnosable condition of FASD that was discovered. However, prenatal alcohol exposure and central nervous system damage are the critical elements of the spectrum of FASD, and a positive finding in these two features is sufficient for an FASD diagnosis that is not "full-blown FAS." Diagnoses are described in a following section.
Key features of FASDEdit
Each of the key features of FASD can vary widely within one individual exposed to prenatal alcohol. While consensus exists for the definition and diagnosis of FAS across diagnostic systems, minor variations among the systems lead to differences in definitions and diagnostic cut-off criteria for other disgnoses across the FASD continuum. (The central nervous system (CNS) damage criteria particularly lack clear consensus.) A working knowledge of the key features is helpful in understanding FASD diagnoses and conditions, and each are reviewed with attention to similarities and differences across the four diagnostic systems.
In terms of FASD, growth deficiency is defined as significantly below average height, weight or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure, and can be assessed at any point in the lifespan. Growth measurements must be adjusted for parental height, gestational age (for a premature infant), and other postnatal insults (e.g., poor nutrition), although birth height and weight are the preferred measurements. Deficiencies are documented when height or weight falls at or below the 10th percentile of standardized growth charts appropriate to the patient's population.
Criteria for FASD are least specific in the IOM diagnostic system ("low birth weight..., decelerating weight not due to nutrition..., [or] disproportional low weight to height" p.4 of executive summary), while the CDC and Canadian guidelines use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" allows for mid-range gradations in growth deficiency (between the 3rd and 10th percentiles) and severe growth deficiency at or below the 3rd percentile. Growth deficiency (at severe, moderate, or mild levels) contributes to diagnoses of FAS and PFAS, but not ARND or static encephalopathy.
Growth deficiency is ranked as follows by the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code:"
- Severe - Height and weight at or below the 3rd percentile.
- Moderate - Either height or weight at or below the 3rd percentile, but not both.
- Mild - Either height or weight or both between the 3rd and 10th percentiles.
- None - Height and weight both above the 10th percentile.
In the initial studies that discovered FAS, growth deficiency was a requirement for inclusion in the studies; thus, all the original patients with FAS had growth deficiency as an artifact of sampling characteristics used to establish criteria for the syndrome.[How to reference and link to summary or text] That is, growth deficiency is a key feature of FASD because growth deficiency was a criterion for inclusion in the original study that determined the definition of FAS. This reinforces assertions that growth deficiency and FAS facial features are less critical for understanding the disability of FASD than the neurobehavioral sequelae to the brain damage.
FAS facial featuresEdit
Refinements in diagnostic criteria since 1975 have yielded three distinctive and diagnostically significant facial features known to result from prenatal alcohol exposure and distinguishes FAS from other disorders with partially overlapping characteristics. The three FAS facial features are:
- A smooth philtrum - The divot or groove between the nose and upper lip flattens with increased prenatal alcohol exposure.
- Thin vermilion - The upper lip thins with increased prenatal alcohol exposure.
- Small palpebral fissures - Eye width shortens with increased prenatal alcohol exposure.
Measurement of FAS facial features uses criteria developed by the University of Washington. The lip and philtrum are measured by a trained physician with the Lip-Philtrum Guide, a 5-point Likert Scale with representative photographs of lip and philtrum combinations ranging from normal (ranked 1) to severe (ranked 5). Palpebral fissure length (PFL) is measured in millimeters with either calipers or a clear ruler and then compared to a PFL growth chart, also developed by the University of Washington.
All four diagnostic systems have agreed upon this method for determining FAS facial feature severity rankings. Ranking FAS facial features is complicated because the three separate facial features can be affected independently by prenatal alcohol.
Central nervous system damage Edit
Central nervous system (CNS) damage is the primary key feature of any FASD diagnosis. Prenatal alcohol exposure, a teratogen, can damage the brain across a continuum of gross to subtle impairments, depending on the amount, timing, and frequency of the exposure as well as genetic predispositions of the fetus and mother. While functional abnormalities are the behavioral and cognitive expressions of the FASD disability, CNS damage can be assessed in three areas: structural, neurological, and functional impairments.
All four diagnostic systems allow for assessment of CNS damage in these areas, but criteria vary. The IOM system requires structural or neurological impairment for a diagnosis of FAS, but also allows a "complex pattern" of functional anomalies for diagnosing PFAS and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" and CDC guidelines allow for a positive CNS finding in any of the three areas for any FASD diagnosis, but functional anomalies must measure at two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains for a diagnoses of FAS, PFAS, and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" also allows for an FASD diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further elaborates the degree of CNS damage according to four ranks:
- Definite - Structural impairments or neurological impairments for FAS or static encephalopathy.
- Probable - Significant dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains.
- Possible - Mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains or by judgment of the clinical evaluation team that CNS damage cannot be dismissed.
- Unlikely - No evidence of CNS damage.
Structural abnormalities of the brain are observable, physical damage to the brain or brain structures caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Structural impairments may include microcephaly (small head size) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure (e.g., agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia).
Microcephaly is determined by comparing head circumference (often called occipitofrontal circumference, or OFC) to appropriate OFC growth charts. Other structural impairments must be observed through medical imaging techniques by a trained physician. Because imaging procedures are expensive and relatively inaccessible to most patients, diagnosis of FASD is not frequently made via structural impairments except for microcephaly.
When structural impairments are not observable or do not exist, neurological impairments are assessed. In the context of FASD, neurological impairments are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure which causes general neurological damage to the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system, or the autonomic nervous system. A determination of a neurological problem must be made by a trained physician, and must not be due to a postnatal insult, such as a high fever, concussion, traumatic brain injury, etc.
All four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for CNS damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a CNS neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS or PFAS, and functional impairments are highly likely.
Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as epilepsy or other seizure disorders, or soft signs. Soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor gait, clumsiness, poor eye-hand coordination, or sensory integration dysfunction. Many soft signs have norm-referenced criteria, while others are determined through clinical judgment.
When structural or neurological impairments are not observed, all four diagnostic systems allow CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure to be assessed in terms of functional impairments. Functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure (rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as developmental disabilities. There is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure and only CDC guidelines label developmental delays as such, so criteria (and FASD diagnoses) vary somewhat across diagnostic systems.
The four diagnostic systems list various CNS domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an FASD diagnosis:
- Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains - Sufficient for a PFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelines
- Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains - Sufficient for an FAS, PFAS or static encephalopathy diagnosis using 4-Digit Diagnostic Code
- General cognitive deficits (e.g., IQ) at or below the 3rd percentile on standardized testing - Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines
- Performance at or below the 16th percentile on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains - Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines
- Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains - Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using Canadian guidelines
Ten Brain DomainsEdit
A recent effort to standardize assessment of functional CNS damage has been suggested by an experienced FASD diagnostic team in Minnesota. The proposed framework attempts to harmonize IOM, 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, CDC, and Canadian guidelines for measuring CNS damage viz-a-viz FASD evaluations and diagnosis. The standardized approach is referred to as the Ten Brain Domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems' recommendations for assessing CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. The framework provides clear definitions of brain dysfunction, specifies empirical data needed for accurate diagnosis, and defines intervention considerations that address the complex nature of FASD with the intention to avoid common secondary disabilities.
The proposed Ten Brain Domains include:
- Achievement, adaptive behavior, attention, cognition, executive functioning, language, memory, motor skills, sensory integration or soft neurological problems, social communication
The Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program (FADP) uses unpublished Minnesota state criteria of performance at 1.5 or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains to determine CNS damage. However, the Ten Brain Domains are easily incorporated into any of the four diagnostic systems' CNS damage criteria, as the framework only proposes the domains, rather than the cut-off criteria for FASD.
Prenatal alcohol exposureEdit
Prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother's alcohol use during the pregnancy (if available), prenatal health records (if available), and review of available birth records, court records (if applicable), chemical dependency treatment records (if applicable), or other reliable sources.
Exposure level is assessed as Confirmed Exposure, Unknown Exposure, and Confirmed Absence of Exposure by the IOM, CDC and Canadian diagnostic systems. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further distinguishes confirmed exposure as High Risk and Some Risk:
- High Risk - Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy known to be at high blood alcohol levels (100mg/dL or greater) delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy.
- Some Risk - Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy with use less than High Risk or unknown usage patterns.
- Unknown Risk - Unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy.
- No Risk - Confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Amount, frequency, and timing of prenatal alcohol use can dramatically impact the other three key features of FASD. While consensus exists that alcohol is a teratogen, there is no clear consensus as to what level of exposure is toxic. The CDC guidelines are silent on these elements diagnostically. The IOM and Canadian guidelines explore this further, acknowledging the importance of significant alcohol exposure from regular or heavy episodic alcohol consumption in determining, but offer no standard for diagnosis. Canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that "heavy alcohol use" is defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30 day period.
"The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code" ranking system distinguishes between levels of prenatal alcohol exposure as High Risk and Some Risk. It operationalizes high risk exposure as a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 100mg/dL delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. This BAC level is typically reached by a 55kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting.
For many adopted or adult patients and children in foster care, records or other reliable sources may not be available for review. Reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing. In these cases, all diagnostic systems use an unknown prenatal alcohol exposure designation. A diagnosis of FAS is still possible with an unknown exposure level if other key features of FASD are present at clinical levels.
Confirmed absence of exposureEdit
Confirmed absence of exposure would apply to planned pregnancies in which no alcohol was used or pregnancies of women who do not use alcohol or report no use during the pregnancy. This designation is relatively rare, as most patients presenting for an FASD evaluation are at least suspected to have had a prenatal alcohol exposure due to presence of other key features of FASD.
While the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), there are still differences when full criteria for FAS are not met. This has resulted in differing and evolving nomenclature for other conditions across the spectrum of FASD, which may account for such a wide variety of terminology. Most individuals with deficits resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure do not express all features of FAS and fall into other FASD conditions. The Canadian guidelines recommend the assessment and descriptive approach of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" for each key feature of FASD and the terminology of the IOM in diagnostic categories, excepting ARBD.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is the only expression of FASD that has garnered consensus among experts to become an official ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis. To make this diagnosis or determine any FASD condition, a multi-disciplinary evaluation is necessary to assess each of the four key features for assessment. Generally, a trained physician will determine growth deficiency and FAS facial features. While a qualified physician may also assess central nervous system structural abnormalities and/or neurological problems, usually central nervous system damage is determined through psychological, speech-language, and occupational therapy assessments to ascertain clinically significant impairments in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains. Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. These professionals work together as a team to assess and interpret data of each key feature for assessment and develop an integrative, multi-disciplinary report to diagnose FAS (or other FASD conditions) in an individual.
Other FASD diagnosesEdit
Other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS, and here the terminology shows less consensus across diagnostic systems, which has led to some confusion for clinicians and patients. A key point to remember is that other FASD conditions may create disabilities similar to FAS if the key area of central nervous system damage shows clinical deficits in two or more of the Ten Brain Domains. Essentially, growth deficiency and/or FAS facial features may be mild or nonexistent in other FASD conditions, but clinically significant brain damage of the central nervous system is present. In these other FASD conditions, an individual may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes because brain damage is present without associated visual cues of poor growth or the "FAS face" that might ordinarily trigger an FASD evaluation. Such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary mental health disorders such as ADHD or Oppositional Defiance Disorder without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. While other FASD conditions may not yet be included as an ICD or DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, they nonetheless pose significant impairment in functional behavior because of underlying brain damage.
Partial FAS (PFAS)Edit
Previously known as Atypical FAS in the 1997 edition of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code," patients with Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. Central nervous system damage is present at the same level as FAS. These individuals have the same functional disabilities but "look" less like FAS.
- Growth deficiency - Growth or height may range from normal to deficient
- FAS facial features - Two or three FAS facial features present
- Central nervous system damage - Clinically significant structural, neurological, or functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains
- Prenatal alcohol exposure - Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)Edit
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) was initially suggested by the Institute of Medicine to replace the term FAE and focus on central nervous system damage, rather than growth deficiency or FAS facial features. The Canadian guidelines also use this diagnosis and the same criteria. While the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" includes these criteria for three of its diagnostic categories, it refers to this condition as static encephalopathy. The behavioral effects of ARND are not necessarily unique to alcohol however, so use of the term must be within the context of confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure. ARND may be gaining acceptance over the terms FAE and ARBD to describe FASD conditions with central nervous system abnormalities or behavioral or cognitive abnormalities or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure without regard to growth deficiency or FAS facial features.
- Growth deficiency - Growth or height may range from normal to minimally deficient
- FAS facial features - Minimal or no FAS facial features present
- Central nervous system damage - Clinically significant structural, neurological, or functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains
- Prenatal alcohol exposure - Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)Edit
This term was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious physical anomalies. Smith (1981) described FAE as an "extremely important concept" to highlight the debilitating effects of brain damage, regardless of the growth or facial features. This term has fallen out of favor with clinicians because it was often regarded by the public as a less severe disability than FAS, when in fact its effects can be just as detrimental.
Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD)Edit
Formerly known as Possible Fetal Alcohol Effect (PFAE), Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD) was a term proposed as an alternative to FAE and PFAE The IOM presents ARBD as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of FASD. PFAE and ARBD have fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol consumption and are not criteria for diagnosis of FASD. The Canadian guidelines recommend that ARBD should not be used as an umbrella term or diagnostic category for FASD.
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Astley, S.J. (2004). Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. Seattle: University of Washington. PDF available at FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network. Retrieved on 2007-04-11
- ↑ Ratey, J.J. (2001). A User's Guide to the Brain: Perception, Attention, and the Four Theaters of the Brain. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-70107-9.
- ↑ Clarren, S.K. (2005). A thirty year journey from tragedy to hope. Foreword to Buxton, B. (2005). Damaged Angels: An Adoptive Mother Discovers the Tragic Toll of Alcohol in Pregnancy. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1550-2.
- ↑ Jones, K.L., Smith, D.W, Ulleland, C.N., Streissguth, A.P. (1973). Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet, 1, 1267-1271. PMID 4126070
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Clarren, S.K., & Smith, D.W. (1978). Fetal alcohol syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 298, 1063-1067. PMID 347295
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 Institute of Medicine (IOM), Stratton, K.R., Howe, C.J., & Battaglia, F.C. (1996). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 0309052920
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis (PDF). CDC (July 2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-11
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Chudley A, Conry J, Cook J, et al (2005). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. CMAJ 172 (5 Suppl): S1–S21.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Clinical growth charts. National Center for Growth Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
- ↑ Jones, K.L., & Smith D.W. (1975). The fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology, 12(1), 1-10.
- ↑ Astley, S.J., & Clarren, S.K. (1996). A case definition and photographic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 129(1), 33-41.
- ↑ Astley, S.J., Stachowiak, J., Clarren, S.K., & Clausen, C. (2002). Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. Journal of Pediatrics, 141(5), 712-717.
- ↑ Lip-philtrum guides. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 FAS facial features. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
- ↑ Astley, Susan. Backside of Lip-Philtrum Guides (2004) (PDF). University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network. Retrieved on [[2007-04-11]
- ↑ West, J.R. (Ed.) (1986). Alcohol and Brain Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 FADP - Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Lang, J. (2006). Ten Brain Domains: A Proposal for Functional Central Nervous System Parameters for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Follow-up. Journal of the FAS Institute, 4, 1-11. Can be downloaded at http://www.motherisk.org/JFAS_documents/JFAS_5012_Final_e12_6.28.6.pdf
- ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S> Congress on alcohol and health: Highlights frfom current research. Washington, DC: The Institute.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Streissguth, A. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. ISBN 1-55766-283-5.
- ↑ Malbin, D. (2002). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Trying Differently Rather Than Harder. Portland, OR: FASCETS, Inc. ISBN 0-9729532-0-5.
- ↑ Smith, D.W. (1981). Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 3, 127.
- ↑ Aase, J.M., Jones, K.L., & Clarren, S.K. (1995). Do we need the term FAE? Pediatrics, 95(3), 428-430.
- ↑ Sokol, R.J., & Clarren, S.K. (1989). Guidelines for use of terminology describing the impact of prenatal alcohol on the offspring. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13(4), 597-598.
- SAMHSA Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Center of Excellence
- U.S. Congressional Caucus on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
- NOFAS-UK
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914> | 2013-05-21T17:24:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.005340576171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0079345703125,
0.005218505859375,
0.130859375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0283203125,
0.11767578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.034423828125,
0.1220703125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0263671875,
0.04248046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.04956... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876565 | 6,055 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Prenatal_alcohol_syndrome | 0.238647 |
| || Novel Circuit for the Rapid Measurement of Dielectric Constant with Ultra Precision over a Wide Range of Frequencies
Author : Saxena, K.N. ;Wagh, V.W.
Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:30(4) ; 1980 ; pp 159-162
Subject : 621.38 Electronics
Keywords : Dielectric constant ;Electron ray tube
Abstract : A simplified instrument is designed for dielectric constant measurement of liquids and gases over a wide range of frequencies by using 6j5 as variable oscillator and 6E5 electron-ray tube for mechanical resonance indication with the quartz crystal of various frequencies. Measurements with the proposed new circuit are simple, rapid and accurate.
| || A Note on Electron Mobilities of 3-5 Semiconductors
Author : Saxena, K.N.;Wagh, V.W.
Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:27(2) ; 1977 ; pp 89-90
Subject : 621.315.592 Semiconductors
Keywords : Intermetallic semiconductors;Atomic Spin orbit splittings;Empirical relation
Abstract : Atomic spin-orbit splittings of the bonded atoms have been used to calculate electron mobilities of the intermetallic semiconductors. The proposed empirical relation for gallium and indium compounds give results in good agreement with experimental values. | <urn:uuid:45369d9f-a03a-4aea-9f43-41b0ab3b4b4d> | 2013-05-21T17:25:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.01984127052128315,
0.01746031828224659,
0.0060019842348992825,
-0.004861111287027597,
0.0992063507437706,
-0.0357142873108387,
0.0055059525184333324,
0.0873015895485878,
-0.03392857313156128,
-0.0011718750465661287,
0.0694444477558136,
-0.013194444589316845,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.741384 | 293 | http://publications.drdo.gov.in/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0defences--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---01-2-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=defences&cl=CL4.17.136 | 0.157827 |
Year of publication
- Physik (30) (remove)
- Suppression of dilepton production at finite baryon density (1993)
- We study dilepton production from a quark-gluon plasma of given energy density at finite quark chemical potential μ and find that the dilepton production rate is a strongly decreasing function of μ. Therefore, the signal to background ratio of dileptons from a plasma created in a heavy-ion collision may decrease significantly.
- Thermal photons as a measure for the rapidity dependence of the temperature (1995)
- The rapidity distribution of thermal photons produced in Pb+Pb collisions at CERN-SPS energies is calculated within scaling and three- fluid hydrodynamics. It is shown that these scenarios lead to very different rapidity spectra. A measurement of the rapidity dependence of photon radiation can give cleaner insight into the reaction dynamics than pion spectra, especially into the rapidity dependence of the temperature.
- Pion and thermal photon spectra as a possible signal for a phase transition (2005)
- We calculate thermal photon and neutral pion spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions in the framework of three-fluid hydrodynamics. Both spectra are quite sensitive to the equation of state used. In particular, within our model, recent data for S + Au at 200 AGeV can only be understood if a scenario with a phase transition (possibly to a quark-gluon plasma) is assumed. Results for Au+Au at 11 AGeV and Pb + Pb at 160 AGeV are also presented.
- Nucleus-nucleus collisions at highest energies (1996)
- The microscopic phasespace approach URQMD is used to investigate the stopping power and particle production in heavy systems at SPS and RHIC energies. We find no gap in the baryon rapidity distribution even at RHIC. For CERN energies URQMD shows a pile up of baryons and a supression of multi-nucleon clusters at midrapidity.
- Hypermatter : properties and formation in relativistic nuclear collisions (1995)
- The extension of the Periodic System into hitherto unexplored domains - anti- matter and hypermatter - is discussed. Starting from an analysis of hyperon and single hypernuclear properties we investigate the structure of multi-hyperon objects (MEMOs) using an extended relativistic meson field theory. These are contrasted with multi-strange quark states (strangelets). Their production mechanism is stud- ied for relativistic collisions of heavy ions from present day experiments at AGS and SPS to future opportunities at RHIC and LHC. It is pointed out that abso- lutely stable hypermatter is unlikely to be produced in heavy ion collisions. New attention should be focused on short lived metastable hyperclusters ( / 10 10s) and on intensity interferometry of multi-strange-baryon correlations.
- Nonequilibrium fluid-dynamics in the early stage of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (1997)
- To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium e ects in the early stage of the reaction. Within this model, we study baryon dynamics in the BNL-AGS energy range. For the system Au+Au we find that kinetic equilibrium between projectile and target nucleons is established only after a time teq CM H 5 fm/c C 2RAu/³CM. Observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the collision (like e.g. nucleon flow) therefore di er considerably from those calculated in the one-fluid model.
- "Soft'' transverse expansion and flow in a multi-fluid model without phase transition (1997)
- Abstract: We study transverse expansion and directed flow in Au(11AGeV)Au reactions within a multi-fluid dynamical model. Although we do not employ an equation of state (EoS) with a first order phase transition, we find a slow increase of the transverse velocities of the nucleons with time. A similar behaviour can be observed for the directed nucleon flow. This is due to non-equilibrium e ects which also lead to less and slower conversion of longitudinal into transverse momentum. We also show that the proton rapidity distribution at CERN energies, as calculated within this model, agrees well with the preliminary NA44-data.
- Probes for the early reaction dynamics of heavy ion collisions at AGS and SPS (1997)
- We discuss the early evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions within a multi- fluid dynamical model. In particular, we show that due to the finite mean-free path of the particles compression shock waves are smeared out considerably as compared to the one-fluid limit. Also, the maximal energy density of the baryons is much lower. We discuss the time scale of kinetic equilibration of the baryons in the central region and its relevance for directed flow. Finally, thermal emission of direct photons from the fluid of produced particles is calculated within the three-fluid model and two other simple expansion models. It is shown that the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of photons give clue to the cooling law and the early rapidity distribution of the photon source.
- Nuclear shadowing effects on prompt photons at RHIC and LHC (1998)
- The transverse momentum distribution of prompt photons coming from the very early phase of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions for the RHIC and LHC energies is calculated by means of perturbative QCD. We calculate the single photon cross section (A + B -> gamma + X) by taking into account the partonic sub processes q + q -> gamma + g and q + g -> gamma + q as well as the Bremsstrahlung corrections to those processes. We choose a lower momentum cut-off k0 = 2 GeV separating the soft physics from perturbative QCD. We compare the results for those primary collisions with the photons produced in reactions of the thermalized secondary particles, which are calculated within scaling hydrodynamics. The QCD processes are taken in leading order. Nuclear shadowing corrections, which alter the involved nuclear structure functions are explicitly taken into account and compared to unshadowed results. Employing the GRV parton distribution parametrizations we find that at RHIC prompt QCD-photons dominate over the thermal radiation down to transverse momenta kT ≈ 2 GeV. At LHC, however, thermal radiation from the QGP dominates for photon transverse momenta kT ≤ 5 GeV, if nuclear shadowing effects on prompt photon production are taken into account.
- Fluctuations and inhomogenities of energy density and isospin in Pb + Pb at the SPS (1998)
- The main goal of heavy ion physics in the last fifteen years has been the search for the quark-gluon-plasma(QGP). Until now, unambigous experimental evidence for the QGP is missing. | <urn:uuid:ba78a2c5-242e-41a1-b19c-980bb166bf05> | 2013-05-21T17:45:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0213623046875,
0.07763671875,
-0.09228515625,
0.013671875,
0.0908203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.037109375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.0537109375,
0.07666015625,
0.033203125,
-0.0422363... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884107 | 1,540 | http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22Walter+Greiner%22/start/0/rows/10/institutefq/Physik/author_facetfq/Adrian+Dumitru | 0.243023 |
Linguistik-Klassifikation: Grammatikforschung / Grammar research
Grammatical relations typology
- Traditionally, the term "grammatical relation" (GR) refers to the morphosyntactic properties that relate an argument to a clause, as, for example, its subject or its object. Alternative terms are "syntactic function" or "syntactic role", and they highlight the fact that GRs are defined by the way in which arguments are integrated syntactically into a clause, i.e. by functioning as subject, object etc. Whatever terminology one prefers, what is crucial about the traditional notion of GRs is (a) that they are identified by syntactic properties, and (b) that they relate an argument to the clause. | <urn:uuid:d92b8ef6-0907-4308-b00d-17482d557e65> | 2013-05-21T17:13:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.051553674042224884,
-0.0033545198384672403,
0.004104872699826956,
0.011034604161977768,
0.04131355881690979,
-0.049435026943683624,
0.00719456234946847,
0.12994350492954254,
-0.03795903921127319,
-0.02913135662674904,
0.1355932205915451,
0.009313206188380718,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896421 | 165 | http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/collection/id/16726/start/0/rows/10/author_facetfq/Balthasar+Bickel/doctypefq/article | 0.955497 |
asa - interpret carriage-control characters
asa [file ...]
The asa utility will write its input files to standard output, mapping carriage-control characters from the text files to line-printer control sequences in an implementation-dependent manner.
The first character of every line will be removed from the input, and the following actions will be performed:
If the character removed is:
- The rest of the line will be output without change.
- A newline character will be output, then the rest of the input line.
- One or more implementation-dependent characters that causes an advance to the next page will be output, followed by the rest of the input line.
- The newline character of the previous line will be replaced with one or more implementation-dependent characters that causes printing to return to column position 1, followed by the rest of the input line. If the "+" is the first character in the input, it will have the same effect as the space character.
The action of the asa utility is unspecified upon encountering any character other than those listed above as the first character in a line.
- A pathname of a text file used for input. If no file operands are specified, the standard input will be used.
The standard input will be used only if no file operands are specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
The input files must be text files.
The following environment variables affect the execution of asa:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single- as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
The standard output will be the text from the input file modified as described in the DESCRIPTION section.
The following exit values are returned:
- All input files were output successfully.
- An error occurred.
The following command:permits the viewing of file (created by a program using FORTRAN-style carriage control characters) on a terminal.
The following command:formats the FORTRAN output of a.out and directs it to the printer.
a.out | asa | lp | <urn:uuid:39dc8a23-d763-42eb-b902-60770b8e40d0> | 2013-05-21T17:18:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.014892578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.046142578125,
-0.11376953125,
0.0145263671875,
0.07763671875,
-0.03125,
0.035400390625,
0.109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.052978515625,
0.046630859375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0064697265625... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802543 | 582 | http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xcu/asa.html | 0.647659 |
I have a question regarding the simulation of a GBM. I have found similar questions here but nothing which takes reference to my specific problem: Given a GBM of the form $dS(t) = \mu S(t) dt + ...
I want to simulate stock price paths with different stochastic processes. I started with the famous geometric brownian motion. I simulated the values with the following formula: ... | <urn:uuid:510951d0-3928-412c-89fd-68400ee9ef52> | 2013-05-21T17:10:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0315755195915699,
0.011149088852107525,
-0.005615234375,
0.0049031577073037624,
0.01570638082921505,
-0.0592447929084301,
0.0067545571364462376,
0.0540364570915699,
-0.0475260429084301,
-0.02042643167078495,
0.0485026054084301,
-0.01025390625,
-0.007446289062... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918081 | 87 | http://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/simulations+brownian-motion | 0.98713 |
MIKADO HONORS AMERICANS.; Order of the Crown Bestowed on Nurses and War Correspondents.
WASINGTON, July 3. -- The Emperor of Japan has bestowed medals of the Order of the Crown upon twenty-nine Americans who participated in the recent war. The list is composed of ten women volunteer nurses and nineteen correspondents of American papers. | <urn:uuid:a3e7dce0-6189-4de4-91b0-754ee44369b2> | 2013-05-21T17:46:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.008713942021131516,
0.0535714291036129,
-0.021033653989434242,
-0.003112122183665633,
0.09546703100204468,
0.004335508216172457,
-0.026957416906952858,
0.057692307978868484,
-0.01416552159935236,
-0.015453296713531017,
0.04670329764485359,
0.020175136625766754,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900238 | 76 | http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9900E5D8133EE033A25757C0A9619C946697D6CF | 0.406253 |
"We cannot feel strongly toward the totally unlike because it is unimaginable, unrealizable; nor yet toward the wholly like because it is stale -- identity must always be dull company. The power of other natures over us lies in a stimulating difference which causes excitement and opens communication, in ideas similar to our own but not identical, in states of mind attainable but not actual."
"Since the 1960s, we have seen the failure of the melting pot ideology. This ideology suggested that different historical, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds could be subordinated to a larger ideology or social amalgam which is America. This concept obviously did not work, because paradoxically America encourages a politics of contestation."
Search Quotations Book | <urn:uuid:67a5e488-c634-4e46-9141-cdb0a4ba1349> | 2013-05-21T17:09:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.04122741147875786,
-0.011248117312788963,
0.021084336563944817,
0.029367469251155853,
0.04649849236011505,
-0.0647590383887291,
-0.011248117312788963,
0.14759035408496857,
-0.016283884644508362,
-0.07718373835086823,
0.08207831531763077,
0.008236069232225418,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927451 | 144 | http://quotationsbook.com/quotes/tag/diversity/ | 0.344789 |
GitHub User: banhbaochay
I implement Fixtures as you. But when I run rake db:seed, I meet error:
uninitialized constant Fixtures
My seed.rb is:
My categories.yml is in db directory:
I search on google and don't find anything. Please help me, thank you!
Nice tutorial, thank you very much Ryan.
Can you explain more clearly about sorting with Ajax, please? When user click header column (e.g: description), the js code in application.js is called. Then params[:sort] and params[:direction] are sent to controller. After variable @products is set, the js code in index.js.erb is executed, then product table is rendered. Do I think right, or not? If right, I don't understand why: when js code in application.js is called, the js code in index.js.erb is not executed immediately.
If I'm wrong, please explain for me about process flow when user click header column.
And one thing, what different between using ajax getScript and using :remote => true? If I want to use :remote for sorting, what things I need to change?
Thank you very much | <urn:uuid:5d98c60d-c4ca-4a12-a029-986210444058> | 2013-05-21T17:43:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0581597238779068,
0.014973958022892475,
0.01812065951526165,
-0.0004645453591365367,
0.0470920130610466,
-0.0889756977558136,
0.02864583395421505,
0.0347222238779068,
-0.015407986007630825,
-0.006320529617369175,
0.0638020858168602,
0.0368923619389534,
0.0651... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890442 | 263 | http://railscasts.com/users/11832 | 0.956017 |
Your personal information is used by the presentation organizer to communicate with you about this event, future events and related information. You may opt out at any time. To do so, please contact the organizer directly.
The presentation organizer may choose to record this meeting, including any participation by you. By joining the meeting, you are agreeing to any such recording.
Protecting your personal information is taken very seriously at MeetingBurner. MeetingBurner will never sell, share or rent your information to a third party. | <urn:uuid:3338c02c-50f2-45e1-87d0-f14c7d0c6d07> | 2013-05-21T17:23:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.03209459409117699,
0.00914977490901947,
0.03378378227353096,
-0.028153153136372566,
0.1041666641831398,
-0.07657657563686371,
-0.010275901295244694,
0.048986487090587616,
-0.008129223249852657,
-0.09121621400117874,
0.10529278963804245,
-0.0029032938182353973,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939819 | 103 | http://raventools.enterthemeeting.com/m/WCNMSXHN | 0.161929 |
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama warned Syria on Monday that the use of chemical weapons would be "totally unacceptable" and that the country's leaders would be held accountable.
Obama said that if Syrian President Bashar Assad made the "tragic mistake" of deploying chemical weapons, there would be consequences. Obama stopped short of detailing those consequences.
Source: AP. Read full article. (link) | <urn:uuid:b214015e-836b-44f5-9d6b-6ad90ad11cf8> | 2013-05-21T17:24:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0035076530184596777,
0.04145408049225807,
0.006576849613338709,
0.022640306502580643,
0.10331632941961288,
-0.07461734861135483,
-0.012595662847161293,
0.11798469722270966,
-0.025988521054387093,
-0.05899234861135483,
0.07270408421754837,
0.04336734861135483,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957213 | 82 | http://reason.com/24-7/2012/12/03/obama-warns-syria-over-the-use-of-chemic | 0.983373 |
|BIRTHPLACE:||Anchorage, AK, USA|
|Ty Conklin was born on March 30, 1976. Following four years with University of New Hampshire Wildcats he signed his first professional contract with the Edmonton Oilers in 2001.
In Edmonton, Conklin was a part of the Oilers surprising run to the Stanley Cup Final in 2006, appearing in only the first game of the champioship series. A blunder between Conklin and teammate Jason Smith caused the game-winning goal and Edmonton head coach subsequently decided to start Jussi Markkanen for the remainder of the series. Conklin would not appear again the Oiler net.
On Juky 6, 2006, Conklin inked a deal with the Columbus Blue Jackets, where he would split time between the NHL and the AHL affiliate in Syracuse.
On February 27, 2007, the goaltender would be packing up his pads again. This time he was traded by the Blue Jackets to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for a fifth round draft pick.
The trend continued for Conklin on July 19, 2007. He found himself again a free agent and this time signed with the Pittsburgh Penguins. With the Penguins he would come within a hair of winning the Stanley Cup before eventually losing to the Detroit Red Wings.
The following summer Conklin attempted to reverse his fortunes, He signed a one-year deal with the Red Wings, but sadly, the story would end similarly for Conklin when he found himself on the losing end of the Stanley Cup final for the second year in a row.
On July 1, 2009, Conklin signed on with the St. Louis Blues.
Conklin played in the NHL's outdoor classic on three occaisions, the most of any player. He was the goaltender for the Edmonton Oilers when they lost to the Montreal Canadiens in 2003. He was in the net for the Pittsburgh Penguins for their shootout victory over the Buffalo Sabres in 2008 and he was tending goal for the Detroit Red Wings for their victory over the Chicago Blackhawks in 2009. | <urn:uuid:4e4b1b8d-d529-49a7-bb2b-62058d1dc0c0> | 2013-05-21T17:18:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.0075218817219138145,
0.00731673976406455,
-0.016137855127453804,
-0.006154267117381096,
0.07439824938774109,
-0.01887308619916439,
0.00858178362250328,
0.09901531785726547,
0.011624726466834545,
-0.08643326163291931,
0.08260393887758255,
0.0577133484184742,
0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965778 | 423 | http://redwings.nhl.com/club/m_player.htm?id=8469152&season=20022003&view=bio | 0.521312 |
The Slackers. My attempt at the daily comic strip.
Pete: He wears the jacket and the hat that covers his eyes. The sort of straight man for the strips.
Johnny: He wears the black hat and t-shirt. Not the brightest guy in the world but he seems to get by. He also has a crush on Janney but he won't admit it.
Janney: She's japanese, as shown by her being a manga character. Half sister to Pete and way too hyper for her own good.
Marc the Talking Dog: He's a dog. And he talks.
The PC Avenger: He came about after I really started disliking political correctness. Unfortunately nobody seemed to like his strips in my friends circle so I decided to kill him off in favor for Megasuperguy.
Megasuperguy: The hero of Slacksburg, the city everyone lives in. His super powers exceed his brain power ten to one but that doesn't stop him from doing his civic duty proudly and efficiently, or so he thinks.
Porkman: Arch rival to Megasuperguy. The crushing defeat by Megasuperguy turned him evil and he's been trying to seek vengeance ever since. | <urn:uuid:54f757d5-a589-42f6-9f6d-4e4d066caf35> | 2013-05-21T17:43:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.021807553246617317,
0.004636915400624275,
0.0025994828902184963,
0.014613308943808079,
0.0566546767950058,
-0.012477518059313297,
-0.010229316540062428,
0.06654676049947739,
0.005086555611342192,
-0.07149280607700348,
0.023606115952134132,
0.025179855525493622,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98241 | 253 | http://renonevada.deviantart.com/?offset=offset | 0.168986 |
I've written before on appropriate dress for teachers and professors. I don't insist on a suit and tie for men, but slacks and a collared shirt on most days seems reasonable to me. Shorts and flip-flops are a definite non-starter with me. Similar level of dress for women.
That this site exists is evidence that I'm not alone in my beliefs. It's called, "Prof or Hobo". | <urn:uuid:e6afd688-3b6a-4b19-84ab-6a4b67a68a16> | 2013-05-21T17:23:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.047187499701976776,
0.009648437611758709,
0.027499999850988388,
-0.0016992187593132257,
0.04749999940395355,
-0.011015624739229679,
0.0025976563338190317,
0.07656250149011612,
0.0009326171712018549,
-0.036406248807907104,
0.04218750074505806,
0.03265624865889549,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971776 | 89 | http://rightontheleftcoast.blogspot.com/2011/11/proper-attire-for-instructors.html | 0.522946 |
Fairport 2, Webster Thomas 1
To view our videos, you need to
install Adobe Flash 9 or above. Install now.
Then come back here and refresh the page.
Top seeded Webster Thomas took on defending champion Fairport in the Class A Section V field hockey final. | <urn:uuid:50fc4929-911d-4e3e-a53f-dc5971222d3e> | 2013-05-21T17:23:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.014600410126149654,
0.03163422271609306,
0.01767417974770069,
0.011910860426723957,
0.05840164050459862,
-0.048155736178159714,
-0.021132173016667366,
0.06045081838965416,
0.024205941706895828,
-0.021772541105747223,
-0.007428278680890799,
0.04661885276436806,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840478 | 58 | http://rochester.ynn.com/content/sports/611860/fairport-2--webster-thomas-1/?ap=1&Flash | 0.257023 |
Where Would You Spend $100 in Roslindale?
Hypothetically, if someone gave you $100 that had to be spent in Roslindale what businesses would you spend it?
Let's say you were given $100 to spend in Roslindale - and you had to spend it in Roslindale. Where would you spend it? And you can spend it in multiple places!
Patch asked Steve Gag, board president for Roslindale Village Main Street, on what he would do if given $100 to spend in Roslindale.
He laughed at first, and said, "I love all the restaurants. I'm thinking about going to one of my many favorite restaurants. And also going to the food shops to the Boston Cheese Cellar, Roslindale Fish, to Tony's Market, to El Chavo, and to Bob’s Pita Bread. Those places are unique to Roslindale. You can go to other places and can’t find their stuff anywhere else in Boston, unless you look really hard."
So where would you spend your $100 in Roslindale? Leave your comments below. | <urn:uuid:e44a1cc9-6b02-4713-b7b9-04ded3e913b1> | 2013-05-21T17:38:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.012392241507768631,
0.02303340472280979,
0.0019952182192355394,
-0.01629849150776863,
0.050646550953388214,
-0.04229525849223137,
0.010573814623057842,
0.031788792461156845,
-0.027209050953388214,
-0.03717672452330589,
0.07866379618644714,
0.03825430944561958,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973553 | 244 | http://roslindale.patch.com/articles/where-would-you-spend-100-in-roslindale | 0.823523 |
Training to Compete
Develop the Engine
The Player - SPECIALIZES
The players in this stage are generally around 16 - 19 years old for boys and around 15 - 18 years old for girls
Players are more likely to have committed themselves to rugby as their chief sport. They are more willing to invest a significant amount of time and energy to become successful. They are driven and are fiercely competitive with a greater capacity for all game related competencies. Players pay more attention to developing themselves as positional specialists in order to undertake their functional roles.
Players at this stage are capable of independent thinking and of taking greater responsibility while also contributing more toward problem solving.
The Coach - FACILITATES
Since players have the capacity for greater input, the role of the coach shifts towards facilitation. Allowing opportunity for opinions and problem solving is critical if players are to develop confidence and relative autonomy.
The coach will still need to employ teaching, challenging and guiding skills where appropriate. The emphasis should be on developing players’ ability to navigate rather than replicate.
The Game - OUTCOMES
The game becomes fiercely competitive with positional specialists influencing games, mini units and units well are synchronized and team play concentrates on reducing errors and maximizing success. The focus is on achieving desired outcomes with respect to attacking and defensive goals (team, unit, mini-unit). | <urn:uuid:eb442f73-8329-4682-924f-a179fcff1554> | 2013-05-21T17:45:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
0.01372950803488493,
0.012038934044539928,
0.020286886021494865,
0.007735655643045902,
0.09549180418252945,
-0.013831967487931252,
0.005174180492758751,
0.08811475336551666,
0.02223360724747181,
0.004508196841925383,
0.09754098206758499,
0.04487704858183861,
-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958463 | 274 | http://rugbyontario.com/en-us/development/therugbyontarioway/stage5trainingtocompete.aspx | 0.547424 |
The Little Flowers of St. Francis, tr. by W. Heywood, , at sacred-texts.com
An ensample of Friar Leo, how St. Francis bade him wash the stone
IN the mountain of Alvernia, as St. Francis was I speaking with Friar Leo, St. Francis said: "Friar little sheep, wash this stone with water". Friar Leo hastened to obey and washed the stone with water. Said St. Francis, with great joy and gladness: "Wash it with wine"; and so was it done. " Wash it," said St. Francis, "with oil;" and so was it done. Said St. Francis: "Friar little sheep, wash that stone with balm". Friar Leo replied: "O sweet father, how can I get balm in so wild a place as this is?" St. Francis made answer: "Know, friar little sheep of Christ, that this is the stone where Christ sat when He appeared to me on a time in this very place; and therefore have I said unto thee four times: 'Wash it and hold thy peace '; for Jesus Christ hath promised me four singular graces for my Order. The first is that all those who shall love my Order from their hearts, and the friars who shall persevere, shall by the Divine grace make a good end. The second is that the persecutors of this holy Religion shall be notably
punished. The third is that no evil man shall be able to remain long in this Order, continuing in his frowardness. The fourth is that this Religion shall last even unto the last judgment." | <urn:uuid:ae128361-39d6-4b39-a5f6-c440f488e0df> | 2013-05-21T17:18:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.025764627382159233,
0.0014960106927901506,
-0.03673537075519562,
0.0033868018072098494,
0.1216755285859108,
-0.06382978707551956,
-0.008602061308920383,
0.06881649047136307,
-0.008851395919919014,
-0.05285904183983803,
0.035073138773441315,
-0.009973403997719288,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955703 | 344 | http://sacred-texts.com/chr/lff/lff105.htm | 0.690344 |
Venezuela looks for missing plane with Missoni CEO
Posted January 6, 2013
CARACAS, Venezuela (AP) - The search for a missing plane carrying Italian fashion executive Vittorio Missoni and five other people has entered its third straight day on Sunday with no signs of the aircraft.
Venezuela's National Civil Aviation Institute says search teams are using a plane and a helicopter and the Venezuelan coast guard to find the small plane, which disappeared off the country's coast.
The twin-engine plane was reported missing hours after taking off Friday from Los Roques, a string of islands and islets popular among tourists for their white beaches and coral reefs.
The plane was carrying the CEO of Italy's iconic Missoni fashion house, his wife, two Italian friends and two Venezuelan crew members.
Officials from Venezuela's civil aviation agency have said authorities declared an alert after the plane didn't make contact with the control tower at the Caracas airport or with the tower in Los Roques. Officials said the twin-engine craft took off at 11:39 a.m. Friday and had been expected to arrive in Caracas 42 minutes later.
Latest in Entertainment | <urn:uuid:9dc6ef81-a5da-4aeb-9aaa-a4d69e1eb25d> | 2013-05-21T17:38:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.0006036232807673514,
0.058809056878089905,
-0.02153051272034645,
0.020054133608937263,
0.10974409431219101,
-0.06348425149917603,
-0.02226870134472847,
0.08513779193162918,
-0.01310285460203886,
-0.062253937125205994,
0.1018700823187828,
0.05388779565691948,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969041 | 238 | http://sanfrancisco.metromix.com/entertainment/3345044 | 0.18536 |
A Bay Area family is asking for the public's help in finding an at-risk 69-year-old San Mateo man who left the Bay Area on Amtrak Wednesday and was last seen by a train conductor in Nebraska.
Charles Dowd, a retired San Francisco firefighter, was heading to Montreal, Canada to visit his son when he went missing, according to his daughter, Bay Area resident Jennifer Dowd.
Dowd was last heard from via cell phone on Thursday and did not arrive in Chicago that day as scheduled, while his luggage, cell phone and medication did.
A train conductor who spoke with the 69-year-old early Friday morning near Omaha, Nebraska reported that he found Dowd to be disoriented and confused about his whereabouts, Jennifer Dowd said.
An Amtrak spokesperson was not immediately available for comment.
The missing man's daughter said she plans to head to Omaha on Sunday to distribute fliers and search for her father on the ground.
Dowd said her father must be found as soon as possible as he is in need of his medication.
He is 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighs about 175 pounds with blue eyes and gray hair, she said.
Anyone with any information about Charles Dowd's whereabouts is asked to call Amtrak police at (800) 331-0008 or the Dowd family at (650) 766-6470.
--Bay City News | <urn:uuid:e5db8ebb-a5d8-4645-90f9-2b6686903ecb> | 2013-05-21T17:37:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.006518710404634476,
0.0447850301861763,
-0.015525477938354015,
0.0072651272639632225,
0.09992038458585739,
-0.03343949094414711,
-0.010798168368637562,
0.054538216441869736,
-0.017117833718657494,
-0.0812101885676384,
0.05652866140007973,
0.05334394797682762,
... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982726 | 288 | http://sanmateo.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/missing-former-firefighter-last-seen-on-amtrak | 0.189144 |
Thank you for the warm welcome. And thank you for the vote you took this week. You stood strong. You stood for principle. You put the best interests of the American people ahead of politics. I got some calls yesterday, after the news. They said what I feel. We want you to know that we're proud of you.
It sure feels good to be in a room full of Republicans who came out ahead on Election Day. You can be proud of your success. And don't be afraid to remind the President of this: you, too, won your election. More | <urn:uuid:b957a546-447c-40ac-944f-5827bc6d97a5> | 2013-05-21T17:44:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.003967765718698502,
0.019808070734143257,
0.011811023578047752,
-0.01722440868616104,
0.11171259731054306,
-0.05314960703253746,
0.011626476421952248,
0.03198818862438202,
-0.06791338324546814,
-0.08661417663097382,
0.046751968562603,
0.023622047156095505,
-0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97602 | 118 | http://sarahpalinblog.typepad.com/sarah_palin/2009/01/mitt-romneys-speech-to-house-republicans-retreat-today.html | 0.446742 |