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I am not a fan of kombucha. I made my friend pose with her kombucha in front of this sign: Because I don’t like it. The health benefits are not worth the sweaty sock taste to me! No amount of ginger can hide that taste! Lynne (my best friend says): Yum. Have you tried kombucha? Do you like it?	<urn:uuid:f92a454d-dc1d-498c-9365-6a1e21758051>	2013-05-24T01:51:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0572916679084301, 0.0232514888048172, -0.0038364955689758062, 0.0126488097012043, 0.065476194024086, -0.01990327425301075, -0.0146949402987957, 0.0207403264939785, -0.02492559514939785, -0.02883184514939785, 0.01925223134458065, 0.02399553544819355, 0.0316220...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930385	83	http://rhodeygirltests.com/2009/10/06/i-am-not-a-fan-of-kombucha/	0.294551
OWL (Our Whole Lives) OWL is a values-based curriculum that helps participants make informed and responsible decisions about their sexual health and behavior. It equips participants with accurate, age-appropriate information in six subject areas: human development, relationships, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, and society and culture. Grounded in a holistic view of sexuality, OWL provides not only facts about anatomy and human development, but helps participants to clarify their values, build interpersonal skills, and understand the spiritual, emotional, and social aspects of sexuality. In order for a child to participate in the program, parents must attend a mandatory orientation session. At the orientation session, the teaching team will introduce parents to the curriculum and the philosophy of the program.	<urn:uuid:6e6ccbc8-6bd9-4c78-ac0b-4cb1bfe689fa>	2013-05-24T01:30:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.034702036529779434, -0.00840297993272543, 0.01112827006727457, 0.028706395998597145, 0.06468023359775543, -0.05232558026909828, 0.018077760934829712, 0.12427325546741486, -0.034156978130340576, 0.006813226733356714, 0.0872092992067337, 0.031976744532585144, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.896684	153	http://richmonduu.org/grow/religious-education/owl/	0.157447
Bob Arum said Julio Cesar Chavez could fight Brian Vera next, and eventually, Andre Ward. Hershman to be President of HBO Sports Showtime's General Manager of Sports Ken Hershman is jumping to HBO RingTV.com has learned that Showtime's General Manager of Sports, Ken Hershman, will assume the role of President of HBO Sports, taking over the position vacated by Ross Greenburg, who announced his resignation in July after having been at the helm since September of 2000. It is unclear when the announcement will become official. "This is an HBO decision, and an internal decision," said Arum. "HBO is free to appoint anybody it wants in any position that it wants at HBO. Other than that, I have no reaction and no comment." [UPDATE] In a subsequent announcement, HBO President of Sports Programming Michael Lombardo, to whom Hershman will report, indicated that Hershman "will be responsible for the strategic direction and overseeing the HBO Sports division, including the boxing franchise and HBO Pay-Per-View." Showtime's Chris DeBlasio, senior director of communication for sports, confirmed Hershman's leaving for HBO and then read from the following statement issued by the network: "Sports has been an important part of our content lineup at Showtime for many years," DeBlasio read. "We have a great team and great programming in place and our commitment to sports remains strong. We have no announcement about a successor at this time, when we do we will let everyone know." Promoter Lou DiBella, who served as HBO's senior vice president of programming before leaving the network in 2000, called the move "a good hire." "I think that they made a very good choice. I think that Kenny has done a great job and done very well at Showtime Sports, and I think that it's important to have someone in place who can immediately run with the ball," said DiBella. "I think that it's a relationship business. To learn a new industry and to not have those relationships is a huge disadvantage to somebody. Kenny has those relationships and he has the experience and I think that it was an excellent choice." Lem Satterfield can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:117fb7ad-23eb-430f-89ff-039331d4e5be>	2013-05-24T01:52:15Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0001369102392345667, 0.03921568766236305, 0.0031096814200282097, 0.003170955926179886, 0.08627451211214066, -0.016544118523597717, -0.009742647409439087, 0.09803921729326248, -0.0029564951546490192, -0.06617647409439087, 0.04117647185921669, 0.03921568766236305, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97901	475	http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/169616-hershman-to-be-hbos-sports-president	0.160443
Authorities said a call was broadcasted on the morning of Friday, February 8 after April R. Jones, 28, of Ranger was spotted for allegedly drinking and driving on Red Bud Road near Red Bud Elementary School. A sheriff’s captain, in the area in an unmarked vehicle, responded and attempted to stop Jones. Instead of pulling over Jones allegedly attempted to escape but ended up crashing near the intersection of Brookshire Road and Red Bud Road. Jones received no severe injuries from the accident and was arrested by the State Patrol and charged with D.U.I and fleeing and attempting to elude officers. Click here to continue reading.	<urn:uuid:39c53088-5b0d-46ea-b55b-4574770467c6>	2013-05-24T01:53:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.018567370250821114, 0.03003246709704399, -0.004540381487458944, 0.03267045319080353, 0.1550324708223343, -0.036120131611824036, -0.036120131611824036, 0.07954545319080353, 0.00943587627261877, -0.055194806307554245, 0.08400973677635193, 0.053165584802627563, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982376	131	http://rn-t.com/bookmark/21764896	0.162776
Here I argue that our disagreement lies not in different views about the nuts and bolts of probabilistic forecasting, but rather our views on whether the IPCC is engaged in providing guidance to decision makers about the probable course of the future, or instead, is engaged in an academic exercise. This would seem to be a natural point of disagreement between an academic involved in modeling and a policy scholar. James does the climate science community no favors by personalizing the debate, so here I'll stick to the issues, which are worth a discussion. Let’s start with an analogy to make this distinction more clear. Please note that I reject James choice of a die roll as an analogy because it begins with a presumption that the probabilities for various future outcomes are in fact known with certainty. While such an assumption is highly complementary to climate modelers, the fact is that the actual probability distributions for the future are unknown. That is why evaluation of probabilistic statements is necessary. Let’s say that I make the following statement: [A] It is very likely that a team from the AFC will win the 2012 Super Bowl.You, being a Green Bay Packer fan, take issue with my statement and ask me if I want to bet, but first you ask me what I mean by “very likely.” I explain that by “very likely” I mean at least a 90% chance. You then ask if I will give 9 to 1 odds on a $1 bet on the Super Bowl. Since I am confident in my statement (and I believe that the bet gives me good odds as I think that the chances could even be higher than 90%), I agree to bet and we shake hands. Consider the following way that events might play out -- Let’s flash forward to the Super Bowl in 2012. Imagine that the Denver Broncos (hey, it is my example;-) beat the Packers. In that case, I would win the bet and you would pay me $1. We would both agree that the expectation expressed in my statement [A] was correct in a common sense understanding of the term. Had the Packers won the game, I would part with $9 and we’d agree that my expectation was incorrect. Now let’s consider an alternative ending to this scenario. Let’s assume that the Packers win the game. I immediately protest to you that I actually did not lose the bet -- at least not yet, because my statement was probabilistic in the sense that it referred to the entire set of potential Super Bowl games in which I judged that the AFC would win 90% or more of them. It just so happens that that this was one of those cases that happens to fall in the 10% of possible outcomes. In order to judge the winner of the bet we would have to replay the Super Bowl many times, and I suggest that we do so on Madden 2012, a computer-game simulation. You would reply, “Huh? Whatever, you lost the bet, where’s my $9?” The difference between the two endings lies in whether one views a probabilistic statement as a basis for committing resources for a future that will play out in only one way or as an academic exercise to be explored using simulations of the real world. On the one hand, in the first case, a Packers’ victory would mean that the expressed judgment in [A] turned out to form the basis for a losing bet. It is important to understand that the judgment [A] may have been perfectly sound and defensible at the time that it was made – perhaps it was based on my expertise or perhaps I actually ran a Madden 2012 simulation 10,000 times under various scenarios to create an ensemble projection space as the basis for my judgment. Perhaps then the outcome was just bad luck, meaning that the 10% is realized 10% of the time. Actually, we can never know the answer to whether the expectation was actually sound or not, only that a commitment based on the judgment lead to a loss of $9. On the other hand, if I actually meant statement [A] simply as an academic exercise, perhaps in relation to some simulation of the real world, I should not be betting in the real world. Let’s continue with the analogy and say I was a sports handicapper and you wanted to get a sense of my skill in giving odds on outcomes. One way that you might evaluate my performance is to look at all of my Super Bowl predictions over time. But that doesn’t offer much of an experiential basis with which to judge probabilistic projections. Another way that you might judge my performance is to look across my handicapping of many sports and see how the collective outcome compares with what I have projected. For instance, if I make 100 projections that are judged to be “very likely” you will have a lot of confidence in my skill if 90 of those 100 projections actually realize, even if they are across 100 different, incommensurable events. But even then there would be problems in assessing my skill (e.g., what if there are 10,000 sports handicappers and you come to me because my record is better than the others, is that because I am good or just lucky? But I digress). Now let’s relate this back to climate science. As an example, the IPCC says the following: It is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation events will continue to become more frequent.If decision makers commit resources (let’s assume intelligently, fully recognizing and understanding a 90% probability) based on this projection, and it turns out that the actual future experienced on planet Earth is one of constant or declining hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation events, then the common sense view will no doubt be that the IPCC got this one wrong. Climate modelers who protest such a common sense view based on what they describe as the impossibility of verification of probabilistic statements generated from ensemble projections from modeled simulations of the real world will be laughed off as out-of-touch academics, and rightly so. Infallibility doesn't even work for the Pope.	<urn:uuid:c7afa834-2e29-47cf-8983-7d37fa02f83b>	2013-05-24T01:43:50Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01214599609375, -0.00823974609375, 0.015869140625, -0.00616455078125, 0.07861328125, -0.0191650390625, 0.0024261474609375, 0.11279296875, -0.0155029296875, -0.044677734375, 0.04296875, 0.0201416015625, -0.08349609375, 0.0169677734375, 0.035888671875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969134	1,270	http://rogerpielkejr.blogspot.com/2011/08/academic-exercises-and-real-world.html	0.452511
This tutorial provide step by step instructions on using Hibernate 3.0. Hibernate is popular open source object relational mapping tool for Java platform. It provides powerful, ultra-high performance object/relational persistence and query service for Java. Hibernate lets you develop persistent classes following common Java idiom - including association, inheritance, polymorphism, composition and the Java collections framework. The Hibernate Query Language, designed as a "minimal" object-oriented extension to SQL, provides an elegant bridge between the object and relational worlds. Hibernate also allows you to express queries using native SQL or Java-based Criteria and Example queries. Hibernate is now the most popular object/relational mapping solution for Java. Download Source Code Example of tutorial Criteria Expression (eq) In this section, you will learn to use the "eq" method. This is one of the most important method that is used to apply a "less than" constraint to the named property. a "less than or equal" constraint to the named property. a "greater than" constraint to the named property a "greater than or equal" constraint to the named property. Insert Data into Database Using Hibernate Native SQL In this example we will show you how you can use Native SQL with hibernate. You will learn how to use Native to insert data into database. Native SQL is handwritten SQL for all database operations like insert, update, delete and select. In this Hibernate Mapping tutorials series you will learn Hibernate in depth. We will show everything on Hibernate Mappings with running code example. Struts Hibernate Integration Tutorial In this tutorial I will show you how to integrate Struts and Hibernate. After completing this tutorial you will be able to use Hibernate in your Struts project. Download the source code of Struts Hibernate Integration Tutorial. Tutorials By R.S.RAMASWAMY If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for. Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.	<urn:uuid:c6391f78-8e83-4c07-9f86-e1e8ed919fc1>	2013-05-24T01:37:01Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.05603448301553726, -0.001576762180775404, 0.020030425861477852, 0.009191176854074001, 0.06592292338609695, -0.06110547482967377, 0.014705882407724857, 0.09634888172149658, -0.01698783040046692, 0.008874239400029182, 0.11967545747756958, 0.03904665261507034, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.847985	467	http://roseindia.net/hibernate/index.shtml	0.507211
March 7, 2010 \|Jeff Bridges in 'Crazy Heart' wins Oscar for best male actor\| Los Angeles,CA (RPRN) 03/07/10 — Jeff Bridges won a best actor Oscar on Sunday, his first ever Academy Award, for his role in "Crazy Heart" as a drunken country singer who finds redemption. Bridges, the brother of Beau Bridges and the son of screen star Lloyd Bridges, was previously nominated for an Oscar four times but had never walked away with the award. "Thank you Mom and Dad for turning me on to such a groovy profession," Bridges said after whooping in joy, pumping his golden statuette in the air. Bridges told the Kodak Theater audience how his father had taught him the basics of acting, while his mother egged him on to entertain guests at parties. "They loved showbiz so much, I feel an extension of them. This is honoring them as much as it is me." Bridges is known for his naturalistic style and for often playing rambling and unpredictable characters, and he has long been considered an underappreciated actor. In "Crazy Heart," Bridges played country singer Bad Blake, who is a heavy drinker and has been relegated to playing in small bars and even a bowling alley. He wrestles to gain control of his life after falling for a journalist and single mother, played by Maggie Gyllenhaal. Bridges, 60, did his own singing for the role, putting his lesser known musical abilities front and center to give voice to the fictional, down-on-his-luck country star. He was widely seen as the front-runner this year for the best actor Oscar, with several critics saying Bridges elevated an otherwise dull movie through his performance. The other actors nominated for an Oscar were George Clooney for "Up in the Air," Colin Firth for "A Single Man," Morgan Freeman for "Invictus" and Jeremy Renner for "The Hurt Locker." Bridges grew up in an acting family and got his first role early in life, making a screen appearance as an infant in the 1951 movie "The Company She Keeps." He also appeared in a couple of episodes of his father's 1950s television series "Sea Hunt," but his first breakthrough role came in 1971 ensemble film "The Last Picture Show." The turn as a high school student earned Bridges his first Oscar nomination, this one in the best supporting actor category. He earned another supporting actor nod for his role as a bank robber in the 1974 movie "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot," playing opposite Clint Eastwood. After that, some in Hollywood expected Bridges to rise to superstar status, but his career took a more low-key trajectory as he became known for a seemingly effortless acting style, not for blockbuster roles. He gained a huge cult following for playing even-keeled stoner The Dude in 1998 comedy movie "The Big Lebowski." Bridges this year won both the Screen Actors Guild award and the Golden Globe for his role in "Crazy Heart." (Reporting by Alex Dobuzinskis; Editing by Sandra Maler and Mary Milliken) RushPR News is a social media newswire service created to help you with content creation and distribution to news outlets and social media networks. RushPRnews can also assist you with your web strategies with experts advices and strategies at an affordable cost. Write us at firstname.lastname@example.org Content- Legal Responsibility - All material is copyrighted - You may repost but you MUST link back to the original post on your page and acknowledge Rush PR News as the news source. Rush PR News is not legally and/or morally responsible for content of press releases, opinions expressed or fact-checking. Rush PR News cannot be held legally responsible for material published and distributed through its newswire service or published in its press-room and therefore cannot be sued for published material. Third-party must be contacted directly to dispute content. Rush PR News is not the contact for material published.	<urn:uuid:c2541ac2-87ee-4f9f-958a-f493360d0c45>	2013-05-24T01:50:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.006195068359375, 0.01708984375, -0.017578125, 0.005279541015625, 0.07373046875, -0.0302734375, -0.000946044921875, 0.10791015625, -0.03759765625, -0.046875, 0.06787109375, 0.030517578125, 0.041259765625, -0.03466796875, 0.041259765625, 0.0114135742...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98105	840	http://rushprnews.com/2010/03/07/jeff-bridges-wins-oscar-for-crazy-heart	0.311751
Chroniclers of the game have rarely been kind to Andrew Freedman, principal owner of the New York Giants from January 1895 to September 1902. According to one team historian, Freedman was “naturally arrogant (with) a bad temper at the end of a very short fuse.” In much the same vein, Bill James memorably described him as “George Steinbrenner on Quaaludes with a touch of Al Capone” and “just this side of a madman” while another commentator has awarded Freedman the distinction of being “the most loathsome team owner in baseball history.” But Andrew Freedman’s stormy tenure as Giants owner was, in fact, only a chapter in the life of one of New York City’s most prominent turn of the century figures. To Freedman, ownership of the Giants was little more than a pastime, a diversion from the weighty business and political affairs that dominated his life. As a consequence, his stewardship of the team was mercurial, with frequent managerial changes, angry ultimatums to fellow magnates and battles with the sporting press alternating with periods of complete indifference by Freedman to his baseball interests. In short, team ownership did not show Andrew Freedman at his best. The future Giants boss was born into a Manhattan family of middle-class German-Jewish immigrants on September 1, 1860. Father Joseph Freedman (1829-1903) was a prosperous grocer while his mother, Elizabeth Davies Freedman (1836-1916), tended to the children, of whom Andrew was the second of four. A precocious grammar school graduate, Andrew was enrolled in pre-admission courses at the College of the City of New York at the age of 14 but proved an indifferent scholar, dropping out of CCNY at the end of his freshman year. Freedman began his working life in the employ of a dry-goods house but soon gravitated to real estate, the field where he would make his first fortune. To enhance his prospects, 21-year-old Andrew Freedman joined Tammany Hall, the corrupt political machine that controlled the Democratic Party in New York City. There he attached himself to Richard Croker, a rising Tammany star. In time, Freedman would become a financial adviser, business associate and lifelong friend of Croker. In 1886 Croker assumed control of the Wigwam and installed his protégé Freedman on the Finance Committee, Tammany’s all-powerful policy-making board. Combined with his native intelligence and a fierce energy, Freedman’s association with Croker all but guaranteed success in the real-estate world. Dealing extensively in tony Fifth Avenue properties and acquiring vast tracts of land in the then sparsely populated Bronx, Freedman quickly amassed a fortune via sale of property at inflated prices to local businessmen, city contractors, and others requiring the favor of his patron, Boss Croker. By the time he reached the age of 30, Freedman had become a very wealthy man. Freedman’s interest in baseball is usually traced to his appointment as receiver of the bankrupt Manhattan Athletic Club in 1893. His administration of club affairs included management of Manhattan Field, the pre-Polo Grounds home of the Giants and still an important New York sporting venue. Freedman began taking in Giants games (Manhattan Field and the Polo Grounds sat on adjoining sites) and soon developed a liking for the game. With time on his hands following Tammany’s defeat in the city elections of 1894 and awash in money, Freedman quietly began acquiring blocks of Giants stock, at times using circus impresario James A. Bailey as a front. Then in January 1895, Freedman made his move, capturing majority control of the franchise by buying out de facto Giants boss E.B. Talcott and his allies. Wealthy, politically connected, and a native son, the young (age 34) Freedman’s acquisition of the team was initially well received by the New York sporting press and the Giants faithful. Baseball luminaries joined in the well wishes for the new owner. A.G. Spalding, having only recently divested himself of his own ownership share of the Giants, stated, “…From what I hear, Mr. Freedman is a clever businessman and will prove successful. I hope he makes a lot of money.” Just retired star John Montgomery Ward, a minority Giants owner whose sale of his stock had made Freedman’s control of the team possible, also applauded the new magnate, particularly after Freedman ratified Talcott’s appointment of Ward favorite George Davis as Giants playing manager for the upcoming season. Overlooked in the glow of good feeling was a dubious opening move by the Giants’ novice owner: elimination of the post of managing director of the team. Despite limited prior contact with and understanding of the game, Freedman would exercise the duties of franchise commander personally as Giants president. With the nucleus of the 1894 Temple Cup champions returning, great things were expected of the Giants, but the team started the new season sluggishly. Impatient New York scribes were quick to assign blame as did Giants fans, and the new team owner was not exempted from their censure. Although he was in many ways an able man, Freedman’s background had not conditioned him to public criticism. Combative and surprisingly thin-skinned, Freedman reacted badly. He began by firing his managers. Davis, Jack Doyle, and Harvey Watkins would all be relieved of duty during the 1895 season. Freedman also had trouble with his players, particularly star hurler Amos Rusie, who chafed under the owner’s disciplinary measures. Nor did Freedman enjoy cordial relations with his fellow magnates, most of whom found Freedman abrasive and impossible to get along with. Unwiser still, Freedman got into fights – at times, literally – with the writers on the Giants beat. In short order, Freedman managed to alienate most of the baseball world. In the meantime, his Giants team staggered home a disappointing ninth-place finisher (out of the 12-team National League). But if Freedman had gotten off to a rocky start as Giants owner, his troubles in that role paled in comparison to his disastrous turn as a minor-league mogul the following year. Asserting territorial rights under the National Agreement, Freedman muscled his way into the newly formed Class A Atlantic League, gaining control of the Jersey City franchise, which he promptly relocated to Manhattan. In emulation of John T. Brush’s operation in Cincinnati, Freedman envisioned the team, renamed the Metropolitan of New York and installed in the Polo Grounds, as a developmental squad for the Giants. Stocked with the likes of Cy Seymour, Ed Doheny, Shorty Fuller, and other major-league-caliber players, the Mets were expected to dominate the Atlantic League but managed only middling play. The team also proved a financial dud, often drawing no more than 200 paying customers to home games. Frustrated by the franchise’s failings, Freedman turned soon petulant. Team assessments went unpaid, fines imposed on Mets players were ignored, and desired league expansion was blocked by Freedman. Tensions between Freedman and fellow team owners reached the breaking point in early July. With the Giants on the road, Freedman took a seat on the bench for a Mets home game against the Wilmington Peaches. When Freedman strode onto the diamond to insert himself into a fifth-inning dispute with the umpire, Peaches captain Bob Berryhill yelled, “Go put on a uniform if you want to get into this game.” Finding such insolence from a player intolerable, Freedman thereupon had the police remove Berryhill from the park. The following day, Berryhill was barred from entering the Polo Grounds, resulting in forfeiture of the game to Wilmington. This proved the final straw for the other team owners. At an emergency meeting convened on July 10, the Metropolitan of New York team was expelled from the Atlantic League. Freedman departed the meeting room in a huff, vowing to sue, but soon thereafter he pronounced himself just as glad to be rid of the Mets operation. Unhappily for Freedman, his fortunes fared little better with the Giants that season. Crippled by the absence of Rusie, who sat out the entire year rather than capitulate to tight-fisted salary terms, the Giants finished the 1896 season a distant seventh, 27 games behind pennant-winning Baltimore. In the offseason, the Freedman/Rusie impasse was finally resolved via the unsolicited intervention of fellow N.L. team owners who – without Freedman’s knowledge or approval – quietly induced Rusie to return to the Giants for the 1897 season by settling $5,000 on him. Indignant when he found out, Freedman refused to contribute to the settlement and fumed at the magnates’ intrusion into his running of the Giants. Buoyed by Rusie’s return, the Giants surged to third place in 1897. The team also benefited from the inattention of its owner, now largely preoccupied with political matters. With Richard Croker returned from Europe and re-installed as Tammany chief, Freedman threw himself into the successful mayoral campaign of Tammany candidate Robert Van Wyck. After Van Wyck’s inauguration, Freedman declined appointment to office, choosing instead to remain a backroom power-broker in the new administration. At Croker’s urging, however, Freedman did accept the position of treasurer of the National Democratic Party. In 1898, Freedman expanded his business empire by becoming a principal of the Maryland Fidelity and Guarantee Company, a municipal insurance and bonding operation that proved a lucrative new source of income for Freedman. But as Freedman’s commercial interests flourished, his reign as a major-league team owner was about to enter a malevolent period that would beget serious repercussions for the game. In late July 1898, Freedman paid a now infrequent visit to the Polo Grounds to take in a game against Baltimore. In the fourth inning, Ducky Holmes, a former Giant, struck out. On his way back to the bench, Holmes responded to the gibes of New York fans by referring to Freedman as a Sheeny, an anti-Semitic putdown. When umpire Tom Lynch refused an enraged Freedman’s demand that Holmes be ejected from the grounds, Freedman ordered the Giants off the field. Lynch thereupon forfeited the game to the Orioles. In the aftermath, Freedman insisted upon league action against Holmes, branding his remark not only personally offensive but “an insult to the Jewish people and the Hebrew patrons of the game.” The season-long suspension of Holmes thereafter imposed by the league provoked an ugly reaction. Boston players circulated a petition denouncing Freedman’s “spirit of intolerance, of arrogance and prejudice toward players, a spirit inimical to the best interests of the game,” while Sporting Life decried punishment of Holmes for the “trifling offense” of “insulting the Hebrew race.” Holmes’ lawyer, meanwhile, obtained injunctive relief from a friendly local judge and Holmes ended up spending only a few days on the sidelines. Needless to say, Freedman bristled over the outcome, playing every Giants game versus Baltimore under protest for the remainder of the season. But what truly incensed Freedman was not so much the resolution of the Ducky Holmes affair but the position taken by his fellow owners. Branding the suspension illegal (because it had been imposed without a hearing), the other National League magnates had sided with Holmes and urged the league board of directors to lift the suspension. To Freedman, a proud man sensitive to slights, this stance and Holmes’s reinstatement represented nothing less than league countenance of a gross personal insult. And Andrew Freedman would not abide it. Freedman’s revenge would take the form of a punishing financial lesson for the other N.L. owners. Although Freedman adversaries like Cincinnati owner John T. Brush, a clothing store magnate, and Baltimore boss Harry von der Horst, a brewery owner, were genuine sportsmen, their team ownership was essentially another business proposition and could not be conducted at a loss indefinitely. Andrew Freedman was different. While not in the plutocrat class of a Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, or Carnegie, Freedman was truly wealthy with a personal fortune that was likely the equal of those of his fellow magnates put together. In his eyes, owning a baseball team, like opera patronage and collecting French landscape paintings, was a pastime, not a livelihood. Thus, Freedman could well absorb the injury that would accompany his singular plan for retribution – ruination of the league’s most important financial asset, namely, Freedman’s own New York Giants franchise. By whatever methods required, Freedman would ensure that the Giants began fielding noncompetitive teams. Immediately thereafter, Giants fortunes nosedived. The 1899 season would see the Giants plummet to 60-90, a full 42 games behind pennant-winning Brooklyn. Repelled by the situation and with no end in sight, fans began avoiding Giants games in droves. As intended, the attendance falloff delivered a crippling blow to the finances of the league, particularly hurting the smaller market teams that had come to rely on healthy receipts from Giants contests. The league’s distress gave Freedman no end of satisfaction. As the Giants’ dismal season drew to a close, Freedman declared, “Base ball affairs in New York have been going just as I wished and expected them to go. I have given the club little attention and I would not give five cents for the best base ball player in the world to strengthen it.” And as even his detractors knew, Freedman meant it. With their horizons bleak and certain of Freedman’s ruthlessness, the owners soon entreated for peace. But reconciliation with Freedman would come at a high price. First and foremost was submission to Freedman’s demand for reduction of the league to an eight-club circuit and the elimination of syndicate team ownership – the twin policy prescriptions that fig-leafed the deeply personal nature of Freedman’s bitterness toward the league. The owners also acceded to Freedman’s demand that the Giants receive the pick of the players available from the liquidated teams. In addition, the league agreed to reimburse Freedman the $15,000 that the annual rent of Manhattan Field cost him, lest the grounds be available for use by some future competitor. Last, but an important matter of principle to Freedman, the league refunded the $1,000 fine imposed on the Giants for forfeiting the Ducky Holmes game – with 6 percent interest. Another ramification of the mollification process was the emergence of a wholly unexpected alliance between Freedman and principal antagonist John T. Brush, the league’s most influential magnate and heretofore leader of the Freedman opposition in National League owners’ ranks. Little immediate benefit from the Freedman/Brush collaboration accrued to their respective franchises, as the Giants and Reds alternated as the league’s cellar-dwellers for the 1900 and 1901 seasons. But both men had larger endeavors on their mind than the immediate pennant races. Freedman, in fact, had taken to almost entirely ignoring the Giants, his energies consumed by the task that would yield his most enduring legacy: construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit line, New York City’s first true underground railway system. Brush, meanwhile, was busy at work on a longtime pet project, a scheme to convert the independent franchises of the National League into a jointly held trust. As Brush envisioned it, the National League’s assets would be pooled into a holding company managed by a board of regents. Players and managers would be licensed by the board and assigned to various teams consistent with establishing competitive parity. Costs would be controlled by means of stringent salary caps and by the manufacture of baseball equipment by a Trust subsidiary. Apportioned profits to Trust shareholders would be meted out at season’s end. When Brush broached the Trust proposal to him, Freedman, anticipating adverse press and public reaction, was skeptical, but in time agreed to bankroll the scheme. The fine details of the Trust were later hammered out by Brush, Freedman, and fellow owners Arthur Soden (Boston) and Frank de Haas Robison (St. Louis) during private meetings held at Tower Hill, Freedman’s secluded estate in Red Bank, New Jersey. Failure to secure a fifth magnate’s vote, however, proved fatal to the scheme as the Trust forces were stalemated during contentious N.L. owners meetings in December 1901. Legal proceedings pitting Freedman against anti-Trust champion A.G. Spalding ensued, with Freedman taking a battering on the public relations front even as his lawyers prevailed in court. The rejection of the Trust was not the only setback being suffered by Freedman. Of far graver consequence was the ouster of the scandal-plagued Van Wyck regime in the New York City elections of November 1901. Shortly thereafter, Richard Croker resigned his post as Tammany chief and took up residence in the British Isles, far beyond the subpoena power of the incoming reform administration. As happily noted by most all, Croker’s departure drastically reduced the political power of Andrew Freedman, an insider sans electoral constituency whose influence was derived solely from his close personal ties to the fallen Tammany chief. Taking particular heart from this situation were those in the baseball world anxious to see a team from the new American League installed in New York. The most likely candidate for transplant to Gotham was the reincarnated Baltimore Orioles, then under the direction of player/manager/part-owner John McGraw. At least temporarily, however, American League moving plans were frustrated by an audacious counterstroke masterminded by Brush, now effectively in charge of the National League as chairman of a three-owner governing committee. Taking advantage of McGraw’s restiveness under the disciplinary yoke of American League President Ban Johnson and with the connivance of Freedman, Brush induced McGraw to force his release by the Orioles. Immediately thereafter, McGraw signed a four-year contract to manage the Giants. With major assistance from Maryland politico John “Sonny” Mahon, Brush then covertly maneuvered majority control of the stock in the cash-strapped Baltimore franchise into Freedman’s hands. Under its new ownership, the Orioles immediately set about releasing the team’s best players, all of whom then signed with the Giants (Joe McGinnity, Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan, Jack Cronin) or the Reds (Joe Kelley, Cy Seymour). Only quick action by Johnson saved the franchise for the American League. Taking advantage of league charter provisions activated by an ensuing Baltimore game forfeiture (for lack of players), Johnson promptly stripped Freedman of title to the franchise and placed the club under direct presidential control for the remainder of the season. The following spring, the American League, with new team ownership procured by Johnson, would transfer the Orioles to New York. But Andrew Freedman would not be there waiting to join battle. On August 12, 1902, Freedman, his interest in baseball near extinguished and besieged by the myriad demands of the subway project, announced that he had appointed John T. Brush managing director of the Giants and transferred day-to-day control of club operations to him (while Freedman retained the title of team president). A month later, Freedman severed his connection with the club, selling his controlling interest in the New York franchise to Brush for approximately $200,000, a purchase that Brush financed largely through the sale of his own Cincinnati team to local interests. Apart from an occasional day at the Polo Grounds, Andrew Freedman’s contact with baseball had come to an end. The eight years of Freedman stewardship are generally adjudged the darkest in New York Giants history. The team had been a contender only once (1897) during that span and had reached bottom (a 44-88 last-place finish) by the time Freedman abandoned the game. But perhaps more enervating than the Giants prolonged poor play was the atmosphere created by Freedman. Essentially a dilettante when it came to baseball, Freedman periodically left the Giants directionless. But team fortunes routinely sank even further when Freedman’s attention returned to the club. Chronically impatient with his team’s standings, Freedman inflicted 13 managerial changes on the Giants during his tenure as club owner. Worse yet, Freedman’s peevish battles – with players, umpires, fellow owners, league officials, the sporting press – and his ferocious vindictive streak drained vitality from the National League’s flagship enterprise and hurt the game itself in the process. Fortunately for baseball, Giants fortunes quickly rebounded under the new Brush/McGraw regime and a pennant winner was produced within two years. But Andrew Freedman also prospered. No longer distracted by baseball team ownership and largely relieved from duty in the political world as well, Freedman concentrated his energies on the complex financing and construction schemes that made the subway system operational by 1904 and Freedman an even richer man. Losses subsequently suffered in the Panic of 1907 were more than recouped by the sale of another Freedman insurance venture, the Casualty Company of America, for a handsome price in 1909. In addition, Freedman served as a director of various construction, rapid transit, waterfront, theater, and railroad companies while holding stock in numerous other going concerns including the Wright Brothers flying machine company. He also continued to reel in hefty fees from conservatorships and other court-appointed positions. Although scorned by baseball, Freedman was held in high esteem by the business and social elites of the Gilded Age. His circle included 1904 Democratic presidential candidate Alton Parker, banker August Belmont Jr., theater owner Lee Shubert, Tammany powerhouse T.P. Sullivan, helmsman Cornelius Vanderbilt III, prominent political lawyer DeLancey Nicholl, financier Jacob Schiff and retailing giant Nathan Strauss, most of whom served on the board of a charitable foundation established by Freedman. Diversions included the opera, collecting art, yachting, and the ownership of racehorses. Freedman even took to raising purebred Holsteins at Freedmanor Farms, a livestock operation situated on his Red Bank estate. He also spent considerable time on golf courses near his properties in rural New Hampshire. In late 1914, Freedman served as best man when Richard Croker, his long estranged first wife having finally died, married his mistress. The following year, Freedman’s tautly strung constitution began to unravel. He suffered from bouts of exhaustion before suffering a complete nervous breakdown in November 1915. Confined to his Manhattan apartment suite and attended by 24-hour medical care, Freedman suffered a stroke and died on the morning of December 4, 1915. He was only 55. A glowing New York Times obituary extolled his business and civic accomplishments, describing Freedman as the person “who did more than perhaps any other man to make possible the subway system in this city.” Freedman’s tenure as owner of the New York Giants was noted in passing. A bachelor, Freedman bequeathed lifetime incomes to his aged mother and spinster sister, both of whom were comfortable in their own right, while personal mementos were left to Croker, Belmont, and other friends. The bulk of the $7 million Freedman estate, however, was designated for the erection and maintenance of a nonsectarian residence for the affluent fallen on hard times. First opened in 1925 and expanded six years thereafter, the Andrew Freedman House, an exquisite four-story limestone palazzo sited on the Bronx’s Grand Concourse, was declared a New York City landmark in 1992 and currently hosts civic and cultural events. Sadly, few entering the premises today are familiar with the mansion’s namesake. As reflected above, Andrew Freedman was not the one-dimensional ogre portrayed by the game’s writers. He was an astute businessman and political operative but lacked the temperament and baseball expertise required for success as a team owner. In the final analysis, both baseball and Andrew Freedman would have been better off if they had never made acquaintance. This profile is largely adapted from an article on Freedman and John T. Brush by the writer that was published in Base Ball, A Journal of the Early Game, Vol. III, No.2, Fall 2009, by McFarland & Company, Publishers. Hardy, J., 1995, The New York Giants Base Ball Club, 1870 to 1900, Jefferson, NC, p.158. James, B., 2001, The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, New York, p.61, and 1994, The Politics of Glory, New York, p.197. DiSalvatore, B., 1999, A Clever Base-Ballist: The Life and Times of John Montgomery Ward, New York, p.362. Little is known of an elder brother named Jacob (born 1854). Andrew was followed by Isabella (1862-1927) and Daniel (1864-1944), per the Davies family tree chart provided to the writer by the Isabella Freedman Jewish Retreat Center, Falls Village, Conn. Per e-mail of CCNY archivist Samuel Sanchez, transmitted to the writer on Nov. 8, 2008. When he left CCNY, Freedman ranked 166th out of a class of 200. According to the Freedman obituary published in the New York Times, Dec. 5, 1915. See Hynd, N., 1988, The Giants of the Polo Grounds, New York, p.69; Alvarez, M., “The Abominable Owner,” Sports Heritage/ Nov. 1987, p.44. See Sporting Life, Jan. 26, 1895, and Hardy, n.1, p.226. A majority stake in the franchise cost Freedman $48,000 (Reach Official Base Ball Guide, 1895) or $54,000 (Hardy). The Sporting News, Feb. 5, 1895. See Stevens, D., 1998, Baseball’s Radical for All Seasons: A Biography of John Montgomery Ward, Lanham, Md., p.183. Late in the 1895 season, Freedman imposed a $200 fine on Rusie for being out of condition. Although the sporting press and Giants fans lined up solidly behind the pitcher’s refusal to pay, allegations made by Rusie’s wife during acrimonious 1900 divorce proceedings suggest that the grounds for the fine may not have been as capricious as originally supposed. According to A.G. Spalding – a suspect source when it comes to Freedman – the Giants owner was “so obnoxious to most of those concerned with the game that nobody outside his own following could endure his eccentricities of speech or action. He would apply to other members of the league, in ordinary conversation, terms so coarse and offensive as to be unprintable.” Spalding, A., 1991 reprint, America’s National Game, San Francisco, p.192. On October 12, 1896, Freedman was convicted of assault and given a suspended sentence for punching Edward Hurst, a critical sports columnist for the New York Evening World, per an unidentified newspaper clipping in the Andrew Freedman file at the Giamatti Research Center, Cooperstown, N.Y. Freedman, however, did not confine his aggressions to local sportswriters. He also had physical altercations with political correspondent Paul Theman, retired umpire Watch Burnham, theatrical agent Bert Dasher, fellow team owners John T. Brush and Harry von der Horst, and any number of Tammany adversaries. In addition to the N.L. Reds, Brush also owned the Indianapolis Hoosiers, the premier team in the Western League and a useful proving ground for major-league prospects. Affable in the company of political and business peers, Freedman condescended when it came to baseball acquaintances, haughtily insisting upon deference and the use of formal address (Mr. or President Freedman only) from those in the game. Taking its lead from the New York American’s Charles Dryden, the sporting press responded by referring to Freedman as Andy, a familiarity that Freedman detested. A railway club-car brawl was once triggered by former manager/umpire Watch Burnham’s friendly, if thoughtless, invitation to Andy to join the Burnham party for a drink (as recounted in The Sporting News, July 20, 1900). For a more thorough rendition of Freedman’s travails as an Atlantic League team owner, see Sporting Life, July 18, 1896. Within a week, the Mets’ place in the circuit was assumed by the Philadelphia Athletics of the Pennsylvania State League. Reportedly $100,000 per year. See Voigt, D.Q., 1998, The League That Failed, Lanham, Md., p.219. The Sporting News, July 30, 1898. As subsequently published in The Boston Globe, Aug. 20, 1898. See Sporting Life editorial, Aug. 20, 1898. In keeping with the times, press criticism of Freedman was frequently expressed in repugnant Jewish stereotypes, with New York Sun sportswriter Joe Vila being the foremost exponent. Freedman responded by filing a blizzard of defamation-based lawsuits against the paper, all of which he lost.See Stevens, p.184-185. See also, Boxerman, Burton & Boxerman, Benita, Jews and Baseball, Vol. I, Jefferson, N.C., p.19-26. For more detailed accounts of the Ducky Holmes affair, see Solomon, B., 1999, Where They Ain’t, New York, p.227-229, and Hynd, p.129-130. According to McGraw, Mrs. J., 1953, The Real McGraw, New York, p.171. Giants home attendance shrank from a league leading 390,340 in 1897 to 121,384 in 1899, per http.//www.baseballchronology.com/Baseball/Teams Background/Attendance. As reported in Sporting Life, Sept. 30, 1899. See Seymour, H., 1960, Baseball: The Early Game, New York, p.304-306. Said Freedman, “I have patched up the differences I had with John T. Brush and acknowledge it with pleasure. We will now work on the most friendly terms and will work in harmony for the best interests of the sport.” Sporting Life, Oct.14, 1899. For more on the Freedman/Brush rapprochement, see Lamb, W., “A Fearsome Collaboration: The Alliance of Andrew Freedman and John T. Brush,” Base Ball, A Journal of the Early Game, Vol. III, No.2, Fall 2009. Initially, Freedman acted as liaison between John D. McDonald, the subway’s general contractor, and the bankers who financed the project. Thereafter, Freedman was active in virtually every phase – property acquisition, tunnel construction, railway car manufacture, etc. – necessary to make the subway system operational. Although often ascribed to Freedman, the National Base Ball Trust was almost entirely the brainchild of Brush, who as early as the 1892 season had proposed to Chicago President James Hart that the minor Western League be operated as a trust. See unidentified Jan. 30, 1892, newspaper clipping in the John T. Brush file at the Giamatti Research Center. As outlined by Brush in a letter to Freedman, later obtained and published in the New York Press, Dec.11, 1901. For a comprehensive exposition of the Trust, see Hardy, p. 171-191. In March 1902, New York State Supreme Court Justice Charles Truax sustained Freedman’s position on virtually every issue during preliminary proceedings. Shortly thereafter, Spalding resigned his putative position as National League President. See Durso, J., 1986, Baseball and the American Dream, St. Louis, p.64-67; Solomon, p. 227-231. From his manor in England, Croker attempted to maintain control of Tammany via trans-Atlantic direction to Freedman and other Finance Committee loyalists. After new Tammany boss Lewis Nixon resigned in protest, his successor, the astute Charles Murphy, cut off this back channel through the simple expedient of abolishing the Finance Committee and redistributing its responsibilities to Tammany organs under Murphy’s control. With Croker’s influence now stifled, Freedman was reduced to ceremonial posts and attending Tammany banquets. See the New York Times, May 22-23, 1902, for more details on the abolition of the Finance Committee. Notwithstanding the substantial fees charged by Freedman, his administration of the trusts assigned to him was exemplary. The estate of Freedman’s most prominent charge, the mentally disturbed millionairess Ida Flagler, posted substantial revenue increases annually under Freedman’s care, drawing the commendation of both Mrs.Flagler’s legal guardian and the court. See the New York Times, July. 14, 1914. As per an Andrew Freedman Foundation pamphlet, c.1965, provided to the writer by CCNY archivist Sanchez. As noted in The New York Times, Feb.15, 1915, and various Freedman obituaries. Essentially a high-handicap hacker, Freedman once managed to win an 18-hole tourney at White Mountain Golf Club posting a 100-30 = 70 net score, as per the New York Times, Sept.13, 1913. New York Times, Dec. 5, 1915. Similar sentiments were later expressed by prominent New York lawyer and Freedman friend Samuel Untermeyer, who stated, “It is due more to the courage and enterprise of Andrew Freedman than to anyone else that the first subway was built.” Los Angeles Times, June 18, 1924. A brief 1905 engagement to Elsie Rothschild fell through. Like Andrew, neither Isabella, a benefactress of various Jewish causes, nor Daniel Freedman, a wealthy realtor and minor Tammany functionary, ever married. Shadowy elder brother Jacob, however, may have been survived by an heir named Adelaide. See Surrogate’s Notice published in the New York Times, Jan. 27, 1916. Jacob predeceased Andrew and no connection of his ever came forward to challenge the will. Thus, nothing more is known of Adelaide Gwendolyn Freedman, aka Adelaide Archer. For more on the Freedman will, see the New York Times, Dec. 9, 1915. Once known derisively in the neighborhood as the Home for Poor Millionaires, the Andrew Freedman House is featured periodically in the real-estate section of the New York Times, see e.g., July1, 2008.	<urn:uuid:ae4c4b32-aa36-4c75-bbeb-00891af24a15>	2013-05-24T01:58:19Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00299072265625, 0.0244140625, -0.006622314453125, -0.00982666015625, 0.060302734375, -0.0458984375, -0.0031890869140625, 0.1044921875, -0.007049560546875, -0.06640625, 0.08984375, 0.043701171875, 0.0023345947265625, 0.01318359375, 0.041015625, 0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96189	7,362	http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/51545e58	0.194629
Awesome, isn't it? Just like Nichiyou no asa! Can't hear a goddamn thi... Yeah? Lemme hear. This is what I've been really into lately! It'll totally calm you down. Well forget that and check out this track instead! Man, it's a long time since I got that scared. My bro's just some kind of psycho bastard, don't let him get to you. Get the fuck away from me! Oh shit, that's amazing. No way can he hear people's thoughts on that eye-Pod. comment (0 hidden)	<urn:uuid:51d50236-0732-44ad-8360-5dc5210be155>	2013-05-24T01:57:28Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03265977278351784, 0.009339755401015282, 0.018914474174380302, 0.02854793146252632, 0.08129699528217316, -0.0535714291036129, 0.013569079339504242, 0.0648496225476265, -0.015625, -0.08082706481218338, 0.04605263099074364, 0.025258459150791168, 0.0124530075117...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969142	130	http://safebooru.org/index.php?page=post&s=view&id=868071	0.22935
Caecilians are amphibians that lack limbs. They look a bit like earthworms or snakes and can grow up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in length. As they generally live underground, they are the most under-studied group of amphibians. No. Some caecilians give birth to live young and some salamanders have larvae that essentially resemble the adult stage, but with external gills. There are many terrestrial frog species that emerge as froglets directly from the egg, bypassing the tadpole stage altogether. This adaptation allows them to live far from water bodies (on mountain tops for instance), and provides the parents with an increased ability to guard their eggs, which are laid on land. It also removes a serious risk that aquatic larvae must face: predation by fish or dragonfly larvae. Many terrestrial salamanders employ this strategy as well. (Photo credit: Fogden). Amphibians are the oldest land vertebrates. Ichthyostega was an amphibian species that lived in Greenland 362 million years ago. The Northern & Southern Gastric Brooding frogs Rheobatrachus vitellinus and R. silus lived in eastern Australia. These amazing frogs could actually shut down their gastric juices while rearing their young inside their stomachs! They therefore held great promise for advances in human medicine, as research on these frogs may have resulted in a cure for ulcers. Unfortunately, the gastric-brooding frogs vanished within a few years of being discovered by scientists--the health of humans and frogs is clearly intertwined. On the right you can see a tiny R. silus froglet emerging from its mother's mouth. (Photo by D. Sarille; top photo of R. vitellinus is by M. Davies) The smallest frogs are the Paedophryne dekot and Paedophryne verrucosa from Papua New Guinea, sizing in at only only 9 mm in length. Next up is the critically endangered Cuban frog Eleutherodactylus iberia. These frogs measure only 10 mm (0.4 in) when fully grown. They are threatened by pesticides, and by large-scale mining operations that destroy their habitat (Photo of E. iberia by M. Lammertink) Izecksohn's Toad Brachycephalus didactylus from southeastern Brazil reaches full size at only 10mm (0.4 in). It is known in Brazil as "sapo-pulga" -- the Flea Toad. The world's largest frog is the Goliath Frog Conraua goliath, which lives in western Africa. They can grow to be over 30 cm (1 ft) long, and weigh over 3 kg (6.6 lbs). This species is endangered, due to conversion of rainforests into farmland, and due to their being used as a local food source. The strawberry poison dart frog Dendrobates pumilio has an extraordinary reproductive strategy. Females lay their eggs in the leaf-litter or on plants. When the tadpoles hatch, they climb onto the mother's back. She then transports them to small pockets of water in bromeliads or other vegetation, often high in the trees. She returns intermittently through their development to lay unfertilized eggs in the water. These eggs serve as the tadpoles' primary food source. Dendrobates pumilio occurs throughout the Caribbean coast of Central America. Other poison-dart frog species carry their tadpoles around as well. Note the tadpoles in the photo to the right. (Top photo of D. pumilio taken at Red Frog Beach, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Bottom photo is the Gulfo Dulce Poison Dart Frog Phyllobates vittatus on Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula) Assa darlingtoni, commonly called the marsupial frog, lives in the rainforests of eastern Australia, where it lays its eggs in moist leaf-litter. Both parents guard the nest of about 30 eggs, and when the froglets emerge, they crawl into the father's two hip-pockets, where they hang out for several weeks. The adult in the picture is about the size of a thumbnail, imagine how small the froglets are! The word amphibian is derived from Greek and means 'two lives', referring to the fact that most amphibians spend their larval stage as aquatic, herbivorous tadpole, and their adult stage as terrestrial carnivore. However, some amphibians spend virtually their entire lives in the water (i.e. African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis, and mudpuppies Necturus). Others, like the Puerto Rican coqui Eleutherodactylus coqui or Dunn's salamander Plethodon dunni from Oregon, spend their entire lives on land: they lay their eggs in moist leaf-litter, bypass the tadpole stage and may never enter a water body. (Photo is of Whistling Treefrog Litoria verreauxii) Tadpoles have gills like fish, and most adult frogs have lungs like yours. However, amphibians have permeable skin that allows them to absorb both water and oxygen directly from the environment, right through their skin. Plethodontid salamanders have no lungs: they breathe solely through their skin and through the tissues lining their mouths. The world's first known lungless frog, Barbourula kalimantanensis, was recently found in the jungles of Borneo. The largest lungless amphibian is an 80 cm (2.5 ft) caecilian Atretochoana eiselti from Brazil. (Photo by D. Bickford of the Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Lab). The Australian stony creek frogs Litoria wilcoxii and Litoria jungguy occasionally build a sand nest for their eggs. In the photo at right, eggs are in the center of the nest, which is immediately beside a stream. Thus the eggs are kept in a moist environment, safe from fish for the time being. The next large rain will wash them into the stream and they will emerge as tadpoles. Not much. True toads (bufonids) tend to have short legs and dry 'warty' skin, though there are plenty of frog species that fit this description as well. Toads tend to have toxic secretions, but so do poison dart frogs. However, toads do have significantly higher chances of resembling that alien who lives down the street from you. (Photo of American toad Bufo americanus, our national toad). Those are the paratoid glands, which hold a cocktail of toxic secretions. Since toads are pretty slow they need to defend themselves from predators. The cane toad Bufo marinus has 20 bufotoxins, some of which are potent enough to kill a snake many times its size. Contrary to urban legend, if you lick one, you'll probably just throw up. The Sonoran Desert Toad Bufo alvareus has secretions that can cause hallucinations. Most toxic amphibians (like cane toads or poison dart frogs) accumulate their toxins from the insects they eat. But Australia's critically endangered Corroboree frogs Pseudophryne corroboree and P. pengilleyi manufacture their own toxins. They may be the only vertebrates capable of such a feat. (Photo credit unknown) A batrachologist is a person who studies amphibians. While "batracho" has been used in science for over 150 years to denote amphibians, the term batrachologist has only come into recent usage. Formerly, the term herpetologist was used, but this name encompassed those who studied amphibians and/or reptiles. Frog deformities have caused alarm since the early 1990's, when high numbers of frogs in the Midwest were found with missing limbs, extra limbs or other developmental abnormalities. Many of these deformations are caused by a trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae that burrows into tadpoles' hind limbs. Why did the malformation rate increase so dramatically in the last two decades? This is unknown, but it may be due to increased levels of eutrophication (an un-natural state caused by excessive amounts of fertilizer entering a water body), which allowed snails that are used by the trematode as an intermediary host to increase in numbers, thus providing optimal breeding conditions for the trematode. Furthermore, pesticides have been shown to weaken frogs' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to trematode infections. The photo on the right is a 6-legged Spotted Grass Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis. Kind of cool, but in a not-so-cool kind of way. (Photo credits unknown). Some frogs breed in ephemeral pools that form after heavy rains. To ensure that their tadpoles do not die when their puddle dries, the tadpoles are often adapted to metamorphose quickly, perhaps within a week or two. Other frogs, however, like the Tailed frog Ascaphus truei from the Pacific Northwest or Australia's Barred Frog Mixophyes live in permanent ponds or streams and can remain in the tadpole stage for 2 or 3 years. Speaking of Barred Frogs, the eyes of Fleay's Barred Frog Mixophyes fleayi actually change color as they get older. Juveniles have partially red eyes, but in adults, the red has changed to blue. Wood frogs Rana sylvatica are the only North American frog that lives above the Arctic Circle. Frogs are ectotherms (cold-blooded) meaning they cannot internally control their body temperatures. Wood frogs are adapted to cold winters being able to survive a deep freeze: Their breathing, blood flow, and heartbeat stop, and ice crystals form beneath their skin. While ice crystals in human skin would result in serious problems (frostbite), wood frogs are safe because high glycogen levels in their cells act like anti-freeze, restricting the frozen areas to the extra-cellular fluid, where no tissue damage will occur. Cool frogs! Some species only live a few years, but many live 6 or 7 years. The African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis and the Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea can live about 30 years in captivity. Determining their life span in the wild is difficult, but if anybody wants to follow some frogs around for a couple decades, please let us know. Frogs inhabit some of the driest regions on Earth. As frogs need to remain moist to survive, some frogs burrow underground to avoid the hot dry weather up above. They have specialized shovel-like pads on their arms or legs that let them to go up to 1.5 m (5 ft) down. If no rains come, that's fine. These frogs slow down their metabolism and enter a state called aestivation, which is similar to hibernation. And they shed layers of skin that surround them like a protective cocoon to retain moisture. Some frogs remain underground for 10 months. When the rains come, these frogs appear en masse on the surface for the biggest party of the year. (Photo: Ornate Burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus in New South Wales) Check out this excellent video about burrowing frogs in Africa: Skin secretions from at least three species of Australian frogs (the Green Treefrog Litoria caerulea, the Southern Orange-eyed Treefrog Litoria chloris, and the Green-Eyed Treefrog Litoria genimaculata) can completely inhibit HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. OK, so now that we know Southern Orange-eyed Treefrogs probably aren't going to get AIDS, this seems like the appropriate time to show the following video. This one's for the people who've gotten this far down the web page but still aren't sure if they think frogs are cool or not. Make sure your speakers are on... Please embed this video on your web page if you like it. Note that frogs only party when the temperature and recent rainfall are just right. Climate change therefore would act a bit like the cops did when you were in high school and held that party at your parents' place. Most frogs and toads have external fertilization (eggs are laid outside of the female's body and then fertilized by the male), but the Tailed Frog Ascaphus truei, which lives in the US Pacific Northwest, has internal fertilization. Many salamanders have internal fertilization as well. Males drop a spermatophore (a gelatinous mass of sperm, more or less) in their favorite location. The lucky female then comes along and pick up this spermatophore with her cloaca to fertilize the eggs inside her body. Caecilians are the only group of amphibians in which all species utilize internal fertilization. Frogs have both a common name and a scientific name, which is in Latin. Thus the African Clawed Frog is also known as Xenopus laevis. The scientific name consists of a frog's genus followed by its species (this is called binomial nomenclature). Carl Linnaeus devised this system in the 18th century so that scientists could be certain they were always referring to the correct species. For instance, there is a 'Green Treefrog' in Europe, America and Australia, but they are all different species: Hyla arborea, Hyla cinerea and Litoria caerulea. They do, and they also have a clear nictitating membrane, which allows them to protect their eyes without obstructing their vision. You can see the nictitating membrane on this partially submerged Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor from northern Virginia. Australia's Striped Rocket Frog Litoria nasuta can jump a distance equivalent to 55 times its body length! That would be like you jumping a football field! How do they do that? Their legs are twice as long as the rest of their body, and their leg muscles are 1/3 of their overall weight. These frogs are so cool we had to put a picture of one on our Frogs of Australia poster! (Photo taken at the Booyal Crossing, west of Bundaberg, Queensland) The cave-dwelling salamander Proteus anguinus (known as the Olm) has a body mass of just 15-20 g , but a predicted maximum lifespan of over a century. A new paper by Voituron et al. (2010) has analyzed years' worth of weekly records from a 400-animal captive breeding colony in the French Pyrenees. The average adult Olm lifespan was 68.5 years; sexual maturity was attained at 15.6 years, on average. In contrast, the next longest-lived amphibian is the Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), weighing over 30 kg but with a maximum lifespan of only 52 years in captivity. This Cool Frog Fact is courtesy of AmphibiaWeb. Darwin's frogs are characterized by a nasal prolongation and their unique brood system, named neomelia, in which males breed their offspring in their vocal pouch. In Rhinoderma darwinii the offspring leave the mouth as metamorphosed froglets. On the other hand, R. rufum has their tadpoles only for two weeks, after which they are released into water in a relatively early tadpole stage. Unfortunately, Rhinoderma populations have declines and R. rufum is no longer found in the wild. Contributed by Johara Bourke. Technically, yes! Amphibians are ectotherms, which means they rely on the environment to regulate their own body heat. However, the term "cold-blooded" has a negative connotation and sometimes amphibians are perceived to not have concern for other members of their own species. Yet it should be known that there are some incredibly dedicated "cold-blooded" mothers and fathers in the Wild World Of Frogs! In ephemeral marshes and ponds in Panama, the neo-tropical frog Leptodactylus insularum actively defends her eggs and tadpoles from predators. Here she is seen guarding her recently hatched tadpoles. There are about 3,000 of them! She will stay with them until the tadpoles metamorphose into little froglets. What a good mom! Frogs in trees, Frogs in ponds. Frogs on the ground, frogs all around. Little prcious creatures helping nature in so many ways. Just want to sit back and enjoy warm sunny days. SAVE THE FROGS! --Frog Poetry by Haley Summer Ford If you have some amphibian expertise, feel free to submit a Cool Frog Fact below! Be sure to hit the submit button!	<urn:uuid:138bc259-3bb8-4a53-9f8c-c3fe9db6130a>	2013-05-24T01:51:42Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0146484375, 0.017578125, 0.0004787445068359375, 0.032470703125, 0.078125, -0.054443359375, 0.0025634765625, 0.119140625, -0.005950927734375, -0.021240234375, 0.08740234375, 0.023193359375, -0.003997802734375, 0.03271484375, 0.0010223388671875, -0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94961	3,558	http://savethefrogs.com/cool-frog-facts/index.html	0.157827
Waves and Hemispheres In numerous studies, researchers have compared the physical "body signs" of hypnotic subjects with those of unhypnotized people. In most of these studies, the researchers found no significant physical change associated with the trance state of hypnosis. The subject's heart rate and respiration may slow down, but this is due to the relaxation involved in the hypnotism process, not the hypnotic state itself. Do it Yourself! You don't necessarily need a highly-trained hypnotist to induce hypnosis. With the proper relaxation and focusing techniques, almost everyone can enter a hypnotic state themselves and make their own suggestions to the unconscious mind (check out SelfHypnosis.com to find out how). Some hypnotism experts hold that all hypnosis is self-hypnosis. Whether a trance state is brought on by a long, boring drive down the highway or by a skilled psychiatrist, the subject is always the one who initiates the trance. In this view, the hypnotist is only a guide who facilitates the process. There does seem to be changed activity in the brain, however. The most notable data comes from electroencephalographs (EEGs), measurements of the electrical activity of the brain. Extensive EEG research has demonstrated that brains produce different brain waves, rhythms of electrical voltage, depending on their mental state. Deep sleep has a different rhythm than dreaming, for example, and full alertness has a different rhythm than relaxation. In some studies, EEGs from subjects under hypnosis showed a boost in the lower frequency waves associated with dreaming and sleep, and a drop in the higher frequency waves associated with full wakefulness. Brain-wave information is not a definitive indicator of how the mind is operating, but this pattern does fit the hypothesis that the conscious mind backs off during hypnosis and the subconscious mind takes a more active role. Researchers have also studied patterns in the brain's cerebral cortex that occur during hypnosis. In these studies, hypnotic subjects showed reduced activity in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, while activity in the right hemisphere often increased. Neurologists believe that the left hemisphere of the cortex is the logical control center of the brain; it operates on deduction, reasoning and convention. The right hemisphere, in contrast, controls imagination and creativity. A decrease in left-hemisphere activity fits with the hypothesis that hypnosis subdues the conscious mind's inhibitory influence. Conversely, an increase in right-brain activity supports the idea that the creative, impulsive subconscious mind takes the reigns. This is by no means conclusive evidence, but it does lend credence to the idea that hypnotism opens up the subconscious mind. Whether or not hypnosis is actually a physiological phenomenon, millions of people do practice hypnotism regularly, and millions of subjects report that it has worked on them. In the next section, we'll look at the most common methods of inducing a hypnotic trance.	<urn:uuid:74055363-7342-4bd5-90d1-4ac4d545d904>	2013-05-24T01:57:36Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0279541015625, -0.000659942626953125, 0.021484375, 0.00022792816162109375, 0.08935546875, -0.055908203125, 0.00176239013671875, 0.140625, -0.027587890625, -0.02197265625, 0.08349609375, 0.019287109375, -0.020263671875, 0.03076171875, 0.04248046875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935792	596	http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/extrasensory-perceptions/hypnosis4.htm	0.327609
Blogito ergo sum! Actually, as N.T. Wright averred, "'Amor, ergo sum': I am loved, therefore I am"! Among other things, I am a Roman Catholic deacon. This is a public cyberspace in which I seek to foster Christian discipleship in the late modern milieu in the diakonia of koinonia and in the recognition that "the Eucharist is the only place of resistance to annihilation of the human subject".	<urn:uuid:17b689d1-d864-4392-a17c-0669135f517a>	2013-05-24T01:50:34Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04760514199733734, 0.007666471879929304, 0.000040499962778994814, 0.008433119393885136, 0.044684577733278275, -0.06629672646522522, -0.02759929932653904, 0.11507009714841843, -0.008360105566680431, -0.03198014199733734, 0.011171144433319569, 0.002774532651528716,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.877523	99	http://scottdodge.blogspot.com/2008/09/saturday-night-shout-out.html?showComment=1221969240000	0.788199
Bibliotheca Alexandrina: A Knowledge and Cultural Beacon in the Middle East “During the recent uprising in Egypt, the city of Alexandria witnessed fierce violence including the burning down of the provincial government building and state security headquarters. However a rare point of agreement between anti-regime protestors and the government security apparatus was to protect the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA). The images of a human barricade shielding the BA during the protests highlight the importance of this institution. Sources:SFG-ME April 2011 pgs. 9-11	<urn:uuid:7a640bf3-241d-40c4-9bdd-fd13a818ef02>	2013-05-24T01:44:01Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.009684917517006397, -0.0034381456207484007, 0.003583419369533658, 0.011880164965987206, 0.10847107321023941, -0.05578512325882912, -0.02556818164885044, 0.08161157369613647, 0.007780217099934816, -0.025051653385162354, 0.022985536605119705, 0.04183884337544441, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.885287	112	http://searchlightcatalysts.org/taxonomy/term/1462	0.713468
Aiptasia sequence data Aiptasia Assembled Transcriptomes: Version 1 is a transcriptome derived from symbiotic anemones. It is described in this paper by Sunagawa et al. (Transcriptome of Symbiotic Aiptasia (Acrobat (PDF) 422kB Jan22 13)) The sequences and a wide variety of functional annotations are available through a searchable, blast-able web interface: Version 2is a more complete transcriptome derived from aposymbiotic anemones and described in this paper by Erik Lehnert and the Pringle Lab at Stanford Transcriptome of Aposymbiotic Aiptasia pallida (Acrobat (PDF) 433kB Jan22 13). Josh Klein '12 created a second "Apo" AiptasiaBase web interface to access this data at: If you want access to all of the sequences and some raw annotations, here is an excel file with all 58,000+ transcript sequences! Excel File of Aposymbiotic Transcriptome Sequences and Annotations (Excel 8.5MB Jan22 13) Version 3is an extensive transcriptome from symbiotic anemones that is more complete than Version 1. It is not yet available as an annotated sequence file, but if you would like to download the sequences, here is the Pringle Lab's raw file from their lab website: Zip File of Symbiotic Transcriptome Sequences (gzip Archive 28.1MB Jan22 13)	<urn:uuid:8ac9c341-50e0-45bb-97a9-e74caff20a0d>	2013-05-24T01:45:45Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.011257204227149487, 0.02260446734726429, -0.005943804048001766, 0.013778818771243095, 0.0525936596095562, -0.009861310943961143, 0.012878241948783398, 0.07384726405143738, -0.030439481139183044, -0.04556916281580925, 0.1260806918144226, 0.016750721260905266, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.820241	307	http://serc.carleton.edu/exploring_genomics/aiptasia/aiptasia_transc.html	0.19151
I am trying to set up my sshd to accept users that do not have a system user account. My approach is to use DSA public/private key pairs. - I generated a key pair: $ ssh-keygen -t dsa - I copied id_dsa.pub to the server machine where sshd runs. - I appended the line from id_dsa.pub to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys of the single existing system user account I will use for every 'external' user. - I tried to ssh as the 'external' user into the machine where I set-up the authorized_keys and failed miserably. What am I missing here?	<urn:uuid:1c7df089-b2b8-4ece-bf63-b43d7a1b6842>	2013-05-24T01:38:03Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03260030969977379, 0.00029085887945257127, 0.011091820895671844, -0.01861496828496456, 0.03433641791343689, -0.05825617164373398, 0.010802469216287136, 0.07253086566925049, -0.017650462687015533, 0.03125, 0.06327160447835922, 0.03395061567425728, -0.036265432...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887557	143	http://serverfault.com/questions/123723/set-up-sshd-to-handle-multiple-key-pairs	0.494152
* Nitl - Pict. * Rasas - Pict. THE CHURCH OF ST. SERGIUS OF NITL A CENTRE OF THE CHRISTIAN ARABS IN THE STEPPE AT THE DOORS OF MADABA Director: - Michele Piccirillo Equipe: - Basema Hamarneh, Stefano De Luca, Vincent Michel. Sections, prospects, plans: - Eugenio Alliata Photographers: - Max Mandel, Fr. Michele Piccirillo From the contemporary literature of the Byzantine period, written in Greek and Syriac, we know that the steppe to the east of the cultivated land was inhabited by the semi- nomadic tribes at the service of the empire. This stretch of land, which we improperly call desert, is known to the Arabs as badiah or barriyah. In 502, at the time of Emperor Anastasius, the group of the Banu Ghassan and the roman empire of the east signed a treaty, successively reconfirmed at the time of Justin and Justinian, with which the christianised Bedouin tribes were entrusted with the defence of the immense territory which extended to the Euphrates river, border with the Persian empire. All the sixth century was characterised by the feats of Jabala ben Harith ben Jabala (known to us by the name of Arethas), of al-Mundir (known by us with his Greek name Alamundaros) and those of his son Numan. With their mobile troops, mostly on camel back, they defended the limes stretching from Palmira to Aila on the Red Sea against the trespassing by the tribes of the Banu Lakhm who on their part were at the service of the Persian empire on the west bank of the Euphrates. The weakening of the christianised Bedouin tribes at the time of emperor Mauritius, towards the end of the century, made possible the Persian invasion of Syria-Palestine in 613. This was an anticipation of the definitive loss of the southern provinces to the invading Islamic armies in 636 who found unguarded the southern flank of the boundary. The relationship of the tribal group with the empire started with Jabala ben Harith who died in battle in 528. They reached their apogee with his son Arethas phylarchos, or head of the tribe, who in 529 was honoured by Justinian with the title of King of all the Arabs. He was also given the title of Patritius thus becoming the first among the Arabs to receive this title which included being called "my father" by the emperor. The confrontation with the group of the Lakhm in defence of the empire reached its apex with the victory of 544. This is seen by historians as the brilliant result of the imperial decision to concede the regality to Arethas. The neutralisation from the oncoming danger on the eastern flank led to the armistice of 577 and the "pax aeterna" with the Persian empire in 561 entered into for 50 years, the most important diplomatic achievement obtained by Justinian toward the end of his long career. These peaceful conditions favoured an impressive economic development in the Provincia Arabia as has been uncovered by the archaeological excavations of the last decades in today's Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The presence in the territory of these special auxiliary troops at the service of the empire was already archaeologically sufficiently documented by the inscriptions. In the upper mosaic of the Church of Kaianos in Uyun Musa valley at Mount Nebo, the mosaicist left us also the picture of one of these Christian soldiers remembered among the benefactors of the church. The Arab cameldriver is represented standing and half-naked, wearing a long loin cloth with a cloak thrown over his left shoulder. A large bow is held over his left shoulder, while he holds, with his left hand, the sword in its wide sheath. The exploration of the ruins at Umm al-Rasas in the steppe of Madaba, identified with the fortified suburb of Kastron Mefaa, begun by the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Summer 1986 and of which the twelfth archaeological campaign has just come to an end, is bringing to light one of the Christian Arab centres of the diocese still active during the Islamic period. An ecclesiastical complex of unusual characteristics is coming to light at Nitl, a village of the steppe 10km from Madaba on the road to Umm al-Rasas. After an attentive on-the-spot investigation we had started the archaeological exploration in summer 1984. The short sounding limited to the apsed area of a church was sufficient to make us understand that the building formed part of a complex built during the sixth century and remained in use for at least three centuries. Civil use of the area resulted during the Mameluk and Ummayyad periods. The patronal character of the edifice has been outcoming since the resumption of the excavations in 1996 and the last two campaigns carried out by the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in '97 and '98. It is clear that the complex is made up of two large parallel churches. They were intercommunicating and each had only one nave which was covered by arches and stone slabs. A chapel and a diaconicon where later added to the south. A linking narthex in the façade, in relation to the main entrance, gave the possibility to enter in the two churches and in the south-west chapel. To date the chapel, the diaconicon and the southern church have been completely excavated. All these had mosaic floorings. The mosaics have been sufficiently preserved. This notwithstanding the prolonged use of the buildings with their flooring before the definitive fall of the roof. This took place quite recently judging from the pottery found under the stones of the fall which was found under a thick layer of ashes. The ashes came from various fireplaces and tawabin used to bake bread which were present both on the mosaic and on the intermediate and definitive fall. The remains of the mosaic permits us to affirm that the decorative pattern was carried out by Ammonis, a name which can be read in an inscription written in one of the vine shoots scrolls. These vine shoots spring forth from four handled jars placed in the corners of the eastern panel of the mosaic carpet, a carpet laid down keeping in mind a stone slab opening for a hypogeum multiple tomb. This tomb lied in the central nave of the church slightly off centre towards the south thus resulting in a privileged prominence. The reading of the other preserved inscriptions permits us to formulate a first hypothesis regarding the persons buried in the tomb whose remains we could see by opening the stone trap door or "pellaikon" which still had the two metal hooks. In one of the inscriptions we read the name of the presbyter Saola during whose time the holy place was built and finished. A name which we had already read in 1984 in an inscription in the south service room of the church. In a second inscription partially tampered by an ancient restoration we could read, after the title of "illustrious", the beginning of the Arabic name of a high ranking personage (Thalaaba, the fox) followed by the closing title of "phylarchos", head of the tribe, a title which the Byzantine administration conferred on the nomad leaders subjected to the empire. We have ample witness of these in the sources and epigraphy of Syria-Palestine. In another inscription the contribution of a high ranking officer, John the Adiutor, is remembered with the Latin term which had entered the Greek of the imperial administration. Three other inscriptions had been completely destroyed. The main surprise came from a one line inscription which accompanies a geometric motif decorating the space between two pillars of the arches on the southern wall: "Arethas son of al-Arethas". A name rendered famous in the Byzantine world by Arethas king of all Arabs. A name which was carried by two inhabitants of Nitl which we are tempted to place in relation with the Arab auxiliary troops who were stationed in the steppe. The inscriptions give us also the name of the saint for whom the church was dedicated: Saint Sergius, the martyred soldier during the persecution of Deocletian and whose tomb was particularly venerated at the sanctuary church of the Holy Cross at Resafa on the eastern limes by the nomad Christians and by Alamundaros - al-Mundir their king, son and successor of Arethas. After three excavation campaigns we are only half way through the exploration. The continuation might clarify the interpretations given to date to a monument which in the region finds parallels of equal importance only in the big ecclesiastic complexes of the Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo and St. Stephen complex at Umm al-Rasas. Keeping in mind the practically isolated location of the vast complex on a hill of the steppe at the doors of Madaba, I believe that the pointing to a patronal church of an influential family of "phylarchoi"/Christian tribe leaders of the region is only a possibility which awaits only further confirmation from the excavation of the other nearby church.	<urn:uuid:8e7c30d9-a6c6-4c0c-bae6-14c222efeab4>	2013-05-24T01:50:07Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0184326171875, 0.0020294189453125, -0.0238037109375, -0.0106201171875, 0.09326171875, -0.061279296875, -0.0242919921875, 0.06884765625, -0.0027618408203125, -0.01348876953125, 0.049560546875, 0.0296630859375, 0.0016937255859375, 0.026123046875, 0.03320...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964473	1,941	http://servus.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fai/FAIexp98.html	0.359885
Activists rappelled down a Seattle office building Thursday to get Microsoft and Amazon.com to use clean energy to power datacenters running services based in the Internet "cloud." Two Greenpeace members launched from the roof of a new headquarters being built for Amazon.com, across a street from Microsoft offices, to hang a cloud-shaped banner with a message asking the companies "How clean is you cloud?" "People want to use innovative devices and technology like the Kindle and Windows Phone without having to connect to a cloud powered by dirty and dangerous energy," said Greenpeace International analyst Casey Harrell. "Amazon and Microsoft have the potential to power their cloud with green, renewable energy, but are falling behind competitors Google, Facebook and Yahoo! in the race to build a truly clean cloud." The stunt came on the heels of a Greenpeace report grading major technology firms on the use of renewable energy sources to meeting rocketing datacenter demands and marked the start of a Clean Our Cloud campaign. Amazon, Apple and Twitter were graded poorly in a Greenpeace study of technology titans' use of clean energy to power the mushrooming Internet cloud, but Facebook, Google and Yahoo! won praise. The environmental charity's report, billed as a rallying cry instead of a critique, related to the companies' use of data centers and other energy issues. Both Amazon and Microsoft datacenters rely heavily on "dirty and dangerous coal and nuclear power," according to the report. Greenpeace called on all technology firms using datacenters to provide online software or services to be more open about energy use and to shift to non-polluting sources of power. Amazon.com said information about it in the Greenpeace report was "inaccurate."	<urn:uuid:5639744d-67f9-4356-a448-304e125a8fb9>	2013-05-24T01:46:21Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.024177631363272667, 0.03059210442006588, 0.01184210553765297, -0.014473684132099152, 0.09671052545309067, -0.06447368115186691, 0.011019736528396606, 0.07993420958518982, -0.01694078929722309, -0.06842105090618134, 0.02302631549537182, 0.02384868450462818, 0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926187	351	http://sg.news.yahoo.com/microsoft-amazon-com-pressed-clean-cloud-200815912.html	0.261474
Two people were killed and six others are missing in the Philippines as floods inundated parts of Manila and nearby areas while a storm tore through the country's north, authorities said Saturday. The civil defence office said rescuers are on standby to help residents evacuate if necessary as creeks and open sewers in the capital overflowed from overnight rains, swamping nearby slums and causing traffic jams. The rains began to ease by midday after plunging some areas in knee-deep waters, but civil defence chief Benito Ramos said he could not rule out further flooding as runoff from nearby mountains descends into Manila Bay. "All that rain up there would eventually find their way here," he told AFP, referring to the mountains to the east of Manila. "We have CCTV cameras to monitor the (Manila) rivers' water levels, and we have 44 evacuation centres ready and stocked with food and other items by our local government units," Ramos said. Army reservists would be called up to help should evacuations become necessary, he said, while stressing there was no need for large-scale evacuations at the moment. Local officials in the metropolis of 14 million declared a school holiday as intense rains that Ramos said averaged 30 millimetres (1.2 inches) per hour swamped parts of the capital and nearby areas. The state weather service said the rainfall exceeded 40 millimetres in some areas of Manila. Ramos said a man had drowned at a swollen creek in the northern town of Naguilian while rescuers retrieved the body of a man who fell into a river late Friday in Lumban, near Manila. Four fishermen are missing in stormy waters off the northern town of Bolinao, while two children were missing after being swept away in other rivers, he added. A minor storm was moving away from the country's northwest coast on Saturday after dumping rain across the north, Ramos said. However the state weather service said the bad weather in the capital was mostly caused by a seasonal monsoon.	<urn:uuid:20ca2aad-22ab-4c29-b5f3-bb0d9ca7f42d>	2013-05-24T01:52:42Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01722756400704384, 0.04353632405400276, -0.014155982993543148, 0.02590811997652054, 0.11378204822540283, -0.06757478415966034, -0.008747329004108906, 0.1041666641831398, 0.015024038031697273, -0.03498931601643562, 0.06490384787321091, 0.06169871613383293, 0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976953	416	http://sg.news.yahoo.com/one-missing-philippines-hit-floods-044809404.html	0.336545
Lewis Hamilton set the pace in treacherous conditions on Friday, topping times in both opening practice sessions ahead of this weekend's Hungarian Grand Prix, the last race before Formula One's mid-season break. The 27-year-old was quickest for McLaren in the morning free practice session as the teams found their bearings and then repeated the feat in a rain-hit afternoon session which saw seven-time champion Michael Schumacher crash in his Mercedes. Hamilton's best time of one minute and 21.995 seconds came before the rain hit the Hungaroring circuit midway through the afternoon session after he and McLaren team-mate and fellow-Englishman Jenson Button had dominated in the morning. Finn Kimi Raikkonen was second fastest for Lotus ahead of Brazilian Bruno Senna for Williams and the two Ferraris of Brazilian Felipe Massa and championship leader Fernando Alonso. Hamilton's McLaren team-mate Jenson Button was sixth. Defending world champion Sebastian Vettel of Germany was eighth for Red Bull after failing to clock a fast lap on soft tyres and Schumacher, 43, was 10th. Schumacher's Mercedes team-mate and fellow-German Nico Rosberg was 11th and Australian Mark Webber, in the second Red Bull, was down in 14th. Hamilton set his time in the fastest part of the day when clouds gathered after a hot spell shortly before the rain fell. Earlier, several drivers had set the early pace including Finn Kimi Raikkonen of Lotus and championship-leading Spaniard Alonso of Ferrari. Schumacher lost control of his car during the wet spell at turn 11 where he ran off straight into the barriers. He was unhurt and climbed out before walking clear. Hamilton, without a contract agreed for next year, was in fine form and continued setting fast times when the rain began to fall before his team pleaded with him to come in and avoid any risks in the hazardous conditions.	<urn:uuid:1f4d3411-88d4-40da-85c7-ac9e5ba6a3b4>	2013-05-24T01:29:36Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.03795180842280388, 0.016490964218974113, 0.0027296687476336956, 0.03268072381615639, 0.04909638687968254, -0.05481927841901779, -0.029066264629364014, 0.10963855683803558, 0.00960090383887291, -0.04849397763609886, -0.033734939992427826, 0.026355421170592308, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962274	395	http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/hamilton-fastest-opening-f1-practice-000407925--spt.html	0.414812
USD 5,000.00 plus 0% sales tax/VAT to USD 5,000.00: USD 0.00 USD 5,000.00 Instant Clipboard is an extension to the standard Windows clipboard. It has a unique user interface, which allows you to copy and paste directly to/from the extended clipboard environment. In addition to the standard Windows clipboard (CTRL+C/CTRL+V) you can now use custom keys for copying and pasting. This allows you to have a large number of clipboards simultaneously. Copying and pasting with the extended clipboards is just as simple as pressing CTRL+C/CTRL+V. Instant Clipboard is system wide and works directly in all applications. Included is also Cool Keys, a text macro tool. When you type a certain string pattern it'll be replaced by another string. E.g. you setup Cool Keys to replace all key sequences of "br," with "Best regards,". Then as soon as you type "br," it will be replaced with "Best regards,", no matter if you're in Outlook or Notepad. Cool Keys is system wide.	<urn:uuid:7c70411f-c485-4c4a-a5a6-474c4a2987dd>	2013-05-24T01:51:42Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04109251871705055, 0.015132874250411987, 0.021161416545510292, 0.0009727177675813437, 0.04872047156095505, -0.004828986246138811, -0.004213828593492508, 0.059547245502471924, -0.04256889596581459, -0.013225886039435863, 0.16338582336902618, 0.03567913547158241, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.913999	237	http://shareit1.element5.com/product.html?productid=154373&random=93885a07728af119bccdaabce5f31e9c	0.344715
72 (passed away Oct. 25th, 2002) Oct. 1st, 1930 Richard Harris' Main TV Roles Main Movie Roles2002 - The Count of Monte Cristo 2002 - Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2001 - Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone 2000 - Gladiator 1998 - Sibirskiy tsiryulnik 1997 - Smilla's Sense of Snow 1997 - This Is the Sea 1995 - Cry, The Beloved Country 1993 - Wrestling Ernest Hemingway 1992 - Patriot Games 1992 - Unforgiven 1990 - The Field 1981 - Tarzan, the Ape Man 1978 - The Wild Geese 1977 - Orca 1976 - The Cassandra Crossing 1976 - The Return of a Man Called Horse 1976 - Robin and Marian 1974 - Juggernaut 1971 - Bloomfield 1971 - Man in the Wilderness 1970 - Cromwell 1970 - The Molly Maguires 1970 - A Man Called Horse 1967 - Camelot 1966 - Hawaii 1966 - The Bible: In the Beginning... 1965 - Major Dundee 1963 - This Sporting Life 1962 - Mutiny on the Bounty 1961 - The Guns of Navarone A genuine star of cinema on screen and a fiery hell raiser off screen, Richard St John Harris was born on October 1, 1930 in Limerick, Ireland, to a farming family. He was an excellent rugby player and had a strong passion for literature. Unfortunately, a bout of tuberculosis as a teenager ended his aspirations to a rugby career, but he became fascinated with the theater and skipped a local dance one night to attend a performance of "Henry IV". He was hooked and went on to learn his craft at The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, then spent several years in stage productions. He debuted on screen in Alive and Kicking (1959) and quickly scored regular work in films, including The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959), A Terrible Beauty (1960) and a good role as a frustrated Australian bomber pilot in The Guns of Navarone (1961). However, his breakthrough performance was as the quintessential "angry young man" in the sensational drama This Sporting Life (1963), which scored him an Oscar nomination. He then appeared in the WW II commando tale The Heroes of Telemark (1965) and in the Sam Peckinpah-directed western Major Dundee (1965). He next showed up in Hawaii (1966) and played King Arthur in Camelot (1967), a lackluster adaptation of the famous Broadway play. Better performances followed, among them a role as a reluctant police informer in The Molly Maguires (1970) alongside Sir Sean Connery. Harris took the lead role in the violent western A Man Called Horse (1970), which became something of a cult film and spawned two sequels. As the 1970s progressed, Harris continued to appear regularly on screen; however, the quality of the scripts varied from above average to woeful. His credits during this period included directing himself as an aging soccer player in the delightful Bloomfield (1971); the western The Deadly Trackers (1973); the big-budget "disaster" film Juggernaut (1974); the strangely-titled crime film 99 and 44/100% Dead (1974); with Connery again in Robin and Marian (1976); Gulliver's Travels (1977); a part in the Jaws (1975) ripoff Orca (1977) and a nice turn as an ill-fated mercenary with Richard Burton (I) and Roger Moore (I) in the popular action film The Wild Geese (1978). The 1980s kicked off with Harris appearing in the silly Bo Derek vanity production Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981) and the remainder of the decade had him appearing in some very forgettable productions. However, the luck of the Irish was once again to shine on Harris' career and he scored rave reviews (and another Oscar nomination) for The Field (1990). He then locked horns with Harrison Ford (I) as an IRA sympathizer in Patriot Games (1992) and got one of his best roles as gunfighter English Bob in the Clint Eastwood western Unforgiven (1992). Harris was firmly back in vogue and rewarded his fans with more wonderful performances in Wrestling Ernest Hemingway (1993); Cry, the Beloved Country (1995); The Great Kandinsky (1995) (TV) and This Is the Sea (1997). Further fortune came his way with a strong performance in the blockbuster Gladiator (2000) and he became known to an entirely new generation of film fans as Albus Dumbledore in the mega-successful Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). His final screen role was as "Lucius Sulla" in Julius Caesar (2002) (TV). A diverse, vigorous and captivating actor, Richard Harris passed away from Hodgkin's Disease on October 25, 2002. - Befriended 'Russell Crowe' (qv) while filming _Gladiator (2000)_ (qv). - Received the 'Laurence Olivier' (qv) Award for his acclaimed performances at the Royal National Theatre, London, England. - He never made it in Hollywood due to the critical and commercial failures of _Camelot (1967)_ (qv) and _The Molly Maguires (1970)_ (qv), although in the 1990s he was much in demand as a character actor. - Both he and his fellow Irish actor (and close friend) 'Peter O'Toole (I)' (qv) appeared in versions of "Gulliver's Travels": Harris played the title character in the 1977 film version _Gulliver's Travels (1977)_ (qv) and O'Toole played the Emperor of Lilliput in the 1996 TV-film version _Gulliver's Travels (1996) (TV)_ (qv), where 'Ted Danson' (qv) played Gulliver. - Once said in an interview that he had a great fascination with authority figures and their use of power. During his career he portrayed King Arthur in _Camelot (1967)_ (qv); Oliver Cromwell in _Cromwell (1970)_ (qv); King Richard the Lionheart in _Robin and Marian (1976)_ (qv); Roman Emperor 'Marcus Aurelius' (qv) in _Gladiator (2000)_ (qv) and Headmaster Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films, _Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)_ (qv) and _Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)_ (qv). - Was friends with Sir 'Sean Connery' (qv). - Turned down the role of Commodus in _The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964)_ (qv), then went on to play Commodus' father Marcus Aurelius (who dies at his son's hands) in _Gladiator (2000)_ (qv). - Graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He was rejected by the Royal Adademy of Dramatic Art.	<urn:uuid:ff1b6148-5ee4-4f8e-9395-1dea9020d5a5>	2013-05-24T02:05:15Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01953125, 0.01348876953125, -0.0196533203125, 0.0098876953125, 0.11181640625, 0.0001773834228515625, -0.029052734375, 0.12158203125, -0.017333984375, -0.0830078125, 0.04150390625, 0.015625, 0.0517578125, -0.0172119140625, 0.032470703125, 0.01269531...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929717	1,494	http://sharetv.org/person/richard_harris	0.416354
quality posts: 22 Re: Flame, Set, Match My speech is not splitting. I am speaking in Cthulhu. quality posts: 34 Oh, yes. Yes, please. Yes, indeed. GMV, as enthusiastically as ever! I rose in rainy autumn and walked abroad in a shower of all my days. quality posts: 2 Re: Tyger Tyger Too bad you had to resub. Fortunately it's still early in the game. Good luck to ya! I had something to say, but I seem to have forgotten it.	<urn:uuid:adaeff3a-37b9-4f73-9f0e-11846e72b885>	2013-05-24T01:59:08Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01326884888112545, 0.02963789738714695, 0.0086805559694767, -0.004960317630320787, 0.063988097012043, -0.061011902987957, -0.012462797574698925, 0.0615079365670681, 0.0024956597480922937, -0.02219741977751255, 0.0431547611951828, 0.0244295634329319, -0.051835...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951105	118	http://shirt.woot.com/Forums/viewpost.aspx?postid=4309284&PageIndex=6&ReplyCount=1196	0.338929
Last night in class I heard a great story about someone who asked for a sign, to lead them in the right direction. Once they asked, the signs came. I thought I'd give this a try myself. So last night, I was sitting in bed reading, when I asked myself. "Should I go to Paris?" I'm waiting for my sign. Just then I take a sip of water from my glass, and I see the word FRANCE at the bottom of the glass. Etched in there perfectly. That's a good enough sign for me. I'm going to Paris!	<urn:uuid:fcb182c3-5104-45ce-a70d-37ba864950bf>	2013-05-24T01:58:18Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04530038684606552, 0.010840600356459618, -0.010295542888343334, -0.009084302000701427, 0.06395348906517029, -0.042635660618543625, -0.010719477199018002, 0.03997093066573143, -0.016957364976406097, -0.016593992710113525, 0.013929263688623905, -0.00205910857766866...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978245	122	http://shizamo.com/archived.asp?logID=564	0.372278
A V12 engine often just called a V12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders. The engine has six cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a 60° angle to each other. All twelve pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas. Each cylinder bank is basically a straight-6. This set-up has perfect balance no matter which V angle is used. A V12 engine does not need balance shafts. A V12 angled at 45°, 60°, 120°, or 180° from each other has even firing and is smoother than a straight-6. This provides a smooth running engine for a luxury car. In a racing car, the engine can be made much lighter. This makes the engine more responsive and smoother. In a large heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower, and prolonging engine life. The Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 powered the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters that played a vital role in Britain's victory in the Battle of Britain. The long, narrow configuration of the V12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its exceptional smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes. Road cars [change] In cars, V12 engines are not common because of their complexity and cost. They are normally found only in high-end sports cars and luxury cars. For these cars, they are desired for their power, low vibration, and distinctive sound. Before World War II, V12 engines were found in many luxury cars. In the 1930s, V8 engines started to replace the V12s. The V8 engine design was improved to make it lighter and produce more power than the V12. Since World War II, only a few car manufactures have used V12 engines. In 1997, Toyota equipped their Century Limousine with a 5.0 L V12, making it the first Japanese production passenger car with a V12. In 2009, China FAW Group Corporation equipped their Hongqi HQE with a 6.0 L V12, making it the first Chinese production passenger car so equipped. Auto racing [change] In the past, V12 engines were common in Formula One and endurance racing. Ferrari used V12 engines in 1950, the first year of Formula One. Several factors made teams stop using the V12 engine. Improvements to the V8 engine, in particular Ford Cosworth engine. Small, lightweight turbocharged engines were developed that produced more power for the weight. And finally rule changes that limited the size of engines and the power they could produce.	<urn:uuid:556816ea-ef58-451f-b9b2-8af9f88e2319>	2013-05-24T01:44:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00421142578125, 0.002288818359375, -0.0030670166015625, 0.0091552734375, 0.055419921875, -0.060791015625, -0.01214599609375, 0.142578125, -0.04931640625, -0.0115966796875, 0.07373046875, 0.007568359375, 0.0208740234375, 0.037841796875, 0.034912109375,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957549	564	http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine	0.513819
This is a super-easy, super-fast dish made with that weeknight staple: the boneless chicken breast. Again, you can vary this so many ways that you’ll never have to make it the same way twice. This recipe serves 2 but is easily multiplied. - Heat 1 tbsp. oil over medium-high. - Cube ½ lb. boneless chicken breast and toss with seasoning. - Saute some aromatics until golden. Onion is always appropriate, and may be all you need. But anything goes, depending on your flavor theme. - Add the chicken and brown. - Add a selection of cubed or sliced vegetables and saute to brown. Almost anything goes here, or you can omit this step altogether if you want a plain chicken dish. - Add ½ cup stock or water. - Season. This is a good chance to add some unique flavor to the dish. Think beyond herbs and spices. For instance, I have added soy sauce, hot sauce and pesto. You can even vary the cooking liquid to punch up the flavor — try coconut milk, for instance. - Reduce the heat to medium and let simmer until the chicken and vegetables are cooked through and there is a nice sauce. - For a complete meal, serve over pasta, rice or couscous.	<urn:uuid:ab7597aa-131c-4971-9547-ea27973b3ed8>	2013-05-24T01:44:00Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.018282312899827957, 0.026360543444752693, -0.005500637926161289, 0.030612245202064514, 0.02848639525473118, 0.02582908235490322, -0.016050169244408607, 0.0684523805975914, 0.022640306502580643, 0.03146258369088173, 0.07057823240756989, 0.057397957891225815, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.902339	271	http://simplycooking.wordpress.com/2006/10/17/saucy-chicken/	0.200196
Analog Input Channels Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter expressed in units of degrees on a standard scale. You can measure temperature in many different ways that vary in equipment cost and accuracy. The most common types of sensors are thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors. Figure 1. Thermocouples are inexpensive and can operate over a wide range of temperatures. Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors because they are relatively inexpensive yet accurate sensors that can operate over a wide range of temperatures. A thermocouple is created when two dissimilar metals touch and the contact point produces a small open-circuit voltage as a function of temperature. You can use this thermoelectric voltage, known as Seebeck voltage, to calculate temperature. For small changes in temperature, the voltage is approximately linear. You can choose from different types of thermocouples designated by capital letters that indicate their compositions according to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) conventions. The most common types of thermocouples include B, E, K, N, R, S, and T. For more information on thermocouples, read The Engineer's Toolbox for Thermocouples. Figure 2. RTDs are made of metal coils and can measure temperatures up to 850 °C. A platinum RTD is a device made of coils or films of metal (usually platinum). When heated, the resistance of the metal increases; when cooled, the resistance decreases. Passing current through an RTD generates a voltage across the RTD. By measuring this voltage, you can determine its resistance and, thus, its temperature. The relationship between resistance and temperature is relatively linear. Typically, RTDs have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C and can measure temperatures up to 850 °C. For more information on RTDs, read The Engineer's Toolbox for RTDs. Figure 3. Passing current through a thermistor generates a voltage proportional to temperature. A thermistor is a piece of semiconductor made from metal oxides that are pressed into a small bead, disk, wafer, or other shape and sintered at high temperatures. Lastly, they are coated with epoxy or glass. As with RTDs, you can pass a current through a thermistor to read the voltage across the thermistor and determine its temperature. However, unlike RTDs, thermistors have a higher resistance (2,000 to 10,000 Ω) and a much higher sensitivity (~200 Ω/°C), allowing them to achieve higher sensitivity within a limited temperature range (up to 300 °C). For information on thermistors, read The Engineer's Toolbox for Thermistors.	<urn:uuid:e3d9f26b-9215-49bf-a296-3724a4a14b64>	2013-05-24T01:58:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03955078125, -0.0042724609375, -0.00457763671875, -0.01806640625, 0.07470703125, -0.09814453125, 0.005340576171875, 0.095703125, -0.047607421875, -0.0242919921875, 0.1025390625, 0.0032958984375, -0.038818359375, 0.04248046875, 0.023681640625, -0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.917819	569	http://sine.ni.com/np/app/main/p/ap/daq/lang/en/pg/1/sn/n17:daq,n21:11/fmid/2999/	0.497181
As I left the convenience store there was a woman behind me carrying a large pile of snacks and drinks. Being the nice person that I am, I held the door for her. She stopped partway through and gave me what I can only describe as “A look.” “What do you think you’re doing?” she demanded. “Um, what?” I replied, as a master of the retort, as my brain scrambled to figure out why this lady was suddenly angry with me. “What are you doing? I don’t need your sexist condensation!” Ooooooh! That’s why she’s mad. “I don’t think holding a door is sexist.” “Well it is! I don’t need a man to hold the door for me!” “I’m not holding it because you’re a woman. I’m holding it because your arms are full.” “I DON’T NEED A MAN TO HOLD THE DOOR FOR ME!” “Have it your way.” I considered telling her to move, but I’m sure she didn’t need a man to tell her what happens when you stand in a rapidly closing heavy glass door with no way to use your hands.	<urn:uuid:2d8bbf52-c14b-41a2-8cbd-e3d45aa54c60>	2013-05-24T01:29:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0018510960508137941, -0.018540112301707268, 0.017840484157204628, 0.01066930964589119, 0.10727611929178238, -0.05223880708217621, 0.004780783783644438, 0.02623600699007511, -0.03661380708217621, -0.0503731332719326, 0.0555037297308445, -0.00008836432971293107, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943284	299	http://skippyslist.com/2012/05/09/	0.415738
There are people who fail out of college, but are then successful anyway, and then they come complain that the formal education system is a failure because it didn't work for them. There are others who graduated with honors from college, and lambaste those who failed out because they "didn't try hard enough" or "they just couldn't cut it." Both parties are wrong. Formal education doesn't work for everyone, that doesn't make it inherently evil. Not all universities are extremely formal. I, for one, went to a university that catered to different kinds of students.	<urn:uuid:f7354ea6-6aa5-4459-94d1-ef2d8d4f4047>	2013-05-24T01:32:34Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.046522557735443115, 0.016799811273813248, 0.014920112676918507, -0.02208646573126316, 0.02279135398566723, -0.07612781971693039, -0.003025141078978777, 0.07988721877336502, -0.01809210516512394, -0.04769736900925636, 0.06813909858465195, 0.02749060094356537, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.989757	120	http://slashdot.org/~StarvingSE/tags/doesitblend	0.295704
One of the main benefits and draws of the Android mobile operating is its flexibility and customizability. While every Android device comes with at least one pre-configured home screen, it also comes with several blank home screens that users can build on to give their device a customized look and feel. To build your own Android home screen, you must first access the "Add to Home Screen" menu but, from here, building an Android home screen is as simple as dragging and dropping. Swipe to the left or right on your Android smartphone's pre-configured home screen to access the device's other blank home screens. Tap your finger on the home screen and hold it there until the "Add to Home Screen" menu appears. Tap the "Shortcuts" option if you want to add an application shortcut to the home screen. Tap the name of the application to place the shortcut on the home screen. Tap and hold your finger on the application icon and drag the application icon to the desired location on the home screen. Release the application icon to set it on the home screen. Tap the "Widgets" option if you want to add a widget to the home screen. Tap the name of the widget to add it to the home screen and drag the widget to the desired location. Tap the "Folders" option if you want to add a folder to the home screen. Tap the name of the folder to add it to the home screen and drag the folder to the desired location. Repeat Steps 3, 4 and 5 for any other application shortcuts, widgets or folders that you want to add to the home screen. Tap the "Wallpapers" option to add a wallpaper to the home screen. Tap the image that you want to use as the home screen's wallpaper and confirm that you want to set the image as the home screen's wallpaper. With all of the application shortcuts, widgets and folders added and the wallpaper set, the home screen is finished. - You can download additional applications, widgets and wallpapers for your home screens from the Android Market. - Sean Gallup/Getty Images News/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:4ded1548-c094-49f8-9eb0-1145445ad9bc>	2013-05-24T01:58:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.004637096542865038, 0.014045698568224907, 0.008870967663824558, -0.00994623638689518, 0.06693548709154129, -0.05698924884200096, -0.01202956959605217, 0.05698924884200096, -0.05268817022442818, -0.005712365731596947, 0.05107526853680611, 0.03978494554758072, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920475	434	http://smallbusiness.chron.com/build-home-screen-android-28553.html	0.566426
brave companions in this uncomfortable prison, loaded with irons, and treated with all the indignity of state felons, much allowance should be made for the opinions of one so directly interested. Candour impels me, however, to say, that in my humble judgment the immediate vicinage of your nation to the powers in dispute fully authorize your interference. If the compromising of your commercial relations and the interest of your border citizens by this protracted war of nearly eight years' duration - a war more in name than in any bold attempt by Mexico to subjugate Texas - if the bold and fearful avowal on the part of our enemy for the abolition of slavery in the immediate vicinity of your slave states - if the conduct of this war, wholly deceptious, uncivilized, and cruel, justifies such interference, to say nothing about our near relationship - that we are of the loins of your manhood, that we are of the same language, religion, and laws, and that we are striving to the maintenance of the same character of government as yours - then ought you to interfere. Your excellency will indulge me in concisely summing up the history of this war: In its commencement in 1835, the province of Texas did not rebel against the old established government of the mother state, but against a new one then sought to be established. In 1836, the close of the Mexican invasion with the battle of San Jacinto demonstrated her ability to maintain her separate independence, which the government of the United States recognised in March, 1837. Since which period, every other nation to whom we have applied, including France, England, and Belgium, have done the same, and Texas has continued an unprecedented growth in settlement and population. On the other hand, Mexico has continued a predatory war upon the borders of Texas, without once attempting to resubjugate her by a formidable invasion. This predatory warfare has been marked by treachery and cruelty on the part of Mexico unprecedented in the history of civilized nations. She has captured our minister plenipotentiary returning home under his passports from the government of your country, and incarcerated him for months in a vile prison. She betrayed the lamented Colonel Benjamin Johnson, under the protection of a flag of truce, and murdered him in a brutal manner. She in cold blood put to death Colonel Fannin and four hundred brave men, in violation of his articles of capitulation. She betrayed the Santa Fé command into a surrender, and violated the most solemn promises made to them. Last spring she summoned the city of San Antonio to surrender, and plundered her for obedience to said summons. Last fall the Anglo-American citizens of San Antonio were taken from their homes, because they thought fit to defend themselves against, as they believed at that time, an unauthorized band of	<urn:uuid:cebaaa4f-e0e4-4370-a3e4-11b1ec0bc1ec>	2013-05-24T01:38:59Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01611328125, 0.023193359375, -0.00836181640625, 0.00970458984375, 0.10888671875, -0.05908203125, -0.029541015625, 0.0859375, -0.03271484375, -0.043212890625, 0.0673828125, -0.00121307373046875, -0.0732421875, 0.0098876953125, 0.04345703125, 0.0266...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961013	575	http://smu.edu/swcenter/tjgreen/tjg_138.htm	0.440128
Anguispira alternata angulata from MNRA. Both shells were from an area about 40 m X 10 m. One of the abundant species in Monocacy Natural Resources Area where I did a land snail survey was what Pilsbry1 called Anguispira alternata angulata, a keeled or carinated morph of Anguispira alternata. According to Pilsbry's synonymy, this morph was first described by Férussac in 1822 as Helix alternata var. carinata. In 1896, Pilsbry & Rhoads changed the name to Pyramidula alternata carinata and then in 1948, Pilsbry came up with the new name Anguispira alternata form angulata. Figure from Pilsbry1. According to Pilsbry1, the shell of angulata differs from the typical A. alternata "by the distinctly to strongly angular periphery". Although he makes the point that the periphery is "hardly to be called keeled", to me "carinated", "angular" and "keeled" all mean more or less the same thing, especially when the degree of carination is variable. Pilsbry also notes that the prominent ribs on the upper surface of the shell "are much reduced (or sometimes subobsolete)" below the periphery, that is on the bottom of the shell. Leaving aside the question of what he might have possibly meant by "subobsolete", I will point out that the prominence of the ribs on the bottom of my shells are indeed quite variable even in specimens collected from the same location. For example, the photo below shows the bottoms of the 2 shells from MNRA shown in the first picture. The one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom in the picture below. Its bottom is smoother than that of the other shell. And these shells were from an area about 40 m X 10 m. So speculating that there may have been differences in their habitats is not justified in this case. I don't know if shell size is a factor that contributes to shell sculpture (the shell with the smoother bottom is smaller). Bottoms of the shells in the first photo. The one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom here. Pilsbry gave records of angulata from several eastern states including, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and Maryland. Earlier, F. C. Baker2 had noted that in several counties of Illinois "a form of Anguispira alternata occurs which has a carinated periphery and a low spire...It is not so abundant as the typical form. In the southern part of Illinois there is a tendency for the shell of alternata to become carinated on the periphery, even when the spire is high". The drawing on the left, from Baker, shows A. a. alternata (A) and A. a. angulata (B). It appears that A. a. angulata is a widespread morph whose exact relationship with A. a. alternata is not yet clear. Angulata is also the dominant, if not the only morph of Anguispira alternata, in wooded lots along the Maryland side of the Potomac River at least up to Harpers Ferry in West Virginia from where Pilsbry gives a record. (There is also Anguispira fergusoni, which is indeed a separate and easy to distinguish species.) I have several alcohol specimens of angulata collected during my survey of MNRA. Their internal anatomy—if and when I get a chance to dissect them—will hopefully offer some clues as to whether A. a. angulata is distinct enough to be considered a separate taxon. 1Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America . Volume 2, part 2, p. 573. 2Baker, F.C. 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois Land Snails. p. 85.	<urn:uuid:7591fbe4-ae4a-4471-baa0-be08f6e7319a>	2013-05-24T02:05:58Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03271484375, -0.0023956298828125, -0.01904296875, -0.016845703125, 0.064453125, -0.07373046875, -0.0045166015625, 0.083984375, -0.0211181640625, 0.0137939453125, 0.10400390625, 0.021728515625, -0.0244140625, 0.06787109375, 0.017333984375, -0.02795...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942588	849	http://snailstales.blogspot.com/2007/02/anguispira-alternata-angulata.html	0.520676
I'm using JAWS to enable a user access and navigate through Ax 2009. Some links are being read out, while content pane, field labels are not being read out. Is JAWS used on Ax earlier? How are other users using JAWS? Is JAWS compatible with Ax 2009? If yes to what extent? How can I enable the user to access and navigate through Ax in full fledge? Could you please help me with the above questions?	<urn:uuid:d940ff04-a6b0-4a3b-8f9a-ad6b1754dec8>	2013-05-24T01:52:05Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03630050644278526, 0.023674242198467255, 0.03077651560306549, 0.011758207343518734, 0.028093434870243073, -0.07449495047330856, -0.004498105961829424, 0.11174242198467255, 0.006115845870226622, -0.007615214679390192, 0.007023358717560768, 0.05460858717560768, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930374	97	http://social.microsoft.com/Forums/da-DK/technicalqueries/thread/b39c0222-430b-4270-820f-9844cfd87ef5	0.986628
Saturday, November 17, 2012 10:08 PM In an existing C# 2010 application, I want to add linq to sql tatements to connect to a sql server 2008 database. When I setup this linq to sql database, I want to be able to setup the connections to the database using the app.config file. I have read that when you setup the database connection this way, the default database is used. Basically this is ok when you database on the same database. However, when you move from a unit testing database to a user acceptance and/or a production database there is a problem since the database connection is hard coded in the aqpplication. Thus can you tell me and/or show me with code how to prevent this problem from occuring? Saturday, November 17, 2012 10:36 PM In your connection string use either "Inital Catalog=DatabaseName" or "Database=DatabaseName". Hope this helps Sunday, November 18, 2012 5:38 AMI do not see how using the initial catalog will fix my problem. Can you explain your answer ro me? Sunday, November 18, 2012 3:45 PM Perhaps I don't get what you need. You can create a connection string in your app.config file. Initial Catalog will point to the database you want to use. If this is not what you need, what do you want? Sunday, November 18, 2012 5:33 PM The way you can do this is as follows. In the app.config file add a new connection pointing to the server you want to connect to as shown in the app.config file settings shown below. <connectionStrings> <!-- The Default Connection String --> <add name="UnitTesting.NORTHWND" connectionString="Data Source=(localdb)\v11.0;Initial Catalog=NORTHWND.MDF;Integrated Security=True" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> <!-- The New Connection String --> <add name="Production.NORTHWND" connectionString="Data Source=myServerName\myInstanceName;Initial Catalog=NORTHWND.MDF;Integrated Security=True" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> </connectionStrings> Then in the program select the connection string you want to use by for example showing what servers you can connect to from the app.config file by using a statement as follows: var allConnstr = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings; Which returns a array of IDbConnection, display it to the user and let the user select the server and use that value to create the DataContext as follows : var ctx = new DataClasses1DataContext(allConnstr[i].ToString()); where i in the above statement is the element of the array the user selected. You will also need to add the following using statement, using System.Configuration;, as well as adding a reference to the following dll, System.Configuration.dll. If a post answers your question, please click "Mark As Answer" on that post and "Mark as Helpful". - Marked As Answer by scamper_cat Monday, November 19, 2012 3:54 AM	<urn:uuid:92616c67-2e32-49df-b8b7-e3c48f45f888>	2013-05-24T01:44:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.015869140625, 0.0179443359375, 0.00885009765625, -0.01055908203125, 0.052490234375, -0.0849609375, 0.0008544921875, 0.0849609375, -0.003936767578125, 0.056396484375, 0.08251953125, 0.051025390625, 0.00494384765625, 0.01312255859375, 0.017822265625, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.809786	678	http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/linqtosql/thread/0f8aee4c-b867-4cec-a866-56838230ca72	0.29894
Scientific Linux 6.0 (2011/x86/x64) \| 5.05 GB Scientific Linux (SL) - distribution of the operating system Linux, which was created jointly by Fermilab and CERN, with support from various laboratories and universities from around the world. Its original purpose was to reduce duplication of laboratories and have a total installed base for the various experiments and other research projects. The base SL distribution is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, recompiled from source. The main purpose of the base distribution - to provide full binary compatibility with Red Hat Enterprise Linux with a few to make minor additions or changes. Examples of such additions are Pine, and OpenAFS. Scientific Linux uses' yum to download and install updates from the repository, such as Fedora, unlike Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which receives updates from the servers, Red Hat Network. Scientific Linux can be used to create a working environment of the user, developer, administrator. The distribution package includes components to support virtualization Xen. The distribution includes a complete set of software components for server infrastructure for both internal network and the Internet. On its base can be created a file and print server, mail server, web server, database server (MySQL, PostgreSQL), or metadirectory LDAP, etc. The kit includes components to create a cluster infrastructure for various purposes: computing clusters, clusters of high reliability and clusters with load balancing.The main differences from RHEL 6.0: * Added icewm; * Supported by openafs - distributed file system; * There is yum-autoupdate, allowing every day automatically update distribution; * Supplied revisor, livecd-tools, liveusb-creator - the tools to create LiveCD / LiveUSB; * Available for additional yum-repository.	<urn:uuid:60a408b3-ff0d-4399-82e8-d32b142ca8ea>	2013-05-24T01:30:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.032738097012043, 0.016682330518960953, 0.04260651767253876, -0.01018170453608036, 0.05012531206011772, -0.03837719187140465, 0.01613408513367176, 0.10338345915079117, 0.0017622180748730898, 0.00806704256683588, 0.06704260408878326, 0.030701754614710808, 0.038...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.888596	381	http://soft-catalog.net/search/signums+revisor.html	0.263414
\|project overview > introduction Solar MURI is a collaborative project studying magnetic eruptions on the Sun and their effects on the Earth's space environment. ("MURI" stands for Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative, a research program funded by DoD.) The aim of the project is to improve our ability to predict space weather from solar observations. The project will construct a series of physically connected, observationally tested models of the Sun and its interplanetary environment. These models will allow us to use observations of the Sun's atmosphere and magnetic configuration to determine: \|A Solar Prominence Observed by the EIT Instrument on SOHO Ultimately, our goal is to provide several extra days of notice prior to an SEP event or geomagnetic storm. - When a magnetic eruption is imminent - If that magnetic eruption will impact the Earth's space environment - Whether this will result in a Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) bombardment and/or a geomagnetic storm A number of intermediate goals must be achieved to complete the Solar MURI project. These are summarized below: - Measure the solar magnetic field with sufficient accuracy and coverage to discern which magnetic properties are the key to determining whether eruptions will occur - Understand the physics governing magnetic eruptions on the Sun sufficiently well to construct realistic numerical simulations - Simulate the interplanetary propagation of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) out to 1.0 AU with sufficient accuracy to construct accurate models of conditions upstream of the Earth - Couple models of the Sun's magnetic lower atmosphere, lower corona, upper corona, and solar wind in such a way that a model of an unstable magnetic configuration on the Sun can be propagated out to the Earth - Verify the performance of these coupled models with test cases based on observed magnetic eruptions, their interplanetary disturbances (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections - ICMEs), the SEP events, and the general levels of geomagnetic response - Years 1 - 3: Collect the necessary observations. Develop the numerical modelling codes and the interfaces between these codes. - Years 4 - 5: Apply the coupled simulation codes to a set of observed CMEs. Evaluate their performance in determining the consequences of solar observations.	<urn:uuid:a87cdbfd-3685-4fbd-bb92-5060dd564e48>	2013-05-24T02:05:28Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0311279296875, -0.006317138671875, -0.0020751953125, 0.03515625, 0.07568359375, -0.056640625, 0.01373291015625, 0.125, -0.01275634765625, 0.039794921875, 0.062255859375, 0.006072998046875, -0.1181640625, 0.08935546875, 0.039306640625, -0.010437011...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.843048	497	http://solarmuri.ssl.berkeley.edu/overview/introduction.html	0.538158
Police Disperse Crowd After Fight at Holiday Inn Reports of a 100-person melee are overblown, according to Paul Upton of the Somerville Police Department. Upton said about 10 to 12 women got into a fight at a lounge in the hotel, and after police broke up the fight "we decided to disperse the crowd." The lounge was then shut down for the night. Two women were arrested as a result of the fight, Upton said. Upton said the incident was not a "massive" brawl involving 100 people, as some reports indicated. A Fox25 headline, for instance, said "More than 100 people involved in Somerville hotel melee." "[It] was a large crowd but not a large fight," the deputy chief said of the incident. "It wasn't like people were fighting everywhere," he said. Upton said the crowd was slow to leave the lounge, and as a result Somerville police received "some additional support from a couple of Medford police units and state police units." Fox25 reported that after the Holiday Inn incident, another fight broke out nearby at a Hess gas station in Charlestown—the Holiday Inn is right on the border of Charlestown. Shots were fired, according to the news station, and Somerville police did not know if the incidents were related.	<urn:uuid:f60c0686-f007-469e-9af0-f1af038952ce>	2013-05-24T01:51:28Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0042708334513008595, 0.03395833447575569, -0.010937499813735485, 0.013437500223517418, 0.12666666507720947, -0.04479166492819786, -0.023749999701976776, 0.04791666567325592, -0.0064843748696148396, -0.05270833149552345, 0.0729166641831398, 0.061666667461395264, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.986603	271	http://somerville.patch.com/articles/police-disperse-crowd-after-fight-at-holiday-inn?logout=true	0.380731
17 December 2012 The Do: The Principle of Full and Empty Space The following is an excerpt from the book Taekwondo: The Spirit of Korea (2000) by Steven D. Carpener, Jae Sik Suh and Edward H. Kim, from the chapter "The Technical Philosophy of Taekwondo" (p. 23-25). I'm sharing this excerpt as it very effectively explains the very important Princple of Full and Empty Space. Interestingly, while this book was published by Korea's Ministry of Culture and Tourism as a type of glossy coffee table book rather than an official reference book, this is one of the few English sources that so succinctly explains this core principle in Taekwondo. . . . Taekwondo's Taoist philosophy is expressed in the Tao (or Do in Korean) character found in taekwondo's name. The Do is generally understood as a way, path, or process one follows in anything one attempts. Do, as an Eastern philosophical concept is difficult to express in words. However, in describing taekwondo training it is possible to demonstrate how the Do elevates taekwondo from merely a spirited combat sport or self-defense technique to a way of expressing harmony between one's mental and physical states, and with one's environment. The way the Do operates in taekwondo training must be understood in Asian philosophical terms. The general understanding of the Do is that it is a proper way to do something. In physical terms, this means when the body moves there is a proper way or path which that movement should follow to be most efficient, graceful, or appropriate. In taekwondo training, especially in sparring, this means that there is one most correct way to execute techniques in any given situation. This is the stage of skill. When one teaches a point where the body moves naturally according to the proper way or path, we say that one has mastered a particular skill. In taekwondo sparring, when one's movements are performed correctly according to the demands of the situation, one has experienced a moment of harmony between oneself and the opponent. One of the key principles of the Do that makes this harmony possible is the principle of empty and full space. According to this principle, when two bodies interacts, the relative positions of those bodies in space and time create a continuous flowing exchange of full and empty space. Due to the limited number of ways the legs and arms can be used within the restrictions (rules) of sparring there are a fixed number of possible techniques. The result of this is that for every attack there are one or more perfectly complimentary counterattacks. And for every counterattack, there are one or more perfectly complimentary re-counterattacks. This means that each person knows what the likely responses to any given attack or counterattack will be. Therefore, the superior player is the one who can take advantage of the empty space created in the opponent's position by using speed, timing, and strategy. The strategic aspect of taekwondo is especially fascinating. No other martial art uses kicking techniques with such finesse and accuracy. The superior player's body is able to predict or sense the moment when his or her opponent will surrender an instant of empty space which, if “filled” with the appropriate technique, results in a scoring strike that has the symmetry of two perfectly meshing gears. This moment, when a point is achieved by manipulating the principle of full and empty space, is not only the goal of sparring and competition, but can also be a moment of physical and mental harmony: the harmony of one's own spirit and body resulting in right action, and the harmony of one's fullness with the opponent's emptiness. When approached in this way, taekwondo sparring is ripe with the potential for philosophical (educational) value. The moment of right action is very important not only in the sense that one's technique and spirit are correct but also because this is the instant when one has entered the level of the Do. It is the ultimate moment when one's body has found the way to fill the opponent's emptiness in the midst of fierce resistance. When one repeatedly experiences this harmony, the doors to higher understanding can be flung open. In fact, it may seem as if the secrets of the universe are being revealed through these quick, precise movements. The taekwondo practitioner then comes to see the opponent not as an adversary but rather, as the potential medium for creating a work of art, much as the sculptor does not merely see a piece of stone but, rather the creation waiting to be liberated. Just as there is a technical or physical aesthetic in taekwondo, so also is there a spiritual aesthetic. In order to teach the level where one's techniques and movements approach the ideal, a great deal of training is needed. This training is a process which brings about mental and spiritual change. . . . The authentic practitioner understands that taekwondo is a way, a process, and not just a means to an end such as fighting skill or medals. This is the paradox of the Do; the authentic practitioner who values the internal process of development more than external rewards usually develops the best skills.	<urn:uuid:b82ae748-70c7-4527-b3d9-c276e43157ef>	2013-05-24T01:59:12Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.044189453125, 0.01495361328125, 0.00958251953125, 0.023193359375, 0.07421875, -0.06787109375, -0.00007915496826171875, 0.08349609375, -0.0277099609375, -0.03955078125, 0.054443359375, 0.0198974609375, -0.02490234375, 0.025390625, 0.0242919921875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949827	1,069	http://sooshimkwan.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-do-principle-of-full-and-empty-space.html	0.446698
Any experiences to relate from the road or the mountain? Have you seen any stages this year or been in any races? New York, August 27 2009 Earlier today Nike blocked off Broadway between 22nd and 23rd Streets and constructed a pop-up tennis court, where three of the sport's top players — Roger Federer, Rafa Nadal and Serena Williams — showed off their new U.S. Open ensembles and hit some balls with a few lucky kids from four different inner-city programs. The reigning Australian Open champ, sported a exotic yellow polo shirt, matching wristbands and cool a fluro-blue head piece at the Nike event where he got to mentor/coach kids from the New York Junior Tennis League, Athletes for Charity, Mentoring USA and the New York City Parks Foundation, which each received $10,000 donations from Nike. Needless to say, the kids were psyched about their encounters with the gracious, and brightly dressed, tennis legends — not to mention all the free Nike gear. After the event, Rafa said he felt "more prepared" than he expected to be for the U.S. Open, which begins next Monday. "I think I came to New York much better than expected. I am very happy to be back competing in this city and will train [the best I can] so that I can [start the tournament] with the best possible preparations, then we'll see what happens." "I am No.3 in the world. And the No.3 in the world should have a chance to win, no?" said Rafa, "But I don't know if I arrived in my best condition." "After an injury, sure, you think about it a little bit," he continued,"But I am much better, I feel." "It's a very special tournament. I've won the other three [Grand Slams], so if I win this one it's going to be a complete cycle," he said. "It [would] be amazing."	<urn:uuid:e939522a-5a78-4985-bc49-5642f0c6dd70>	2013-05-24T01:43:30Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.002598314546048641, 0.0033883426804095507, 0.007654494605958462, -0.004248595330864191, 0.05674157291650772, -0.03525280952453613, -0.004705056082457304, 0.09157303720712662, -0.008883426897227764, -0.08370786160230637, 0.06067415699362755, 0.019382022321224213, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96356	422	http://speedorex.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html	0.204064
The founder of the modern Olympic Games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was a shooting enthusiast and so it comes as no surprise that the sport has appeared at all but two of the Games since the inaugural event in 1896. Initially staged mainly in England, the United States, Ireland and South Africa, it has only been dropped from the Olympic schedule in 1904 and 1928, and has since become popular throughout the world. Women were allowed to compete in Olympic shooting competitions from 1968 onwards as part of mixed classes, with separate events for men and women not being standardised until Atlanta 1996. Shooting events fall into one of three categories depending on the type of gun that is used - namely rifle, pistol and shotgun. In the rifle and pistol categories, competitors shoot at targets on a range from a distance of 10, 25 and 50 metres. Depending on the event, shots are fired either standing, kneeling or lying down (prone). The shotgun category, meanwhile, sees competitors shoot at clay targets launched from different directions and different positions on the range. There are 15 shooting events at the Olympics, with six for women and nine for men. In each one, competitors take part in a qualifying round, with the top shooters progressing to the final. In the final, an individual's scores from both rounds are added together to determine the medal placings. The Royal Artillery Barracks, which dates back to the 18th century, is the historic setting for the shooting competition at London 2012. Temporary indoor ranges have been constructed for the pistol and rifle events, and outdoor shotgun ranges for the skeet and trap competitions. China led the way on home soil as the most successful shooting nation at Beijing 2008 with five gold medals, although the USA has won the most across all summer Games, with 103 prior to London 2012. latest olympic videos Organisers of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow have vowed there will be no repeat of the ticketing problems which blighted last year's Olym... More Organisers of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow have vowed there will be no repeat of the ticketing problems which blighted last year's Olympics in London. 0 per cent of tickets for next summer's event will be open to the public to buy, with prices for ad Date 13/05/13, Duration 1:09, Views 45	<urn:uuid:747350c7-1be8-45e9-ac59-cb44f28c82ba>	2013-05-24T01:57:50Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0123291015625, 0.0172119140625, -0.00189208984375, -0.0108642578125, 0.1083984375, -0.0673828125, -0.0177001953125, 0.0810546875, -0.0040283203125, -0.0286865234375, 0.05419921875, 0.01495361328125, -0.003265380859375, -0.047607421875, 0.031982421875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952543	478	http://sport.uk.msn.com/olympics-2012/events/shooting-2	0.47196
Phil Neville has described the appointment of his brother, Gary, onto the England coaching staff as "a masterstroke". New England manager Roy Hodgson brought Gary Neville on board ahead of this summer's European Championships. The former Manchester United defender, who retired earlier this season, will juggle the England job with his role as analyst on Sky Sports. Phil Neville does not believe there will be a clash of interests because he rates honesty as his brother's best quality. "I know what Gary will do for the squad," Neville told Sportsweek on BBC Radio Five Live. "It came as a bolt out of the blue. He has had such a successful time with Sky and I think he was looking to put his feet up this summer. "The first thing I thought was 'what a clever move by Roy Hodgson'. From a PR exercise, he has not gone for a yes man, he has gone for someone who will challenge him and the team. "I think it was a masterstroke. There is a new era coming in now. I am really positive and quite excited. "I think the appointment of Roy Hodgson was a clever one and the appointment of my brother as his number two excited me even more. "He (Gary) is someone who has played in five major tournaments, played nearly 90 times for England and someone who has played with nearly all the players - but he has had a year away from them, which gives that distance. "He is well respected and the year he has had on the telly has won a lot of people over. "He has had success in the Premiership, he has won titles and the Champions League. "His biggest strength will be his honesty. People will say 'you can't go on telly one week and be a coach the next'. "Let me tell you one thing about Gary, whatever he says on TV he would be prepared to say to a players' face in the changing room. "Gary will be honest. He has so much enthusiasm for wanting England to do better." Phil Neville understands why Hodgson decided to take John Terry and not Rio Ferdinand. "It was probably one of the biggest decisions Roy had to make," Neville said. "We are in a state of transition at the moment. We are all hoping we can improve this England team and get better results. "To do that you have to start blooding the young players. "To take both of them (Ferdinand and Terry) probably would have been the wrong decision looking forward to the next major championships. "I can't choose between John Terry and Rio Ferdinand. They are the best two centre backs in the country, they have great experience and they are great leaders. "What probably went in John Terry's favour was that he has been a regular for England in the last year."	<urn:uuid:6785cb56-b082-4061-845d-85050158c23a>	2013-05-24T01:36:50Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.021728515625, 0.018798828125, -0.00360107421875, -0.0004024505615234375, 0.1005859375, -0.042724609375, 0.0003414154052734375, 0.10400390625, 0.0179443359375, -0.0703125, 0.049560546875, 0.0439453125, 0.0172119140625, -0.051025390625, 0.052734375, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.991763	589	http://sportinglife.aol.co.uk/football/news/article/22882/7767200/neville-hails-brother-s-appointment	0.192351
I'm using SlickGrid, and I was wondering if there's a way for me to create a totals row on top, under the header row. I saw that the issue was brought up here: https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid/issues/26 And it was implemented here: https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid/commit/19624f6687a0d2671639c4b1f2c05eb20c9ab0c7. (But I can't find those methods in the current version anymore!) Also, I found a fork on this site: https://railadvisor.com/js/slickgrid/examples/example15-fork-feature-demo.html. Could anybody tell me how to do something similar to that using the current implementation of SlickGrid? Also, I wouldn't want the totals row to be filtered. Thanks!	<urn:uuid:00b45fcf-7829-4ba3-9bc6-977835f50b26>	2013-05-24T02:01:27Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.054756637662649155, 0.022953540086746216, 0.03650442510843277, 0.004493915941566229, 0.03567478060722351, -0.045077431946992874, 0.014034844934940338, 0.0525442473590374, -0.02585730142891407, -0.015486725606024265, 0.03733406960964203, 0.03512168303132057, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9217	202	http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11637651/slickgrid-frozen-totals-row-on-top	0.281429
Can I wait Selenium Web Driver for long time period? Even though I can set implicitlywait command like below, I doesn't wait the time what I given. Is there any thing wrong here? In my case I need to execute one test case and wait 4 minutes and then execute next test case. I use Java here.	<urn:uuid:386b2fc3-edd1-4080-a19a-63988e0cacb8>	2013-05-24T01:39:30Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.06421232968568802, 0.0031838612630963326, 0.038313355296850204, -0.024079622700810432, 0.07662671059370041, -0.0898972600698471, 0.0038527396973222494, 0.027290239930152893, -0.014447773806750774, 0.0037457190919667482, 0.0492294505238533, 0.036601025611162186, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.78932	69	http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14893781/selenium-web-driver-wait-for-long-time	0.976469
I have a number of columns that I would like to drop from a data frame. I know that we can drop them using something like: df$x <- NULL but I was hoping to do this with fewer commands. Also, I know that I could use this: df[ -c(1,3:6, 12) ] but I am concerned that the relative position of my variables may change. Given how powerful R is, I figured I would ask to see if there is another way beyond dropping each column 1 by 1. Thanks in advance.	<urn:uuid:aad754e5-76f6-44cc-bb71-882426220747>	2013-05-24T02:05:38Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.061011902987957, -0.00536334328353405, 0.0197172611951828, 0.0017671131063252687, 0.0362103171646595, -0.0493551604449749, 0.0068824402987957, 0.0600198395550251, -0.02790178544819355, -0.036954365670681, 0.02604166604578495, 0.02889384888112545, -0.100198410...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960374	119	http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605206/drop-columns-r-data-frame	0.979886
\|Starhip Troopers Wiki\| - The novel Starship Troopers - Starship Troopers film universe - Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles - Starship Troopers (1988 OVA) - The Comics of Starship Troopers - The Games of Starship Troopers Starship Troopers Wiki is dedicated to the novel Starship Troopers and its related media, including the film series base on the book, a television series and numerous games based on either the book or film as well as merchandise. \|What is Starship Troopers?\| Starship Troopers was written by Robert Heinlein in 1959. Set in the future, a teenager joins Earth's military in a war against a race of giant insect-like aliens known as "Pseudo-Arachnids". The book has gained notability for its controversial view of warfare and suffrage; in Heinlein's future, people must serve the Federation (whether it be military service, or some other form of public service) in order to vote or hold public office; classic American-style democracies had collapsed into anarchy long ago. Still, it is considered a classic of science-fiction literature and introduced several new concepts, including powered armour. It was also a punch in the face of Heilien's pacifistic-minded colleagues and military conscription. In 1988, an original video anime Starship Troopers (宇宙の戦士 Uchū no Senshi, lit. "Universal Warriors", "Universal Soldiers", or "Soldier of Space") was released to commemorate the novel and its author by produced by Sunrise and Bandai Visual. It has only six episodes in length and featured Powered armor, designed by Studio Nue, almost precisely as it was described in the 1959 novel (aside from an inclusion of machine-guns and heavy auto-cannons as hand-held arms) and amorphous aliens who were not the Pseudo-Arachnid ("Bugs"), but an entirely different alien menace altogether. This series' last known release format was on VHS and LaserDisc and it was never released outside Japan. In 1997, Paul Verhoeven directed a film adaptation of Heinlein's novel. Starring Casper van Dien, Denise Richards, Dina Meyer, Michael Ironside, Jake Busey, Neil Patrick Harris, and Clancy Brown, the film was a financial failure and just as controversial as the book, although taking a satirical approach, directly opposing Heinlein's views. However, the film was nominated for best special effects at the Academy Awards. Over the last decade, Starship Troopers has gained a cult following and has since spun off two direct-to-DVD sequels, a role-playing game, and numerous computer and board games. In 1999, Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles, a CGI-animated television series somewhere between the novel by Robert A Heinlein and the 1997 film adaptation directed by Paul Verhoeven (who served as executive producer for the series) was broadcast. It follows the exploits of the Mobile Infantry squad "Razak's Roughnecks" during the SICON-Arachnid war, and focuses mainly on the small actions in which the squad participates, rather than addressing the larger war. Isabel "Dizzy" Flores was one of Johnny Rico's highschool classmates. She was long infatuated by him and was the quarterback for the Buenos Aires fieldball team. Although she planned to play for Rio de Janeiro after graduating, Flores secretly joined the Mobile Infantry and successfully gained a transfer to Rico's training unit. Join up now! Do your part! Service GUARANTEES citizenship! So its been stated to me that Dominant Species is non-canon recently. Anyone know of any source confirming this? Currently this wiki has DS's info attached to the Second Battle of Klendathu page as it appears to be where it fits IF canon. Also should…Read more > So I have been reading the Dominant Species comic, and in it there is a battle being faught on Klendathu and I'm wondering if I should add it to the Second Battle of Klendathu page as it is clearly not the first battle due to lasting by the time of …Read more >	<urn:uuid:1a6e7094-ae72-4989-b134-83ebe8b5f2e4>	2013-05-24T01:39:10Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00408935546875, 0.00531005859375, -0.0159912109375, 0.0169677734375, 0.07373046875, -0.033447265625, -0.003021240234375, 0.138671875, -0.0302734375, -0.04541015625, 0.0244140625, 0.0169677734375, 0.032470703125, -0.004119873046875, 0.0228271484375, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.970144	876	http://starshiptroopers.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page	0.411815
\|Chronological and political information\| - "Sometimes anger and hatred are deserved and right. Sometimes things change because of it." - ―Yuthura Ban Yuthura Ban was a Twi'lek female Padawan of the Jedi Order who later went on to become the apprentice of the Sith Master Uthar Wynn, the Headmaster of the Sith Academy on Korriban during the Jedi Civil War. As a member of Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Malak's Sith Empire, Ban eventually killed her Master with the aid of the amnesiac former Sith Lord Revan. Revan, now a Jedi once more, convinced Ban to forsake the Korriban academy and her Sith teachings and return to the light side of the Force and once more walk the path of the Jedi. Early life and Jedi trainingEdit A Force-sensitive Twi'lek born on the planet Sleheyron, an Outer Rim world; the purple-skinned Yuthura Ban was sold into slavery at a young age to Omeesh the Hutt, a Hutt Master who tortured his slaves regularly. Filled with anger over her predicament, Ban sought vengeance by strengthening her determination not to simply be "nothing." Giving into her anger, Ban entered her master's bedchamber and stabbed the sleeping Hutt to death. A fugitive, Ban fled Sleheyron by stowing aboard a cargo ship; considering it inevitable that she would be discovered by the crew and, indeed, was. Upon discovering her, they abandoned her on a desolate planetoid to die. Despite her less than favorable conditions, Ban survived to be discovered by a passing Jedi. Upon her rescue, the Jedi recognized her Force-potential and decided to take the orphaned girl to Dantooine to be considered by the Council of Jedi Masters which presided over the Enclave there. Despite her advanced age, the Masters accepted her as an apprentice and Yuthura Ban quickly became a Padawan. Though considered to possess exceptional skills, Ban was unable to let go of her anger towards her former oppressors and all others who would practice slavery, having been brought up in such conditions and so being able to empathize with their position. Seeing the apparent Jedi inaction over the matter as intolerable and unable to resolve her differences with the Order, Ban abandoned her master and their teachings, swearing to find a new means to achieve the power necessary to combat what she considered to be the wickedness of slavery throughout the galaxy. Uthar Wynn's apprenticeEdit - "To be a Sith is to taste freedom and to know victory." - ―Yuthura Ban Fleeing Dantooine, Ban wandered the galaxy until she arrived on Korriban, the headquarters of the Sith Empire. As the Jedi and the Sith warred with each other, Ban sought refuge at the Sith Academy. Upon her acceptance, Ban was initiated in the ways of the Sith and willingly gave into her emotions. The Sith at the academy considered her rage and hatred to be her natural talent and ability; coupled with her anger towards the Jedi and hatred of slavery, Ban experienced a quick rise through the ranks. Her prowess with a lightsaber and her unbridled anger drew the attention of the Academy's headmaster, Sith Master Uthar Wynn. Wynn took Ban on as an apprentice, teaching her to use her hatred to become a weapon of the Empire. As the apprentice to the headmaster, Ban gained high authority in the Academy, including having the final word on whether a hopeful would be admitted into the Academy or not. After a time, Ban's thirst for power led her to devise a plot to overthrow her master, a plan involving a promising new recruit to the Sith, within whom the Force bristled with startling intensity. Though sensing something odd about the young Human, Ban hadn't suspected that she had, in truth, enlisted the services of Revan, the deposed Dark Lord of the Sith, on his journey around the galaxy searching for the Star Maps. Taking to each other quickly, Ban let Revan in on her plan to usurp power at the Academy. Together with her powerful new ally, Ban and Revan attacked Headmaster Wynn and managed to slay the Sith Lord. With Wynn dead, Ban was ready to take over control at the Academy, and in a calculated—if not entirely desired—act of betrayal, she turned on Revan to ensure that no other being would seek to overthrow her. Despite her power, Ban was no match for Revan and was overpowered. She yielded to Revan, who allowed her to live, and by sparing her, Ban was convinced that she had walked the wrong path and allowed Revan to redeem her. Renouncing her title at the Academy, Ban departed Korriban and returned to Dantooine to seek redemption in the eyes of the Jedi Council. Darth Malak had attacked Dantooine, however, and the Jedi Enclave was destroyed through orbital bombardment by his flagship, the Leviathan. Ban's fate was lost to history when all records were destroyed during the First Jedi Purge. Personality and traitsEdit Even though she herself was still an apprentice, Yuthura Ban was also a lead instructor and mentor at the Sith Academy. She respected initiative and cunning in her students and was not considered short of either herself. Like most of the Force-sensitives at the academy, she wore the uniform of a Sith officer as opposed to robes. Behind the scenesEdit - "Those words never held such resonance for me until I returned. I'd... like some serenity, some harmony. Wouldn't you?" - ―Yuthura Ban, having returned to the light side of the Force Yuthura Ban was voiced by Tamara Phillips. Different from most characters, Ban wielded a lightsaber shoto as her weapon instead of a regular lightsaber. Yuthura Ban's home planet Sleheyron was originally planned to have appeared in Knights of the Old Republic—after it was scrapped; however, it was written into Ban's background as a tribute to the effort that had been put into planning it. If Revan plays through Korriban after being imprisoned on the Leviathan, he or she can question Ban about what the Sith Lord used to be like. If the player mentions that he/she is Revan, Ban will not believe him, though if the player chooses to do so again after defeating Ban and sparing her life, she realizes he is telling the truth, and sees that he is no longer the Dark Lord he once was; alternatively, after the attempted coup, if Uthar Wynn is favored and Ban defeated, he will recognize Revan and devote the Academy to him. When Ban asks who Revan's "companions" are the player has the option of saying "they are just my slaves." Despite her past, this doesn't seem to bother her much even though she hates slavers. Most members of your party will play along, although some may question. There are many choices for the player to make in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic regarding Ban's fate. The most extreme light side choice is outlined above, with the other options detailed below. On Korriban, various options in the Sith Academy are present to the player, who plays as Revan. Revan can tell Uthar Wynn about Ban's plans to betray him and, after doing so, Wynn instructs Revan to perform a small task that will ensure Ban is weakened via poison by the time of the final trial—making her considerably easier to defeat. It is up to the player whether or not to do as Wynn asks. A second choice is that, after informing Wynn of Ban's plot, Revan can then go on to tell Ban about Wynn's plotting against her. It is up to the player whether or not to inform Ban about the poison; if so, then she takes precautions against it. In response to this news, Ban tells Revan to poison Wynn's bed and provides the poison and access to his room. Revan can again choose whether or not to do this. If the player doesn't tell Ban about the poison, there is the option of poisoning them both. After Revan passes the prestige trials to enter the tomb with Ban's help and completes the assignment therein, Wynn tells Revan to fight Ban to pass the final trial and show no mercy. Depending on the player's previous choices, the player will obtain different reactions from Ban and Wynn throughout this section of the game, for example Ban won't be surprised by Wynn's attempt to turn Revan on her if you have informed her of his plot and Wynn won't be poisoned if you didn't undertake Ban's task. Sample light side choices after the duel in the tomb of Naga Sadow, a deceased Sith Lord, include Revan siding with Ban and the two of them killing Wynn. Ban then turns on Revan and is defeated. If the player befriended Ban earlier, and after the Jedi enclave is destroyed, Revan then reveals his real identity and tells Ban to abandon the Sith, which leads the Sith to attack Revan after Ban left. An alternate light side choice is that Revan destroys Wynn for Ban. Once done, Ban battles Revan and is defeated. If the player learned about Ban's former life, it is possible to convince her to return to the light side. If succeeded, the player can meet her in the courtyard on Dantooine where she describes being accepted there and even brought her old master to tears upon her return, this is only possible of course if the player locates the Korriban Star Map before at least two others, or else Revan will not be able to even go to Dantooine to see her there. A third alternate light side choice is that Revan sides with Ban and they kill Wynn. Once done, Ban battles Revan and is defeated. She pleads for mercy and Revan spares her life but does not return her to the path of the light. She leaves unharmed and takes up mastery of the Academy, in Wynn’s place. It is also possible, as a Jedi, that Revan sides with neither Sith and kills both. Sample choices which take the player to the dark side of the Force include Revan siding with Ban and the two of them killing Wynn. Once done, Ban battles Revan and is defeated. She pleads for mercy but Revan strikes her down, killing her. Another alternate dark side choice is that Revan sides with Wynn and kills Ban. Depending on the actions taken while on Korriban, Wynn may attack. If not, Revan may choose whether or not to kill Wynn, or to allow him to live and keep mastery of the Academy when Revan leaves. The third and final dark side choice is that, as the only "true Sith," Revan sides with neither Ban nor Wynn and instead kills both. - Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (First appearance) - Knights of the Old Republic: Prima's Official Strategy Guide - The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia, Vol. III ("Wynn, Uthar") (Mentioned only) - (Quote only)	<urn:uuid:88e47965-7fc6-4b9a-8107-1de0fb31fbaf>	2013-05-24T01:58:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01068115234375, 0.004608154296875, -0.008056640625, 0.0255126953125, 0.09375, -0.07275390625, -0.017578125, 0.1015625, 0.00836181640625, -0.035888671875, -0.00714111328125, 0.026123046875, 0.0098876953125, 0.01904296875, 0.0225830078125, -0.010620...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969176	2,321	http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Yuthura_Ban	0.757261
On 09 May 1808, Sophia Catharina Bräuer, daughter of Conrad Bräuer and Anna Maria Lather, was born in Kirtorf, Alsfeld Kreis, Hesse-Darmstadt (now Germany). She was baptized in the parish church in Kirtorf, Alsfeld Kreis, Hesse-Darmstadt (now Germany) on 11 May 1808. The Birth and Baptismal Record of Sophia Catharina Bräuer – 1808 SOURCE: Kirtorf Evangelische Kirche (Kirtorf, Alsfeld Kreis, Hessen-Darmstadt), “Duplum des Kirtorfer – Kirchen Protocolls uber die gebohren deselbes die 1808. [Duplicate of the Kirtorf Church Records of Births in 1808.],” page 15, entry 19, Sophia Catharina Bräuer, 11 May 1808; filmed as Kirchenbuchduplikat 1808-1875; FHL INTL microfilm 0,855,108. Click on the image above to enlarge it. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Birth and Baptismal Record of Sophia Catharina Bräuer. This PDF document includes an image of the original document, a transcription in German Gothic, a transcription in modern German, and a translation in English. Translated from the German, the record reads: 1808. the month of May Sophia Catharina, legitimately born daughter of Conrad Bräuer and his wife Anna Maria née Lather Between two and three o’clock in the afternoon of the ninth of May in the year of the Lord eighteen-hundred eight, the fourth child, a daughter and one of four daughters, was born to Conrad Bräuer citizen and [one word?] here, and his wife Anna Maria née Lather. The child was baptized on the eleventh of the same month where she was given the name Sophia Catharina. The Sponsors were: 1; Sophia, legitimate daughter of Johannes Bräuer, citizen and blacksmith here, 2; Catharina, legitimate daughter of Ludwig Bräuer, citizen and tailor here, who have signed this document below next to the father and me, the minister, respectively, with the clarification that one signed [with her mark?]. [signed] Johan Conrad Bräuer [signed] XXX [mark?] of Sophia Bräuerin [signed] Anna Catharina Bräuer [signed] Christoph Carl [Venator?]. This child would grow up to marry Henrich Lather and eventually become a direct ancestor of the Lather family in Albany, New York. Copyright © 2009 by Stephen J. Danko	<urn:uuid:b33cd15c-39bc-4480-8dce-f7ca7239c80a>	2013-05-24T01:30:03Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0115966796875, -0.00933837890625, -0.0361328125, -0.026611328125, 0.07421875, -0.06640625, 0.004638671875, 0.08984375, -0.0439453125, -0.0150146484375, 0.05126953125, -0.022216796875, 0.00147247314453125, 0.009033203125, 0.029052734375, 0.002014160...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.891939	589	http://stephendanko.com/blog/3694	0.161289
Ko'shikim Shadow weapons: Much like the Shadow Necridians' Shadow guns, Ko'shikim necridians have created a specialized weapons system. By manipulating the innate chaos arcana field all necridians give off as a 'starter' charge, Ko'shikim Shadow weapons fire chaos energy instead of E-571. Because this system requires an innate chaos energy field, few but Ko'shikim necridians have used it with any success. Ko'shikim Shadow technology: Ko'shikim technology is fundamentally biologically based. Generally, it requires the presence of a Necridian or a Necridian Soul Orb to give off a field of chaos veile arcana in the same manner as Shadow Necridian technology. It produces a great deal of relatively clean power, though not as much as its counterpart. However, it has far milder side effects on Core life-forms, generally barely noticable if at all.	<urn:uuid:3e7e6200-0675-4ba7-b519-72de26113ff5>	2013-05-24T01:45:08Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04489436745643616, 0.001769733033142984, 0.01122359186410904, 0.026995304971933365, 0.05809859186410904, -0.04606807604432106, -0.0010132408933714032, 0.10915493220090866, -0.019512910395860672, -0.07922535389661789, 0.003301056334748864, 0.02083333395421505, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.89509	199	http://strolen.com/guild/index.php/topic,1418.0/prev_next,prev.html	0.482681
Buckingham Palace intruder 'given whisky by Queen's staff' Monday, 20 February 2012 17:22 London, Feb 20 : Michael Fagan, who broke into the bedroom of the Queen in 1982, has claimed that her staff had given him whisky after catching him, saying that he looked like "he needed a drink". In the year the Queen is to celebrate her Diamond Jubilee, Fagan has disclosed some secrets of what happened on the night of July 9th 1982, revealing that he went barefoot after losing his shoes on the roof and talking about the knee-length nightie she was wearing. Revealing that he was "scareder" than he had ever been as he came face to face with the Queen, pulling back the curtains surrounding her bed, he said: "Then she speaks and it's like the finest glass you can imagine breaking: 'Wawrt are you doing here?!'," the Telegraph quoted him as telling the Independent. "It was a double bed but a single room, definitely â€“ she was sleeping in there on her own. Her nightie was one of those Liberty prints and it was down to her knees," he said. He also refuted reports that the Queen had a long conversation with him to stall him while security was summoned. "She went past me and ran out of the room; her little bare feet running across the floor," he said. He claimed that moment later; an unarmed footman arrived at the door. "The footman came and said, 'Cor, f****** hell mate, you look like you need a drink'. His name was [Paul] Whybrew, which is a funny name for someone offering you a drink, innit? He took me to the Queen's pantry, across the landing, where I presume she cooks her baked beans and toast and whatever â€“ and takes a bottle of Famous Grouse from the shelf and pours me a glass of whisky," he said. Fagan said that though he had lost his shoes on the roof of the Palace, but they were eventually returned. "I got my sandals returned to me two years later by the security guard. 'These are Michael's sandals, we found them on the roof,' they said," he said. Fagan's actions remain one of the most embarrassing breaches of royal security. Before entering the Queen's room, he wandered around the palace unhindered, via King George V's multimillion-pound stamp collection, triggering the alarm twice. Police turned it off, assuming the warnings were errors. The resulting scandal had prompted the then Home Secretary, Willie Whitelaw, to offer his resignation to the Queen, which she refused. It wasn't the first time Fagan had broken into the Palace. A month earlier, he climbed in through the window of a maid's bedroom, but by the time security arrived, he was lost in the maze of corridors. (ANI)	<urn:uuid:28cf0c7c-0feb-4520-b7d7-3bac6ba547ce>	2013-05-24T01:57:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00159454345703125, 0.01123046875, -0.00421142578125, -0.00482177734375, 0.12451171875, -0.03662109375, -0.01226806640625, 0.09765625, 0.002655029296875, -0.04345703125, 0.072265625, 0.034423828125, 0.06884765625, -0.02490234375, 0.0223388671875, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.989991	615	http://studentvisa4u.com/tofel-gmat/2832	0.699495
\| \|\| \| Ask Marilyn: Does Nutrition Influence Intelligence? Donna Baughn of Huntsville, Alabama writes: Marilyn: Do you think nutrition plays a large part in intelligence, and if so, do you eat a special diet? I don't believe that nutrition plays a role in intelligence (not including malnourishment possibly causing damage). I eat most anything I like, but I do keep the calories low. Also, I generally avoid organic food. It's typically more expensive, often less tasty, and I don't think it's more healthful.	<urn:uuid:d6356026-4c6a-4017-8d43-aa1e7ddc8367>	2013-05-24T01:44:20Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.021921642124652863, 0.03404850885272026, 0.01597481407225132, -0.006733908783644438, 0.04361007362604141, -0.1007462665438652, -0.011427238583564758, 0.09048507362604141, 0.00118062028195709, -0.08115671575069427, 0.03521455079317093, 0.026352612301707268, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955824	119	http://sungazette.com/page/dataFeeds_parade.display/ID/586234/PID/2/.html	0.63389
The Telephone Cases - 126 U.S. 1 (1888) U.S. Supreme Court The Telephone Cases, 126 U.S. 1 (1888) The Telephone Cases Nos. 10, 381, 382, 709, 770, 771 Argued January 24-28, 31, February 1-4, 7-8, 1887 Decided March 19, 1888 126 U.S. 1 APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS It appears from the proof in these causes that Alexander Graham Bell was the first discoverer of the art or process of transferring to, or impressing upon, a continuous current of electricity in a closed circuit, by gradually changing its intensity, the vibrations of air produced by the human voice in articulate speech in a way to cause the speech to be carried to and received by a listener at a distance on the line of the current, and this discovery was patentable under the patent laws of the United States. In order to procure a patent for a process, the inventor must describe his invention with sufficient clearness and precision to enable those skilled in the matter to understand what his process is, and must point out some practicable way of putting it into operation; but he is not required to bring the art to the highest degree of perfection. Bell's fifth claim under his patent of March 7, 1876, No. 174,465, is not confined to the magneto instrument, or to such modes of creating electrical undulations as could be produced by that form of apparatus. Bell's fifth claim under his patent of March 7, 1876, also covered his invention of an apparatus to make useful his discovery of an art or process for electrical transmission of speech, and this invention was patentable under the laws of the United States. The discovery and invention patented to Bell by his patent of March 7, 1876, were not described in the publication made by Charles Bourseul in Paris in 1854, nor in the publication in Germany in 1861-1863 respecting the experiments and inventions of Philipp Reis, nor in the publication in Germany in 1862 of what are known as the Reis-Legat experiments, and they were not anticipated by the experiments of Dr. Van der Weyde in New York in 1869, nor by the invention of J. W. McDonough of Chicago in 1876, nor by the invention patented in the United States to C. F. Varley of London, June 2, 1868, nor by the invention patented to said Varley in England, October 8, 1870. For reasons stated in its opinion, the Court holds that the alleged invention of the telephone by Daniel Drawbaugh prior to Bell's discovery and invention patented to him March 7, 1876, is not made out. For reasons stated in its opinion, the Court holds that the charge of a fraudulent interpolation in Bell's specification after the filing of it in the Patent Office, between February 14 and February 19, 1876, is not sustained, and that not a shadow of suspicion can rest on anyone growing out of the misprint of the specification in the Dowd case. The authority conferred by the special act of Massachusetts "to incorporate the American Bell Telephone Company" authorized the corporation organized under § 3, Mass.Stat. 1870, c. 224, to select its corporate name, and made the statutory certificate provided for by § 11 of that act conclusive proof of its corporate existence. Section 4887 of the Revised Statutes does not invalidate an American patent which bears a different date from that of a foreign patent for the same invention, but only limits its term to the term of the foreign patent. Letters patent No. 186,787, dated January 30, 1877, granted to Alexander Graham Bell for an improvement in electric telephony, is a valid patent, and the fifth claim under it was not anticipated by the magnet described by Schellen. In equity. The bills were filed in circuit courts of the United States by the American Bell Telephone Company and others, as owners of two patents known as the Bell telephone Patents, to enjoin the several defendants against infringements of those patents. The two patents thus alleged to have come into the ownership of the complainants and to have been infringed were: 1. No. 174,465, dated March 7, 1876, granted to Alexander Graham Bell for new and useful improvements in telegraphy, and 2. No. 186,787, dated January 30, 1877, granted to the same inventor for new and useful improvements in electric telephony. The following are copies of the drawings and specifications of these two patents: "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE" "ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS" IMPROVEMENT IN TELEGRAPHY" "Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 174,465," "dated March 7, 1876; application filed February 14, 1876" "To all whom it mad concern:" "Be it known that I, ALEXANDER, GRAHAM BELL of Salem, Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful improvements in telegraphy, of which the following is a specification:" "In Letters Patent granted to me April 6, 1875, No. 161,739, I have described a method of, and apparatus for, transmitting two or more telegraphic signals simultaneously along a single wire by the employment of transmitting instruments, each of which occasions a succession of electrical impulses differing in rate from the others, and of receiving instruments, each tuned to a pitch at which it will be put in vibration to produce its fundamental note by one only of the transmitting instruments, and of vibratory circuit breakers operating to convert the vibratory movement of the receiving instrument into a permanent make or break (as the case may be) of a local circuit, in which is placed a Morse sounder, register, or other telegraphic apparatus. I have also therein described a form of autograph-telegraph based upon the action of the above-mentioned instruments." "In illustration of my method of multiple telegraphy, I have shown in the patent aforesaid, as one form of transmitting instrument, an electromagnet having a steel spring armature which is kept in vibration by the action of a local battery. This armature, in vibrating, makes and breaks the plain circuit, producing an intermittent current upon the line wire. I have found, however, that upon this plan, the limit to the number of signals that can be sent simultaneously over the same wire is very speedily reached, for when a number of transmitting instruments having different rates of vibration are simultaneously making and breaking the same circuit, the effect upon the main line is practically equivalent to one continuous current." "In a pending application for letters patent filed in the United States Patent Office February 25, 1875, I have described two ways of producing the intermittent current -- the one by actual make and break of contact, the other by alternately increasing and diminishing the intensity of the current without actually breaking the circuit. The current produced by the latter method I shall term, for distinction sake, a 'pulsatory current.'" "My present invention consists in the employment of a vibratory or undulatory current of electricity in contradistinction to a merely intermittent or pulsatory current, and of a method of, and apparatus for, producing electrical undulations upon the line wire." "The distinction between an undulatory and a pulsatory current will be understood by considering that electrical pulsations are caused by sudden or instantaneous changes of intensity, and that electrical undulations result from gradual changes of intensity exactly analogous to the changes in the density of air occasioned by simple pendulous vibrations. The electrical movement, like the aerial motion, can be represented by a sinusoidal curve or by the resultant of several sinusoidal curves." "Intermittent or pulsatory and undulatory currents may be of two kinds, accordingly as the successive impulses have all the same polarity or are alternately positive and negative." "The advantages I claim to derive from the use of an undulatory current in place of a merely intermittent one are first that a very much larger number of signals can be transmitted simultaneously on the same circuit; second, that a closed circuit and single main battery may be used; third, that communication in both directions is established without the necessity of special induction coils; fourth, that cable dispatches may be transmitted more rapidly than by means of an intermittent current or by the methods at present in use, for, as it is unnecessary to discharge the cable before a new signal can be made, the lagging of cable signals is prevented; fifth, and that as the circuit is never broken a spark arrester becomes unnecessary." "It has long been known that when a permanent magnet is caused to approach the pole of an electromagnet, a current of electricity is induced in the coils of the latter, and that when it is made to recede, a current of opposite polarity to the first appears upon the wire. When, therefore, a permanent magnet is caused to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet, an undulatory current of electricity is induced in the coils of the electromagnet, the undulations of which correspond in rapidity of succession to the vibrations of the magnet in polarity to the direction of its motion and in intensity to the amplitude of its vibration." "That the difference between an undulatory and an intermittent current may be more clearly understood, I shall describe the condition of the electrical current when the attempt is made to transmit two musical notes simultaneously, first upon the one plan and then upon the other. Let the interval between the two sounds be a major third; then their rates of vibration are in the ratio of 4 to 5. Now when the intermittent current is used, the circuit is made and broken four times by one transmitting instrument in the same time that five makes and breaks are caused by the other. A and B, Figs. 1, 2, and 3, represent the intermittent currents produced, four impulses of B being made in the same time as five impulses of A. c c c &c., show where and for how long time the circuit is made, and d d d &c., indicate the duration of the breaks of the circuit. The line A and B shows the total effect upon the current when the transmitting instruments for A and B are caused simultaneously to make and break the same circuit. The resultant effect depends very much upon the duration of the make relatively to the break. In Fig. 1, the ratio is as 1 to 4; in Fig. 2, as 1 to 2, and in Fig. 3 the makes and breaks are of equal duration. The combined effect, A and B, Fig. 3, is very nearly equivalent to a continuous current." "When many transmitting instruments of different rates of vibration are simultaneously making and breaking the same circuit the current upon the main line becomes for all practical purposes continuous." "Next, consider the effect when an undulatory current is employed. Electrical undulations, induced by the vibration of a body capable of inductive action, can be represented graphically without error by the same sinusoidal curve which expresses the vibration of the inducing body itself and the effect of its vibration upon the air, for, as above stated, the rate of oscillation in the electrical current corresponds to the rate of vibration of the including body -- that is, to the pitch of the sound produced. The intensity of the current varies with the amplitude of the vibration -- that is, with the loudness of the sound, and the polarity of the current corresponds to the direction of the vibrating body -- that is, to the condensations and rarefactions of air produced by the vibration. Hence, the sinusoidal curve A or B, Fig. 4, represents graphically the electrical undulations induced in a circuit by the vibration of a body capable of inductive action." The horizontal line a d e f &c. represents the zero of current. The elevations b b b &c. indicate impulses of positive electricity. The depressions c c c &c. show impulses of negative electricity. The vertical distance b d or c f of and portion of the curve from the zero line expresses the intensity of the positive or negative impulse at the part observed, and the horizontal distance a a indicates the duration of the electrical oscillation. The vibrations represented by the sinusoidal curves B and A, Fig. 4, are in the ratio aforesaid, of 4 to 5 -- that is, four oscillations of B are made in the same time as five oscillations of A. "The combined effect of A and B, when induced simultaneously on the same circuit, is expressed by the curve A + B, Fig. 4, which is the algebraical sum of the sinusoidal curves A and B. This curve A + B also indicates the actual motion of the air when the two musical notes considered are sounded simultaneously. Thus, when electrical undulations of different rates are simultaneously induced in the same circuit, an effect is produced exactly analogous to that occasioned in the air by the vibration of the inducing bodies. Hence, the coexistence upon a telegraphic circuit of electrical vibrations of different pitch is manifested not by the obliteration of the vibratory character of the current, but by peculiarities in the shapes of the electrical undulations, or in other words, by peculiarities in the shapes of the curves which represent those undulations." "There are many ways of producing undulatory currents of electricity, dependent for effect upon the vibrations or motions of bodies capable of inductive action. A few of the methods that may be employed I shall here specify. When a wire through which a continuous current of electricity is passing is caused to vibrate in the neighborhood of another wire, an undulatory current of electricity is induced in the latter. When a cylinder, upon which are arranged bar magnets is made to rotate in front of the pole of an electromagnet, an undulatory current of electricity is induced in the coils of the electromagnet." "Undulations are caused in a continuous voltaic current by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration of the conducting wire itself in the neighborhood of such bodies. Electrical undulations may also be caused by alternately increasing and diminishing the resistance of the circuit, or by alternately increasing and diminishing the power of the battery. The internal resistance of a battery is diminished by bringing the voltaic elements nearer together, and increased by placing them farther apart. The reciprocal vibration of the elements of a battery therefore occasions an undulatory action in the voltaic current. The external resistance may also be varied. For instance, let mercury or some other liquid form part of a voltaic circuit, then the more deeply the conducting wire is immersed in the mercury or other liquid, the less resistance does the liquid offer to the passage of the current. Hence the vibration of the conducting wire in mercury or other liquid included in the circuit occasions undulations in the current. The vertical vibrations of the elements of a battery in the liquid in which they are immersed produces an undulatory action in the current by alternately increasing and diminishing the power of the battery." "In illustration of the method of creating electrical undulations, I shall show and describe one form of apparatus for producing the effect. I prefer to employ for this purpose an electromagnet, A, Fig. 5, having a coil upon only one of its legs b. A steel spring armature c is firmly clamped by one extremity to the uncovered leg d of the magnet, and its free end is allowed to project above the pole of the covered leg. The armature c can be set in vibration in a variety of ways, one of which is by wind, and, in vibrating, it produces a musical note of a certain definite pitch." "When the instrument A is placed in a voltaic circuit g b e f g, the armature c becomes magnetic, and the polarity of its free end is opposed to that of the magnet underneath. So long as the armature c remains at rest, no effect is produced upon the voltaic current, but the moment it is set in vibration to produce its musical note, a powerful inductive action takes place, and electrical undulations traverse the circuit g b e f g. The vibratory current passing through the coil of the electromagnet f causes vibration in its armature h when the armature c h of the two instruments A I are normally in unison with one another; but the armature h is unaffected by the passage of the undulatory current when the pitches of the two instruments are different." "A number of instruments may be placed upon a telegraphic circuit, as in Fig. 6. When the armature of any one of the instruments is set in vibration, all the other instruments upon the circuit which are in unison with it respond, but those which have normally a different rate of vibration remain silent. Thus, if A, Fig. 6, is set in vibration, the armatures of A1 and A2 will vibrate also, but all the others on the circuit will remain still. So if Bl is caused to emit its musical note, the instruments B B2 respond. They continue sounding so long as the mechanical vibration of Bl is continued, but become silent with the cessation of its motion. The duration of the sound may be used to indicate the dot or dash of the Morse alphabet, and thus a telegraphic dispatch may be indicated by alternately interrupting and renewing the sound. When two or more instruments of different pitch are simultaneously caused to vibrate, all the instruments of corresponding pitches upon the circuit are set in vibration, each responding to that one only of the transmitting instruments with which it is in unison. Thus, the signals of A, Fig. 6, are repeated by A1 and A2, but by no other instrument upon the circuit; the signals of B2 by B and B1, and the signals of C1 by C and C2 -- whether A, B2, and C1 are successively or simultaneously caused to vibrate. Hence, by these instruments two or more telegraphic signals or messages may be sent simultaneously over the same circuit without interfering with one another." "I desire here to remark that there are many other uses to which these instruments may be put, such as the simultaneous transmission of musical notes, differing in loudness as well as in pitch, and the telegraphic transmission of noises or sounds of any kind." "When the armature c, Fig. 5, is set in vibration, the armature h responds not only in pitch but in loudness. Thus, when c vibrates with little amplitude, a very soft musical note proceeds from h, and when c vibrates forcibly, the amplitude of the vibration of h is considerably increased, and the resulting sound becomes louder. So if A and B, Fig. 6, are sounded simultaneously (A loudly and B softly) the instruments A1 and A2 repeat loudly the signals of A, and B1 B2 repeat softly those of B." "One of the ways in which the armature c, Fig. 5, may be set in vibration has been stated above to be by wind. Another mode is shown in Fig. 7, whereby motion can be imparted to the armature by the human voice or by means of a musical instrument." "The armature c, Fig. 7, is fastened loosely by one extremity to the uncovered leg d of the electromagnet b, and its other extremity is attached to the center of a stretched membrane a. A cone A is used to converge sound vibrations upon the membrane. When a sound is uttered in the cone, the membrane a is set in vibration, the armature c is forced to partake of the motion, and thus electrical undulations are created upon the circuit E b e f g. These undulations are similar in form to the air vibrations caused by the sound -- that is, they are represented graphically by similar curves. The undulatory current passing through the electromagnet f influences its armature h to copy the motion of the armature c . A similar sound to that uttered into A is then heard to proceed from L." "In this specification, the three words 'oscillation,' 'vibration,' and 'undulation,' are used synonymously, and in contradistinction to the terms 'intermittent' and 'pulsatory.' By the term 'body capable of inductive action,' I mean a body which, when in motion, produces dynamical electricity. I include in the category of bodies capable of inductive action brass, copper, and other metals, as well as iron and steel." "Having described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secure by letters patent is as follows:" "1. A system of telegraphy in which the receiver is set in vibration by the employment of undulatory currents of electricity, substantially as set forth." "2. The combination, substantially as set forth, of a permanent magnet or other body capable of inductive action, with a closed circuit, so that the vibration of the one shall occasion electrical undulations in the other or in itself, and this I claim whether the permanent magnet be set in vibration in the neighborhood of the conducting wire forming the circuit or whether the conducting wire be set in vibration in the neighborhood of the permanent magnet, or whether the conducting wire and the permanent magnet both simultaneously be set in vibration in each other's neighborhood." "3. The method of producing undulations in a continuous voltaic current by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration or motion of the conducting wire itself, in the neighborhood of such bodies, as set forth." "4. The method of producing undulations in a continuous voltaic circuit by gradually increasing and diminishing the resistance of the circuit, or by gradually increasing and diminishing the power of the battery, as set forth." "5. The method of and apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sounds, substantially as set forth." "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto signed my name this 20th day of January, A.D. 1876." "ALEX. GRAHAM BELL" "THOMAS E. BARRY" "P. D. RICHARDS" "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE" "ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS" "Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 186,787," "dated January 30, 1877; application filed January 15, 1877" "To all whom it may concern:" "Be it known that I, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, of Boston, Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electric Telephony, of which the following is a specification:" "In Letters Patent granted to me the 6th day of April, 1875, No. 161,739, and in an application for Letters Patent of the United States now pending, I have described a method of and apparatus for producing musical tones by the action of a rapidly interrupted electrical current whereby a number of telegraphic signals can be sent simultaneously along a single circuit." "In another application for Letters Patent now pending in the United States Patent Office, I have described a method of and apparatus for inducing an intermittent current of electricity upon a line wire whereby musical tones can be produced and a number of telegraphic signals be sent simultaneously over the same circuit, in either or in both directions, and in letters patent granted to me March 7, 1876, No. 174,465, I have shown and described a method of an apparatus for producing musical tones by the action of undulatory currents of electricity, whereby a number of telegraphic signals can be sent simultaneously over the same circuit, in either or in both directions, and a single battery be used for the whole circuit." "In the applications and patents above referred to, signals are transmitted simultaneously along a single wire by the employment of transmitting instruments, each of which occasions a succession of electrical impulses differing in rate from the others and are received without confusion by means of receiving instruments, each tuned to a pitch at which it will be put in vibration to produce its fundamental note by one only of the transmitting instruments. A separate instrument is therefore employed for every pitch, each instrument being capable of transmitting or receiving but a single note, and thus as many separate instruments are required as there are messages or musical notes to be transmitted." "My invention has for its object first the transmission simultaneously of two or more musical notes or telegraphic signals along a single wire in either or both directions, and with a single battery for the whole circuit, without the use of as many instruments as there are musical notes or telegraphic signals to be transmitted; second, the electrical transmission by the same means of articulate speech and sound of every kind, whether musical or not; third, the electrical transmission of musical tones, articulate speech, or sounds of every kind, without the necessity of using a voltaic battery." "In my Patent No. 174,465, dated March 7, 1876, I have shown as one form of transmitting instrument a stretched membrane to which the armature of an electromagnet is attached, whereby motion can be imparted to the armature by the human voice, or by means of a musical instrument, or by sounds produced in any way." "In accordance with my present invention, I substitute for the membrane and armature shown in the transmitting and receiving instruments alluded to above a plate of iron or steel capable of being thrown into vibration by sounds made in its neighborhood." "The nature of my invention and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect will be understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which --" "Figure 1 is a perspective view of one form of my electric telephone. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the same, and Fig. 3 is a plan view of the apparatus. Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the arrangement upon circuit." "Similar letters in the drawings represent corresponding portions of the apparatus." "A in said drawings represents a plate of iron or steel, which is fastened at B and C to the cover or sounding box D. E represents a speaking tube, by which sounds may be conveyed to or from the plate A. F is a bar of soft iron. G is a coil of insulated copper wire, placed around the extremity of the end H of the bar F. I is an adjusting screw whereby the distance of the end H from the plate A may be regulated." "The electric telephones J, K, L, and M are placed at different stations upon a line, and are arranged upon circuit with a battery, N, as shown in diagram, Fig. 4." "I have shown the apparatus in one of its simplest forms, it being well understood that the same may be varied in arrangement, combination, general construction, and form, as well as material of which the several parts are composed." "The operation and use of this instrument are as follows:" "I would premise by saying that this instrument is and may be used both as a transmitter and as a receiver -- that is to say, the sender of the message will use an instrument in every particular identical in construction and operation with that employed by the receiver, so that the same instrument can be used alternately as a receiver and a transmitter." "In order to transmit a telegraphic message by means of these instruments, it is only necessary for the operator at a telephone (say J) to make a musical sound in any way in the neighborhood of the plate A -- for convenience of operation, through the speaking tube E -- and to let the duration of the sound signify the dot or dash of the Morse alphabet, and for the operator who receives his message (say at M) to listen to his telephone, preferably through the speaking tube E. When two or more musical signals are being transmitted over the same circuit, all the telephones reproduce the signals for all the messages, but as the signals for each message differ in pitch from those for the other messages, it is easy for an operator to fix his attention upon one message and ignore the other." "When a large number of dispatches are being simultaneously transmitted, it will be advisable for the operator to listen to his telephone through a resonator, which will reinforce to his ear the signals which he desires to observe. In this way, he is enabled to direct his attention to the signals for any given message without being distracted or disturbed by the signals for any other messages that may be passing over the line at the time." "The musical signals, if preferred, can be automatically received by means of a resonator, one end of which is closed by a membrane which vibrates only when the note with which the resonator is in unison is emitted by the receiving telephone. The vibrations of the membrane may be made to operate a circuit breaker which will actuate a Morse sounder or a telegraphic recording or registering apparatus." "One form of vibratory circuit breaker which may be used for this purpose I have described in Letters Patent No. 178,399, June 6, 1876. Hence, by this plan, the simultaneous transmission of a number of telegraphic messages over a single circuit in the same or in both directions with a single main battery for the whole circuit and a single telephone at each station is rendered practicable. This is of great advantage in this, that for the conveyance of several messages or signals or sounds over a single wire simultaneously, it is no longer necessary to have separate instruments correspondingly tuned for each given sound, which plan requires nice adjustment of the corresponding instruments, while the present improvement admits of a single instrument at each station, or, if for convenience several are employed, they all are alike in construction, and need not be adjusted or tuned to particular pitches." "Whatever sound is made in the neighborhood of any telephone -- say at J, Fig. 4 -- is echoed in facsimile by the telephones of all the other stations upon the circuit; hence, this plan is also adapted for the use of the transmitting intelligibly the exact sounds of articulate speech. To convey an articulate message, it is only necessary for an operator to speak in the neighborhood of his telephone, preferably through the tube E, and for another operator at a distant station upon the same circuit to listen to the telephone at that station. If two persons speak simultaneously in the neighborhood of the same or different telephones, the utterances of the two speakers are reproduced simultaneously by all the other telephones on the same circuit; hence, by this plan, a number of vocal messages may be transmitted simultaneously on the same circuit in either or both directions. All the effects noted above may be produced by the same instruments without a battery by rendering the central bar F H permanently magnetic. Another form of telephone, for use without a battery, is shown in Fig. 5, in which O is a compound permanent magnet, to the poles of which are affixed poll-pieces of soft iron, P Q, surrounded by helices of insulated wire, R S." "Fig. 6 illustrates the arrangement upon circuits of similar instruments to that shown in Fig. 5." "In lieu of the plate A in above figures, iron or steel reeds of definite pitch may be placed in front of the electromagnet O, and, in connection with a series of such instruments of different pitches, an arrangement upon circuit may be employed similar to that shown in my Patent No. 174,465, and illustrated in " "This invention is not limited to the use of iron or steel, but includes within its scope any material capable of inductive action." "The essential feature of the invention consists in the armature of the receiving instrument being vibrated by the varying attraction of the electromagnet so as to vibrate the air in the vicinity thereof in the same manner as the air is vibrated at the other end by the production of the sound. It is therefore by no means necessary or essential that the transmitting instrument should be of the same construction as the receiving instrument. Any instrument receiving and transmitting the impression of agitated air may be used as the transmitter, although, for convenience and for reciprocal communication, I prefer to use like instruments at either end of an electrical wire. I have heretofore described and exhibited such other means of transmitting sound, as will be seen by reference to the proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume XII." "For convenience, I prefer to apply to each instrument a call-bell. This may be arranged so as to ring first when the main circuit is opened; second, when the bar F comes into contact with the plate A. The first is done to call attention; the second indicates when it is necessary to readjust the magnet, for it is important that the distance of the magnet from the plate should be as little as possible, without, however, being in contact. I have also found that the electrical undulations produced upon the main line by the vibration of the plate A are intensified by placing the coil G at the end of the bar F nearest the plate A, and not extend it beyond the middle, or thereabout." "Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by letters patent is:" "1. The union upon and by means of an electric circuit of two or more instruments, constructed for operation substantially as herein shown and described, so that if motion of any kind or form be produced in any way in the armature of any one of the said instruments, the armatures of all the other instruments upon the same circuit will be moved in like manner and form, and if such motion be produced in the former by sound, like sound will be produced by the motion of the latter." "2. In a system of electric telegraphy or telephony consisting of transmitting and receiving instruments united upon an electric circuit, the production, in the armature of each receiving instrument, of any given motion by subjecting said armature to an attraction varying in intensity, however such variation may be produced in the magnet, and hence I claim the production of any given sound or sounds from the armature of the receiving instrument by subjecting said armature to an attraction varying in intensity, in such manner as to throw the armature into that form of vibration that characterizes the given sound or sounds." "3. The combination, with an electromagnet, of a plate of iron or steel or other material capable of inductive action which can be thrown into vibration by the movement of surrounding air or by the attraction of a magnet." "4. In combination with a plate and electromagnet, as before claimed, the means herein described, or their mechanical equivalents, of adjusting the relative position of the two so that, without touching, they may be set as closely together as possible." "5. The formation, in an electric telephone such as herein shown and described, of a magnet with a coil upon the end or ends of the magnet nearest the plate." "6. The combination, with an electric telephone such as described, of a sounding box substantially as herein shown and set forth." "7. In combination with an electric telephone as herein described, the employment of a speaking or hearing tube for conveying sounds to or from the telephone substantially as set forth." "8. In a system of electric telephony, the combination of a permanent magnet with a plate of iron or steel or other material capable of inductive action, with coils upon the end or ends of said magnet nearest the plate, substantially as set forth." "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto signed my name this 13th day of January, A.D. 1877." "A. GRAHAM BELL" "HENRY R. ELLIOTT" "SWELL A. DICK" The complainants alleged infringement of claim five of the first patent by all the defendants below, and infringement of claims three, five, six, seven and eight of the second patent, or of some of them, by some of the defendants below. The respondents all contested the validity of both of Bell's patents. They also contested the scope of claim five of the first patent. The question of infringement turned upon the scope of this claim, as none of the defendants used instruments which were identical with the forms shown in the drawings of that patent. Dolbear's instrument differed from those of the other appellants, and his contention as to the scope of this claim varied from that of the others, as will appear more fully in the report of the arguments infra. All the respondents denied that Bell was the original and first inventor of the things patented, as the patents were construed by the complainants' counsel, and by the courts below, and all maintained that if the construction given below to the fifth claim of the first patent was correct, it covered matters not patentable. Dolbear, the Molecular Company, the Overland Company, and the Clay Commercial Company, in their respective answers, set out long lists of printed publications and patents [Footnote 1] prior to the issue of Bell's patents, and averred that the inventions patented to him in his first patent had been substantially described in these publications and patents, and they also set up a number of like publications and patents as anticipating his second patent. In the arguments in this Court, those known as the Bourseul and Reis publications were chiefly relied upon, either to defeat the first patent or to limit its scope. The counsel for the People's Company referred to these, though not set up in their answer, it having been agreed that the court should treat all the evidence in all the cases as applicable to each one of them. The Bourseul publication (there were several in the records) chiefly cited in argument was the original communication from M. Charles Bourseul printed in Volume XXIV of "l'Illustration," Paris, August 26, 1854, of which the following is a translation: "The electric telegraph is based on the following principle: an electric current, passing through a metallic wire, circulates through a coil around a piece of soft iron which it converts into a magnet. The moment the current stops, the piece of iron ceases to be a magnet. This magnet, which takes the name of electromagnet, can thus in turn attract and then release a movable plate (plaque motile) which by its to-and-fro movement produces the conventional signals employed in telegraphy. Sometimes this movement is directly utilized and is made to produce dots or dashes on a strip of paper which is drawn along by clockwork. The conventional signals are thus formed by a combination of those dots and dashes. This is the American telegraph, which bears the name of Morse, its inventor. Sometimes this to-and-fro movement is converted into a movement of rotation. In that way we have either the dial telegraph used on railroads or the telegraph used in the government system, which by means of two line wires and two indicating needles reproduce all the signals of the aerial telegraph or semaphore which was formerly used. Suppose now that we arrange upon a movable horizontal circle letters, figures, signs of punctuation &c. One can understand that the principle we have stated can be used to choose at a distance such and such a character, and to determine its movement, and consequently to print it on a sheet of paper appropriately placed for this purpose. This is the printing telegraph." "We have gone still further. By the employment of the same principle, and by means of a mechanism rather complicated, it has been possible to reach a result which at first would seem to be almost a miracle. Handwriting itself is produced at a distance, and not only handwriting, but any line or any curve, so that, being in Paris, you can draw a profile by ordinary means there, and the same profile draws itself at the same time at Frankfort. Attempts of this sort have succeeded. The apparatus has been exhibited at the London Exhibition. Some details, however, remain to be perfected. It would seem impossible to go beyond this in the region of the marvelous. Let us try, nevertheless, to go a few steps further. I have asked myself, for example, if the spoken word itself could not be transmitted by electricity -- in a word, if what was spoken in Vienna may not be heard in Paris? The thing is practicable in this way:" "We know that sounds are made by vibrations, and are made sensible to the ear by the same vibrations, which are reproduced by the intervening medium. But the intensity of the vibrations diminishes very rapidly with the distance, so that even with the aid of speaking tubes and trumpets, it is impossible to exceed somewhat narrow limits. Suppose that a man speaks near a movable disk sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disk alternately makes and breaks the connection with a battery; you may have at a distance another disk which will simultaneously execute the same vibrations." "It is true that the intensity of the sounds produced will be variable at the point of departure at which the disk vibrates by means of the voice, and constant at the point of arrival, where it vibrates by means of electricity, but it has been shown that this does not change the sounds. It is, moreover, evident that the sounds will be reproduced at the same pitch." "The present state of acoustic science does not permit us to declare a priori if this will be precisely the case with syllables uttered by the human voice. The mode in which these syllables are produced has not yet been sufficiently investigated. It is true that we know that some are uttered by the teeth, others by the lips, &c., but that is all." "However this may be, observe that the syllables can only reproduce upon the sense of hearing the vibrations of the intervening medium. Reproduce precisely these vibrations, and you will reproduce precisely these syllables." "It is at all events impossible, in the present condition of science, to prove the impossibility of transmitting sound by electricity. Everything tends to show, on the contrary, that there is such a possibility. When the application of electromagnetism to the transmission of messages was first discussed, a man of great scientific attainments treated the idea as Utopian, and yet there is now direct communication between London and Vienna by means of a simple wire. Men declared it to be impossible, but it is done." "It need not be said that numerous applications of the highest importance will immediately arise from the transmission of speech by electricity. Anyone who is not deaf and dumb may use this mode of transmission, which would require no apparatus except an electric battery, two vibrating disks and a wire. In many cases -- as for example in large establishments, orders might be transmitted in this way, although transmission in this way will not be used while it is necessary to transmit letter by letter and to make use of telegraphs which require use and apprenticeship. However this may be, it is certain that in a more or less distant future, speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made some experiments in this direction. They are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favorable result." "PARIS, August 18, 1854" Of the Reis publications the record contained over sixty separate papers, from 1861 to 1876, and also a large amount of expert testimony concerning them. It is not practicable to reproduce most of this evidence, except as it is referred to by counsel in the synopses of their arguments. The following are the translations of some of the principal publications under this head, which were referred to in argument in this Court. It appeared that Reis delivered two lectures before the "Physikalischer Vereins" of Frankfort. The first of the following papers was written by him as a report of those lectures. "JAHRESBERICHT DES PHYSIKALISCHEN VEREINS ZU FRANKFURT AM MAIN, fuer das Rechnungs Jahr 1860-1861. Published in 1862." "[Yearly Report of the Physical Society at Frankfort-a-M., 1860-61, pp. 57-64.]" "On telephony by means of the galvanic current, by Philipp Reis." "The extraordinary results in the field of telegraphy have probably often raised the question if it might not be possible to transmit musical tones themselves [Tonsprache] to a distance. Experiments made in this direction could not, however, produce any result at all satisfactory, because the vibrations of sound-conducting media soon lose their intensity to " "A reproduction of tones [Tonen] at certain distances by means of a galvanic current has probably been thought of, but the practical solution of this problem has certainly seemed the most doubtful to the very persons who, from their knowledge and appliances, were in the best condition to attack it. To a person having only a superficial knowledge of physics, the problem presents far less difficulties simply because the most of them are unperceived. About nine years ago, I also (having an extraordinary enthusiasm for what was new, and an insufficient knowledge of physics) had the boldness to attempt the solution, but was soon forced to desist because the very first experiment convinced me of the impossibility of its solution." "Later, after further study and experience, I came to see that my first experiment had been a very rough and by no means conclusive one; I did not, however, follow up the subject seriously, because I did not feel myself equal to the difficulties in the way." "Youthful impressions, however, are strong, and therefore not easily effaced. I could never get rid of the thought of that first experiment and its occasion, notwithstanding all that reason says to the contrary, and thus, half unwillingly, this project of my youth was reviewed in hours of leisure; the difficulties and the means for overcoming them were weighed; but for the present, at least, no experiment was made." "How indeed could a single instrument reproduce the combined effect of all the organs occupied in human speech? This was always the cardinal question; finally I got the notion of putting the question in another way:" "How is our ear affected by the totality of vibrations produced by the organs of speech all simultaneously active? Or, more generally," "How are we affected by the vibrations of several simultaneously sounding bodies? " "To answer this question, we must in the first place understand what must happen in order that we may perceive a single tone." "Without our ear, any tone is nothing else than a recurrent condensation and rarefaction of some body repeated at least seven or eight times in a second. If this occurs in the same medium in which we are, the membrane of the ear is at each condensation forced toward the middle ear, to be moved at the subsequent rarefaction in the opposite direction. These vibrations produce a synchronous raising and falling of the hammer upon the anvil (according to other authorities, an approach or receding of the earbone particles), and a similar number of tremors in the fluid of the cochlea, in which the filaments of the auditory nerve are distributed. The greater the condensation of the sound-conducting medium at any given moment, the greater is the amplitude of vibration of the membrane and hammer, and consequently the more powerful the blow upon the anvil and the vibration of the nerves by means of the fluid." "The office of our organs of hearing is therefore to transmit with certainty up to the auditory nerve every condensation and rarefaction occurring in the surrounding medium. But the office of the auditory nerve is to bring to our consciousness the vibrations of matter which have occurred in a given time, both as regards number and amplitude. Here, for the first time, certain combinations receive a name; here, certain vibrations are tones or noises [Toene oder Misstoene]." "What our auditory nerve perceives is then simply the effect of a force coming within the range of consciousness, and this force can be represented both as to duration and magnitude graphically by a curve." "Let a b represent any given time, and the curve above the line condensation (+), the curve below the line rarefaction (-), then any ordinate raised from the end of any abscissa will represent the degree of condensation at the time represented by its base, in consequence of which the drum of the ear vibrates." "Our ear can under no circumstances appreciate more than can be represented by these curves, and this indeed is entirely sufficient to give us a clear perception of any tone [Ton] or any combination of tones." "If several tones [Toene] are produced at the same time, the conducting medium is subjected to the influence of several simultaneous forces, and the two following laws will hold good: if the forces act all in the same direction, the amplitude is proportional to the sum of the forces; if the forces act in opposite directions, the amplitudes are proportional to the difference of the opposing forces." "If, for example, in the case of three tones, we draw the curve of condensation of each separately, then by a summation of the ordinates of corresponding abscissas, we can determine new ordinates and develop a new curve, which might be called the combination curve. This represents exactly what our ear perceives of the three simultaneous tones. The fact that the musician can distinguish the three tones need not surprise us any more than the fact that anyone acquainted with the theory of colors can in green discover blue and yellow, but the combination curves in Plate I show that this difficulty is a slight one, for in these curves all the relations of the components successively recur. In the case of chords of more than three notes, the relations are not so readily seen from the drawing, Plate II, for example. In the case of such chords, however, the skilled musician also finds difficulty in recognizing the separate notes." "Plate III illustrates discord [Dissonanz]. Why discords impress us unpleasantly I will leave my readers to judge at this time, though I may perhaps return to the subject subsequently in another paper." "From the preceding it follows:" "First. Every tone [Ton] and every combination of tones, on striking our ear, causes vibrations on the drum of the ear, the succession of which may be represented by a curve. " "Second. The succession of these vibrations alone gives us a conception (sensation) of the tone, and every alteration changes the conception (sensation)." "As soon, then, as it is possible to produce, anywhere and in any manner, vibrations whose curves shall be the same as those of any given tone or combination of tones, we shall receive the same impression as that tone or combination of tones would have produced on us." "With the above principles as a foundation, I have succeeded in constructing an apparatus with which I am enabled to reproduce the tones of various instruments, and even to a certain extent the human voice. It is very simple, and by means of the figure will be easily understood from the following explanation:" "In the cubical block of wood r s t u v w x there is a conical perforation a, closed at one end by a membrane b (pig's intestine), upon the middle of which there is cemented a conducting strip of platinum; this is connected with the binding screw p [auf deren Mitte ein stromleitendes Streifchen Platin festgekittet ist. Dieses steht mit der Klemme p in Verbindung]. From the binding screw n another thin strip of metal [ein duennes Metallstreifchen] extends until over the middle of the membrane, and ends here in a platinum wire placed at right angles to its length and surface." "From the binding screw p a conducting wire runs through the battery to a distant station, being connected with a coil of silk-covered copper wire, and this again is connected with a conductor leading back to the binding screw n." "The coil at the distant station is about six inches long, is composed of six layers of fine wire, and, as a core in its center, has a knitting needle which projects about two inches at both ends. By means of the projecting ends, the coil rests upon two bridges of a resonant case. (All this part can, of course, be replaced by any other apparatus by means of which the well known 'galvanic tones' can be produced.)" "If now tones or combinations of tones are produced in the neighborhood of the block, so that sufficiently powerful waves enter the opening a, then these sounds cause the membrane b to vibrate. At the first condensation, the hammer-like wire d is pushed back; at the rarefaction, it cannot follow the retreating membrane, and the current traversing the strips remains broken [Strom bleibt so lange unterbrochen bis, etc.], until the membrane forced by a new condensation again presses the strip (proceeding from p) against d. In this way, each sound wave causes a breaking and closing [ein Oeffnen und ein Schliessen] of the current [Stromes]." "At each closing [Schliessen] of the circuit [Kette], the atoms of the iron wire inside the distant spiral are moved away from each other (Pouillet Muller, p. 304, Vol. II, fifth edition); on breaking the circuit [beim Unterbrechen des Stromes], these atoms seek to regain their position of equilibrium. When this happens, in consequence of the reciprocal actions of elasticity and inertia, a number of vibrations are produced, and they give the longitudinal sound of the rod (see as above). This is the case if the making and breaking of the current [Unterbrechungen und Schliessungen des Stromes] occur with comparative slowness. If they occur more rapidly than the oscillations of the iron core, due to its elasticity, the atoms cannot complete their course. The paths described become shorter in proportion as the interruptions are more frequent, but then are just as numerous as these. " "The iron wire no longer gives its longitudinal normal tone, but a tone whose pitch corresponds to the number of interruptions [Unterbrechungen] (in a given time); this is the same as saying that the rod reproduces the tone [Ton] impressed upon the interrupter [dem Unterbrechungsapparat]. The intensity also of this tone is proportional to that of the original one, for in proportion as this is more intense, the motions of the membrane are greater; the motions of the hammer, also, and finally the time during which the circuit remains opened, is greater, and consequently, up to a certain limit, the motions of the atoms in the reproducing wire are greater, we perceiving them as greater vibrations in just the same way as we would have perceived the original sound wave." "As the length of the conducting wire can undoubtedly be made as great as in direct telegraphy, I have called my instrument 'telephone.'" "Now, in reference to the capabilities of the telephone, it may be stated that I was enabled to render audible to the members of a large assembly (The Physical Society at Frankfort-a-M.) melodies which were sung (not very loud) into the apparatus in another house (three hundred feet away) with closed doors." "Other experiments showed that the sounding wire was capable of reproducing complete chords of three tones of a piano upon which the telephone was placed, and that it reproduces equally well the tones of other instruments, accordion, clarinet, horn, organ pipes, etc., provided that the tones are within the compass F-f." "Of course in all experiments sufficient precautions were taken to insure that there was no direct conduction of sound. This is very easily done by making a momentary short circuit immediately in front of the coil by which means its action is temporarily interrupted." "Hitherto it has not been possible to reproduce the tones of human speech [Tonsprache des Menschen] with a distinctness sufficient for everyone. The consonants are for the most part reproduced pretty distinctly, but the vowels as yet not in an equal degree. The cause of this I will attempt to explain. " "According to the experiments of Willis, Helmholtz, and others, vowel tones can be produced artificially if the vibrations of one body are from time to time augmented by those of another somewhat as follows:" "An elastic spring is set in vibration by the blow of a tooth on a toothed wheel; the first vibration is the greatest, and each subsequent one is smaller than the preceding." "If, after a few vibrations of this kind, the spring not coming to rest in the meantime, the tooth wheel imparts a new stroke, the following vibration will be again a maximum, and so on." "The pitch of the tone produced in this way depends upon the number of vibrations in a given time, but the character of the tone upon the number of swellings [Anschwellungen] in the same time. Two vowels having the same pitch would differ in about the way represented by the curve (Figs. 1, 2), while the same tone without any vowel character would be represented by the curve (Fig. 3)." "Our organs of speech probably produce the vowels in the same manner, through the combined action of the upper and lower vocal cords, or of these latter and the cavity of the mouth. " "My apparatus reproduces the number of vibrations, but with an intensity much less than that of the original ones, though, as I have reason to believe, to a certain degree proportional among themselves. But in the case of these generally small vibrations, the difference between large and small vibrations is more difficult to perceive than in the case of the original waves, and the vowel is therefore more or less indistinct." "Whether or not my views as to the curves corresponding to sound combinations are correct could perhaps be decided by means of the new phonautograph of Duhamel ('Vierordt Physiologie,' page 254)." "It may be that for the practical application of the telephone much remains to be done; for physics, it has already sufficient interest from the fact that it opens a new field for research." "Friedrichsdorf, near Frankfort-a-M., December, 1861." "DIE FORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK, Dargestellt von der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, XVII, in J., 1861, pp. 171-173." "[Progress in the Natural Sciences. Published by the Physical Society" "of Berlin. 1861, Vol. XVIL, pp. 171-173.]" "PH. REIS. Telephony by means of the electric current. (Annual Report of the Physical Society of Frankfort on the Main, 1860-1861, pp. 57-64.)" "By the name 'Telephone,' the author designates the following apparatus of his own construction, by means of which and with the help of the galvanic current he is enabled 'to reproduce at a distance the tones [Toenen] of different instruments, and even to a certain degree the human voice.'" "A wooden cube is bored through from one of the faces to the opposite one, the cavity taking the shape of a cone; the smaller opening is closed by means of a membrane [hog's intestine, Schweinsduenndarm]. On the middle of the membrane and parallel with it is a thin strip of platinum cemented fast at one end, whilst the other end is held by a binding post [Klemme] p. From another binding post q extends a similar thin strip of metal as far as over the center of the membrane, and carries a little platinum wire directed toward the membrane at right angles to the strip and the surface of the membrane. From binding post p, a conductor leads through a battery to a distant coil, which again is connected by another wire to binding post q." "The coil at the distant station is about six inches long, consists of six layers of thin wire and encloses as a core a knitting needle which protrudes about two inches at each end. By these protruding ends, the coil is supported on two bridges of a soundboard. If now tones or combinations of tones are produced in the vicinity of the large opening of the conical cavity so that sufficiently strong waves enter it, these waves will set the membrane into vibration; by the outward motion of the membrane, the platinum strip cemented on it is pressed against the hammer-shaped wire d and the galvanic current [Strom] is closed [geschlossen]; by the inward motion of the membrane, the current is reopened. The alternate magnetizings and demagnetizings of the core of the coil resulting therefrom will bring forth, if the alternation is slow, the longitudinal tone of the core, and if the alternation [aufeinanderfolge] is quicker, a longitudinal vibration of the same, the period of which corresponds to the period of the interruptions of the current [Unterbrechungen des Stromes] or of the vibrations of the membrane, and consequently to the rate or pitch of the tone which entered the conical cavity. That means, according to the author, that 'The rod [Stab] reproduces the tone which was impressed upon the interrupting apparatus [Unterbrechungsapparat].' 'The strength of this tone is also proportionate to the original tone, for,' as the author, though not very accurately, explains," "the stronger this is, the greater the motion of the little hammer, the greater finally the time during which the circuit remains open, and consequently the greater, up to a certain limit, the motion of the atoms in the reproducing rod, which motions affect us as greater vibrations, as the original wave itself would have done." "By means of this telephone, the author made audible to the members of a large meeting of the Physical Society in Frankfort-a-M. melodies sung not very loud into the apparatus in a house situated about three hundred feet distant, with closed doors." " Other trials showed that the resounding rod is capable of reproducing full chords [Dreiklaenge] of a piano on which the telephone rests, and that, in short, it reproduces just as well the tones of other instruments, such as the harmonica, clarinet, horn, organ pipe &c., provided the tones are within a certain range, from F to f2 or thereabout." " As a matter of course, sufficient care was taken to ascertain whether direct transmission of the sounds had not a share in the result. This was ascertained very simply by establishing for a given time a good shunt circuit directly before the coil, in consequence of which, of course, the activity of the latter ceased for that time." " It was not possible thus far to reproduce spoken tones [Tonsprache des Menschen] with a distinctness satisfactory to all; the consonants are for the most part distinctly reproduced, the vowels not in the same degree." "The author attempts to explain this imperfect reproduction of the vowels by saying that the apparatus reproduces the vibrations to a certain extent indeed with proportionate but also reduced strength, and the ear can no longer satisfactorily discern the relation of the proportionately great vibrations which determine the pitch [Tonhoehe] to the small vibrations on which vocal quality [vocal Farbe] depends." "ZEITSCHRIFT DES DEUTSCH-OESTERREICHISCHEN TELEGRAPHEN VEREINS" "Berlin, 1862. Vol. IX., p. 125" "[Journal of the German-Austrian Telegraph Association" Vol. IX., p. 125, 1862]" "Concerning the reproduction of sounds by means of galvanic electricity: by V. Legat, royal Prussian Telegraph Inspector at Cassel, accompanied by copperplates VIII and IX" "It might not be uninteresting to make known in wider circles the following ideas lately communicated by Mr. Philip Reis to the Society of Physics and to the meetings of the Free German Institute at Frankfort on the Main concerning the reproduction of tones [Toenen] by means of galvanic electricity, and also what has been hitherto accomplished toward the realization of this project in order that the accumulated experiments may serve as a foundation to build upon, and that the capacity of the electric current, which by human ingenuity has already been made serviceable for correspondence, may be developed in this direction also." "In this essay, we shall not deal with the electric current as to its capacity for operating telegraphic apparatus of whatever construction for the reproduction of visible signs, but of the application of this current to the production of audible signals, of tones [Toenen]." "The air waves, which by acting upon the ear excite in us the sensation of sound by primarily setting the tympanum of the ear into the vibratory motion, are, as is well known, transmitted to the interior parts of the ear and to the auditory nerves there located by means of a lever apparatus of wonderful delicacy, the auditory bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup), and the attempt to reproduce tones therefore depends upon this, to actuate an artificial imitation of this lever apparatus by means of the vibrations of a membrane corresponding to the membrane of the eardrum, and thereby to open and close (zum Oeffnen v. Schliessen) a galvanic circuit, connected with a distant station by a metallic conductor." "Before describing the apparatus to be used, it would be proper to inquire how our ear apprehends the vibrations of anyone particular tone, and the combined vibrations of all simultaneous tones acting upon it, because thereby we may determine the operations which are to be performed by the transmitting and receiving apparatus in the solution of the problem." "Examining first the processes which take place in order that the human ear may apprehend any single tone, we find that each tone is the result of alternate rarefactions and condensations repeated within a fixed time. If this operation occurs in the same medium in which the ear is placed, then at each condensation, the membrane is forced toward the cavity of the drum and toward the opposite side at each rarefaction." "These vibrations cause corresponding movements in the auditory bones, and are thereby transmitted to the auditory nerves." "The greater the degree of condensation of the sound-conducting medium is at a given time, the greater will be the amplitude of vibration of the membrane and auditory bones, and the greater the consequent result, and in the opposite case, so much the weaker. Hence it is evidently the function of the auditory apparatus to impart with faithfulness to the auditory nerves every condensation and rarefaction which occurs in the surrounding medium. On the other hand, the function of transmitting to our consciousness both the number and amplitude of the resulting vibrations occurring within a given time devolves upon the auditory nerves." "It is here, in our consciousness, that a certain complex phenomenon receives a specific name; it is here, in our consciousness, that the transmitted vibrations become tones [Toene]." "Accordingly, that which is apprehended by the auditory nerves is the effect of a force reaching to our consciousness, and which can be made more easy of comprehension as to duration and strength by graphical delineation." "For example, let the length of the line a-b represent a definite period of time, the curves above this line the condensations (+), and the curves below this line the rarefactions" "(-); then every ordinate erected at the end of any abscissa will indicate at the moment of time indicated by this abscissa the degree of condensation in consequence of which the membrane of the drum vibrates." "The ear is not capable of perceiving more than can be represented in this way or more than can be represented by similar curves; this is, however, sufficient to convey to our consciousness any single tone [Ton] or any desired combinations of tones. For if several tones are generated simultaneously, then the sound-conducting medium is influenced by several forces, acting at the same time and subject to mechanical laws." "If all the forces act in the same direction, then the amount of motion is in proportion to the sum of all the forces; if, on the other hand, the forces act in opposing directions, then the amount of motion is in proportion to the difference between the opposing forces." "From these principles it follows that the curves representing the condensations of a number of simultaneously generated tones may be combined in a single curve of condensation, which will indicate with precision what our ear apprehends through the reception of these simultaneously acting tones." "The objection generally made to this proposition that a musician or any person is able to distinguish the simple tones out of which these composite curves are formed or arise, should not be allowed to militate against it; as it is also possible for some who are familiar with the study of colors to distinguish, in green, for example, the mixture of yellow and blue, in their varied shades, and the one phenomenon as well as the other is referable to the fact that in both cases the observer is familiar with the factors of that product which has been conveyed to his consciousness." "By the explanations heretofore given, it is easy to construct the curves representing the condensations of various tones, chords, etc., and a few examples are given by way of illustration:" "Fig. 1, Plate VIII, represents a composite curve formed of three tones, in which all the proportions of the components recur successively." "Fig. 2 represents a similar curve formed of more than three tones; in this case, however, it is no longer possible to represent the proportions so clearly in the drawing, yet an experienced musician will be able to discern them even here, although in practice it might be difficult even for him to recognize the separate tones in such a chord. " "The advantage of representing the operation of tones upon the human ear after this manner is that it gives the clearest view possible of the process; the representation here given also shows why a discord [Dissonanz], Fig. 3, must affect the ear disagreeably." "This apparent digression from the subject under consideration was necessary to demonstrate that as soon as we are able, in any place and in any manner, to reproduce vibrations of such curves and intensities as are equivalent to the curves and intensities of the vibrations of any particular tone, or of any particular combination of tones, we shall have the same impressions as were produced upon us by this original tone, or these original combinations of tones." "The apparatus described hereafter offers the possibility of producing these vibrations in every manner desired, and by the use of galvanic electricity, it is possible to evoke at any distance, vibrations like [gleiche] those which have been so produced, and in this way to reproduce at any place the tones which have been generated at another place." "In Plate IV, Fig. 4, A is the tone transmitter [Tonengeber], and L the tone receiver [Tonenpfanger], and these two instruments are set up at different stations. I might observe at the outset that the arrangement of the instruments for sending backwards and forwards is omitted for greater clearness, and likewise, as the whole thing is not presented as a completed fact, but only to call to the notice of a wider circle what has been already ascertained, the possibility of the working of the apparatus at a distance greater than the limited direct working allows at present is left out of consideration, since these points are easily accomplished by mechanical arrangements, and since the most important facts of the phenomena treated are not influenced thereby." "Let us now turn to the tone transmitter, Fig. 4 A. This on the one hand is connected by that metallic conductor with the tone receiver, Fig. 4 B, at a neighboring station; on the other hand, it is connected by means of the electric battery C with the earth (or with the metallic return conductor). The tone transmitter, Fig. 4 A, consists of a conical tube a b, about 15 centimeters in length, having a front opening of about 10 centimeters and a rear opening of about 4 centimeters." "(It appears by practical experiments that neither the material of this tube nor any increase in its length influenced the accuracy of the action of the apparatus. An enlargement of the diameter of the tube impairs the working of the apparatus, and it is desirable that the inner surface of the tube be as smooth as possible.) The smaller or rear end of the tube is closed by a collodion membrane o, and upon the center of the circular surface of this membrane rests one end c of the lever c d, the supporting point e of which is sustained by a bracket and is kept in electrical connection with the metallic conductor. The proper lengths of the respective arms c e and e d of this lever are regulated by the laws of the lever. It is advisable to make the arm c e longer than the arm e d in order that the least motion at c may operate with greatest effect at d. It is also desirable that the lever itself be made as light as possible, that it may follow the movements of the membrane. Any inaccuracy in the operation of the lever c d in this respect will produce false tones at the receiving station. When in a state of rest, the contact at d g is closed, and a delicate spring n maintains the lever in this position." "The second part of the apparatus, the standard f, consists of a metallic support connected with one pole of the battery C, the other pole of which is connected to the earth, or to a metallic return wire leading to the other station." "Upon the standard f is arranged a spring g, with a contact point corresponding to the contact point d of the lever c d; the position of g is regulated by the screw h." "In order not to impair the operation of the apparatus by the action of the air waves against the rear side of the membrane, it is desirable to place upon tube a b a disk of about fifty centimeters in diameter at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the tube a b; this disk may be attached to the tube by a fastening surrounding its outer circumference." "The tone receiver, Fig. 4B, consists of an electromagnet in m m, which rests upon a sounding board w w; its coil is connected respectively with the metallic conductor and the earth or the metallic return conductor. " "Facing the electromagnet m m is an armature to which is attached a very long but light and broad lever i." "The lever i with the armature is suspended from the standard k in the manner of a pendulum, its motion being regulated by means of the screw l and q." "In order to increase the effect of the apparatus, the tone receiver may be placed at one of the focal points of an elliptically arched chamber of suitable size, and the listener may place his ear at the other focus of this chamber." "The operation of the apparatus described is as follows:" "When at rest, the galvanic circuit [Kette] is closed. When the air, which is in the tube a b of the apparatus, Fig. 4A, is alternately condensed and rarefied by speaking into it (or by singing or introducing the tones of an instrument), a movement of the membrane closing the smaller opening of the tube is produced corresponding to such condensation or rarefaction. The lever c d follows the movements of the membrane, and opens and closes [oeffnet und schliesst] the galvanic circuit [Kette] at d g, so that at each condensation of the air in the tube, the circuit is opened, and at each rarefaction the circuit is closed [ein Oeffnen and ein Schliessen erfolgt]." "In consequence of this operation, the electromagnet of the apparatus, Fig. 4B, in accordance with the condensations and rarefactions of the column of air in the tube a b, Fig. 4B, is correspondingly demagnetized and magnetized [demagnetisirt und magnetisirt], and the armature of the magnet is set into vibrations like those of the membrane in the transmitting apparatus. But the beam [Balken] i attached to the armature communicates these corresponding vibrations of the armature to the air surrounding the apparatus Fig. 4B, which finally transmits the vibrations so produced to the ear of the listener." "We have not here to consider the question of the transmission [Fortpflanzung] of tones by means of the galvanic current, but only of the conveyance [Uebertragung] of generated sounds to another place, and in this way that at the latter place a similar cause is produced and a similar effect obtained. It must not be ignored, however, that while the apparatus described reproduces the exact number of the original vibrations, but not of the same strength [die gleiche Starke der reproducirten Schwingungen noch nicht erreicht nurde], and that the achievement of this result is reserved for an improvement of the apparatus." "In consequence of the imperfection of the apparatus at this time, the minor differences of the original vibrations are distinguishable with more difficulty -- that is, the vowel sounds appear more or less indistinct -- inasmuch as each tone depends not merely upon the number of the vibrations of the medium, but also upon its condensation and rarefaction." "This also explains why chords and melodies were transmitted with marvelous accuracy in the practical experiments hitherto made, while single words in reading, speaking &c., were less distinctly recognizable, although even in these the inflections of the voice, as in interrogation, exclamation, surprise, calling &c., were clearly reproduced." "There is no doubt that the subject we have been considering, before it becomes practically valuable for use, will require considerable improvement; it will especially be necessary to perfect the mechanism of the apparatus to be employed, but I am convinced, by repeated practical experiments, that it is of the greatest theoretic interest to pursue these investigations, and also that a development of practical value will not elude our intelligent century." "DEUTSCHE INDUSTRIE ZEITUNG, CHEMNITZ, May 29, 1863. Extract." "A friendly communication was sent us some time ago by Mr. J. F. Quilting, of Frankfort-a-M, according to which the capacity of the apparatus to transmit tones to a considerable distance clearly and with their characteristic timbre (Klang-farbe) is fully established. Mr. Q. writes us that by means of the telegraphic conductor with which the apparatus of Mr. Ph. Reis was connected, two remote parts of the city were united, and although it was not possible with the present construction of the apparatus to transmit spoken words [gesprochenen worte], they succeeded so well with the tones that were sung that not only were the melodies of songs reproduced distinctly and perfectly at a tolerably remote station, but known voices could be recognized." "All present capable of judging, Mr. Q, adds, who availed themselves of the opportunity of witnessing the experiment, agreed that the possibility is before us of making one's self understood verbally at any distance in the way shown by Mr. Reis." "JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS AND OF" "ELECTRICIANS for March, 1883, No. 46" "The following is a copy of an autograph description of Reis' telephone which has been presented to the library by Mr. Wm. Ladd, Member:" "I am very sorry not to have been in Frankfort when you were there at Mr. Albert's, by whom I have been informed that you have purchased one of my newly invented instruments (telephone), though I will do all in my power to give you the most ample explanations on the subject. I am sure that personal communication would have been preferable, specially as I was told that you will show the apparatus at your next scientific meeting, and thus introduce the apparatus in your country." "Tunes and sounds of any kind are only brought to our conception by the condensations and rarefactions of air or any other medium in which we may find ourselves. By every condensation the tympanum of our ear is pressed inwards, by every rarefaction it is pressed outward, and thus the tympanum performs oscillations like a pendulum. The smaller or greater number of the oscillations made in a second gives us, by help of the small bones in our ear and the auditory nerve, the idea of a higher or lower tune. " "It was no hard labor either to imagine that any other membrane beside that of our ear could be brought to make similar oscillations if spanned in a proper manner and if taken in good proportions, or to make use of these oscillations for the interruption of a galvanic current. However, these were the principles which guided me in my invention; they were sufficient to induce me to try the reproduction of tunes at any distance. It would be long to relate all the fruitless attempts I made until I found out the proportions of the instrument and the necessary tension of the membrane. The apparatus you have bought is now what may be found most simple, and works without failing when arranged carefully in the following manner:" "The apparatus consists of two separated parts, one for the singing station, A, and the other for the hearing station, B." "The apparatus A is a square box of wood, the cover of which shows the membrane, c, on the outside, under glass. In the middle of the latter is fixed a small platina plate to which a flattened copper wire is soldered, on purpose to conduct the galvanic current. Within the circle you will further remark two screws; one of them is terminated by a little pit in which you put a little drop of quicksilver, the other is pored. The angle, which you will find lying on the membrane, is to be placed according to the letters, with the little hole a on the point a, the little platina foot b into the quicksilver screw, the other platina foot will then come on the platina plate in the middle of the membrane." "The galvanic current coming from the battery (which I compose generally of three or four good elements) is introduced at the conducting screw near b, wherefrom it proceeds to the quicksilver, the movable angle, the platina plate and the complementary telegraph to the conducting screw s. From here it goes through the conductor to the other station B, and from there returns to the battery." "The apparatus B, a sonorous box on the cover of which is fixed the wire spiral with the steel axis, which will be magnetic when the current goes through the spiral. A second little box is fixed on the first one, and laid down on the steel axis to increase the intensity of the reproduced sounds. On the small side of the lower box you will find the corresponding part of the complementary telegraph." "If a person sing at the station A in the tube x, the vibrations of air will pass into the box and move the membrane above, thereby the platina foot c of the movable angle will be lifted up, and thus will open the stream at every condensation of air in the box. The stream will be reestablished at every rarefaction. In this manner the steel axis at station B will be magnetic once for every full vibration, and, as magnetism never enters nor leaves a metal without disturbing the equilibrium of the atoms, the steel axis at station B must repeat the vibrations at station A, and then reproduce the sounds which caused them. Any sound will be reproduced if strong enough to set the membrane in motion." "The little telegraph which you find on the side of the apparatus is very useful and agreeable for to give signals between both of the correspondents. At every opening of the stream, and next following shutting, the station A will hear a little clap, produced by the attraction of the steel spring. Another little clap will be heard at station B in the wire spiral. By multiplying the claps and producing them in different measures, you will be able as well as I am to get understood by your correspondent." "I am to end, Sir, and I hope that what I said will be sufficient to have a first try; afterwards, you will get on quite alone." "I am, Sir," "Your most obedient servant," "To Mr. William Ladd" "Having succeeded two years ago in demonstrating the possibility of reproducing tones with the aid of the galvanic current and in manufacturing an apparatus for that purpose, the subject has been so highly appreciated by the most renowned men of science, and I have received so many encouragements that I have striven since that time to improve my originally very imperfect apparatus, in order to give to others also the facility of experimenting." "I am now able to offer an apparatus which satisfies my expectations, and with which every physicist will succeed in repeating these interesting experiments regarding the reproduction of tone (Ton = reproduction) at distant stations." "I believe that it is the wish of many that these instruments should come into the possession of laboratories; as, however, their manufacture demands a complete knowledge of the leading principles and a great experience in this matter, I have resolved to make the most important parts myself, and to entrust to the mechanician only the secondary parts and the external outfit. Mr. J. Wilh. Albert, mechanician at Frankfort on the Main, is commissioned to sell them. I have enabled him to offer them at the prices of 21 and 14 florins (12 and 8 Prussian thalers) in two qualities, which differ only in the external outfit. The instruments can also be had directly from me at the same price by cash payment. Every apparatus is examined by me before being shipped, and has attached my name, the serial number and the date of construction." "FRIEDRICHSDORF b. HOMBURG v. d. HOEHE," "Teacher at L. F. Garnier's Boys' Institute" "[In manuscript on the foregoing is the following]:" "Descriptions of the above are to be found in Mueller-Pouillet's Lehrbuch der Physik, Braunschweig, Yieweg & Son; Pisko, die Neueren Apparate der Akustik, Wein, Gerold's Son, 1865." "The apparatus consists of two parts, as may be seen in the woodcuts above, the telephone proper A, and the reproducing apparatus C. These two parts are to be placed at such a distance from each other that singing or the sound of a musical instrument can be heard in no other manner except through the apparatus from one station to another." "Both parts are connected with each other and with the battery B, the same as in an ordinary telegraph. The battery must be sufficient to produce at station A the attraction of the armature of the electromagnet placed at one side (three or four six-inch Bunsen cells are sufficient for several hundred feet of distance)." "The galvanic current then goes from B to the binding post d, from there through the copper strip, to the plating disk in the center of the membrane, then through the foot c of the angle toward the binding post B, in the small hollow of which a drop of quicksilver is inserted. From here the current goes through the small telegraph apparatus e f, then to the key of the station C and through the coil surrounding i back to B." "If now sufficiently strong tones are produced before the mouthpieces, their vibrations will put in motion the membrane and the angular little hammer [winkelfoermige Haemmerchen] which lies on it; for every full vibration, the circuit is once opened and again closed [einmal geofnet and wieder geschlossen], and thereby are produced at station C in the core of the coil, just the same number of vibrations [ebensoviele schwingungen hervor-gebracht] which are there perceived as tones or as combinations of tones [accords]. By placing the cover tightly over the axis of the coil, the tones at C are greatly strengthened. Besides the human voice [menschlichen stimme] there can be reproduced (according to my experience) just as well the tones [toene] of good organ pipes from F to C and those of the piano; to that end the box a must be placed on the sounding board of the piano; out of thirteen chords, a skilled experimenter could make out ten clearly. The telegraph apparatus placed on one side is evidently unnecessary for the reproduction of tones, but it is a very useful addition for convenient experimenting. With its aid, it is possible to easily and surely make one's self intelligible [sich verstandingen] with the person at the other station." "This may be done somewhat in the following simple manner:" "After the apparatus has been put up completely, one satisfies one's self of the continuity of the connection and the strength of the battery by opening and closing the circuit whereby at A is heard a striking of the armature and at C a very perceptible ticking of the coil." "By a quick succession of makes and breaks at A, C is asked whether he is ready for experimenting, whereupon C answers in the same manner." "By agreement between the two stations, simple signals can be given by opening and closing the circuit 1, 2, 3 or 4 times, e.g., one stroke, sing; two strokes, speak, etc." "I telegraph words by numbering the letters of the alphabet and communicating their numbers." "1 stroke A" "2 strokes B" "3 strokes C" "4 strokes D" "5 strokes E" "Z would consequently be indicated by 25 strokes." "But these numbers of strokes would take too much time and not be sure in counting. Therefore I put a dactyl for every 5 strokes, hence" "U U for E" "U U and 1 stroke for F, etc." "Z: - UU - UU - UU - UU - UU, which is quicker and more easily executed and better understood." "Still better is it to indicate the letters by numbers which are in inverse proportion to the frequency of their occurrence." "9 August, 1863, Friedrichsdorf, near Homburg v. d. Hoehe." "Teacher at L. F. Garnier's Boys' Institute" "GARTENLAUBE REIS IMPROVED APPARATUS" "(The "Gartenlaube," No. 51, December, 1863)" "THE MUSICAL TELEGRAPH" "The surprising results in telegraphing have often excited the question whether it may not be possible to communicate the language of sound itself to a distance. The trials made in this direction had, till now, produced no satisfactory results because the vibrations of sound-conducting bodies soon diminish so much in force that they are no more perceptible for our senses." "People, perhaps, had already thought of a reproduction of sound at certain distances with the aid of the electric current, but those who have been the best fitted to attack the question by their knowledge and resources were the ones who doubted the most of a practical solution of that question. Those who are but superficially acquainted with natural science do not see the many difficulties this problem offers, if they are at all acquainted with it. Thus, about eleven years ago, a young man, Mr. Philipp Reis, at present teacher of natural science at the Gamier Institute for Boys at Friedrichsdorf, near Homburg, had the hardihood to work at the solution of this problem. But soon he was obliged to desist from it because his very first effort seemed to convince him of the impossibility of a solution. Later, however, after further studies and many experiments, he saw that his first effort was but a rudimentary one, and by no means convincing. However, he did not recommence to attack the question seriously for some time, not feeling himself strong enough to vanquish the obstacles on his road, although he never banished his early idea entirely from his thoughts." "How can a single instrument reproduce simultaneously 'the combined effects of all the organs active in human speech?' This seemed to him the chief question. Later he put this question more methodically: 'How does our ear perceive the composite vibrations of all the organs of speech acting at the same time?' or, expressed more generally, 'How do we perceive the vibrations of several bodies sounding simultaneously?' If we throw a stone into quiet water, there are produced on the surface uniform waves which progress symmetrically outward; the further they go, the weaker they become, till they finally disappear." "It is quite similar with that which we call sound and tone. A body made to vibrate through any impulse affects the surrounding air and causes waves in it which follow each other at the same rate as the vibrations of the body. As those rings on the water consist in swellings and depressions, so also the vibrations of the air consist of alternate condensations and rarefactions. If they reach our ear, every condensation presses the tympanum toward the interior of the cavity and puts in motion the adjacent group of small bones which communicates the motion to the liquid of the cochlea, in which the auditory nerves terminate. The latter are excited and produce the sensation of sound." "Now if the waves of vibration follow regularly and with a certain swiftness (sixteen in the second at least), we shall have the sensation of a musical tone. The latter is the higher the quicker the condensations follow each other and the louder the stronger or higher the waves rise, as it were." "Our ear cannot perceive anything except condensations and rarefactions, wave crests and wave hollows. And nevertheless we receive the most varied auditory impressions, we distinguish the sound of the voices, we hear at the same time in quite different directions and can distinguish the different sources -- nay, in a complete large orchestra, each of the numerous instruments is specially noticed by its peculiar sound, so that we decompose at every moment the total impression into its several parts according to the height and depth, strength and weakness, or according to the timbre (or quality) [Klangfarbe]." "Referring to our simile, this is about the same as if we throw two or more stones at different places into a calm pond. The wave lines cross each other, strengthen each other at some points, weaken each other at others, and the surface has a ruffled, hillocked aspect. But nevertheless, our eye can detect the different systems of rings and can trace them back to their several causes. If we succeed in transmitting with the galvanic current the oscillations of a sounding body to a distance, so that there another body is put to equally rapid and, in respect to each other, equally strong oscillations, the problem of 'telephoning' is solved." "For then exactly the same phenomena of waves are called forth on the distant points as the ear receives at the place of origin; therefore they also must make the same impression. The ear will distinguish at the distant points not only the single tones, according to their varying height and depth, but also to the proportionate force of the vibrations, and not only single melodies, but the performance of a whole orchestra -- yes, even speech must be heard at the same time in places very distant from each other. Mr. Reis was the first one to prove by experiments the possibility of solving this problem. He has succeeded in constructing an apparatus to which he gives the name Telephone, and which enables one to reproduce tones with the aid of electricity at any given distance. Already, in October, 1861, he made rather successful experiments with a very simple, rudely made apparatus before a numerous audience at Frankfort. On July 4th of the present year, he presented an essentially improved apparatus at an assembly of the 'Physical Union' which transmitted by closed doors and windows a melody sung moderately loud, to a distance of about three hundred feet, so that it could be heard plainly." "In order to give an opportunity to larger circles, especially to scientific men, to convince themselves of the efficiency of this essentially improved apparatus, Professor Banger of Frankfort-a-M. made lately (at an assembly of German physicists and doctors in Stettin, in the sectional meetings for natural sciences) several experiments which certainly would have been crowned with still more success if the hall in which the session was held had been located in a less noisy part of the city and filled with a less numerous audience." "Although, for the present, we are not so far along as to be able to converse with a friend at a distance of several hundred miles, so much at least is certain, that with the aid of the telephone songs of all kinds, melodies, especially in the middle registers, can be reproduced most clearly at unlimited distances. These wonderful results are obtained with the following simple apparatus, which we show here in one-fourth of its size:" "A small box A (the telephone proper), a kind of hollow cube, has a mouthpiece S on the front side, and a somewhat smaller opening on the upper side of the box. The latter is closed with a fine membrane (skin from the intestines of a hog) tightly stretched. A narrow strip of plating m, connected with the screw post d, touches directly the membrane on its center; a slender plating point k, attached to the angle a b, touches the strip of plating which rests on the membrane. If one sings into the mouthpiece S (by filling the same entirely with the mouth), the thin membrane vibrates and the attached plating strip receives likewise a vibrating motion so that it is alternately pressed against and leaves the plating point k." "From the binding post d which communicates with the plating strip resting on the membrane, a conducting wire is connected with one of the holes of a galvanic battery B (about three to four six-inch Bunsen elements), and then the electricity is led through a wire attached to the second pole of the battery to the distant station C; there at i it passes through a coil l l formed of copper wire covered with silk thread, then back again to screw f, and there to the plating point k. At every vibration of the membrane, an interruption of the electric current [unterbrechung des electrischen Stromes] takes place by the plating point parting from the plating strip." "Within the wire coil at station C is a thin iron wire (a strong knitting needle) which is about ten inches long, and which with its two ends projecting out of the coil for about two inches, each rests on two bridges of a sounding box. This is the reproducing apparatus." "At every interruption of the current [Unterbrechung des Stromes] in the coil, the iron rod is made to vibrate. If the motions follow with a certain rapidity, they produce a tone which is rendered audible by the sounding box. As the rate of the interruptions depends on the pitch of the tone that has been sung into the mouthpiece, the same tone is sounded with the same pitch from the sounding box. The length of the circuit has no influence upon this. It is true the electric current loses force the farther it goes, but there is no reason why relays should not be employed, the same as in telegraphing, and with their aid any number of reproducing apparatuses be set into simultaneous vibrations. Mr. Reis has endeavored to give to his improved apparatus a form which should also be pleasing to the eye, so that it might fill worthily its place in any physical laboratory. He has applied, moreover, to the side of the telephone, as well as to the reproducing apparatus, a small telegraph arrangement, which is a very good addition for convenient experimenting. (It is indicated in the drawing by the letters e f h g.) By alternately opening and closing the circuit with the key e or h, the most varied signals may be given after mutual agreement -- for instance, if one is ready for singing; if everything has been understood; whether one should stop singing or commence anew &c." "Mr. Reis himself manufactures the principal parts of the telephone, for which no small amount of physical knowledge and experience is necessary. The mechanician, Wilhelm Albert, at Frankfort, is charged with manufacturing the less important parts and the external outfit, as well as with the sale of the instrument at a low price." "ANNALEN DER CHYMIE UND PHARMACIE, Leipzig, 1864-1865, III" "Supplementband, p. 134" "[Foot-note of an article by H. Buff entitled" ""On the Tones generated in Iron Rods by the Electric Current"]" "ARTICLE ITSELF COMMENCES ON P. 129" "This tone, appearing only as a secondary phenomenon, has been utilized with success by Dr. Reis of Friedrichsdorf in the instrument which he invented and named 'the telephone,' for transmitting tones telegraphically by means of the periodic impact of the sound waves of the same against an elastic skin." "The arrangement is such that the skin, which vibrates in equal periods with a source of sound acting upon it, serves as a means for interrupting the electric current, which at a distance circulates around an iron wire, the ends of which are clamped upon a resonating plate." "Unfortunately, by this otherwise ingenious arrangement the pitch only of musical tones within several octaves, but not the quality [Wohllaut] of the same, could so far be transmitted through wire circuits." "HANDBUCH DER ANGEWANDTEN ELEKTRICITAETSLEHRE" "von Karl Kuhn, 1860, pp. 101-721" "[Manual of applied Electricity]" "The experiments made by Reis in Frankfurt-a-M. on the 26th October, 1861, have proved, however, that when the breaks of the current [Stromunterbrechungen] follow each other almost continuously and very quickly in a coil provided with a thin iron core, the iron wire can enter into longitudinal vibrations, and in this way be enabled to reproduce sounds of different pitch. An exact reproduction of the sounds does not take place, however, but only an imitation; for this reason it cannot be questioned here of transverse vibrations [transversal Schwingungen]. A phenomenon [Erscheinung] has otherwise been heard of, which belongs to the aforementioned class, in which the intensity and the timbre [Klang] of the sound accompanying it (the phenomenon) depend, among other things, on the strength of the current [Stromstaerke] and on the number of breaks of the same, and in which, as it seems, the pitch of the tones also can vary under different circumstances. We can, however, hardly imagine by what arrangements it could be feasible to coax tones of any given height or depth out of an iron or metal tube split on one side, while it (the tube) is affected by the alternate currents of an induction apparatus the coil (Rolle) of which surrounds it. Yet the possibility cannot be controverted that the principle of Neef's circuit breaker [Unterbrecher] might contribute to the solution of the problem in question. It has been employed for local purposes either with or without modifications in the study and investigation of acoustic phenomena. Thus, Petrina has used the principle of Neef's circuit breaker [Unterbrecher] for his electric harmonica in this way, that instead of the Neef hammer, a little rod was chosen, the transverse vibrations of which rendered the tone. 'There are four little rods of various lengths side by side, the motions of which are checked by means of levers managed by finger keys.' That principle was used previously by Dove, in a modified manner, to set strained strings and elastic springs into acoustic vibrations of constant amplitude by means of an electric magnet, and in this way to be enabled to investigate constant tones. It appears from Legat's published communications that" "the ideas submitted by Ph. Reis of Friedrichsdorf in the Physical Society and in the meeting of the German Hochstift in Frankfurt-a-M. about the reproduction of sounds by means of electricity" "referred to arrangements of a similar kind. Legat mentions in his paper all that has been done thus far toward the realization of that project, and we borrow from it that part only which throws some light on the construction of a telegraphic apparatus with which it is said to be possible to produce vibrations and make sounds in any desired manner and through which the employment of electricity is said to make it feasible to bring forth at any given distance vibrations similar to the first produced ones, and in this way to reproduce at a certain place tones originally produced at another place." "This apparatus is composed of a transmitter and of a receiver. The transmitter consists in a conical tube a b about 15 cm. long, 10 cm. at the front, 4 cm. at the back opening; the choice of the material as well as a greater length is indifferent; a greater width, on the contrary, is disadvantageous; the surface of the interior must be as smooth as possible. The narrower back opening is closed by a membrane of collodion o, and on the middle of the circular surface formed by this membrane rests one end c of lever c d, the fulcrum of which is held by a support and remains connected with the metallic circuit. This lever, one arm c e of which must be considerably longer than e d, should be as light as possible so as to follow easily the motions of the membrane, as an uncertain obedience [folgen] on part of lever c d would produce imperfect tones at the receiving station. In the state of rest, the contact d g is shut and a weak spring n holds the lever fast at rest. On the metallic support f, which is connected with one of the poles of the battery is a spring g, with a contact which touches the contact of lever c d at f and the position of which is regulated by screw h; over tube a b a disk must be placed which encircles the outer circumference of the tube closely, so that the efficacy of the apparatus may not be impaired through the effect of the air waves coming round and striking against the rear end. This disk at right angles with longitudinal axis of the tube measures about fifty(?) cm. in diameter. The receiver (page 126 U. S. 53) consists of an electromagnet m m, which rests on a sounding board, and the coil of which is in connection with the metallic conductors and with the ground. Opposite the electromagnet is an armature connected with a lever as long as possible, but light and broad, which latter, with the armature, is fastened pendulum-like on the support k. Its motions are regulated through screw l or" "In order to increase the efficacy of the apparatus, this receiver can be placed in one focus of an ellipsoidal enclosing box of suitable size, while the ear of the hearer is placed at the other focus." "The working of the two apparatus (the mode of connection of which is visible in the woodcuts), the transmitter being placed at one station and the receiver at the other, is as follows: by speaking, singing, or the intromission of instrumental sounds into tube a b, in consequence of the condensation and rarefaction of the column of air, a motion of the membrane c corresponding to these changes is brought about. Lever c d follows the motions of the membrane and opens or closes the circuit according as a condensation or a rarefaction of the air inside takes place. As a consequence, the electromagnet in m m (Fig. 505) is correspondingly demagnetized or magnetized, and the armature affixed to it (as well as the armature lever) is set into similar vibrations as the membrane of the transmitter. Through lever i connected with the armature, similar vibrations are communicated to the surrounding air and (the increasing effect of the sounding board helping) the tones so produced finally reach the ear of the listener. In respect to the operations of this apparatus, the author remarks that the receiver does reproduce the exact number of the original vibrations, but that a reproduction of the original intensity has not yet been attained. For that reason, it is added, small differences in the vibrations are appreciated with difficulty, and in the practical experiments made thus far, it was possible to transmit with astonishing faithfulness chords, airs, etc., whilst in reading, speaking, etc., single words were more indistinctly heard. The apparatus just described is said to have been one of the constructions which Reis has used himself in his experiments. The underlying principles might give hopes of a farther improvement of the apparatus, but the telephone which, according to later reports, Reis has finally decided upon has the disposition (represented on page 126 U. S. 73), although the principle on which it is founded does not stand quite in harmony with the above-mentioned investigations of Wertheim, for instance." "The telephone proper, A, consists of a hollow wooden box provided with a short sound funnel S, and the upper side of which is open in the center and covered over tightly with a delicate membrane. On the middle of the latter, a thin platinum disk is fastened, from which on one side a platinum strip establishes circuit connection with the contact of the key at e, from which place the metallic connection is effected with one end of the coil of a small electromagnet provided with a spring armature, whilst the other end is in contact with screw f. The reproducing apparatus C set up at the receiving station consists simply of a coil about six inches long formed by" "winding six layers of copper wire; in the axis of the coil, a thin iron wire ten inches long (a knitting needle), protruding out of each end of the coil about two inches, is so disposed that with its bridge-like supports it rests on a sounding board. By means of screw i and of the key at h g, the coil is thrown into the circuit and the connection of both apparatuses is effected in the manner mentioned, a battery being placed at B, the course of the current is easily followed out. It can flow from B through d c and c b to e and f, and from here to the receiving station, and at i return to the battery, or it can start in the opposite direction according as d or i forms the starting point of the current. The circuit can be broken at will at each of the two stations by pressing the key lever, and a connection can be established thus in either direction, but the discontinuous currents which are to produce the sounding of the iron wire at C are obtained in this way: by singing or the blowing of instruments toward the sound funnel S, the membrane at A is made to vibrate; if this can be brought about, it will happen, as was demonstrated by the experiments, that the iron wire of the receiver assumes isochronal vibrations, and whenever this is the case, it reproduces the same tones which set the membrane to vibrating at the transmitting stations." "My own experiments have demonstrated that every melody starting from c and embracing the entire extent of an average male voice, when sung into the telephone, can be reproduced by the receiver at C. The timbre [Klang] or quality of the sounds thus reproduced is not pleasant -- they are almost like the sounds of toy trumpets, at times also like the buzz of a fly caught in a spider's web and the like, yet the experiments of Reis are certainly interesting enough to challenge attention." "A reproduction of the words spoken into the telephone with or without variation of pitch was audible at the receiver only in a corresponding noise [entsprechendes Geraeusch], while a discriminate perception of single vocal sounds, syllable or words could not be had. According to communications made on this subject by Reis, he has succeeded in reproducing the tones of organ pipes not covered, and those of a piano; in this latter case, the transmitter was placed on the sounding board of the piano." "ELECTRICITY, BY ROBERT M. FERGUSON. William and Robert Chambers, London and Edinburgh, 1567." "The telephone. This is an instrument for telegraphing notes of the same pitch. Any noise producing a single vibration of the air, when repeated regularly a certain number of tunes in the second (not less than thirty-two), produces, as is well known, a musical sound. In Art. 115, we found that when a rod of iron was placed in a coil of insulated wire and magnetized by a current being sent through the coil, it gave out a distinct tick when it was demagnetized by the stoppage of the current. A person when singing any note causes the air to vibrate so many times per second, the number varying with the pitch of the note he sings, the higher the note, the greater being the number of vibrations. If we then by any means can get these vibrations to break a closed circuit in which the coil just mentioned is included, the note sung at one station can be reproduced at least so far as pitch is concerned at another. Reis' telephone (invented 1861) accomplishes this in the following way:" "A A (Fig. 141) is a hollow wooden box with two round holes in it, one on the top, the other in front. The hole at the top is closed by a piece of bladder S, tightly stretched on a circular frame; a mouthpiece M is attached to the front opening." "When a person sings in at the mouthpiece, the whole force of his voice is concentrated on the tight membrane, which in consequence vibrates with the voice. A thin strip of platinum is glued to the membrane and connected with the binding screw a, in which a wire from the battery B is fixed. A tripod e f g rests on the skin. The feet e and f lie in metal cups on the circular frame over which the skin is stretched. One of these, f, rests in a cup containing mercury, and is connected with the binding screw b. The third foot g, consisting of a platinum point, lies on the circular end of the strip of platinum just mentioned. This point, being placed on the center of the oscillating membrane, acts like a hopper, and hops up and down with it. It is easy to understand how, for every vibration of the membrane, the hopper will be thrown up for the instant from connection with its support, and how the close circuit is thus broken at every vibration. The receiving apparatus R consists of a coil of wire placed in circuit, enclosing an iron wire, both being fixed on a sounding box. The connections of the various parts of the circuit are easily learned from the figure. Suppose a person to sing a note at the mouthpiece which produces three hundred vibrations a second, the circuit is broken by the bladder three hundred times, and the iron wire ticking at this rate gives out a note of the same pitch. The note is weak, and in quality resembles the sound of a toy trumpet. Dr. Wright uses a receiving apparatus of the following kind: the line current is made to pass through the primary coil of a small induction coil. In the secondary circuit he places two sheets of paper, silvered on one side, back to back, so as to act as a condenser. Each current that comes from the sending apparatus produces a current in the secondary circuit which charges and discharges the condenser, each discharge being accompanied by a sound like the sharp tap of a small hammer. The musical notes are rendered by these electric discharges, and are loud enough to be heard in a large hall." All contended that the inventions were not novel, and set up prior inventions and discoveries by other persons and other patentees. Of the many persons named in the answers by whom the inventions covered by the first patent were averred to have been invented, known, or used prior to Bell's invention, in the arguments in this Court, the following were chiefly relied upon. (1) The Philipp Reis invention, already described; (2) The invention of Elisha Gray of Chicago; (3) The invention of Daniel Drawbaugh of Eberlys Mills in Pennsylvania; (4) the inventions patented to C. F. Varley in the United States, June 2, 1868, and in Great Britain, October 8, 1870; (5) the invention of J. W. McDonough of Chicago, for which he applied for a patent in 1876; and (6) the machine constructed in New York in 1869-1870 by Dr. Van der Weyde. The invention of Gray was set forth in a caveat filed in the Patent Office February 14, 1876. The following is a copy of that caveat, and of the office marks and proceedings therein: "To all whom it may concern:" "Be it known that I, Elisha Gray of Chicago, in the County of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented a new art of transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically, of which the following is a specification:" "It is the object of my invention to transmit the tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit, and reproduce them at the receiving end of the line, so that actual conversations can be carried on by persons at long distances apart." "I have invented and patented methods of transmitting musical impressions or sounds telegraphically, and my present invention is based upon the modification of the principle of said invention, which is set forth and described in letters patent of the United States, granted to me July 27, 1875, respectively numbered 166,095 and 166,096, and also in an application for letters patent of the United States filed by me February 23, 1875." "To attain the objects of my invention, I devised an instrument capable of vibrating responsively to all the tones of the human voice, and by which they are rendered audible." "In the accompanying drawings, I have shown an apparatus embodying my improvements in the best way now known to me, but I contemplate various other applications, and also changes in the details of construction of the apparatus, some of which would obviously suggest themselves to a skillful electrician or a person versed in the science of acoustics on seeing this application." "Figure 1 represents a vertical central section through the transmitting instrument." "Fig. 2. A similar section through the receiver, and" "Fig. 3. A diagram representing the whole apparatus." "My present belief is that the most effective method of providing an apparatus capable of responding to the various tones of the human voice is a tympanum, drum, or diaphragm stretched across one end of the chamber, carrying an apparatus for producing fluctuations in the potential of the electric current, and consequently varying in its power." "In the drawings, the person transmitting sounds is shown as talking into a box or chamber, A, across the outer end of which is stretched a diaphragm, a, of some thin substance such as parchment or gold beater's skin, capable of responding to all the vibrations of the human voice, whether simple or complex. Attached to this diaphragm is a light metal rod A' or other suitable conductor of electricity which extends into a vessel B made of glass or other insulating material, having its lower end closed by a plug, which may be of metal, or through which passes a conductor b, forming part of the circuit. This vessel is filled with some liquid possessing high resistance, such, for instance, as water, so that the vibrations of the plunger or rod A', which does not quite touch the conductor b, will cause variations in resistance and consequently in the potential of the current passing through the rod A'." "Owing to this construction, the resistance varies constantly in response to the vibrations of the diaphragm, which, although irregular not only in their amplitude but in rapidity, are nevertheless transmitted, and can consequently be transmitted through a single rod, which could not be done with a positive make and break of the circuit employed or where contact points are used." "I contemplate, however, the use of a series of diaphragms in a common vocalizing chamber, each diaphragm carrying an independent rod and responding to a vibration of different rapidity and intensity, in which case contact points mounted on other diaphragms may be employed." "The vibrations thus imparted are transmitted through an electric circuit to the receiving station, in which circuit is included an electromagnet of ordinary construction, acting upon a diaphragm to which is attached a piece of soft iron, and which diaphragm is stretched across a receiving vocalizing chamber c, somewhat similar to the corresponding vocalizing chamber A." "The diaphragm at the receiving end of the line is thus thrown into vibration corresponding with those at the transmitting end, and audible sounds or words are produced." "The obvious practical application of my improvement will be to enable persons at a distance to converse with each other through a telegraphic circuit just as they now do in each other's presence or through a speaking tube." "I claim as my invention the art of transmitting vocal sounds or conversations telegraphically through an electric circuit." "WM. J. PEYTON" "WM. D. BALDWIN" "COUNTY OF ss." "District of Columbia" "ELISHA GRAY, the within named petitioner, being duly sworn, doth depose and say that he verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the Art of Transmitting Vocal Sounds described in the foregoing specification; that he does not know or believe that the same was ever before known or used, and that he is a citizen of the United States." "Subscribed and sworn" "to before me this 14th day of" "February, A.D. 1876" "[SEAL] JOHN T. ARMS" "To the Commissioner of Patents:" "The petition of Elisha Gray of Chicago, in the County of Cook in the State of Illinois, respectfully represents that he has made certain improvements in the Art of Transmitting Vocal Sounds telegraphically, and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the purpose of perfecting the same preparatory to applying for letters patent therefor." "He therefore prays that the subjoined description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the confidential archives of the Patent Office." "Copy sent DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" "Feb. 19 U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "S.R.A. WASHINGTON, D.C. Feb'y 19, 1876" "SIR -- You are hereby notified that application has been made to this office for letters patent for Telephonic Telegraph &c., with which the invention described in your caveat, filed on the 14th day of February, 1876, apparently interferes, and that said application has been deposited in the confidential archives of the office under provision of Section 4902 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, which section reads as follows" " SECTION 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes any new invention or discovery and desires further time to mature the same may, on payment of the fees required by law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof and of its distinguishing characteristics and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof, and if application is made within the year by any other person for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, drawings and model of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office and give notice thereof by mail to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall file his description, specification, drawings, and model within three months from the time of placing the notice in the post office in Washington, with the usual time required for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall be endorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privilege herein granted if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen." " If you would avail yourself of your caveat, it will be necessary for you to file a complete application within three months from date, three days additional, however, being allowed for the transmission of this notice to your place of residence." "R. H. DUELL" "Care W. D. Baldwin" "EXAMINER's ROOM No. 118" "U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "WASHINGTON, D.C. Feb. 19, 1876" "Care W. D. Baldwin" "In relation to the foregoing notice in relation to your caveat, it may be well to add that the matters in the App'n referred to seem to conflict with your caveat in these particulars, viz.:" "1st. The receiver set into vibration by undulatory currents." "2d. The method of producing the undulations by varying the resistance of the circuit." "3d. The method of transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically by causing these undulatory currents &c." "Z. F. WILBUR" "Copy sent EXAMINER's ROOM No. 118" "Feb. 25 U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "S.R.A. WASHINGTON, D.C. Feb. 25, 1876" "Care W. D. Baldwin, Present:" "Caveat for Art of Transmitting Vocal Sounds Telegraphically. " "Feb. 14, 1876" "The notice to complete, having been given under a misapprehension of the rights of the parties, is hereby withdrawn." "Z. F. WILBUR" "MEMORANDUM OF FEE PAID AT U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "Paper will be filed today" "Transmitting Vocal Sounds Telegraphically" "Date of Payment, Feby. 14, 1876" "Solicitor, Wm. D. Baldwin" "Patent Office, Feb. 14, 1876" "No. CAVEAT Wilbur, 48" "Of Chicago, County of Cook, State of Illinois" "Art of Transmitting Vocal Sounds Telegraphically" "Rec'd, Feb. 14, 1876" "Petition, ' ' '" "Affidavit, ' ' '" "Specification, ' ' '" "Drawing within, ' ' '" "Model, ' ' '" "Cert. dep. ' ' '" "1 cash, $10, Feb. 14, 1876" "Circular, ' ' '" "2. ' ' '" "3. ' ' '" "W. D. BALDIN" "1. Letter to Caveator, Feby. 19, 1876. (Notice to complete)" "2. Letter, Feby. 25, 1876" "Copy Sent DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" "Sept. 20, 1877 U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "M.E.S WASHINGTON, D.C. Sept. 20th, 1877" "Care Baldwin, Hopkins & Peyton, Present" "SIR: You are hereby notified that application has been made to this office for letters patent for Speaking Telegraph, involving the use of a series of diaphragms in a common vocalizing chamber, with which the invention described in your caveat, filed on the 14th day of February, 1876, renewed February 14th, 1877, apparently interferes, and that said application has been deposited in the confidential archives of the office under provisions of Section 4902 of the Revised Statute of the United States, which section reads as follows:" " SEC. 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes any new invention or discovery and desires further time to mature the same may, on payment of the fees required by law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof, and if application is made within the year by any other person for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, drawings and model of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and give notice thereof by mail to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall file his description, specification, drawings, and model within three months from the time of placing the notice in the post office in Washington, with the usual time required for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall be endorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privilege herein granted, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen." "If you would avail yourself of your caveat, it will be necessary for you to file a complete application within three months from date, three day § additional, however, being allowed for the transmission of this notice to your place of residence." "Commissioner of Patents" "MEMORANDUM OF FEE PAID AT U.S. PATENT OFFICE" "Renewal of Caveat" "Filed Feb. 14, 1876" "Date of Payment" "Feb. 14, 1877" "Feb. 14, 1877" "1st. Renewal of Caveat of Feb. 14, 1876" "Of Chicago, County of Cook, Illinois" "Art of Transmitting Vocal Sounds Telegraphically" "Rec'd, Feb. 14, 1877" "Petition, ' ' '" "Affidavit, ' ' '" "Specification, ' ' '" "Drawing, ' ' '" "Model, ' ' '" "Cert. dep., ' ' '" "1. Cash $10, Feb. 14, 1877" "2. Circular, ' ' '" "Notice to Caveator" "Sept. 20, 1877" One contention of all the respondents in regard to the Gray invention and caveat is stated in the answers of the Overland People's and Molecular cases in the following language: "hat it has long been notorious that for years past, interferences have been and now are pending undetermined in the Patent Office between said Bell, Gray, Edison and many others to determine who is the original and first inventor of the matters described, shown and claimed in said two patents here in suit and in each of them respectively, and that it has long been and still is notoriously understood and believed that the owners of the said Bell patents, distrusting the ultimate result of said pending interferences and fearing the decision or decisions of the Commissioner of Patents declaring said Bell not to be the original and first inventor of the inventions shown in his said patent or patents, have entered into an agreement and contract, or agreements and contracts, with said Gray, Edison, and others, or with their assignees, in writing, providing for the contingency of a decision of the Commissioner of Patents adverse to said Bell in said interferences, and of decisions of the court adverse to said Bell's claim as the original and first inventor of the matters claimed in his said patents or either of them, and arranged the terms and conditions upon which said Bell telephones shall be licensed by said Gray or by said Edison respectively, or by their respective assignees in the event that said Gray or said Edison shall be adjudged the original and first inventor thereof." The Overland Company and the People's Company further contended that certain evidence cited by their counsel, and which is contained or referred to in the report of the argument of their counsel infra justified the inference that the Gray caveat was filed in the Department of the Interior prior to the filing of Bell's application, specification, and claims of 1876; that information of this caveat was surreptitiously furnished to Bell's solicitors; that Bell's specifications and claims as originally filed varied from his specifications and claims as stated in the patent in several important respects; that these changes were made within four days after the filing of Gray's caveat, and that after they had been made, the altered copy was placed in the files of the Department as the original. The following copy of these specifications, known as the Bell George Brown specification, is from the record in the People's case, and is referred to in argument in this connection, and other evidence in this respect on which counsel on one side or the other relied is also referred to in the arguments. The origin and nature of this specification is fully set forth in the argument of counsel hereafter "BELL'S GEORGE BROWN SPECIFICATION, No. V." "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE" "ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL OF SALEM, ASSIGNOR TO HIMSELF AND" "THOMAS SANDERS OF HAVERHILL, AND GARDINER G. HUBBARD OF" "CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. [Footnote 2]" "To all whom it may concern, be it known, that I, Alexander Graham Bell of Salem, Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Telegraphy, of which the following is a specification:" "In [another application for] letters patent granted to me [in] April 6th, 1875 (No. 161,739), I have described a method of and apparatus for transmitting two or more telegraphic signals simultaneously along a single wire by the employment of Transmitting Instruments, each of which occasions a succession of electrical impulses differing in rate from the others, and of Receiving Instruments each tuned to a pitch at which it will be put in vibration to produce its fundamental tone by one only of the Transmitting Instruments, and of Vibratory Circuit Breakers, operating to convert the vibratory movement of the Receiving Instrument into a permanent make or break (as the case may be) of a local circuit in which is placed a Morse Sounder Register, or other telegraphic apparatus. I have also therein described a form of Autograph Telegraph based upon the action of the above mentioned instruments." "In illustration of my method of Multiple Telegraphy, I have shown in the [application] [bu]patent[eu] aforesaid, as one form of Transmitting Instrument an electromagnet having a steel spring armature which is kept in vibration by the action of a local battery. This armature in vibrating makes and breaks the main circuit, producing an intermittent current upon the line wire. I have found, however, that upon this plan, the limit to the number of signals that can be sent simultaneously over the same circuit is very speedily reached, for when a number of Transmitting Instruments having different rates of vibration are simultaneously making and breaking the same circuit, the effect upon the main line is practically equivalent to one continuous current." "My present invention consists in the employment of a vibratory or undulat[ing][bu]ory[eu] current of electricity in place of a merely intermittent one, and of a method of, and apparatus for, producing electrical undulations upon the line wire. The advantages [claimed for the undulatory current over the] [bu]I claim to derive from the use of an undulatory current in place of a[eu] merely intermittent one, are," "1. That a very much larger number of signals can be transmitted simultaneously over the same circuit." "2. That a closed circuit and single main battery may be employed." "3. That communication in both directions is established without the necessity of using special induction coils." "4. And that -- as the circuit is never broken -- a spark arrester becomes unnecessary." "It has long been known that when a permanent magnet is caused to approach the pole of an electromagnet, a current of electricity is induced in the coils of the latter, and that when it is made to recede, a current of opposite polarity to the first appears upon the wire. When, therefore, a permanent magnet is caused to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet, an undulatory current of electricity is induced in the coils of the electromagnet the undulations of which correspond in rate of succession to the vibrations of the magnet, in polarity to the direction of its motion, and in intensity to the amplitude of its vibration. That the difference between an undulatory and an intermittent current may be more clearly understood, I shall describe the condition of the electrical current when [bu]the attempt is made to transmit[eu] two musical notes [of different pitch are] simultaneously [transmitted along the Same wire] [bu]first upon the one plan and then upon the other.[eu] Let the interval between the two sounds be a major third. Then their rates of vibration are in the ratio of 4:5." "Now when the intermittent current is used the circuit is made and broken four times by [bu]one transmitting[eu] instrument in the same time that five makes and breaks are caused by the other [instrument]." "A [Footnote 3] and B (Figs. I, II, and III) represent the intermittent currents produced, four impulses of A being made in the same time as five impulses of B. c c c & c. show where and for how long time the circuit is made, and d d d & c. indicate the duration of the breaks of the circuit." "The line A + B shows the total effect upon the current when the transmitting instruments for A and B are caused [to] simultaneously to make and break the same circuit. The resultant effect depends very much upon the duration of the make relatively to the break. In Fig. I, the rate is as 1:4; in Fig. II, as 1:2; and in Fig. III, the makes and breaks are of equal duration." "The combined effect A + B (Fig. III) is very nearly equivalent to a continuous current." "When many transmitting instruments of different [pitch] [bu]rates of vibration[eu] are simultaneously making and breaking the same circuit, the current upon the main line [loses altogether its intermittent character and] becomes for all practical purposes continuous. " "[But now] Next consider the effect when an undulatory current is employed." "Electrical undulations induced by the vibration of a body capable of inductive action can be represented graphically without error by the same sinusoidal curve which expresses the vibration of the inducing body itself and the effect of its vibration upon the air." "For, as above stated, the rate of oscillation in the electrical current corresponds to the rate of vibration of the inducing body -- that is, to the pitch of the sound produced; the intensity of the current varies with the amplitude of vibration -- that is, with the loudness of the sound -- and the polarity of the current corresponds to the direction of the motion of the vibrating body -- that is, to the condensations and rarefactions of air produced by the vibration. Hence, the sinusoidal curve A or B [Footnote 4] (Fig. IV) represents graphically the electrical undulations induced in a circuit by the vibration of a body capable of inductive action." "The horizontal line a d b f represents the zero of current; the elevations c c c indicate impulses of positive electricity; the depressions e e e show impulses of negative electricity; the vertical distance c d or e f of any [point on] [bu]point on[eu] of the curve from the zero line expresses the intensity of the positive or negative impulse at the part [bu]observed[eu], and the horizontal distance a a indicates the duration of the electrical oscillation." "The vibrations represented by the sinusoidal curves A and B (Fig. IV) are in the ratio aforesaid, of 4:5 -- that is, four oscillations of A are made in the same time as five oscillations of B." "The combined effect of A and B, when induced simultaneously on the same circuit, is expressed by the curve A + B (Fig. IV), which is the algebraical sum of the sinusoidal curves A and B. This curve (A + B) also indicates the actual motion of the air when the two musical notes considered are sounded simultaneously. " "Thus, when electrical undulations of different rates are simultaneously induced in the same circuit, an effect is produced exactly analogous to that occasioned in the air by the vibration of the inducing bodies." "Hence the coexistence [of] [bu]upon[eu] a telegraphic circuit of electrical vibrations of different pitch is manifested not by the obliteration of the vibratory character of the current, but by peculiarities in the shapes of the electrical undulations -- or in other words, by peculiarities in the shapes of the curves which represent those undulations." "[Undulatory currents of electricity may be produced in many other ways than that described above, but all the methods depend for effect upon the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action.]" "There are many [other] ways of producing undulatory currents of electricity, but all of them depend for effect upon the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action. A few of the methods that may be employed I shall here specify. [Footnote 5]" "[I shall specify a few of the methods that may be used to produce the effect.]" "When a wire through which a continuous current of electricity is passing is caused to vibrate in the neighborhood of another wire, an undulatory current of electricity is induced in the latter." "When a cylinder upon which are arranged bar magnets is made to rotate in front of the pole of an electromagnet, an undulatory current is induced in the coils of the electromagnet." "Undulations may also be caused in a continuous voltaic current by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration of the conducting wire itself in the neighborhood of such bodies." "In illustration of the method of creating electrical undulations, I shall show and describe one form of apparatus for producing the effect. " "I prefer to employ for this purpose an electromagnet (A, Fig. 5) having a coil upon only one of its legs (6). A steel spring armature (c) is firmly clamped by one extremity to the uncovered leg (d) of the magnet, and its free end is allowed to project above the pole of the covered leg. The armature (c) can be set in vibration in a variety of ways, one of which is by wind, and in vibrating it yields a musical note of a certain definite pitch." "When the instrument (A) is placed in a voltaic circuit (g b e f g), the armature (c) becomes magnetic and the polarity of its free end is opposed to that of the magnet underneath. So long as the armature (c) remains at rest, no effect is produced upon the voltaic current, but the moment it is set in vibration to produce its musical note, a powerful inductive action takes place, and electrical undulations traverse the circuit g b e f g. The vibratory current passing through the coils of the distant electromagnet (f) causes vibration in its armature (h) when the armatures c h of the two instruments (A I) are normally in unison with one another; but the armature (h) is unaffected by the passage of the undulatory current when the pitches of the two instruments (A I) are different [from one another]." "A number of instruments may be placed upon a telegraphic circuit (as in Fig. VI). When the armature of any one of the instruments is set in vibration, all the other instruments on the circuit which are in unison with it respond, but those which have normally a different rate of vibration remain silent. Thus, if A (Fig. VI) is set in vibration, the armatures of A1 and A2 will vibrate also, but all the others on the circuit remain still. So also, if B1 is caused to emit its musical note, the instruments B B2 respond. They continue sounding so long as the mechanical vibration of B1 is continued, but become silent the moment its motion stops. The duration of the sound may be made to signify the dot or dash of the Morse alphabet, and thus a telegraphic dispatch can be transmitted by alternately interrupting and renewing the sound." "When two or more instruments of different pitch are simultaneously caused to vibrate, all the instruments of corresponding pitches upon the circuit are set in vibration, each responding to that one only of the Transmitting Instruments with which it is in unison. Thus, the signals of A are repeated by A1 and A2, but by no other instruments upon the circuit; the signals of B2 by B and Bl, and the signals of C1 by C and C2, whether A, B2, and C1 are successively or simultaneously set in vibration." "Hence, by these instruments, two or more telegraphic signals or messages may be sent simultaneously over the same circuit without interfering with one another." "I desire here to remark that there are many other uses to which these instruments may be put, such as the simultaneous transmission of musical notes differing in loudness as well as in pitch and the telegraphic transmission of noises or sounds of any kind." "When the armature c (Fig. V.) is mechanically set in vibration, the armature h responds not only in pitch, but in loudness. Thus, when c vibrates with little amplitude, a very soft musical note proceeds from h, and when c vibrates forcibly, the amplitude of vibration of h is considerably increased, and the sound becomes louder. So if A and B (Fig. VI) are sounded simultaneously (A loudly and B softly) the instruments A1 A2 repeat loudly the signals of A, and the instruments B1 B2 repeat gently those of B." "One of the ways in which the armature (c) Fig. VI may be set in vibration has been stated above to be by wind. Another mode is shown [by] [bu]in[eu] Fig. VII, [which] [bu]whereby[eu] motion can be imparted to the armature by means of the human voice or by the tones of a musical instrument." "The armature c (Fig VII) is fastened loosely by one extremity to the uncovered pole (d) of the electromagnet (b), and its other extremity is attached to the center of a stretched membrane (a). A cone A is used to converge sound vibrations upon the membrane. When a loud sound is uttered in the cone, the membrane (a) is set in vibration, the armature c is forced to partake of the motion, and thus electrical undulations are caused upon the circuit E b e f g. These undulations are similar in form to the air vibrations caused by the sound -- that is, they [are] [bu]can be[eu] represented graphically by similar curves. The undulatory current passing through the electromagnet (f)influences [the] [bu]its[eu] armature (h) to copy the motion[s] of the armature (c). A similar sound to that uttered into A is then heard to proceed from L." "[Having described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by letters patent is as follows" "1. A system of telegraphy in which the receiver is set in vibration by the employment of (vibratory or) undulatory currents of electricity." "2. The method of creating an undulatory current of electricity by the vibration of a permanent magnet or other body capable of inductive action." "3. The method of inducing undulations in a continuous voltaic current by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action." "4. The method of and apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically by (inducing in a continuous voltaic circuit) [bu]causing electrical[eu] undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying said vocal or other sounds the whole for operation substantially as [bu]herein[eu] shown and described.]" "In this specification, the three words 'oscillation,' 'vibration,' and 'undulation' are used synonymously." "By the term 'body capable of inductive action,' I mean a body which, when in motion, produces dynamical electricity. I include in the category of bodies capable of inductive action brass, copper and other metals, as well as iron and steel." "Having described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by letters patent is as follows:" "1. A system of telegraphy in which the receiver is set in vibration by the employment of undulatory currents of electricity." "2. The combination of a permanent magnet or other body capable of inductive action with a closed circuit, so that the vibration of the one shall produce electrical undulations in the other or in itself." "Thus (a). The permanent magnet or other body capable of inductive action may be set in vibration in the neighborhood of the conducting wire forming the circuit." "(b) The conducting wire may be set in vibration in the neighborhood of the permanent magnet." "(c) The conducting wire and the permanent magnet may both simultaneously be set in vibration in each other's neighborhood, and in any or all of these cases electrical undulations will be produced upon the circuit." "3. The method of producing undulations in a continuous voltaic current by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration or motion of the conducting wire itself in the neighborhood of such bodies." "4. The method of and apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompany ing the said vocal or other sounds." "These papers were received by me from Professor Alex. G. Bell in the winter of 1875-6, shortly before I left for England. I can fix the exact date by reference to my books and papers, but have not these at hand now." "Toronto, 12 Novem., 1878" Two of the publications respecting the Van der Weyde experiments were (1) from The Manufacturer and Builder, published in New York in May, 1869, and the other from The Scientific American, published in New York, March 4, 1876. They were as follows, omitting illustrations. I. From The Manufacturer and Builder, May, 1889 "One of the most remarkable recent inventions connected with telegraphy is the telephone, an instrument which transmits directly the pitch of a sound by means of a telegraph wire -- either an air wire or submarine cable -- so that, for instance, when the operator at one end of the wire sings or plays on an instrument any tune, as 'Yankee Doodle,' or 'Hail Columbia,' it will be heard and distinguished plainly at the other end. This invention may in its present state have no direct practical application, but be a mere scientific, although highly interesting, curiosity; but who can say that it does not contain the germ of a new method of working the telegraph, or some other useful practical purpose?" "The telephone is not the result of an accidental discovery, but of a thorough study of the laws of electromagnetism and of sound. It is founded on the fact that the difference in pitch of different tones is caused by different velocities of vibrations of the elastic sounding body, which vibrations are transmitted to and by the air with exactly the same velocity, and from the air may be communicated to a properly stretched membrane, like a piece of bladder or very thin sheet of india rubber stretched like a drumhead, which these also will vibrate with exactly the same velocity as the air and the original sounding body, be it the human voice, organ pipe, string or any musical instrument. If, now at the center of this little drumhead there be attached a small disk of some metal not easily burned by electric currents -- for instance, platinum -- while at the same time a platinum point may by means of a screw be so adjusted as to come very nearly in contact with this small platinum disk, it is clear that when the membrane is put in vibration, a succession of contacts between the disk and point will be produced of which the number in each second will exactly correspond with the number of vibrations in each second of the sounding body or the tone produced by it. That part of the apparatus which serves to send off the tune or melody is represented in the illustration. It consists simply of a square wooden box provided at the side with a kind of mouthpiece similar to that of a speaking tube, and at the top with an opening over which the membrane just mentioned has been stretched. The small piece of platinum attached to the center of this little drumhead is, by means of a very flexible strip of some metal that conducts well, attached to one pole of the galvanic battery, of which only one cup is represented in the figure, although for a long wire, several cups will of course be required. The reason why this connection near the platinum disk is a flat, thin, and flexible strip is that any rigidity would interfere with the freedom of vibration of the membrane to which it is attached. The point coming in contact with this small vibrating disk is connected with the ground wire, the other pole of the battery with the air wire or submarine cable. It is clear from this explanation that at every contact of the platinum point, a wave of electricity will be sent over the wire, and as many waves in a second as there are contacts, and as there are as many contacts as there are vibrations in every second, the number of electric waves will be always exactly equal to the number of vibrations corresponding with the pitch of each tone, be it fifty, one hundred, two hundred, or five hundred in every second." "The instrument in which this succession of waves is made audible at the other end of the telegraph wire is founded on the fact, first investigated by Professor Henry of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, that iron bars, when becoming magnetic by means of electric currents passing around them, become slightly elongated, and at the interruption of the current are at once restored to their original length. It is represented in the cut, and consists of an elongated wooden box, of which the top is made of thin pine wood, similar to the sounding board of a stringed musical instrument, to which are attached two bridges carrying long pieces of moderately thick and very soft iron wire which for nearly their whole length are surrounded by a coil similar to the coil of the electromagnets used in telegraphing. One end of this coil is attached to the telegraph wire, the other to the ground wire, as represented in the figure. At every instant that a contact is established at the station where the sound is produced, and a current wave thus transmitted, these wires will become magnetic, and consequently elongated, and they will be shortened again at every interruption of the current. And as these currents and interruptions succeed each other with the same velocity as the sound vibrations, the elongations and shortenings of the magnetized iron wires will succeed each other with exactly the same velocity, and consequently they will be thrown into a state of longitudinal vibrations corresponding with the original musical tone, which vibrations will then be communicated to the sounding board in exactly the same manner as is the case with the vibrations of the strings in all stringed instruments, thus becoming more audible at the receiving station." "It is clear from the foregoing explanations that no quality of tone can be transmitted. Much less can articulate words be sent, notwithstanding the enthusiastic prediction of some persons who, when they first beheld this apparatus in operation, exclaimed that now we would talk directly through the wire. It is from its nature able to transmit only pitch and rhythm -- consequently melody and nothing more. No harmony nor different degrees of strength or other qualities of tone can be transmitted. The receiving instrument in fact sings the melodies transmitted, as it were, with its own voice, resembling the humming of an insect, regardless of the quality of the tone which produces the original tune at the other end of the wire." This instrument is a German invention, and was first exhibited in New York at the Polytechnic Association of the American Institute by Dr. Van der Weyde. The original sounds were produced at the farther extremity of the large building (the Cooper Institute) totally out of hearing of the Association, and the receiving instrument, standing on the table of the lecture room, produced with its own rather nasal twang the different tunes sung at the other end of the line -- rather weakly, it is true, because of the weak battery used, but very distinctly and correctly. II. From The Scientific American, New York, March 4, 1876 "In connection with Mr. Gray's application of the telephone to the simultaneous transmission of several different telegraphic messages over one wire at the same time, and his paper read before the American Electrical Society (published on p. 92, Scientific American, Supplement for Feb. 5), it may be interesting for the readers of this paper to obtain some information in regard to the invention of the telephone by Reuss. As mentioned in the article above referred to, Page and Henry observed that by rapid magnetization and demagnetization, iron could be put into vibrations isochronic with the interruptions of the current, and later Marian experimented extensively in this direction, while Wertheim made a thorough investigation of the subject, which induced Reuss, of Friedrichsdorf, near Hamburg, Germany, to apply this principle to the transmission of musical tones and melodies by telegraph, and he contrived an apparatus which we represent in the engravings." "The telephone of Reuss consists of two parts, the transmitting and the receiving instrument. Fig. I represents the former, and is placed at the locality where the music is produced; Fig. II, the latter, is placed at the station where the music is to be heard, which may be at a distance of one hundred, two hundred, or more miles -- in fact, as far as the battery used can carry the current, while the two instruments are connected with the battery and the telegraph ware in the usual manner. One pole of the battery is connected with the ground plate, the other with the screw, marked 2 of Fig. I, and thence over a thin copper strip n, with a platinum disk o, attached to the center of the membrane stretched in the large top opening of the hollow and empty box, K, intended to receive and strengthen the vibrations of the air, produced by singing before the fennel-shaped short tube attached to the opening in T. Over the platinum disk c, attached to the elastic membrane, is a platinum point attached to the arms b c and b K, while a set screw brings this point in slight contact with the platinum disk mentioned. A part of the box is represented as broken and removed in order to show the internal construction. The strip a b c is connected with the end s of the switch t s, and the screw connection 1 at the lower right-hand corner, and also through the telegraph wire, to the instrument Fig. II at the receiving station, which may be situated at a distance of many miles. Here the current enters by the screw connection 3, and passes through the spiral g, surrounding the soft iron wire d d, of the thickness of a knitting needle, and leaves the apparatus at the screw connection 4, whence it obtains access to the ground plate and so passes through the earth back to the battery. The spiral and iron wire d d is supported on a hollow box B, of thin board, while a cover D, of the same material is placed on top, all intended to strengthen the sound produced by the vibrations which the interruption of the current caused in the iron wire d d so as to make these vibrations more audible by giving a large vibratory surface, in the same way that the sounding board of a pianoforte strengthens the vibrations of the air caused by the strings, and makes a very weak sound quite powerful." "If a flute be played before the opening T, or if a voice be singing there, the vibration of the air inside the box K causes the membrane m to vibrate synchronically, and this causes the platinum disk o to move up and down with corresponding frequency. At every downward motion, the contact of this disk with the platinum point under b is broken, and therefore the current is interrupted as rapidly as the vibrations occur. Let, for instance, the note C be sounded; this note makes sixty-four full vibrations in a second, and we have therefore sixty-four interruptions of the electric current, which interruption will at once be transmitted through the telegraph lines to the receiving instrument and put the bar d d into exactly similar vibrations, making the very same tone C audible, and so on for all other rates of vibration. It is clear that in this way not only the rhythm of music can be transmitted (and this can be done by the ordinary telegraph), but the very tones, as well as the relative durations and the rests between them, can thus be sent, making a full and complete melody. The switch t s, Fig. L, is intended, in connection with a similar one in Fig. II, to communicate between the stations, with the help of the electromagnet E, to ascertain if station, Fig. II, is ready to receive the melodies; then it gives the signal, by manipulating the switch, which is received by the attraction of the armature A, the latter arrangement being a simple Morse apparatus attached to the telephone." "Professor Heisler, in his Lehrbuch der technischen Physik (3d edition, Vienna, 1866), says in regard to this instrument:" "The telephone is still in its infancy; however, by the use of batteries of proper strength, it already transmits not only single musical tones, but even the most intricate melodies, sung at one end of the line, to the other, situated at a great distance, and makes them perceptible there with all the desirable distinctness." "After reading this account in 1868, I had two such telephones constructed, and exhibited them at the meeting of the Polytechnic Club of the American Institute. The original sounds were produced at the further extremity of the large building (the Cooper Institute), totally out of hearing of the Association, and the receiving instrument, standing on the table in the lecture room, produced (with a peculiar and rather nasal twang) the different tunes sung into the box K at the other end of the line -- not powerfully, it is true, but very distinctly and correctly. In the succeeding summer, I improved the form of the box K so as to produce a more powerful vibration of the membrane by means of reflections effected by curving the sides; I also improved the receiving instrument by introducing several iron wires in the coil, so as to produce a stronger vibration. I submitted these, with some other improvements, to the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and on that occasion (now seven years ago) expressed the opinion that the instrument contained the germ of a new method of working the electric telegraph, and would undoubtedly lead to further improvements in this branch of science, needing only that a competent person give it his undivided attention so as to develop out of it all that it is evidently capable of producing." "Before leaving this subject, I wish to draw special attention to the fact that the merits of the invention consist chiefly in the absence of musical instruments, tuning forks, or their equivalents for producing the tones; any instrument will do -- flute, violin, human voice &c. If the aerial vibrations are only conducted into the box, Fig. 1, the apparatus will send the pitch as well as the duration of the different tones, with the rests between, therefore not only transmitting perfect rhythm, but a complete melody, with its long and short notes. The two parts of the apparatus may even be connected each to a separate pianoforte, and if this were done in a proper manner, a melody played on the pianoforte connected with the transmitting instrument, Fig. 1, would be heard in the pianoforte at a great distance, connected with the receiving instrument, Fig. 2." The following are the drawings and an extract from the specification in McDonough's application for a patent. "The object of my invention is to provide a means for transmitting articulate sounds from one place to another through the medium of electricity, and it consists in the combination with an electrical battery, circuit wires, armature, magnet, and circuit breaker, of a transmitting and a receiving membrane or sounding apparatus so constructed as to vibrate in accord with the vibrations of articulate sound and so arranged relative to the magnet and circuit breaker that the vibrations of the transmitting membrane or apparatus produced by articulate sounds are transmitted by the electrical current to the receiving membrane or apparatus, and so as to cause a like vibration of the receiving membrane or apparatus, and [cause] it to reproduce the articulate sounds transmitted from and by the transmitting membrane or apparatus. My invention also consists in the novel construction of the circuit breaker, as is hereinafter more fully described." "In the drawing, A represents the transmitting membrane or apparatus, composed of vellum or any suitable material that is sensitive to the vibrations of sound, which is stretched upon a metal hoop or band a permanently attached to the bed A', and is so arranged upon the hoop or band as to admit of being tightened or loosened at will. C C are metal plates attached to the upper surface of the membrane A at its center, and are insulated from each other. D is a metal bolt permanently attached at its lower end to said membrane A, centrally between the plates C C, and is insulated from them. D' is the circuit breaker, which consists of an arched-shaped piece of metal loosely secured at its center upon the bolt D, and is bent upward at each end, and from the membrane A, as shown in Fig. 3, so as to form depending V-shaped points adapted to rest upon the respective plates C C. The circuit breaker D' is so fitted upon the bolt D as to admit of a free and easy ascending and descending movement, the limit of its ascending movement being determined by its contact with the nut E on the bolt, and the descending movement being limited by its contact with the plates C C. F is the receiving or sounding membrane, which is also composed of vellum or any suitable material that is sensitive to the vibration of sound, and is stretched upon a metal hook or band a', secured to the side frame G of the receiving or sounding apparatus as shown in Fig. 1, and is so adjusted as to admit of being loosened or tightened as may be required." "G' is the magnet surrounded by a helix of insulated wire, and connected to the instrument immediately in front of the membrane F, and at a point near its center. H is the armature plate permanently attached to the membrane F, between it and the magnet, as shown in Fig. 1." "To each of the plates C C is connected a wire J, one of which is connected with the battery K, and the other with the ground wire L. To each of the poles of the magnet is connected a wire M, one of which is connected with the battery K and the other with the ground wire, as shown in Fig. 1." "The operation of my said teleloge is as follows: the transmitting membrane A, being sensitive to the vibrations of articulate sounds produced thereon, is caused to vibrate in sympathy therewith, thereby imparting an upward movement to the circuit breaker at each vibration and disconnecting it from the plates C C, and alternately breaking and closing the circuit, when the intermittent current alternately magnetizes and demagnetizes the magnet G', attracting the armature H, and causes it and the membrane F to vibrate simultaneously with the vibrations of the transmitting membrane A and in accord therewith, and so that the said membrane F reproduces the articulate sounds transmitted from and by the membrane A." "I do not limit myself to the construction and arrangement of the circuit breaker D' as shown and described, as other means may be employed -- as for example, only one of the plates C may be attached to the membrane, and the other made either in the form of a plate or needle and attached direct to the connecting wire and adjusted to rest upon the plate so as to break the connection by the vibrations of the membrane, which will accomplish the same result. It will be observed that each end of the circuit breaker D' is bent upward from the membrane, the object being to prevent local attraction and render its action more sensitive to the lighter vibrations of the membrane. The articulate sounds may be taken direct from the magnet, or through any substance or material sufficiently sensitive to the vibrations of sound to reproduce them by contact with the magnet." "Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by letters patent is:" "1. The combination with the battery, circuit wires, magnet, armature and circuit breaker, of the transmitting membrane A, and receiving membrane F, substantially as and for the purpose specified." "2. The combination with the plates C C, of the circuit breaker D', whereby the circuit is alternately opened and closed by the vibrations of the membrane A, substantially as specified." "3. The combination of the bolt D and adjusting nut E, of the circuit breaker D', substantially as and for the purpose specified." There were two Varley patents. The United States patent, dated June 2, 1868, set forth the object of the invention thus: "The objects of my invention are to cut off the disturbance arising from earth-currents, to obtain a high speed of signaling through long circuits, and, should the conductor become partially exposed, to preserve it from being eaten away by electrolytic action," and made the following claims: "Having now described my invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect, what I claim and desire to secure by letters patent is --" "1. In so arranging telegraphic apparatus as to work by the variation of the increment and decrement of electric potential, and not by the direct action of the electric current itself, as and for the purposes set forth." "2. The use of an induction coil at the receiving end of the cable, one of its wires being connected between the cable and the ground and the other or secondary wire connected with the receiving instrument, as and for the purposes set forth. " "3. The use of a condenser or condensers between the receiving end of the cable and the earth, with or without resistance coils between the cable and the earth, as and for the purposes set forth." "4. The use of a condenser at the sending end of the cable, with or without resistance coils connecting its two armatures, as and for the purposes set forth." "5. The use of a condenser at each end of the cable, the cable being connected with the ground through a resistance coil and a battery, so as to keep the cable always negatively electrified, as and for the purposes set forth." The object of the British patent, dated October 8, 1870, was said to be "the increase of the transmitting power of telegraph circuits by enabling more than one operator to signal independent messages at the same time upon one and the same wire to and from independent stations," and the claims were as follows: "Having thus described the nature of my invention and the manner of performing the same, I would have it understood that I claim the construction of electric telegraphs in such manner that current signals and wave signals may be simultaneously transmitted through the same line wire, and may be rendered sensible at the receiving station by separate instruments, the one sensitive to currents of appreciable duration and the other to electric waves or vibrations." "I also claim the construction of electric telegraphs with, at the transmitting station, an instrument capable of originating in the line wire a succession of rapid and regular electric waves, and at the receiving station a strained wire, a tongue, or such like instrument adjusted to vibrate in unison with the electric waves, and, being magnetized by them, oscillating to and from the pole or poles of a magnet in its vicinity." "I also claim, in the construction of electric telegraphs, the dividing a conducting wire into sections by instruments which I have called 'echocyme,' which allow current signals to pass freely but stop wave signals, so that, whilst the wire is being used as a whole for through signals, the sections into which it is divided may each or all be employed for the transmission of local messages. " "I also claim the construction of electric telegraphs with, at the transmitting station, an instrument capable of originating in the line wire a succession of rapid and regular electric waves, and at the receiving station a condenser consisting of thin sheets capable of being agitated by such waves." "I also claim the construction of electric telegraphs with, at the transmitting station, an instrument capable of originating in the line wire a succession of rapid and regular electric waves, and at the receiving station an instrument which, on receiving such waves, delivers a current of electricity to an indicating or receiving instrument suitable to be worked with ordinary current signals." "I also claim the combination with Dr. Gintl and Frischen's double speaking apparatus of a hollow helix connected between the receiving instrument and the line wire, such helix having rods or pieces of iron inserted into it." The People's Telephone Company claimed as assignees of Drawbaugh's inventions and of his rights, and in their answer made the following averments respecting them: "11. Further answering, this defendant says that Daniel Drawbaugh, of Eberly's Mills, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, was and is the original and first inventor and discoverer of the art of communicating articulate speech between distant places by voltaic and magneto electricity, and of the construction and operation of machines and instruments for carrying such art into practice; that long prior to the alleged inventions by said Alexander Graham Bell and long prior to the respective inventions of said Gray and said Edison, said Daniel Drawbaugh, then and now residing at said Eberly's Mills, constructed and operated practical working electric speaking telephones at said Eberly's Mills, and exhibited their successful operation to a great number of other persons resident in his vicinity and elsewhere; that the said electric speaking telephones, so constructed and successfully and practically used by him as aforesaid, contained all the material and substantial parts and inventions patented in said patents No. 174,465 and No. 186,787, granted to said Bell, and also contained other important and valuable inventions in electric and magneto telephony, and were fully capable of transmitting, and were actually used for transmitting, articulate vocal sounds and speech between distant points by means of electric currents; that some of the original machines and instruments invented, made, used, and exhibited to many others long prior to the said alleged inventions of said Bell or either of them are still in existence, and capable of successful practical use, and are identified by a large number of persons who personally tested and used and knew of their practical operation and use in the years 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and both subsequently and prior thereto; that certainly more than fifty, and probably not less than one hundred persons, or even more, were cognizant of said Drawbaugh's invention and use of said telephones, and of his claim to be the original and first inventor thereof prior to the alleged inventions of said Bell, or either of them; that said Drawbaugh, for more than ten years prior to the year 1880, was miserably poor, in debt, with a large and helpless family dependent upon his daily labor for support, and was, from such cause alone, utterly unable to patent his said invention, or caveat it, or manufacture and introduce it upon the market; that said Drawbaugh never abandoned his said invention nor acknowledged the claims of any other person or persons thereto, but always persisted in his claims to it, and intended to patent it as soon as he could procure the necessary pecuniary means therefor; that said Drawbaugh never acquiesced in the public use of said Bell, Gray Edison, Blake, or other telephones, nor in the claims of the alleged inventors thereof, nor gave his consent to such use, and that in view of the facts aforesaid, neither said Bell nor any other person or persons whatever except the said Drawbaugh can now obtain a valid patent therefor, nor are the patents granted to said Bell as aforesaid, or either of them, of any validity or value whatever." "12. Further answering, this defendant says that the said Daniel Drawbaugh, after making, testing, using, and extensively exhibiting his invention to others and allowing them experimentally to personally test and ascertain its successful practical operation and utility, as aforesaid, and after the full and repeated demonstration of its successful working, as aforesaid, conceived that its range and capacity of usefulness to the public might be very greatly enlarged; that many improvement of great value might be made and added to it which, without departing from its principle, might increase its value to himself and to the public, and therefore set himself at work to discover and invent such improvements; that he discovered and invented some of said additional improvements prior to any alleged invention by the said Bell, and that, notwithstanding his embarrassed and impoverished pecuniary condition, and his utter want of proper mechanical tools, materials, and appliances to conduct such work, he labored with all reasonable diligence to perfect and adapt his said improvements, and did finally, in due exercise of such reasonable diligence, perfect and adapt the same, and that, insofar as the said Bell has incorporated such improvements in his said two, patents, or either of them, he, the said Bell, has surreptitiously and unjustly obtained a patent or patents for that which was in fact first invented by said Drawbaugh, who was using reasonable diligence in perfecting and adapting the same, and therefore the patent or patents of the said Bell therefor is, or are, invalid and void." "13. Further answering, this defendant says that it has, by purchase, and for a valuable consideration, acquired the right, title, and interest of said Daniel Drawbaugh in and to all his said inventions, discoveries, and improvements in electric speaking telephones, and has full right at law and in equity to make, sell, and use electric speaking telephones embodying the inventions, discoveries, and improvements of said Drawbaugh without interference from or molestation by said Bell or his assigns and without liability to these complainants therefor." "14. Further answering, this defendant says that it has, in good faith, and relying upon its legal rights aforesaid, caused applications to be made and filed in the Patent Office for letters patent upon the inventions of the said Daniel Drawbaugh, with the intention of procuring interference proceedings to be instituted, in accordance with the statute, against the patents of said Bell and the pending applications of said Gray, Edison, and others in order that said Drawbaugh may be adjudged by the Commissioner of Patents to be, as he rightfully is, the original and first inventor of the electric speaking telephone, and may be adjudged entitled to receive a patent or " "15. This defendant, further answering, denies all and all manner of unlawful conspiracy and confederacy with other persons and parties, as charged in the complainants' bill of complaint, denies all knowledge of the alleged newspaper publications referred to in said bill, and calls for due proof of said alleged publications if the complainants shall be advised that they are of any materiality to this suit, which this defendant denies, and denies all the allegations of the complainants' bill as to the said Drawbaugh invention, and particularly the allegations that said Drawbaugh's invention was a mere experiment, was incomplete, imperfect, unfruitful, and that knowledge of it was withheld from the public except so far as disclosed by said alleged newspaper publications in said bill mentioned and set forth. And this defendant charges that the contrary of all said allegations is true; that this defendant has done no unlawful or inequitable act in the premises; that it is not responsible for said alleged newspaper publications; that said Drawbaugh's original invention was complete, successful, operative, and practically and successfully operated, and reduced to practice as a 'Speaking Telephone' on many occasions, in the presence and hearing of many other persons, and knowledge thereof was freely communicated to the public by said Drawbaugh, and that said Drawbaugh's improvements, additional to his said original invention, were complete, successful, and practical inventions; that all of his said inventions were fully reduced to practice and communicated to others; but that said other persons, having knowledge of his legal and equitable right in and to his said inventions and respecting and acquiescing in the same, desisted and refrained from making and using his said inventions, and acquiesced in his right thereto, and never did, so far as this defendant is informed and believes, any act to impair his said rights or which would prevent the grant of a good and valid patent or patents to him, the said Daniel Drawbaugh, or his assigns, for any or all of his said inventions." "16. This defendant, further answering, says that so far and to such extent as electric speaking telephones were put on sale and into public use in this country by others than said Drawbaugh prior to said Drawbaugh's application for a patent thereon as aforesaid, such specific machines and instruments, so put on sale and into public use, were not the specific machines and instruments invented by said Drawbaugh as aforesaid, but were machines and instruments invented by others subsequently to the original and first invention of the electric speaking telephone by said Drawbaugh and subsequently to the invention of his said improvements thereon as aforesaid, and that, as this defendant is informed and believes, such machines and instruments were so put on sale and into public use not from or by reason of any information derived from or through said Drawbaugh, but by an independent invention or independent inventions thereof by others subsequently to said Drawbaugh's original and first invention as aforesaid and while said Drawbaugh was unable, by reason of his poverty and other controlling circumstances, as above set forth, to patent his said inventions, and that such public use and sales were without the consent, allowance, or acquiescence of said Daniel Drawbaugh." "And this defendant, as advised by its counsel, further answers and says that the alleged invention of the electric speaking telephone by said Bell subsequently to said Drawbaugh's invention thereof, as aforesaid, conferred upon said Bell or his assigns no legal right to a patent or patents thereon, nor did it impair the legal right of said Drawbaugh to a patent or patents upon his own prior inventions, and that the alleged public use and sales of such subsequently invented telephones without said Drawbaugh's consent, allowance, or acquiescence as aforesaid and by reason of knowledge and information of their construction and operation, not derived from or through said Drawbaugh, have in law no effect to forfeit or bar said Drawbaugh's right to the exclusive use of his own prior invention, nor to prevent him or his assigns from obtaining a valid patent or valid patents thereon." It was claimed by the People's Company that Drawbaugh's inventions and the inventions covered by Bell's patents were for substantially the same thing. The main issues in this respect argued by counsel were issues of fact -- whether Drawbaugh's instruments were made prior to Bell's discovery and were practically operative, and whether the Drawbaugh witnesses to these points were to be believed. The record contains a great mass of testimony on these issues. Much of this is referred to in detail by the counsel on each side and by the court. It is not practicable to report it further than they have regarded it as material and presented it in quotations and references. There was before the court in the Drawbaugh case a book containing a series of plates (with references and notes written upon them), marked respectively from "A" to "Q," both inclusive. It was claimed on his behalf that these plates represented his invention at various stages of its development. The claim was made in the following language by his counsel: "The story of Drawbaugh, and of the record, overwhelmingly corroborated by the witnesses for the defense, is as follows:" "Early conception and experiments with the continuous current, 1862, 1866, and 1867." "Teacup transmitter and receiver, 1866 and 1867." "Tumbler and tin cup and mustard can ('F' and 'B'), 1867 and 1869." "Improvement upon 'B' ('C'), 1869, 1870." "Further improvement upon 'C' and the more perfect magneto instrument 'I,' 1870, 1871." "Mouthpiece changed to center, and adjusting screw inserted (Exhibit 'A'), 1874." "'D' and 'E' perfectly adjusted and finished magneto instruments, January and February, 1875." "'L,' 'M,' 'G,' and 'O' from February, 1875, to August, 1876. " "'H,' August, 1876." "'J,' 'N,' and 'P,' 1878." "With the exception of the old teacup transmitter, representations of all the instruments are in evidence, in whole or in part; parts of those produced prior to the instrument 'I' of 1871 being in evidence, and 'I,' with all thereafter produced being in evidence in their entirety." The following are such of these plates, to which the counsel assigned a date prior to Bell's patent of March 7, 1876, as are deemed to be necessary for a proper understanding of the arguments of counsel and of the opinion of the Court upon this point. They are arranged in the order of the dates in which Drawbaugh was said to have constructed the instrument which they represent. Dolbear's answer also made the following allegations: "12. These defendants have never been concerned in the manufacture or sale of telephones embracing the inventions or either of them, or any substantial or material parts of either of them, described in either of the patents mentioned in the bill of complaint, but they admit the manufacture and use of telephones invented by the defendant Dolbear and described in his letters patent No. 239,742, dated April 5, 1881; No. 240,578, dated April 26, 1881, and aver that they have full right to manufacture, use, and sell such telephones, and that they are radically different in all substantial respects from any invention described in either of the said Bell patents. The transmitter used in the Dolbear telephone is in all material respects identical with the Reiss-Wright transmitter. It is a Reiss transmitter in a circuit of small resistance, having a helix as a part of it, with the transmitting core in that helix; the line is an open circuit, and is the first open circuit ever used for any practical purpose, and it was wholly unknown until Dolbear's discovery that such a line was capable of any practical use. The receiver is wholly new, wholly unlike any prior instrument, and operates upon a principle never before applied in any of the useful arts. The method invented by Dolbear, and the only method practiced when his apparatus is used, is precisely the same as the Reiss-Wright method so far as concerns the use of the energy of the sound waves to vary the electric current in a circuit of small resistance, and the use of the current so varied to vary the magnetic energy of the transmitter core; but is wholly new with Dolbear in all other respects, for the magnetic variations of the transmitter core must be converted into electric variations of many times greater electromotive force than any ever before utilized for any practical purpose, and must be generated in a line whose resistance is practically infinite, and must be transformed directly into sound waves. Dolbear's method is his own discovery and invention, is radically different from all other methods of transmitting sounds, except as to its first step, which is the same as that of the Reiss-Wright method, and is of the highest value and importance, inasmuch as it remedies fully some very serious faults in the Bell method, which was the best known before Dolbear's discovery." The following are copies of those two patents. "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE" "AMOS E. DOLBEAR, OF SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS" "APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING SOUND BY ELECTRICITY" "Specification forming part of letters patent No. 239,742," "dated April 5, 1881. Application filed October 11, 1880 (Model)." To all whom it may concern: "Be it known that I, AMOS E. DOLBEAR, of Somerville, in the County of Middlesex and State of Massachusetts, have invented a new Apparatus for Transmitting Sound by Electricity, of which the following is a full, clear, concise, and exact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, making a part hereof, in which --" "Figures 1 and 2 are two views of the best form of apparatus for practicing my invention. Fig. 3 is a cross-section, enlarged, of the receiver shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a plan of one of the plates. Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating the system." "My invention consists mainly in a new mode of transmitting articulate and other sounds by an open circuit." "It also consists in new apparatus for this purpose." "My receiver is based upon the well known principle that one terminal of an open circuit will attract the other terminal when both are charged, and my invention consists mainly in the arrangement of the enlarged terminal of the secondary coil of an induction coil so that it will be vibrated toward and from the other terminal by variations in the electric state of the coil, and in such a manner as to reproduce sound vibrations of all qualities, including articulate speech, when the primary circuit of the induction coil contains a suitable transmitter." "Another feature of my invention relates to the system of " "connecting two or more receivers and two or more transmitters for practical use, and it consists in the combination of two induction coils, two receivers, and two transmitters in a novel manner, fully described below." "The best form of my receiver is that shown in elevation in Fig. 1, and in cross-section in Fig. 3." "In Fig. 3, the case of the receiver A is shown as made up of three pieces -- a back piece r, an ear piece s, and an annular connecting piece t, for connecting the pieces r and s together." "a b are thin elastic plates, preferably of iron, forming terminals of the secondary coil of an induction coil. These plates are securely fastened about the edges and brought very near to each other, but not in contact, a thin annulus, d, lying between them. This is best effected by forming a thin flange, d, on the interior of the connecting piece t and placing the terminals a b on opposite sides of this flange. The ear piece s of the case holds the terminal a in place with the proper tension around the edge to insure mass vibrations of that terminal. The terminal b is held in place by the back piece, r, of the case. Each of the plates a and b is formed with a small tongue, a2 (see Fig. 4), with which the binding screws are connected, as shown." "As the section plane in Fig. 3 will pass through but one of the binding screws (that for the wire a'), the receiver is shown broken away at x in order to show the binding screw for the wire b'. Both are shown in Fig. 1. One of the binding screws connects with plate a, the other with plate b. By the use of the tongues, an even pressure around the whole edge of the plate is possible." "The adjustment of the instrument is effected by the screw A', and this screw, by contact upon the back plate b, prevents any vibrations of that plate which interfere with the proper vibrations of the front plate a." "My system requires electricity of a very high electromotive force, and this is best obtained by means of a secondary coil with a high resistance, the best results having been obtained from four or five thousand ohms of No. 36 copper wire." "Transmitters such as are in common use will answer wit my receiver; but the best form of transmitter is that shown in the drawings (which is not here described, as it forms the subject of an application for a patent filed by me May 31, 1880)." "The main advantages of my new system over all others known to me are that it is not appreciably affected by ordinary induced currents on the line, it has no magnet to deteriorate, the adjustment is more simple and is not affected by barometric and hygrometric variations, and it lacks the fine wire helix of the common receiver, which is very liable to get out of repair. It is very efficient also on very long lines." "The best system for the practical use of my invention is illustrated in the diagram, Fig. 5, and the best form of apparatus is that shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In these figures, A represents the receivers, B the transmitters, D the batteries, F the induction coils, and G switches." "The transmitter B and battery D are in the circuit with the primary coil of the induction coil F, and this circuit is completed, when the transmitter is to be used, by throwing over the member g of switch G until it makes contact with the member g1, thereby completing the battery circuit through the transmitter and primary coil. The electricity induced in the secondary coil affects the plates in the distant receiver by means of that branch of wire m' which extends from one end of the secondary coil to member g of switch G, members g and g2 of switch G, the line wire l, which is a continuation of member g2 of switch G, wire l2, which is a branch of line wire l, receiver wires a' b', wire m2, members g g3 of switch G, wire n2, to earth, thus cutting out the receiver at the sending station (on the left of the diagram) and the secondary coil on the right of the diagram." "When the sending station is at the right of the diagram, the switch G at the right will be arranged as is the switch G at the left, and the receiver at the left is electrified by means of wire l', receiver wires a' b' (at the left of the diagram), wire m', members g g3 of switch G (at the left of the diagram), wire n', to earth." "The switch G is composed of two springs, g g2, and two stops, g1 g3, arranged as shown, so that when spring g is brought in contact with stop g1, it will also be in contact with spring g2, and when spring g is in contact with stop g3, it will be out of contact with both spring g2 and stop g1. One end of the secondary coil on the left of the diagram is connected with spring g on the left of diagram by means of one branch of wire m1 and with receiver wire b1 on the left of diagram by means of the other branch of wire m1, and one end of the secondary coil on the right of the diagram is connected with spring g on the right of diagram by means of one branch of wire m2, and with receiver wire b1 on the right of the diagram by means of the other branch of wire m2." "I am aware of the apparatus mentioned as used by Dr. Wright in 'Ferguson's Electricity,' published by William and Robert Chambers, of London and Edinburgh, in 1867, pages 258 and 259, in which two sheets of paper silvered on one side were placed back to back and connected with the two ends of an induction coil, the primary circuit of which contained a Reis transmitter, and I disclaim that apparatus. My receiver differs from it in that the sounds transmitted are reproduced by the mass vibrations of one of the terminals, while in the Wright receiving apparatus the sound produced was mainly, if not altogether, due to molecular motion, and not to mass vibrations. Moreover, Wright's sheets of silvered paper were so arranged that each would damp any mass vibrations of the other, and in his apparatus any slight mass vibrations, even if not wholly damped, would be necessarily so irregular as to be worthless as a means of reproducing sounds. The fact, also, that the mass vibrations of each sheet damped those of the other sheet would make all the mass vibrations worthless for this purpose." "I am also aware of English Patents No. 4934 of 1877 and No. 2396 of 1878, and disclaim all therein shown." "What I claim as my invention is:" "1. The receiver above described, consisting of the plates a b, mounted in case r s t, and separated by the annulus d, in combination with induction coil F, substantially as described." "2. In combination, two induction coils, the primary of each containing a battery D, and transmitter B, and the secondary circuits, each containing receiver A, by means of switches G, consisting of members g g1 g2 g3, whereby the receiver at the sending station and coil at the receiving station are switched out of the line, substantially as described." "AMOS E. DOLBEAR" "W. A. COPELAND" "J. R. SNOW" "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE" "AMOS E. DOLBEAR, OF SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS" "MODE OF TRANSMITTING SOUND BY ELECTRICITY" "Specification forming part of letters patent No. 240,578, dated April 26," "1881. Application filed February 24, 1881. (Model)" To all whom it may concern: "Be it known that I, AMOS E. DOLBEAR, of Somerville, in the County of Middlesex and State of Massachusetts, have invented a new Mode of Transmitting Sounds by Electricity, of which the following is a full, clear, concise, and exact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, making a part hereof." "My invention consists mainly in a new mode of transmitting articulate and other sounds by an open circuit." "It also consists in new apparatus for this purpose." "My receiver is based upon the discovery that one terminal of an open circuit will attract and be attracted by a neighboring body when the terminal is charged." "Figure 1 shows two modifications of my receiver in section, connected in circuit with a transmitter and induction coil. Fig. 2 shows another modification of my receiver." "Three forms of my receiver are shown in the drawings. In each, the casing is formed of three pieces, r being the back piece, s the ear piece, and t the connecting piece which connects r and s together. The plate a of receiver I is a thin " "elastic disk, preferably of iron, the vibrations of which reproduce the sound which causes the diaphragm of the transmitter T to vibrate, T representing a transmitter of suitable construction, the form preferred being that shown in my application for a patent filed May 31, 1880, the transmitter T and the battery B being in circuit with the primary coil, as will be clear without further description." "In receiver I, the plate a is one terminal of the secondary coil F, and any change in the electrical State of coil F varies the potential of this plate a in receiver I and causes it to attract plate b, which is mounted close to, but not in contact with, plate a; but as plate b in receiver I is so mounted that it cannot vibrate, plate a will vibrate as its potential varies. In receiver I, the plate b and back piece r and adjusting screw u are all of metal." "It will be seen that neither the plate b nor back piece r nor screw u of receiver I is connected to the coil F, but that only one terminal of coil F -- viz., plate a -- forms any part of the receiver I. The plate b may be made in one piece with back piece r, but for purposes of adjustment is best made as shown." "The force of the attraction between the charged terminal a and any neighboring body is slight unless the neighboring body be many times larger than the terminal and itself capable of being readily electrified, and for this reason, when the neighboring body is a plate (as it is best made for purpose of adjustment), it should be electrically connected with a larger body. Consequently the back piece r of the case of receiver I is made of metal, and is in metallic contact with plate b. The neighboring body, which is attracted by plate a in receiver I (being, in fact the plate b, piece r, and screw u, which are all of metal and in metallic contact), acts as one body in this receiver I; but, as will be clear, the back piece r, plate b, and screw u may be one single piece of metal, and some other provision be made for the necessary adjustment." "In receiver I I, the terminal a is mounted upon back piece r, so that it cannot vibrate, and must therefore be insulated. Consequently the back piece r is made of hard rubber. The plate b, which is the neighboring body in receiver I I, is connected by the wire b2 with a metal band, r2, upon back piece r, in order to increase the attractive force due to the electrification of a greater mass than plate b, and without interfering with the proper vibration of plate b, which, in receiver I I, vibrates as the potential of terminal a varies." "It will be clear that either of the plates b may be grounded, and thereby increase the electrification of these plates; but it is not necessary to ground either of them, and the audibility of the sounds reproduced is practically as great when the back piece of the receiver is held in the hand as when the plates b are both grounded, and it makes no difference whatever whether both be grounded or only one. In other words, receiver I will reproduce articulate and other sounds even if back piece r be of hard rubber or other nonconductor and plate b be wholly disconnected from coil F, but the sounds reproduced are faint, although distinct and audible. The sounds will be louder if the piece r be of metal, as above described, or if the plate b or metallic piece r be grounded; but the difference is very slight, the sounds being practically as loud when the metal piece r is used as when the plate b is grounded. And so of receiver I I the sounds are distinct and audible when wire b5 and metal band r2 are omitted, but louder when metal band r2 and wire b2 are used, as shown, or when plate b of receiver I I is grounded. Moreover, the reproduction of sound by receiver I does not depend at all upon the grounding of any part of receiver I I, for receiver I will act with plate b of receiver I I not grounded precisely as it does when plate b of receiver I I is grounded, and receiver I I will act when plate b of receiver I is not grounded precisely as it acts when that plate of receiver I is grounded." "In my application filed October 31, 1880, I have described a receiver in which both the plates a and b are connected with the coil F, and I therefore disclaim in this application any receiver having both the plates connected with that coil, my present invention consisting in a receiver in which only one terminal of the coil is used, as above explained." "Instead of making plate b of metal and connecting it metallically with back piece r or band r2, it may be made of any nonconductor, and in this case the increased loudness is produced by electrifying plate b before it is put in place; or, as shown in receiver I I I, where b is a rubber plate, and b3 is a disk of felt fast to the hard rubber support b4, which is turned by the thumb and finger to electrify rubber plate b by friction." "What I claim as my invention is --" "In combination, a primary coil in circuit with battery B and transmitter T, and a secondary coil with its enlarged terminal a mounted in case r s t, and arranged near plate b, plate b being also mounted in case r s t, but not connected with the secondary coil, all substantially as described." "AMOS E. DOLBEAR" "J. E. MAYNADIER" "JOHN R. SNOW" The answer of the Molecular Company further contained the following averment: "Defendants admit that the Molecular Telephone Company does intend and purpose when it shall have hereafter made the necessary arrangements to manufacture and use electric speaking telephone instruments of the character, kind and description substantially as described in said Letters Patent Nos. 228,824 and 228,825, but defendants allege that said Molecular Telephone Company has lawful right so to do. Defendants deny that the said instruments so described in said patents Nos. 228,824 and 228,825, and about to be used by defendant, the Molecular Telephone Company, are substantially like those described in either of said Bell patents, or that said instruments operate by or according to the method set forth in either of said Bell patents." No. 228,824 there referred to was granted to Robert M. Lockwood and Samuel H. Bartlett, June 15, 1880, for improvements in transmitters for telephones, and No. 228,825, to the same persons on the same date for an improvement in telephone receivers. "This company and the Overland Company also relied upon a description of a magnet used in the Hughes printing telegraph, printed in a German work by Schellen (of which the following is a translation), as anticipating the invention covered by claim 5 in Bell's second patent." "The rapidity with which successive signals can be transmitted depends essentially upon the time rewired to charge and discharge the line. This time increases with the length and section of the conductor; moreover, as the discharge always occupies a longer interval than the charge, it follows that the signals will become indistinct at the receiving end if they are sent into the line before the discharge shall have been effected, as in this case the charge and discharge combine and cause a prolongation of the signals, causing them, as it were, to run together." "It will be readily understood from this that the armature of an electromagnet or the needle of a galvanometer may be caused to move even before the current in the line has attained its permanent condition, and may in like manner return to a position of rest before the line is completely discharged." "The armature of an ordinary electromagnet is necessarily at a greater distance from its poles at the moment when it is attracted than at the moment when it is released after having been attracted; consequently, the strength of current which will be required to attract the armature must be much greater than that which will permit it to be released or drawn away by the retracting spring. Therefore, a telegraphic signal which is to be produced by means of the armature of an electromagnet cannot be completed until the current has attained the necessary strength to cause it to be attracted, and has again sufficiently diminished to allow it to be drawn away by the tension of the spring. The more nearly the values of these two strengths of current can be made to approximate each other, the more rapidly successive signals may be received. Consequently, when the receiving instrument consists of an electromagnet, the rapidity of signaling depends essentially upon the distance of the armature from its poles and upon the amount of play which the latter is permitted to have. The less the distance through which the armature moves, the more rapidly the signals may be made to succeed each other. The degree of sensitiveness of an electromagnetic instrument has but little influence upon the rapidity with which the signals may be made to succeed each other. For example, let us suppose that the current in the permanent condition of the line is equal to 25, but that the armature of the electromagnet is attracted as soon as the current has gained a strength of 10, and that it falls off again as soon as, by the disconnection of the battery, the strength of the current has diminished to 7. A distinct signal will be obtained in this case whenever the current increases from 7 to 10 and decreases again to 7. If the apparatus is made less sensitive by increasing the tension of the spring, then the current must be increased in order to overcome this tension and attract the armature. If we suppose that this attraction takes place when the current has attained the strength of 15, and that the armature is released when the current is diminished to 12, the margin will be as great, if not greater, in the latter case, and therefore the less sensitive instrument will operate at least as rapidly as the other." "In the arrangement of the electromagnet which was invented by Hughes, the action is entirely different. In its normal position of rest, the armature is held nearly in contact with a permanent magnet, the tension of the retracting spring being increased to an extent almost sufficient to overcome the attraction of the latter. When this permanent magnetism is diminished in the smallest degree by the action of the current, the armature instantly falls off, and is afterwards replaced in its original position not by the action of the current, but by means of a mechanical device, which is set in action by the falling off of the armature. Therefore the sooner the current attains sufficient strength to release the armature, the quicker the electromagnet operates." Dr. Van der Weyde was also relied upon as having anticipated some of the inventions claimed under the second patent. The Clay Commercial Company contested the regularity of the formation of the Corporation complainant (the American Bell Telephone Company) and further made the following averments respecting the infringements of the Bell patents charged in the bill. "This respondent denies it to be true, as in said bill alleged, that it has at the City of Philadelphia or elsewhere since the first day of February in the year of 1884 or at any other time made and used, or furnished to others to be used, or sold, or caused to be sold, electric speaking telephones constructed and adapted for the transmission of articulate speech by and according to the method described and claimed in said patent to the said Bell, No. 174,465, and embracing and embodying in one integral organization the alleged inventions and improvements or material and substantial parts thereof, described and claimed in said patents to said Bell, No. 174,465 and No. 186,787 respectively. On the contrary, this respondent saith that the telephones made, used, and sold by it have been made and constructed under and in pursuance of certain letters patent of the United States issued and granted upon due application and in conformity with law unto one Henry Clay, as the first and original inventor of said patented improvements respectively, and by him duly assigned to this respondent, which said letters patent are respectively of the dates, numbers, and titles, following: to-wit, May 8, 1883, No. 277,112, for a new and useful improvement in Telephones; July 3, 1883, No. 280,351, for Switchboard for Telephones; July 3, 1883, No. 280,451, for Telephone Call Bell; July 3, 1883, No. 280,580, for Transmitter for Telephones; Nov. 6, 1883, No. 288,017, for Telephonic Transmitter. And the respondent with, that the devices and methods of operation set forth in these said several letters patent, and used by the respondent, are not similar to, but are wholly different from, the devices described and claimed in the said letters patent of the said Bell, and are not violations or infringements of said letters patent, and do not embody or embrace the method, principle, operation, or construction therein or thereby set forth described and claimed." The Overland Company, in its answer, made the following averment respecting Drawbaugh's invention: "Because the said Bell, in obtaining said patent, surreptitiously and unjustly obtained a patent for that which was in fact invented by another, to-wit, said Daniel Drawbaugh, who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfecting the same:" and the following denial of infringement of Bell's patents: "This defendant on information and relief denies that it has ever infringed the said two patents numbered 174,465 and number 186,787, here in suit, or either of them, but, further answering, says that it has become the owner, by assignments from Myron L. Baxter, of Aurora, Kane County, Illinois, of certain inventions in transmitting and receiving telephones described and shown in two several letters patent of the United States, granted to said Baxter, to-wit, letters patent No. 277,198, dated May 8, 1883, for transmitting telephone, and letters patent No. 277, 199, granted to said Baxter May 8, 1883, for receiving telephone, and that it has on a few occasions within two or three months last past privately, and merely for experimental and test purposes, operated a few of said Baxter instruments, but that it has never sold any of said instruments, nor put them on sale, nor put them into use for gain or profit or for any business purpose, nor for any other purpose than merely to test their novelty, working capacity, and value, and to determine whether any and if so what further improvements could be made upon them and to ascertain to the satisfaction of its experts and counsel whether the said Baxter telephones infringe any lawful or valid patent or patents heretofore granted to others." The proofs and record in a case known as the Dowd case, heard and adjudged in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, and in which the Western Union Telegraph Company, the American Speaking Telephone Company, and the Gold and Stock Company were the real parties defendant, and also the proofs and record in another case known as the Spencer case, heard and adjudged in the same court, were imported into the Overland case. The Spencer case is reported 8 F. 509. In the Dolbear case, the final decree was "that the letters patent referred to in the complainants' bill, being letters patent of the United States, granted unto Alexander Graham Bell, No. 174,465, for improvement in telegraphy, dated March 7th, 1876, is a good and valid patent, and that the said Alexander Graham Bell was the original and first inventor of the improvement described and claimed therein, and that the said defendants have infringed the fifth claim of said patent and upon the exclusive rights of the complainants under the same," and a perpetual injunction was ordered. From this decree the respondents appealed. See 15 F. 438, for the opinion of MR. JUSTICE GRAY in granting the preliminary injunction, and 17 F. 604, for the opinion of Judge Lowell on final bearing. In the Molecular case, 23 Blatchford 253, the final decree was "that the several letters patent upon which this suit is brought, viz., Letters patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell for an improvement in telegraphy, dated March 7, 1876, and numbered No. 174,465, and letters patent granted to said Bell for an improvement in electric telegraphy numbered No. 186,7.87, and dated January 30th, 1877, are good and valid in law; that the said Alexander Graham Bell was the original and first inventor of the inventions described in said several letters patent Nos. 174,465 and 186,787; that the title thereto, and to the inventions described and claimed therein, is vested in the complainants, and that the defendants have infringed the fifth claim of said letters patent No. 174,465, and the sixth, seventh, and eight claims of said letters patent No. 186,787, and the exclusive rights of the complainants under the same." The defendants appealed from the whole decree, and the complainants from it "insofar as it fails to adjudge that the fifth claim of letters patent No. 186,787 is good and valid in law, and that the defendants have infringed the same, and insofar as it fails to decree the relief prayed for in the bill of complaint herein under said fifth claim." In the Clay commercial case, it was decreed that the patents were valid, and that the defendants had "infringed the fifth claim of said letters patent, No. 174,465, and the third, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth claims of said letters patent, No. 186,787, and the exclusive rights of the complainants under the same," and a perpetual injunction was ordered. The defendants appealed from this decree. In the Overland case, the decree was that the patents were valid; "that the said Alexander Graham Bell was the original and first inventor of the inventions described in said several letters patent Nos. 174,465 and 186,787; that the title thereto, and to the inventions described and claimed therein, is vested in complainants, and that the defendants have infringed the fifth claim of said letters patent No. 174,465, and the third, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth claims of said letters patent No. 186,787, and the exclusive rights of the complainants under the same," and a perpetual injunction was ordered. The defendants appealed from this decree. In the People's case, 22 Blatchford 531, the decree was "that the several letters patent upon which this suit is brought, viz., letters patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell for an improvement in telegraphy, dated March 7, 1876, and numbered No. 174,465, and letters patent granted to said Bell for an improvement in electric telegraphy, numbered 186,787, and dated January 30, 1877, are good and valid in law; that the said Alexander Graham Bell was the original and first inventor of the inventions described in said several letters patent, No. 174,465 and No. 186,787; that the title thereto and to the inventions described and claimed therein is vested in the complainants, and that the defendants have infringed the fifth claim of said letters patent No. 174,465, and the fifth, sixth, and eighth claims of said letters patent No. 186,787, and the exclusive rights of the complainants under the same." Also see 22 F. 309, and 25 F. 725. A perpetual injunction was ordered. The defendants appealed from this decree. MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the Court. The important question which meets us at the outset in each of these cases is as to the scope of the fifth claim of the patent of March 7, 1876, which is as follows: "The method of and apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sounds, substantially as set forth." It is contended that this embraces the art of transferring to or impressing upon a current of electricity the vibrations of air produced by the human voice in articulate speech in a way that the speech will be carried to and received by a listener at a distance on the line of the current. Articulate speech is not mentioned by name in the patent. The invention, as described, "consists in the employment of a vibratory or undulatory current of electricity, in contradistinction to a merely intermittent or pulsatory current, and of a method of and apparatus for producing electrical undulations upon the line wire." A "pulsatory current" is described as one "caused by sudden or instantaneous changes of intensity," and an "electrical undulation," as the result of "gradual changes of intensity exactly analogous to the changes in the density of air occasioned by simple pendulous vibrations." Among the uses to which this art may be put is said to be the "telegraphic transmission of noises or sounds of any kind," and it is also said that the undulatory current, when created in the way pointed out, will produce through the receiver at the receiving end of the line "a similar sound to that uttered into" the transmitter at the transmitting end. One of the means of imparting the necessary vibrations through the transmitter to produce the undulations may be the human voice. Articulate speech is certainly included in this description, for it is an "uttered" "sound," produced by the "human voice." It is contended, however, that "vocal sounds" and "articulate speech" are not convertible terms either in acoustics or in telegraphy. It is unnecessary to determine whether this is so or not. Articulate speech necessarily implies a sound produced by the human voice, and as the patent on its face is for the art of changing the intensity of a continuous current of electricity by the undulations of the air caused by sonorous vibrations, and speech can only be communicated by such vibrations, the transmission of speech in this way must be included in the art. The question is not whether "vocal sounds" and "articulate speech" are used synonymously as scientific terms, but whether the sound of articulate speech is one of the "vocal or other sounds" referred to in this claim of the patent. We have no hesitation in saying that it is, and that if the patent can be sustained to the full extent of what is now contended for, it gives to Bell and those who claim under him the exclusive use of his art for that purpose until the expiration of the statutory term of his patented rights. In this art or, what is the same thing under the patent law, this process, this way of transmitting speech -- electricity, one of the forces of nature -- is employed, but electricity, left to itself, will not do what is wanted. The art consists in controlling the force as to make it accomplish the purpose. It had long been believed that if the vibrations of air caused by the voice in speaking could be reproduced at a distance by means of electricity, the speech itself would be reproduced and understood. How to do it was the question. Bell discovered that it could be done by gradually changing the intensity of a continuous electric current so as to make it correspond exactly to the changes in the density of the air caused by the sound of the voice. This was his art. He then devised a way in which these changes of intensity could be made and speech actually transmitted. Thus, his art was put in a condition for practical use. In doing this, both discovery and invention, in the popular sense of those terms, were involved -- discovery in finding the art, and invention in devising the means of making it useful. For such discoveries and such inventions the law has given the discoverer and inventor the right to a patent, as discoverer, for the useful art, process, method of doing a thing, he has found, and as inventor for the means he has devised to make his discovery one of actual value. Other inventors may compete with him for the ways of giving effect to the discovery, but the new art he has found will belong to him and those claiming under him during the life of his patent. If another discovers a different art or method of doing the same thing, reduces it to practical use, and gets a patent for his discovery, the new discovery will be the property of the new discoverer, and thereafter the two will be permitted to operate each in his own way, without interference by the other. The only question between them will be whether the second discovery is in fact different from the first. The patent for the art does not necessarily involve a patent for the particular means employed for using it. Indeed, the mention of any means in the specification or descriptive portion of the patent is only necessary to show that the art can be used, for it is only useful arts -- arts which may be used to advantage -- that can be made the subject of a patent. The language of the statue is that "any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter" may obtain a patent therefor. Rev.Stat. § 4886. Thus, an art -- a process -- which is useful is as much the subject of a patent as a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Of this there can be no doubt, and it is abundantly supported by authority. Corning v. Burden, 15 How. 252, 56 U. S. 267; Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U. S. 780, 94 U. S. 787-788; Tilghman v. Proctor, 102 U. S. 707, 102 U. S. 722, 102 U. S. 724-725; Fermentation Co. v. Maus, 122 U. S. 413, 122 U. S. 427-428. What Bell claims is the art of creating changes of intensity in a continuous current of electricity exactly corresponding to the changes of density in the air caused by the vibrations which accompany vocal or other sounds, and of using that electrical condition thus created for sending and receiving articulate speech telegraphically. For that, among other things, his patent of 1876 was, in our opinion, issued, and the point to be decided is whether, as such a patent, it can be sustained. In O'Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 62, it was decided that a claim in broad terms (p. 56 U. S. 86) for the use of the motive power of the electric or galvanic current called "electromagnetism, however developed, for making or printing intelligible characters, letters, or signs at any distances," although "a new application of that power" first made by Morse, was void, because (p. 56 U. S. 120) it was a claim "for a patent for an effect produced by the use of electromagnetism, distinct from the process or machinery necessary to produce it;" but a claim (p. 56 U. S. 85) for "making use of the motive power of magnetism, when developed by the action of such current or currents, substantially as set forth in the foregoing description, . . . as means of operating or giving motion to machinery, which may be used to imprint signals upon paper or other suitable material, or to produce sounds in any desired manner, for the purpose of telegraphic communication at any distances" was sustained. The effect of that decision was therefore that the use of magnetism as a motive power, without regard to the particular process with which it was connected in the patent, could not be claimed, but that its use in that connection could. In the present case, the claim is not for the use of a current of electricity in its natural state as it comes from the battery, but for putting a continuous current, in a closed circuit, into a certain specified condition suited to the transmission of vocal and other sounds, and using it in that condition for that purpose. So far as at present known, without this peculiar change in its condition, it will not serve as a medium for the transmission of speech, but with the change it will. Bell was the first to discover this fact, and how to put such a current in such a condition, and what he claims is its use in that condition for that purpose, just as Morse claimed his current in his condition for his purpose. We see nothing in Morse's case to defeat Bell's claim; on the contrary, it is in all respects sustained by that authority. It may be that electricity cannot be used at all for the transmission of speech except in the way Bell has discovered, and that therefore, practically, his patent gives him its exclusive use for that purpose; but that does not make his claim one for the use of electricity distinct from the particular process with which it is connected in his patent. It will, if true, show more clearly the great importance of his discovery, but it will not invalidate his patent. But it is insisted that the claim cannot be sustained because, when the patent was issued, Bell had not in fact completed his discovery. While it is conceded that he was acting on the right principle, and had adopted that true theory, it is claimed that the discovery lacked that practical development which was necessary to make it patentable. In the language of counsel, "there was still work to be done, and work calling for the exercise of the utmost ingenuity, and calling for the very highest degree of practical invention." It is quite true that when Bell applied for his patent, he had never transmitted telegraphically spoken words so that they could be distinctly heard and understood at the receiving end of his line; but in his specification he did describe accurately, and with admirable clearness, his process -- that is to say, the exact electrical condition that must be created to accomplish his purpose -- and he also described, with sufficient precision to enable one of ordinary skill in such matters to make it, a form of apparatus which, if used in the way pointed out, would produce the required effect, receive the words, and carry them to and deliver them at the appointed place. The particular instrument which he had, and which he used in his experiments, did not, under the circumstances in which it was tried, reproduce the words spoken so that they could be clearly understood; but the proof is abundant and of the most convincing character that other instruments, carefully constructed and made exactly in accordance with the specification, without any additions whatever, have operated and will operate successfully. A good mechanic of proper skill in matters of the kind can take the patent and, by following the specification strictly, can, without more, construct an apparatus which, when used in the way pointed out, will do all that it is claimed the method or process will do. Some witnesses have testified that they were unable to do it. This shows that they, with the particular apparatus they had and the skill they employed in its use, were not successful, not that others, with another apparatus, perhaps more carefully constructed, or more skillfully applied, would necessarily fail. As was said in Loom Co. v. Higgins, 105 U. S. 580, 105 U. S. 586, "when the question is whether a thing can be done or not, it is always easy to find persons ready to show how not to do it." If one succeeds, that is enough, no matter how many others fail. The opposite results will show that in the one case, the apparatus used was properly made, carefully adjusted, with a knowledge of what was required, and skillfully used, and that in the others it was not. The law does not require that a discoverer or inventor, in order to get a patent for a process, must have succeeded in bringing his art to the highest degree of perfection; it is enough if he describes his method with sufficient clearness and precision to enable those skilled in the matter to understand what the process is, and if he points out some practicable way of putting it into operation. This Bell did. He described clearly and distinctly his process of transmitting speech telegraphically by creating changes in the intensity of a continuous current or flow of electricity, in a closed circuit, exactly analogous to the changes of density in air occasioned by the undulatory motion given to it by the human voice in speaking. He then pointed out two ways in which this might be done -- one by the "vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration of the conducting wire itself in the neighborhood of such bodies," and the other "by alternately increasing and diminishing the resistance of the circuit, or by alternately increasing and diminishing the power of the battery." He then said he preferred to employ for his purpose "an electromagnet, . . . having a coil upon only one of its legs," and he described the construction of the particular apparatus shown in the patent as Fig. 7, in which the electromagnet, or magneto method, was employed. This was the apparatus which he himself used without entirely satisfactory results, but which Prof. Cross, Mr. Watson, Dr. Blake, Prof. Pope, and others testify has done, and will do, what was claimed for it and transmit speech successfully, but not so well, indeed, as another constructed upon the principle of the microphone or the variable resistance method. An effort was made in argument to confine the patent to the magneto instrument and such modes of creating electrical undulations as could be produced by that form of apparatus, the position being that such an apparatus necessarily implied "a closed circuit, incapable of being opened, and a continuous current, incapable of being intermittent." But this argument ignores the fact that the claim is first for the process, and second for the apparatus. It is to be read (1) as a claim for "the method of transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sounds, substantially as set forth," and (2) as for "the apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations, . . . substantially as set forth." The method "as herein described" is to cause gradual changes in the intensity of the electric current used as the medium of transmission, which shall be exactly analogous to the changes in the density of the air occasioned by the peculiarities in the shapes of the undulations produced in speech, in the manner "substantially as set forth" -- that is to say, "by the vibration or motion of bodies capable of inductive action, or by the vibration of the conducting wire itself in the neighborhood of such bodies," which is the magneto method, or "by alternately increasing and diminishing the resistance of the circuit, or by alternately increasing and diminishing the power of the battery," which is the variable resistance method. This is the process which has been patented, and it may be operated in either of the ways set forth. The current must be kept closed to be used successfully, but this does not necessarily imply that it must be so produced or so operated upon as to be incapable of being opened. If opened, it will fail to act for the time being, and the process will be interrupted; but there is nothing in the patent which requires it to be operated by instruments which are incapable of making the break. The apparatus "as herein described," which is included in the claim, is undoubtedly one in which an electromagnet is employed, and constructed "substantially as set forth" in the specification. One acting on the variable resistance mode is not described further than to say that the vibration of the conducting wire in mercury or other liquid included in the circuit occasions undulations in the current, and no other special directions are given as to the manner in which it must be constructed. The patent is both for the magneto and variable resistance methods, and for the particular magneto apparatus which is described, or its equivalent. There is no patent for any variable resistance apparatus. It is undoubtedly true that when Bell got his patent, he thought the magneto method was the best. Indeed, he said in express terms he preferred it, but that does not exclude the use of the other if it turns out to be the most desirable way of using the process under any circumstances. Both forms of apparatus operate on a closed circuit by gradual changes of intensity, and not by alternately making and breaking the circuit or by sudden and instantaneous changes, and they each require to be so adjusted as to prevent interruptions. If they break, it is a fault, and the process stops until the connection is restored. It is again said that the claim, if given this broad construction, is virtually "a claim for speech transmission by transmitting it, or in other words, for all such doing of a thing as is provable by doing it." It is true that Bell transmits speech by transmitting it, and that long before he did so, it was believed by scientists that it could be done by means of electricity, if the requisite electrical effect could be produced. Precisely how that subtle force operates under Bell's treatment, or what form it takes, no one can tell. All we know is that he found out that by changing the intensity of a continuous current so as to make it correspond exactly with the changes in the density of air caused by sonorous vibrations, vocal and other sounds could be transmitted and heard at a distance. This was the thing to be done, and Bell discovered the way of doing it. He uses electricity as a medium for that purpose, just as air is used within speaking distance. In effect, he prolongs the air vibrations by the use of electricity. No one before him had found out how to use electricity with the same effect. To use it with success, it must be put in a certain condition. What that condition was he was the first to discover, and with his discovery he astonished the scientific world. Prof. Henry, one of the most eminent scientists of the present century, spoke of it as "the greatest marvel hitherto achieved by the telegraph." The thing done by Bell was "transmitting audible speech through long telegraphic lines," and Sir William Thomson, on returning to his home in England in August or September, 1876, after seeing at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia what Bell had done and could do by his process, spoke in this way of it to his countrymen: "Who can but admire the hardihood of invention which devised such very slight means to realize the mathematical conception that, if electricity is to convey all the delicacies of quality which distinguish articulate speech, the strength of its current must vary continuously, as nearly as may be, in simple proportion to the velocity of a particle of air engaged in constituting the sounds." Surely a patent for such a discovery is not to be confined to the mere means he improvised to prove the reality of his conception. We come now to consider the alleged anticipation of Philipp Reis. And here it is to be always kept in mind that the question is not whether the apparatus devised by Reis to give effect to his theory can be made, with our present knowledge, to transmit speech, but whether Reis had in his time found out the way of using it successfully for that purpose -- not as to the character of the apparatus, but as to the mode of treating the current of electricity on which the apparatus is to act, so as to make that current a medium for receiving the vibrations of air created by the human voice in articulate speech at one place, and in effect delivering them at the ear of a listener in another place. Bell's patent is not alone for the particular apparatus he describes, but for the process that apparatus was designed to bring into use. His patent would be quite as good if he had actually used Reis' apparatus in developing the process for which it was granted. That Reis knew what had to be done in order to transmit speech by electricity is very apparent, for in his first paper, he said: "As soon as it is possible to produce, anywhere and in any manner, vibrations whose curves shall be the same as those of any given tone or combination of tones, we shall receive the same impression as that tone, or combination of tones, would have produced on us." Bourseul also knew it before Reis, for, in a communication published in a Paris journal in 1854, he said: "Reproduce precisely these vibrations" -- to-wit, the vibrations made by the human voice in uttering syllables -- "and you will reproduce precisely these syllables." Reis discovered how to reproduce musical tones, but he did no more. He could sing through his apparatus, but he could not talk. From the beginning to the end, he has conceded this. In his first paper, he said: "Hitherto it has not been possible to reproduce the tones of human speech with a distinctness sufficient for everyone. The consonants are for the most part reproduced pretty distinctly, but the vowels, as yet, not in an equal degree. The cause of this I will attempt to explain. According to the experiments of Willis, Helmholtz, and others, vowel tones can be produced artificially if the vibrations of one body are from time to time augmented by those of another, something as follows: an elastic spring is set in vibration by the blow of a tooth on a toothed wheel; the first vibration is the greatest, and each subsequent one is smaller than the preceding. If, after a few vibrations of this kind (the spring not coming to a rest in the meantime), the tooth wheel imparts a new stroke, the following vibration will be again a maximum, and so on. The pitch of the tone produced in this way depends upon the number of vibrations in a given time, but the character of the tone upon the number of swellings in the same time. . . . Our organs of speech probably produce the vowels in the same manner, through the combined action of the upper and lower vocal cords, or of these latter and the cavity of the mouth. My apparatus reproduces the number of vibrations, but with an intensity much less than that of the original ones, though, as I have reason to believe, to a certain degree proportional among themselves. But in the case of these generally small variations, the difference between large and small vibrations is more difficult to perceive than in the case of the original waves, and the vowel is therefore more or less indistinct." "I have succeeded in constructing an apparatus with which I am enabled to reproduce the tones of various instruments, and even to a certain extent the human voice." No one of the many writers whose papers are found in the records claim more than this for Reis or his discoveries. Although his first paper was published in 1861, and Bell did not appear as a worker in the same field of scientific research until nearly fifteen years afterwards, no advance had been made, by the use of what he had contrived or of his method, toward the great end to be accomplished. He caused his instruments to be put on the market for sale, and both he and those whom he employed for that purpose took occasion to call attention to them by prospectus, catalogue, and otherwise, and to describe what they were, and what they would do. In his own prospectus, which was published in 1865 and attached to the apparatus, he says: "Every apparatus consists . . . of two parts -- the telephone proper and the receiver. . . . These two parts are placed at such a distance from each other that singing or toning of a musical instrument can be heard in no other way from one station to the other except through the apparatus." "Besides the human voice, there can be reproduced (according to my experience) just as well the tones of good organ pipes from F-c, and those of the piano." Albert, the mechanician employed to make the instruments, in his catalogue published in 1866, enumerates, among the things he has for sale, "Telephone of Reis for reproduction of tones by electricity." In a work on electricity by Robert M. Ferguson, published by William and Robert Chambers, London and Edinburgh, in 1867, it is said, in speaking of the telephone: "This is an instrument for telegraphing notes of the same pitch. Any noise producing a single vibration of the air, when repeated regularly a certain number of times in the second (not less than thirty-two), produces, as is well known, a musical sound. . . . A person when singing any note causes the air to vibrate so many times per second, the number varying with the pitch of the note he sings; the higher the note, the greater being the number of vibrations. If we, then, by any means can get these vibrations to break a closed circuit, . . . the note sung at one station can be reproduced, at least so far as pitch is concerned, at another. Reis' telephone (invented 1861) accomplishes this in the following way," which is then described. But it is needless to quote further from the evidence on this branch of the case. It is not contended that Reis had ever succeeded in actually transmitting speech, but only that his instrument was capable of it if he had known how. He did not know how, and all his experiments in that direction were failures. With the help of Bell's later discoveries in 1875, we now know why he failed. As early as 1854, Bourseul, in his communication which has already been referred to, had said substantially that if the vibrations of air produced by the human voice in articulate speech could be reproduced by means of electricity at a distance, the speech itself would be reproduced and heard there. As a means of stimulating inquiry to that end, he called attention to the principle on which the electric telegraph was based, and suggested an application of that principle to such a purpose. He said: "The electric telegraph is based on the following principle: an electric current, passing through a metallic wire, circulates through a coil around a piece of soft iron, which it converts into a magnet. The moment the current stops, the piece of iron ceased to be a magnet. This magnet, which takes the name of 'Electro-Magnet,' can thus in turn attract, and then release, a movable plate, which, by its to and fro movement, produces the conventional signals employed in telegraphy." Then, after referring to the mode in which speech is transmitted by the vibrations of the air, he said: "Suppose that man speaks near a movable disk, sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disk alternately makes and breaks the connection with a battery -- you may have at a distance another disk which will simultaneously execute the same vibrations." That Reis was working all the time, from the beginning to the end of his experiments, upon the principle of the telegraph as thus suggested by Bourseul is abundantly proven. Thus, in his first paper, after describing his cubical block apparatus, he says: "If now tones or combinations of tones are produced in the neighborhood of the block, so that sufficiently powerful waves enter the opening a, then these sounds cause the membrane b to vibrate. At the first condensation, the hammer-like wire d is pushed back; at the rarefaction, it cannot follow the retreating membrane, and the current traversing the strips remains broken until the membrane, forced by a new condensation, again presses the strip . . . against d. In this way, each sound wave causes a breaking and closing of the current. At each closing of the circuit, the atoms of the iron wire inside the distant spiral are moved away from each other; on breaking the circuit, these atoms seek to regain their position of equilibrium. When this happens, in consequence of the reciprocal actions of elasticity and inertia, a number of vibrations are produced, and they give the longitudinal sound of the rod. This is the case if the making and breaking of the current occur with comparative slowness. If they occur more rapidly than the oscillations of the iron core, due to its elasticity, the atoms cannot complete their course. The paths described become shorter in proportion as the interruptions are more frequent, but then are just as numerous as these. The iron wire no longer gives its longitudinal normal tone, but a tone whose pitch corresponds to the number of interruptions in a given time. This is the same as saying that the rod reproduces the tone impressed upon the interrupter." Such was the beginning, and it was maintained persistently to the end, as well by Reis as by those who availed themselves of what he was doing. To this the Reis-Legat apparatus forms no exception, for in the paper describing it, Legat says: "The operation of the apparatus described is as follows: when at rest, the galvanic circuit is closed. When the air which is in the tube a b of the apparatus is alternately condensed and rarefied by speaking into it (or by singing or introducing the tones of an instrument), a movement of the membrane closing the smaller opening of the tube is produced, corresponding to such condensation or rarefaction. The lever c d follows the movements of the membrane, and opens and closes the galvanic circuit at d g, so that at each condensation of the air in the tube, the circuit is opened, and at each rarefaction, the circuit is closed. In consequence of this operation, the electromagnet of the apparatus, in accordance with the condensations and rarefactions of the column of air in the tube, . . . is correspondingly demagnetized and magnetized, and the armature of the magnet is set into vibrations like those of the membrane in the transmitting apparatus." We have not had our attention called to a single item of evidence which tends in any way to show that Reis, or anyone who wrote about him, had it in his mind that anything else than the intermittent current caused by the opening and closing of the circuit could be used to do what was wanted. No one seems to have thought that there could be another way. All recognized the fact that the "minor differences in the original vibrations" had not been satisfactorily reproduced, but they attributed it to the imperfect mechanism of the apparatus used, rather than to any fault in the principle on which the operation was made to depend. It was left for Bell to discover that the failure was due not to workmanship, but to the principle which was adopted as the basis of what had to be done. He found that what he called the "intermittent current" -- one caused by alternately opening and closing the circuit -- could not be made under any circumstances to reproduce the delicate forms of the air vibrations caused by the human voice in articulate speech, but that the true way was to operate on an unbroken current by increasing and diminishing its intensity. This he called a "vibratory or undulatory current," not because the current was supposed to actually take that form, but because it expressed with sufficient accuracy his idea of a current which was subjected to gradual changes of intensity, exactly analogous to the changes of density in the air occasioned by its vibrations. Such was his discovery, and it was new. Reis never thought of it, and he failed to transmit speech telegraphically; Bell did, and he succeeded. Under such circumstances, it is impossible to hold that what Reis did was an anticipation of the discovery of Bell. To follow Reis is to fail, but to follow Bell is to succeed. The difference between the two is just the difference between failure and success. If Reis had kept on, he might have found out the way to succeed; but he stopped, and failed. Bell took up his work, and carried it on to a successful result. As to what is shown to have been written and done by Dr. Van der Weyde, it is only necessary to say that he copied Reis, and it was not until after Bell's success that he found out how to use a Reis instrument so as to make it transmit speech. Bell taught him what to do to accomplish that purpose. So as to James W. McDonough. We presume that it will not be claimed that he is entitled to more than he asked for in his application for a patent, filed April 10, 1876, and there a "circuit breaker," so adjusted as to "break the connection by the vibrations of the membrane," is made one of the elements of his invention. The Patent Office was clearly right in holding that he had been anticipated by Reis. The patents of Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, of London, England -- granted, one, June 2, 1868, and the other, October 8, 1870 -- were for "improvements in electric telegraphs." The objects of the invention covered by the first were "to cut off the disturbance arising from earth currents, to obtain a high speed of signaling through long circuits, and, should the conductor become partially exposed, to preserve it from being eaten away by electrolytic action," and the object of the second was the "increase of the transmitting power of telegraph circuits by enabling more than one operator to signal independent messages at the same time, upon one and the same wire, to and from independent stations." While this patentee in his specification says "by my invention, I superpose upon the currents used for working the ordinary telegraphs rapid undulations or waves which do not practically alter the mechanical or chemical power of the ordinary signal currents," "these undulations are made to produce distinct and independent audible or other signals so long as these undulations are produced, whether ordinary signal currents be flowing or not," it is apparent that he uses the terms "undulations" and "waves" in an entirely different sense from Bell, for his patent implies operation on the principle of the electric telegraph -- that is to say, by making and breaking the circuit. A Morse key, or something equivalent, is to be used, and besides, in the descriptive portion of the patent it is said: "When the current is flowing through the coils of the electromagnet, the horns of the fork k are drawn apart, and the spring l1 loses its contact; then, as the attraction of the magnet ceases, the horns of the fork spring back. This remakes the contact, and so a continual tremor is communicated to the tuning fork." In short, there is nothing in any part of the specification to indicate that the patentee had in his mind "undulations" resulting "from gradual changes of intensity exactly analogous to the changes in the density of air occasioned by simple pendulous vibrations," which was Bell's discovery and on which his art rests. Varley's purpose was to superpose -- that is to say, place -- upon the ordinary signal current another which, by the action of the make and break principle of the telegraph, would do the work he wanted. Another alleged anticipation is that of Daniel Drawbaugh. Bell got his patent March 7, 1876, and the fortunate accident which led to his discovery occurred June 2, 1875. Active litigation to enforce his patented rights was begun by his company on the 12th of September, 1878, with a suit, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, against Richard A. Dowd. This suit was defended by the Western Union Telegraph Company and vigorously contested. The answer was filed November 4, 1878, setting up alleged anticipations by Gray, Edison, Dolbear, and others. The record fills 1,200 printed pages, but before a decision was reached, the case was compromised and a decree entered by consent. The litigation ended at sometime in the latter part of the year 1879. The last deposition was taken on the 19th of September in that year. The next contested suit was brought in the same court on the 28th of July, 1880, against Albert Spencer and others. An answer was filed in this case September 6, 1880, and depositions afterwards taken, some of those in the Dowd suit being used in this by stipulation. On the 27th of June, 1881, a decision was announced by Judge Lowell sustaining the patent, upon which a decree was entered. On the 14th of November, 1879, Abner G. Tisdel filed in the Patent Office an application for a patent for "a new and useful improvement in speaking telephones," and on the 18th of November, 1879, Frank A. Klemm also filed an application for a patent for "a new and useful improvement in telephone transmitters." These inventions were transferred by assignment to Ernest Marx and Frank A. Klemm, of New York City, Moritz Loth, of Cincinnati, and Simon Wolf, of Washington. On the 6th of March, 1880, these parties entered into a mutual agreement to the effect that "Each and all of their interests in said improvements and inventions, and the letters patent to be issued therefor, shall be merged and consolidated as common stock in a corporate body, under the laws of either of the States of Ohio, New York, or the general laws of the United States relating to the formation of incorporations in the District of Columbia, or of such other states or territories as may be found necessary hereafter." This agreement was recorded in the Patent Office March 10, 1880. On the 6th of May, 1880, Edgar W. Chellis, a merchant of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, M. W. Jacobs, a lawyer at the same place, and Lysander Hill, a lawyer then residing in Washington, in the District of Columbia, made an arrangement with Daniel Drawbaugh by which they were to become jointly interested with him in his alleged telephone inventions, each to have a quarter interest. Nothing was paid for this, but each of the parties was to have one-fourth of anything that should be realized from the enterprise. On the 24th of May, 1880, Simon Wolf, one of the parties interested in the Klemm and Tisdel inventions, visited Harrisburg on business with Chellis in reference to telephone matters. On the 18th of May, four days before this visit, a patent was issued to Wolf and his associates upon the invention of Tisdel. While Wolf was in Harrisburg, negotiations were begun with Chellis for a transfer of the Drawbaugh inventions to the owners of those of Klemm and Tisdel. These negotiations resulted in a conditional contract of the 22d of June, by reason of which Chellis, Jacobs, Hill and Drawbaugh went to Washington and there, on the 21st of July, 1880, Drawbaugh, claiming to "have invented certain new and useful improvements in the transmission of vocal speech, and the apparatus to be used for such purpose, for which I am about to make application for letters patent of the United States," assigned to Klemm, Marx, Wolf, and Loth "the full and exclusive right to the said invention, as fully set forth and described in the specification prepared and executed by me dated the 21st day of July, 1880, preparatory to obtaining letters patent of the United States therefor," and he at the same time and by the same instrument authorized and requested the Commissioner of Patents to issue the patent to his assignees, "each as assignee of one-fourth part." The specification referred to in the assignment had not been put in evidence in any of the cases. In the course of taking the testimony, it was called for by the Bell Company, but the counsel for the opposite party refused to produce either the original or a copy from the Patent Office. The assignment was recorded in the Patent Office July 22, 1880, and in the official digest of assignments, the following, notation appears: "About to make appl'n. Spe'n dated July 21, 1880." On the morning of July 22, 1880, the following appeared in the Cincinnati Commercial, a newspaper printed at Cincinnati, Ohio: "Special to Cincinnati Commercial" "WASHINGTON, D.C., July 21. An application for a patent was filed today that, in consequence of its vastness of interest, as well as wealth of prospect, renders it a subject of national interest. A company of leading businessmen has been formed that has bought up all the telephone patents antedating those now in use, and known as the Bell, Gray, and Edison patents. The company is composed of leading businessmen from all parts of the country, Cincinnati being largely represented and interested. The cash capital of the company is $5,000,000, with headquarters in New York, and in about sixty days they will open up the telephone, which will certainly result in the driving out of all telephones in the market save the ones they hold, or else the compelling the Gray, Bell, and Edison lines to pay the new company a munificent royalty. It appears from the testimony now on file, and in the possession of the new company, which is conclusive and exhaustive, that the inventor of the telephone is a poor mechanic, living near Harrisburg, Pa. named Daniel Drawbaugh. Owing to his poverty, he was unable to push his patent on the market. The new company have secured, and are sole possessors of, this invention, antedating those now in use. They are also owners of four patents for telephones issued to Mr. Klemm, of New York. A large number of capitalists were here today to see the filing of the application, and they assert with a positiveness that is almost convincing that it will not be long till they have entire charge of the telephones not only in this country but in the world, and that they will be able to establish lines by which messages can be transmitted for almost a song." "Mr. Lipman Levy, of the law firm of Moulton, Johnson & Levy, of Cincinnati, was here today in the interest of the Cincinnati parties, who, as already stated, are among the most prominent financial men of our city." Afterwards, on the 23d of August, 1880, the following appeared in the Journal of Commerce, a newspaper printed in the City of New York: "A NEW TELEPHONE COMPANY. A company has recently been formed in this city with a capital of $5,000,000, for the purpose of manufacturing telephones. The company is to be known as 'The People's Telephone Company,' and a number of leading capitalists in this city and Cincinnati are interested in it. The telephones are to be manufactured under the patents of Frank A. Klemm and Abner G. Tisdel, and the application for patents of Daniel Drawbaugh, of Eberly's Mills, Cumberland County, Pa. filed July 21, 1880. It is claimed by those interested in the new enterprise that Drawbaugh is really the inventor of the telephone, and had completed one years before Professor Bell, or anyone else, had manufactured one. He was, however, in very humble circumstances, and his neighbors who knew of his experiments looked upon him as a harmless lunatic. He continued improving his original telephone, and it is claimed that the one which the new company proposes to furnish is superior to any now in use. The company has fitted up a factory in Brooklyn, and in three months will be prepared to supply 1,000 of the new telephones. As soon as operations are actively commenced, it is expected that legal proceedings will be begun against the new company by the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company, which holds most of the existing patents, and a long and interesting legal fight is anticipated." On the 30th of August, 1880, the People's Telephone Company was incorporated under the general laws of New York, with an authorized capital stock of $5,000,000, for "manufacturing, constructing, owning, furnishing, letting, and selling telephones, and the apparatus used therewith, under the inventions and patents of Abner G. Tisdel, Frank A. Klemm, Daniel Drawbaugh, and other inventions and patents which may hereafter be assigned to said company," and on the 4th of September, 1880, Klemm, Loth, Marx, and Wolf, in consideration of $4,999,550, represented by 99,991 shares of stock, assigned and transferred to that company all their interest in the Klemm, Tisdel, and Drawbaugh inventions; those of Drawbaugh being described as "the inventions in telephones made by Daniel Drawbaugh of Eberly's Mills, Cumberland County, in the State of Pennsylvania, for which application for patents was made on or about the 21st day of July, 1880, and which was assigned to us on the [twenty-]first day of July, 1880, as more particularly appears in a deed of assignment recorded in the United States Patent Office in Liber W. 25, page 85, in the Book of Transfers of Patents." For the assignment from Drawbaugh to Klemm, Marx, Loth, and Wolf, $20,000 was paid in money to Chellis, Jacobs, Hill and Drawbaugh, and they were also to have a certain amount of the stock of the proposed corporation when formed. What amount they actually got, Chellis, who was sworn as a witness in the case, declined to tell, but he admitted it was large. At this time, and in this way, the attention of the general public was called for the first time to the fact that Drawbaugh claimed to have anticipated Bell in the discovery of the telephone. Bell's success had been proclaimed more than four years before at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. In the meantime, inventions in aid of his discovery had been multiplied. According to the testimony of Park Benjamin, more than one hundred patents had been issued and indexed under the word "Telephone." Numerous interferences had been declared and considered at the Patent Office. Gray, Edison, Dolbear, and others had either claimed for themselves or others had claimed for them priority of invention and discovery, and Bell had thus far been sustained as against them all. Blake had perfected his microphone apparatus, and Bell's patent had become a great commercial success. The People's Company either began or threatened to begin operations under its charter, and on the 20th of October, 1880, the Bell Company brought suit against it in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York to prevent any infringement of the Bell patents. In the bill, it was alleged "that telephone exchanges now exist in more than two hundred and seventy-five towns and cities of the United States and in every state thereof, and exist in substantially every city in the United States having more than 15,000 inhabitants, and in many smaller places; . . . that there are now in use more than 100,000 electric speaking telephones licensed by and paying royalty to the Bell Company; . . . that the owners of said Bell patents, and those who now are or heretofore have been licensed by them have devoted great time and attention and large sums of money to the development of the telephone and the introduction thereof into extensive use, and to the proper construction of the most suitable telephone lines and systems and telephonic appliances, and have constructed many thousand miles of telephone lines for use with telephones owned by" the Bell Company, "and licensed by if for such use, and that nothing which the defendants, or F. A. Klemm, A.G. Tisdel, and D. Drawbaugh, . . . have done has contributed in any substantial way to the development of the telephone, or the introduction thereof into use." The bill then avers that Klemm, Marx, Loth, and Wolf, having become the owners of the Klemm and Tisdel improvements and having heard that Drawbaugh "claimed that he had made some experiments relating to electric speaking telephones (which experiments, if made, were incomplete, imperfect, unfruitful, and long before abandoned), entered into an arrangement with him to set up and claim that he was the first inventor of the speaking telephone and to make application for a patent therefor, and thereafter, alleging and pretending that said Drawbaugh was the original and first inventor of the electric speaking telephone and that electric speaking telephones had not before such application been in public use or on sale for more than two years with the knowledge and consent of Drawbaugh, they did, on or about the 21st day of July, 1880, induce him to make, and cause to be filed in the Patent Office of the United States, an application for a patent to issue to them as assignees of the said Drawbaugh, as the first and original inventor of the electric speaking telephone, the said defendants well knowing at the time that electric speaking telephones had been in public use by" the Bell Company and its licensees "for more than two years before said application." It was then further alleged that if Drawbaugh had ever made his pretended inventions, they "have not been by him or anyone claiming under him introduced into public use, and that knowledge thereof has been withheld from your orators and the public except so far as they have been disclosed within the three months last past by certain newspaper publications. " To this bill the People's Company filed an answer in December, 1880, or January, 1881. The record does not show the precise date. In this answer, it was said that Drawbaugh was "the original and first inventor and discoverer of the art of communicating articulate speech between distant places by voltaic and magneto electricity," and that "long prior to the alleged inventions by" Bell, Gray and Edison, he, "then and now residing at Eberly's Mills, constructed and operated practical working electric speaking telephones at said Eberly's Mills and exhibited their successful operation to a great number of other persons resident in his vicinity and elsewhere;" that his telephones, as then constructed and operated, "contained all the material and substantial parts and inventions patented" in the patents of Bell, and "also other important and valuable inventions in electric and magneto telephony, and were fully capable of transmitting, and were actually used for transmitting, articulate vocal sounds and speech between distant points by means of electric currents; that some of the original machines and instruments invented, made, used, and exhibited to many others long prior to the said alleged inventions of Bell, or either of them, are still in existence and capable of successful practical use, and are identified by a large number of persons who personally tested and used them and knew of their practical operation and use in the years 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and both prior and subsequent thereto; that certainly more than fifty, and probably not less than one hundred, persons, or even more, were cognizant of said Drawbaugh's invention and use of said telephones, and of his claim to be the original and first inventor thereof prior to the alleged inventions of said Bell or either of them; that said Drawbaugh, for more than ten years prior to the year 1880, was miserably poor, in debt, with a large and helpless family dependent on his daily labor, and was from such cause alone utterly unable to patent his invention, or caveat it, or manufacture and introduce it on the market; that said Drawbaugh never abandoned his said invention nor acknowledged the claims of any other person or persons thereto, but always persisted in his claims to it, and intended to patent it as soon as he could procure the necessary means therefor; that said Drawbaugh never acquiesced in the public use of said Bell, Gray, Edison, Blake, or other telephones, nor in the claims of the alleged inventors thereof, nor gave his consent to such use." It is then said that Drawbaugh, after finding by experiment that his invention was capable of successful working, "conceived that its range and capacity for usefulness to the public might be very greatly enlarged; that many improvements of great value might be made and added to it which, without departing from its principle, might increase its value to himself and to the public, and therefore set himself at work to discover and invent such improvements; that he discovered and invented some of said additional improvements prior to any alleged invention by Bell, and that, notwithstanding his embarrassed and impoverished pecuniary condition and his utter want of proper mechanical tools, materials, and appliances to conduct such work, he labored with all reasonable diligence to perfect and adapt his said improvements, and did finally, in due exercise of such reasonable diligence, perfect and adapt the same, and that insofar as the said Bell has incorporated such improvements in his said two patents, or either of them, he (the said Bell) has surreptitiously and unjustly obtained a patent or patents for that which was in fact first invented by Drawbaugh, who was using reasonable diligence in perfecting and adapting the same, and therefore the patent or patents of the said Bell therefore is or are invalid and void." It is then said that "the defendant, in good faith and relying upon its legal rights, . . . caused applications to be made and filed in the Patent Office for letters patent on the inventions of the said Daniel Drawbaugh with the intention of procuring interference proceedings to be instituted in accordance with the statute against the patents of said Bell, and the pending applications of said Gray, Edison, and others, in order that said Drawbaugh may be adjudged by the Commissioner of Patents to be, as he rightfully is, the original and first inventor of the electric speaking telephone, and may be adjudged entitled to receive a patent or patents therefor. " The People's Company began taking depositions on the 19th of April, 1881, but Drawbaugh himself did not appear as a witness until December 7, 1881. After that time, others were examined, and when the proofs were closed, between three and four hundred witnesses had been produced whose testimony was taken and put into the record, to establish the priority of Drawbaugh's invention. This testimony, as is now claimed, shows the story of that invention to have been as follows: "Early conception and experiments with the continuous current, 1862, 1866, and 1867." "Teacup transmitter and receiver, 1866 and 1867." "Tumbler and tin-cup and mustard can ('F' and 'B'), 1867 and 1869." "Improvement on 'B' ('C'), 1869, 1870." "Further improvement upon 'C,' and the more perfect magneto instrument, 'I,' 1870, 1871." "Mouthpiece changed to center and adjusting screw inserted (Exhibit A), 1874." "'D' and 'E' perfectly adjusted and finished magneto instruments, January and February, 1875." "'L', 'M', 'G', and 'O' from February, 1875, to August, 1876." "'H', August, 1876." "'J', 'N', and 'P', 1878." This statement of the Drawbaugh claim we have quoted from the brief of counsel appearing in his behalf, and his success in the litigation has been placed, as we understand it, both in the answer and in the argument, on the truth or falsehood of what is thus set forth. The letters "F", "B", etc., in the statement refer to exhibits in the cause, being certain instruments claimed to have been made and used by Drawbaugh in the progress of his work and preserved until now. The original tea-cup instrument was not produced, but Drawbaugh in his deposition gave what he said was a drawing, showing how it had been constructed. "F", "B", "C", "I", and "A" were neither of them in a condition for use when they were put in evidence, and no one of all the witnesses except Drawbaugh could tell how they were originally constructed or what the process was by which sound was transmitted when they were used. All any of the witnesses could say on that subject was that they had used one or more of the different instruments at Drawbaugh's shop; had heard sounds and sometimes spoken words through them, and that Drawbaugh told them the sound was carried on the wire by electricity. There was nothing whatever produced in print or in writing on the subject -- not even a memorandum or a drawing of any kind. And there is nothing in the testimony to show that Drawbaugh ever told anyone how his earlier instruments were made or what his process was until he was called as a witness in December, 1881, and explained it in his testimony. This was nearly twenty years, according to the present claim, after he had begun his experiments, nearly seven after he had made and used "D" and "E", perfectly adjusted and finished magneto instruments, and more than five after "L", "M", "G", "O", and "H" had been constructed and kept in his shop. It was also nearly six years after the date of Bell's patent, more than five after the success of his discovery had been proclaimed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, four after his process had got into public use, three after it had become an established success, and two after he had brought his first suit for the establishment of his rights against Dowd, who represented the Western Union Telegraph Company, to a successful termination. Under these circumstances, it becomes important to consider the conduct of Drawbaugh in reference to his alleged invention during this twenty years of eventful history, as connected with the discovery and use of telephones. If his present claim is true, his experiments began almost as far back as those of Reis, and he had in his shop at Eberly's Mills, within three miles of Harrisburg, telephones that were substantially perfect months before Bell, on the second of June, 1875, got the clue to his subsequent discoveries. It is conceded that "D" and "E", made, as is claimed, in February, 1875, are substantially as good magneto instruments as any Bell had used before December, 1881, and "L", "M", "G", "O", and "H", all of which it is claimed were constructed by August, 1876, and some in February, 1875 are as good, or nearly as good, microphones as those of Blake, which were not invented until 1878. This is the theory of Drawbaugh's defense as it is set forth in the answer and in the argument, and by it his case must stand or fall. The claim is that the discovery of the process was complete, and that perfect telephones had been made and were in a condition for use, a year and more before Bell got his patent. Drawbaugh was, when he gave his deposition, fifty-four years of age, and had lived all his life at or near Eberly Mills, a small village near Harrisburg. He was a skillful and ingenious mechanic, and if he made "D" and "E" and the instruments which came after them at the time it is said he did, he had good tools and good materials in 1875 and 1876, and was capable of doing the best of work. He was also somewhat of an inventor, and had some knowledge of electricity. According to the testimony, he was an enthusiast on the subject of his "talking machine", and showed it freely to his neighbors and people from the country when they visited his shop. The Centennial Exposition was opened at Philadelphia in May, 1876, and Drawbaugh visited it on the 17th of October, 1876, remaining four or five days. Before he went, he had heard, as he says, that someone besides himself had invented a speaking telephone, which he had the impression was on exhibition here. If what he now claims is true, he had then on hand in his shop Exhibits "D", "E", "L", "M", "G", "O", and "H", all of them good instruments of their kind and capable of transmitting speech, and some of them but just finished. Bell's apparatus had been exhibited to the board of judges in June before, and had attracted marked attention. The matter was much discussed in the public press, and yet it never seems to have occurred to Drawbaugh to take any of his telephones with him when he went, although they were small in size, and some or all of them could have been carried without serious inconvenience. When giving his testimony, he was examined in chief as to that visit, and this is what he said on the subject of telephones: "Q. 386. Did you attend the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in the year 1876?" "A. Yes, sir, I did." "Q. 387. Can you give the date on which you went there?" "A. I can by reference to a book. It was October 17, 1876. The 17th was a day on which I dated a letter from Philadelphia, while I was there on that visit." "Q. 388. How long did your visit there last?" "A. About four or five days, to the best of my recollection." "Q. 389. Who went with you on that visit?" "A. Mr. George Leonard." "Q. 390. Was that the only visit to the Centennial Exhibition that you made?" "A. Yes sir, it was." "Q. 391. At the time that you went there, or before that time, had you heard that somebody else besides yourself had invented a speaking telephone, or a telephone?" "A. Yes sir, sometime before that. I don't remember how long, but not a great while." "Q. 392. When you went there, did you suppose it would be on exhibition there?" "A. I don't remember whether I had heard that it was on exhibition or not, but I got the impression some way that it was on exhibition." "Q. 393. While you were there at the Centennial, did you see any telephones, or make an effort to see any there?" "A. Sir, I made an effort, and seen an instrument called a 'telephone', and supposed it to be the instrument spoken of -- the one of which I had heard. I was looking and had made some inquiry, and was directed or came to a portion of the building where I saw on a counter some man's telephone -- the name I don't remember. At that time, or several times that I called, there was no one there to attend to it. I spoke to another party that had something else on exhibition -- I don't recollect what it was -- just near by, and I asked him whether there was anyone there to attend or to show the instruments. I was informed then there was no one there to show them." "Q. 394. If you remember, please state what kind of an instrument it was that you saw there, and state what information you were able to obtain there regarding it, and its mode of operation." "A. There was a number of instruments placed onto a raised portion -- something like a shelf -- that is, it resembled something like pigeonholes, a box open in front, and each instrument at the back of it had an electromagnet. The number of instruments I don't remember. I don't remember of counting them. If I am not mistaken, there may have been a dozen or more, perhaps. Some were larger than others. I could not give you a much better description than that. I couldn't get any information about them. This attendant made some remarks about the instruments, but he didn't understand them and couldn't explain them. I was several feet from where the instruments were. They were placed -- it occurs to me -- on a raised place like a shelf, just about high enough for a man to speak into; that is the way it looked to me. I did not go in behind the counter to examine them, although there was an opening to go in by, because I did not like to make too free, as there was no one there. " "Q. 395. Did you see any circulars lying around there referring to these instruments, or other advertisements of them?" "A. I don't remember about that; it may have been." "Q. 396. What was your impression as to the character of the instruments when you finally left them?" "A. I was impressed with the idea that they were instruments to telegraph by sounds. A certain sound to represent a certain letter of the alphabet. I am not certain how I got the idea, or whether any person told me that at the time, but that is the idea that I had. When I said certain sounds, I meant that sounds of a different pitch would represent different letters." "Q. 397. Do you know whether that was 'Gray's Harmonic Telegraph' that you saw there or not?" "A. It didn't say 'Telegraph;' I am confident it was called 'Telephone.' I didn't see the working parts of the interior, except the electromagnets. I took the name of the man and his address on a piece of paper, and put it in my pocket, but I don't know what became of it. I don't know whether it was 'Gray's Harmonic Telegraph' or not." "Q. 398. Did you see any tuning forks about it?" "A. I did not." That was all he did during his entire visit to ascertain whether anyone besides himself had actually entered upon this then new and interesting field of invention and discovery. He spoke to no one about what he had done himself, and he made no special effort to find out whether that which was on exhibition was in any respect like what he had at home. Neither did he when he got home, so far as the records show, say anything to his neighbors or visiting friends about what he had seen or heard. He had apparently lost all interest in "talking machines." Not so, however, with his other inventions. The testimony shows that during the early part of 1876, he was much occupied in building an electric clock, which he thought of exhibiting at the Centennial. This he did not do, however, but either just before he went to Philadelphia or soon after, Rufus E. Shapley, a jeweler of Mechanicsburg, went by his invitation or on his suggestion to Eberly's Mills to look at the clock which he had made. Soon afterwards, the clock was taken to Shapley's store in Mechanicsburg, and on the 8th of November, 1876, Drawbaugh, by an instrument in writing, transferred to Shapley a half interest in the "clock I am getting up, the said R. E. Shapley to pay for patenting the same." Shapley had then $2,000 in money which Drawbaugh was anxious to have him invest in that business, and the clock was taken by him to his shop so that it might be examined with that end in view, if it should prove to be useful. Sometime afterwards, it was taken back to Eberly's Mills, where it remained until April 1, 1878, or thereabouts, when a clock company was formed, and that clock, or another one substantially like it, was taken about the country for exhibition. For this, Drawbaugh was paid $500, with an interest in the profits, and on the 20th of September, 1878, he applied for a patent for "improvement in earth batteries for electric clocks", which was issued January 14, 1879, to the members of the clock company. The enterprise does not seem to have been productive of any great success. In November or December, 1878, while this clock was on exhibition at Harrisburg, Drawbaugh was introduced to Edgar W. Chellis. He had with him at the time a "wooden model of a faucet" that he wanted Chellis and another man to take each a third interest in. An arrangement was afterwards made by which Chellis got a two-thirds interest, he paying for it $250 January 7, 1879. On the 14th of the same month, Drawbaugh filed in the Patent Office an application for a patent for "improvement in rotary measuring faucets," Chellis to have a two-thirds interest. After this application, an interference was declared, March 29, 1879, between Drawbaugh and David A. Hauck, who had filed a conflicting application January 17th. In his preliminary statement upon this interference, Drawbaugh said that he had conceived the idea of his faucets, and sketched them, late in the fall of 1876; that he made a working model in the spring of 1877, and actually tested it then, but the Patent Office model was not completed until about the 1st of November, 1878. The case was closely contested, but finally decided in favor of Drawbaugh, January 15, 1880. The patent was granted to him and Chellis July 6th of the same year. In this contest, Jacobs and Hill, who afterwards became interested in his telephone claims, appeared as the counsel of Drawbaugh. On the 2d of July, 1879, Drawbaugh filed another application in the Patent Office for "improvement in water motors," Chellis to have in this, also, a two-thirds interest. Upon this application a patent was issued March 16, 1880. It is impossible to believe, if Drawbaugh had in his shop, when he reached home from the Centennial, Exhibits "D", "E", "L", "M", "G", "O", and "H", or even "D" and "E" alone, that he would have set himself to work in the first instance at developing his clock enterprise or perfecting his former conception of a measuring faucet instead of making some effort to call the attention of his friends to his great discovery of the telephone, which he was in danger of losing by the patent which had been issued to another and which he could not but have known was even then attracting the greatest attention. And in this connection, it must be kept in mind that the theory of the defense is, as stated in the answer, that Drawbaugh had at that time fully perfected his invention, and that while at first he "conceived that its range and capacity for usefulness to the public might be very greatly enlarged", he had, before the date of Bell's patent, "notwithstanding his embarrassed and impoverished pecuniary condition, and his utter want of proper mechanical tools", finally perfected his work. His conduct afterwards, therefore, is to be judged not as that of one who was still in the midst of his experiments and doubtful of the results, but of one who had arrived at the end and had completed his success. No man of his intelligence, with or without the enthusiasm upon the subject which it is said he possessed, could have remained silent under such circumstances. As we have read the testimony, it is not even pretended that he took any of his instruments outside of his own village until May, 1878, when, as is claimed, he showed one to his friend Stees, in Harrisburg, whom he had known for years, and who was the first to use, and, in fact was then using, a Bell telephone in that place upon a private line of his own between his office and his shops. This produced no results, and when afterwards, in January, 1879, Chellis was told that Drawbaugh had "a phonograph and a telephone that he had invented", he gave it no attention, because, to use his own language, "I was interested in the faucet and motor business, and wished to push them, and I did not think we could do much with the telephone, as Bell had a patent, and I did not know that he could antedate them." And again, when speaking of a conversation he had with Drawbaugh, he said: "I advised him to drop it -- the telephone -- as he could not antedate Bell. He said he did not know about that; that he had been working on it a good while. It was his way of expressing himself. When I would say, 'You can't antedate Bell', he would say, 'I don't know about that; I have been working at it a good while.'" This, it must be remembered, was in 1879, after the telephone had become a success and after it had been a year or more in use in Harrisburg, where Chellis lived. It is impossible to believe that either Chellis or Drawbaugh was ignorant of the approximate time of Bell's invention, which had been the subject of frequent newspaper comment from the time of its exhibition at the Centennial. The subject was often referred to in the Harrisburg and Mechanicsburg papers, and it is not for a moment to be supposed that all of these various articles escaped their attention. Under such circumstances, if it were true that Drawbaugh had made his "D" and "E", as is now claimed, in February, 1875, he certainly would have said so, and would not have contented himself with so doubting an answer to Chellis' suggestion of his inability to antedate Bell as that which Chellis now says he gave. Another important fact in this connection is one which is proved by the testimony of Andrew R. Kiefer, who from 1863 had been Division Telegraph Operator, having charge of the Middle Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad and residing in Harrisburg. From 1867 to the winter of 1881-82, he was a member of a partnership firm in that place which was engaged in "the manufacture of burglar alarms, electric hotel annunciators, and fine electric work for the government -- instruments for the signal bureau, patent models, etc." He had also, since 1876, kept a place for the sale of electrical supplies. He had known Drawbaugh, certainly since 1876 and probably before. Drawbaugh met him on different occasions and talked upon electrical matters. In the course of their acquaintance, Drawbaugh showed him an electrical fire alarm apparatus and the works of his electric clock, but the subject of telephones was never alluded to between them until in the summer of 1881, when this occurred. We quote from Kiefer's deposition: "In the summer of 1881, I took my wife out for a drive and went over to see his (Drawbaugh's) works, never having seen them and having promised to come and see him sometime. My wife, not caring about going through the shop, remained in the carriage, and I went through alone with Mr. Drawbaugh. He showed me through the shops and introduced me to Mr. Chellis, and showed me parts of the water motor and some other things of his getting up. On account of my wife's being in the carriage alone, I did not stay long. As I stepped into, or was just in, the carriage, Mr. Drawbaugh said, 'I forgot to show you my telephone.' I did not get out again to go and see it, and I drove away without seeing it, expecting to see it again, but I have never got over to the shop since. " This was after the suit of the Bell Company against the People's Company was begun, and, of course, after the matter got into the hands of Chellis and his associates. It is no answer to the criticism of Drawbaugh's conduct in this particular to say, as was said in argument, that "one reason why he did not speak or apply to every man with whom he had personal acquaintance was that he was ridiculed by his neighbors; that his invention was considered a humbug by them, and of no commercial value." Bell's success was proclaimed in the Harrisburg Patriot as early as February 26, 1877, and the days of ridicule were then past. If Drawbaugh had at that time in his shop the machines which it is now claimed were all complete as they now are by August, 1876, and most of them before, there cannot be a doubt that he would have taken them to someplace where they could be tried and show that they would do what he had all along claimed for them. All he had to do at any time after he came back from the Centennial was to take any pair of his little instruments to his friend Zeigler or his friend Stees at Harrisburg, attach them to a line wire, and show what he had. They were men who could appreciate his achievement and help him if it was, as he now says it was, a success. It would certainly have been easier then, within two years of the time the first of them were made and within a year of the date of Bell's patent, to show that he "antedated" Bell, than it was three years afterwards, when he was brought into the controversy through the instrumentality of his associates, not, as must be evident to all, to get a patent for himself, but to defeat that of Bell. And in this connection it is specially significant that the application which it is claimed was made for a patent on the 21st of July, 1880, and the specification of his invention which was then written out, have been purposely and designedly kept out of the case, although their production was demanded. They were written before this suit was begun, and it is impossible to believe that they would have been withheld, at least upon the call of the opposite party, if they were in all respects consistent with the subsequent developments of the case. The excuse given by counsel at the time, that they were "in the secret archives of the Patent Office", and, "if produced and published in this cause, would possibly invite the filing of contesting applications and result in interference and additional litigation, besides unnecessarily prolonging the taking of testimony here and increasing the expenses," we cannot accept as satisfactory, especially as in the answer it was said that one object of filing the application was to procure "interference proceedings to be instituted against the patents of Bell, in order that Drawbaugh may be adjudged by the Commissioner to be, as he rightfully is, the original and first inventor." We have not overlooked the depositions that have been taken in such large numbers to show that Drawbaugh was successful with "F", "B", "C", "I", and "A", before "D" and "E" were made. They have been studied with care, and if they contained all the testimony in the case, it would be more difficult to reach the conclusion that Drawbaugh's claim was not sustained. But in our opinion their effect has been completely overcome by the conduct of Drawbaugh, about which there is no dispute, from the time of his visit to the Centennial until he was put forward by the promoters of the People's Company, nearly four years afterwards, to contest the claims of Bell. He was silent, so far as the general public were concerned, when, if he had really done what these witnesses now think he did, he would most certainly have spoken. There is hardly a single act of his connected with his present claim, from the time he heard, before going to Philadelphia, that someone else had invented a telephone which was on exhibition at the Centennial, that is not entirely inconsistent with the idea, even then, of a complete discovery or invention by himself which could be put to any practical use. It is not pretended that what he did was done in private. He had influential friends, with ample pecuniary resources, ready to help him in bringing out his inventions when they promised success. He easily got aid for his clock and for his faucet. The news of Bell's invention spread rapidly and at once, and it took but a few months to demonstrate to the world that he had achieved a brilliant success. If it were known at Eberly's Mills alone that Drawbaugh had been doing the same thing for years in his shop there -- and it certainly would have been known all through the little village if it had actually been done -- no one can believe that the public would be kept in ignorance of it until four years afterwards, when a "special" from Washington to the Cincinnati Commercial announced a "telephone combination" "to have entire charge of the telephones not only in this country, but in the world", that could transmit messages "for almost a song." But there is another fact in this case equally striking. As has already been seen, "F", "B", "C", and "I" were in no condition for use when they were produced and put in evidence. They were mere "remains", and no one but Drawbaugh himself could tell how they were made or how they were to be used. He undertook to reproduce some of them, especially "F" and "B." This was in the latter part of 1881, while the testimony was being taken. The Bell Company proposed that they should be tried to see if they would do what the witnesses said had been done with the originals, which the "remains" show must have been exceedingly primitive in their character. The testimony also shows that when they were originally used by or in the presence of the witnesses, no particular care was taken in their adjustment. They were lying around in the shop or standing upon shelves. Some say that when experiments were made, they were held in the hand or allowed to stand on the table. Many testify to satisfactory results, and Drawbaugh himself said in his deposition: "I would have persons in the cellar reading printed matter -- some advertisement or something -- and I could hear the words that were read, and at other times I would go down into the cellar and read something, and coming up they would repeat the words to me that I had read." The proposition of the Bell Company was accepted, and the reproductions were tried in March, 1882, under the most favorable circumstances. Three days were occupied in the test, and it is substantially conceded that it was a failure. Occasionally a sound was heard, and sometimes a word, but "it would not transmit sentences." At the time of these experiments, "F", which was the transmitter, was placed on a table and used as Drawbaugh said it was originally. Two years afterwards, other reproductions were presented, differently constructed, and used in a different way, and these would "talk," but they were neither made nor used in the same way as the originals. To our minds, the result of the second experiments conclusively showed that the original instruments could not have done what the witnesses supposed they did, and that what they saw and heard was produced by some other means than an electric speaking telephone. We do not doubt that Drawbaugh may have conceived the idea that speech could be transmitted to a distance by means of electricity, and that he was experimenting upon that subject; but to hold that he had discovered the art of doing it before Bell did would be to construe testimony without regard to "the ordinary laws that govern human conduct." Atlantic Works v. Brady, 107 U. S. 192, 107 U. S. 203. Without pursuing the subject further, we decide that the Drawbaugh defense has not been made out. Another objection to Bell's patent, put forth in the oral argument of Mr. Hill and in the printed brief signed by him and in that signed by Mr. Dixon, is that his application as originally filed in the Patent Office did not contain his present fourth claim, or any description of the variable resistance method, and that all which now appears in the specification on that subject, including the fourth claim, was surreptitiously interpolated afterwards. Bell's application was filed February 14, 1876, and afterwards, during the same day, Elisha Gray filed a caveat in which he claimed as his invention "the art of transmitting vocal sounds or conversations telegraphically through an electric circuit", and in his specification described the variable resistance method. The precise charge now made in the printed brief of Mr. Hill is that "Mr. Bell's attorneys had an underground railroad in operation between their office and Examiner Wilbur's room in the Patent Office, by which they were enabled to have unlawful and guilty knowledge of Gray's papers as soon as they were filed in the Patent Office," "that an important invention and a claim therefor were bodily interpolated into Bell's specification between February 14, 1876, and February 19, 1876, by Pollok in consequence of the guilty knowledge which the latter already had of the contents of Gray's caveat before the declaration of interference with Gray on February 19th." So grave a charge, made in so formal a manner, is entitled to careful consideration. It involves the professional integrity and moral character of eminent attorneys, and requires us to find from the evidence that after Bell swore to his application on the 20th of January, 1876, and after the application thus sworn to had been formally filed in the Patent Office, an examiner, who got knowledge of the Gray caveat put in afterwards, disclosed its contents to Bell's attorneys; that they were then allowed to withdraw the application, change it so as to include Gray's variable resistance method over Bell's signature, and over the jurat, and then restore it to the files, thus materially altered, as if it were the original, and all this between February 14 and February 19. Although much stress was laid in argument on the fact that what purported to be a certified copy of the specification of Bell, as found in the file wrapper and contents printed in the Dowd case, differed materially from the patent, the cause of these differences has been explained in the most satisfactory manner, and we entertain no doubt whatever that the specification as now found in the patent is precisely the same as that on which the order to issue was made. If any alterations were made, it was all done before February 19, and the fair copy which is now found on the files of the office is precisely as it was when the order for the patent was granted. Not a shadow of suspicion can rest on anyone growing out of the misprint of the specification in the Dowd case. All that remains, therefore, on which to rest this serious charge is that in a paper handed by Bell to George Brown, of Toronto, describing his invention, and which was intended to be used in England to secure a British patent, what is now claimed to be an interpolation in the American application is not to be found. It is but right to say that during the whole course of the protracted litigation upon the Bell patent, no argument was ever presented based on this discrepancy until the brief of Mr. Hill was filed in this Court on the 18th of January, 1887, six days before the argument in these appeals was begun. So far as we are advised, nothing had ever before occurred in the cases that seemed to make it necessary to prove when the variable resistance method or the fourth claim was put into the American application, or why it was left out of the paper handed to Brown. It seems always to have been assumed until the cases got here that because it was in the American patent, it was rightfully there. Certainly there is nothing in the pleadings in any of the cases to direct attention to the materiality of this fact. A comparison of the paper handed Brown with the American application shows that they differ in more than thirty different places, besides those which relate to the variable resistance method and the fourth claim. The differences are generally in forms of expression, thus indicating that one was written after the other, and evidently for the purpose of securing greater accuracy. The paper handed Brown was clearly a rough draft, and not a fair copy, for the record shows that it bore on its face the evidence of many erasures and interlineations. Bell says in his testimony that he began writing his specification in September or October, 1875, and wrote and rewrote it a number of times, finally adopting that mode of expression which seemed to him the best to explain his invention and the relation which one portion bore to another. He visited Brown in Canada in September, and again in December, 1875. The arrangement was made between them on the 29th of December, at this last interview, by which Brown was to interest himself in getting out British patents. Other inventions besides the telephone were included in the contract entered into for that purpose. Bell returned to Boston on the 1st of January and immediately set himself to work to complete his specification. He had it done so that it was taken to Washington by Mr. Hubbard about the 10th of that month, and delivered to Pollok and Bailey, the attorneys. It was then examined by the attorneys, found correct, and a fair copy made, and returned on the 18th to Bell in Boston for his signature and oath. It was signed and sworn to in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, January 20th, and immediately returned to the attorneys. Afterwards Pollok met Bell in New York, and it was again gone over with care by the two together. No change whatever was made in it at that time, and Pollok took it back with him to Washington. On the 25th of January, 1876, Bell met Brown, who was then on the way to England, in New York. It is now assumed that the paper which Brown took to England was handed to him then, and, because the variable resistance method and the fourth claim were not in that, it is argued that they could not have been in the American specification at that time. But no one has said when the paper was actually handed to Brown. Bell says he cannot tell, but that it must have been after he made his contract with Brown on the 29th of December. As the American specification was signed and sworn to five days before the interview with Brown on the 25th of January, and the paper of Brown differs from it in so many particulars besides that now in question, it would seem to be clear that the paper was a copy of some former draft which Bell had made -- possibly one taken to Canada in December -- and not of that which was perfected afterwards. As the specification which had been prepared and sworn to was a fair copy, without erasures or interlineations, the fact that the paper handed Brown was not a fair copy would imply that it was not intended to be an exact transcript of the other. At any rate, the bare fact that the difference exists under such circumstances is not sufficient to brand Bell and his attorneys, and the officers of the Patent Office, with that infamy which the charges made against them imply. We therefore have no hesitation in rejecting the argument. The variable resistance method is introduced only as showing another mode of creating electrical undulations. That Bell had had his mind upon the effect of such a method is conclusively established by a letter which he addressed to Mr. Hubbard on the 4th of May, 1875, and which is found in the Dowd record, introduced into the Overland case by stipulation. Its insertion in his final draft of his specification is another proof of the care with which his work had been done. In the case of the Clay Commercial Company, objection was made to the sufficiency of the proof of the incorporation of the American Bell Telephone Company and of its title to the Bell patents. Upon the first point, the proof was (1) a special act of the general court of Massachusetts entitled "An act to incorporate the American Bell Telephone Company," which authorized certain persons therein named and their associates to organize themselves under the provisions of chapter 224 of the Acts of 1870, and the acts in amendment thereof, for telephone purposes, and (2) a certificate of the secretary of the commonwealth, in the form required by § 11 of c. 224, that certain persons, among whom were the most of those mentioned in the special act, were legally organized and established as an existing corporation under the name of the American Bell Telephone Company. This section made such a certificate "conclusive evidence of the existence of a corporation" organized under that chapter. The authority granted by the special act to the persons named to organize as a corporation in this way gave them the authority to select a corporate name, and also made the statutory certificate conclusive evidence of their corporate existence. The objections to the proof of title are not in our opinion well taken. We do not deem it necessary to add to the length of this opinion by referring particularly to the testimony on that point. This disposes of all the cases so far as the patent of March 7, 1876, is concerned. It remains only to consider the patent of January 30, 1877, about which but little has been said either in the oral or printed arguments. Apparently it received but little attention by counsel or the court in either of the cases below. In the Dolbear case it was, by consent, excluded from the decree, and of course is not presented by that record in this Court. In all the other cases, the patent was sustained, and the Clay Commercial Company was adjudged to have infringed the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth claims, the Molecular Company, the sixth, seventh, and eighth, but not the fifth; the People's Company, the fifth, sixth, and eighth, and the Overland Company the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth. From the decree in favor of the Molecular Company as to the fifth claim, the Bell Company has appealed. In the case of the Clay Commercial Company, it was alleged in the answer that the substantial and material parts of the things described and claimed were described and claimed in a prior British patent taken out by or for Bell, dated December 9, 1876, and that inasmuch as the American patent does not bear the same date with the foreign patent and is not limited to expire therewith, it is void. This patent has not been pressed in the argument here, and in our opinion it has been settled by the decision of this Court in O'Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 62, 56 U. S. 112, and impliedly by that in Siemens v. Sellers, 123 U. S. 276 (at the present term), that the effect of § 4887 of the Revised Statutes is not to render invalid an American patent which does not bear the same date as a foreign patent for the same invention, but only to limit its term. The patent itself is for the mechanical structure of an electric telephone, to be used to produce the electrical action on which the first patent rests. The third claim is for the use in such instruments of a diaphragm, made of a plate of iron or steel or other material capable of inductive action; the fifth, of a permanent magnet constructed as described, with a coil upon the end or ends nearest the plate; the sixth, of a sounding box, as described; the seventh, of a speaking or hearing tube, as described, for conveying the sounds, and the eighth, of a permanent magnet and plate combined. The claim is not for these several things in and of themselves, but for an electric telephone, in the construction of which these things, or any of them, are used; hence the fifth claim is not anticipated by the Schellen magnet, as was decided in the Molecular case below. The patent is not for the magnet, but for the telephone of which it forms but part. To that extent, the decree in that case was erroneous. It follows that the decree in each of the cases, so far as it is in favor of the Bell Company and those claiming under it, must be affirmed, and that the decree in the Molecular case, so far as it is against that company on the fifth claim of the patent of January 30, 1877, must be reversed, and a decree directed to that extent in its favor. It is consequently so ordered. The following lists are taken from the answer of the Molecular Company. 1. Persons by whom the invention patented by Bell's first patent had been invented and discovered prior to his invention. Philip Reis, then of Friedrichsdorf, Germany, now dead, at Friedrichsdorf and Frankfort, Germany. Elisha Gray of Highland Park, Ill. at Oberlin and Cleveland, Ohio; Highland Park and Chicago, Ill.; Milwaukee, Wis., Washington, D.C. and New York City. Thomas A. Edison, of Menlo Park, N.J., at Menlo Park, N.J. and New York City. Daniel Drawbaugh, of and at Eberly's Mills, in the County of Cumberland and Pennsylvania. Amos E. Dolbear, of Somerville, Mass., at Somerville, Mass., and elsewhere in the United States. Alfred G. Holcomb, of Granby, Conn., at New York City, N.Y., and elsewhere in the United States. Philip H. Van der Weyde, of Brooklyn at New York City, N.Y., and elsewhere in the United States. James W. McDonough, of Chicago, Ill., at said Chicago, at New York City, and elsewhere. W. F. Channing, of Providence, R.I., at Providence, R.I. Benjamin F. Edwards, now deceased, formerly of Boston, Mass., at Boston, Mass., Washington, D.C., and New York City, N.Y. James Hamblet, Jr., of Brooklyn, N.Y., at Boston, Mass., Washington, D.C., and New York City. Edward Farran, of Keene, N.H., at Keene, N.H. Antonio Mencci, of Clifton, Staten Island, N.Y., at Staten Island and New York City. W. S. Voelker, of Morton, Delaware County, Pa., at Philadelphia, Pa., Morton, Delaware County, Pa., and other places in the United States. Edward C. Pickering, of Cambridge, Mass., at Boston and Cambridge, Mass. 2. Letters patent prior to Bell's first patent, describing the patented invention. Letters patent granted by the United States to Thomas A. Edison and George Harrington, dated Aug. 12, 1873, No. 141,777. Letters patent of the United States granted to William Thompson, dated Nov. 17, 1874, No. 156,897. Letters patent of the United States granted to Elisha Gray July 27, 1875, No. 166,096. Letters patent of the United States granted to Elisha Gray July 27, 1876, No. 166,094. Letters patent of the United States granted to Elisha Gray, July 27, 1875, No, 166,095; caveat filed by Elisha Gray in the United States Patent Office, Feb. 14, 1876. Letters patent of the United States granted to Elisha Gray, April 11, 1876, No. 175,971. Letters patent of the United States granted to Elisha Gray Jan. 16, 1877, No. 186,340. British letters Patent granted to C. F. Varley, 1870, No. 1044. British letters patent granted to J. H. Johnston, July 29, 1874, No. 2646. British letters patent granted to Gorge T. Bousfield, dated May 4, 1876, and numbered 1874. French patent granted to Leon Scott, dated March 25, 1817; certificate of addition to same dated July 29, 1859. British letters patent granted to John Henry Johnston, dated March 16, 1875, No. 974. British letters patent granted to Charles Wheatstone, dated Jan. 21, 1840, No. 8345. British letters patent granted to David Hughes, dated April 27, 1858, No. 938. United States letters patent granted to Elisha Gray, dated Feb. 15, 1876, No. 173,460. 3. Letters Patent prior Go Bell's second patent, describing the patented Invention. United States letters patent to Elisha Gray July 27, 1875, No. 166,095; to Elisha Gray, April 11, 1876, No. 175,971; to A.G. Holcomb, May 16, 1860; to Elisha Gray, July 20, 1875, No. 165,728; to Elisha Gray Feb. 15, 1876, No. 173,460, and to the same of the same date, No. 173,618. British letters patent to J. H. Johnston, July 29, 1874, No. 2646; to J. H. Johnston, March 16, 1875, No. 974; to George T. Bousfield, May 4, 1876, No. 1874. Canadian letters patent to Elisha Gray July 7, 1875, No. 4749. 4. Printed Publications prior to Bell's first patent in which the patent was described. "Electricity and Magnetism" by Jenkins, a book printed and published in London, England, and in the City of New York, in 1873 at p. 334. "Der Electromagnetische Telegraph," by H. Schellen, a printed book published in Brunswick, Germany, in the year 1867 at pp. 468 and 469. "The Electric Telegraph," by R. Sabine, a book printed and published in London, England, 1867 at pp. 164-167. "L'Eco d'Italia," 1860. "Lehrbuch der Technischen Physik," by Hassler Pisko, a book published at Vienna, 1866, Vol. 1, p. 648. Also in a printed publication in the German language entitled "Jahres Bericht des Physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main," a book printed and published in 1862, and particularly at pp. 57-64. A printed publication in the German language entitled "Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Telegraphen-Vereins," Vol. 9, a book printed and published at Berlin in 1862, particularly at pp. 125-130. A printed publication in the German language entitled "Die Neueren Apparate der Akustik," von Pr. Prof. Fr. Jos. Pisko, printed and published in 1865, particularly at pp. 96-103 and pp. 241, 242. Yearly report of the Physical Society at Frankfurt-a-M., 1860, 1861 at p. 57, etc. A French publication entitled "Petit Traite de Physique," par M. J. Jamin, Paris, 1870, and particularly at p. 421. The "Telegraphic Journal," published in London in 1872, Vol. 1 at p. 4. "Electricity," by It. M. Ferguson, a printed book published in London and Edinburgh in 1867 at pp. 257 and 258. "The Telegrapher," published in the City of New York in 1869, Vol. 5, No. 39 at pp. ___. "The Manufacturer and Builder," for May, 1869, a newspaper published in the City of New York in 1869, Vol. 1 at p. 129. "Wonders of Electricity," by J. Baile, published in New York City in 1872 at pp. 140-143. "The Telegraphic Journal," published in London in the year 1875, Vol. 3 at pp. 286-287 and 258. "Dingler's Polytechnic Journal" for 1863, Vol. 163, pp. 23 and 185, a book published at Leipsic in 1863. "Cosmos" for 1864, Vol. 24, pp. 349, 352, a printed book published in Paris in 1864; article by M. St. Edme. "Description Reis Telephone, Koenig's Catalogue of Apparatus for 1865," a book printed and published in Paris. "Applications de 1'Electricite," by Du Moncel, Vol. 2, p. 255, etc., a printed book published in Paris in 1854 (Bourseul Apparatus). "L'Annee Scientifique" by Louis Figuier, 1858, Vol. 1, p. 62, a book printed and published at Paris, France, in 1858. "Cosmos," by l'AAbbe Moigno, 1858, eighth year, Vol. 14, No. 11; article about the "Scott Phonautograph," a book printed and published in Paris in 1559. "Traite Elementaire de Physique,' by M. Ganot; eleventh edition, 1854, p. 224, a book published in Paris in 1854; article, 'Scott Phonautograph." "Comptes Rendus de l'Acadamie des Sciences," Vol. 53, p. 108, 1861. "Poggendorf Annalen," 1843, Vol. 59, p. 177, a book printed and published at Leipsic, 1843. "Didaskalia," a journal published in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 28, 1554, No. 232, and on May 11, 1852, No. 130, and on May 14, 1862, No. 133. "Du Moncel's Expose des Applications de l'Electricite," a book published in Paris, France, in 1856 (p. 246), and in 1557 (p. 110). "Frankfurter Konversationsblatt," a journal published in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Nov. 29, 1861, and June 30, 1863. "Die Fortschritte der Physik," a journal published in Berlin (pp. 171 et seq.). "Aus der Natur," published in Leipsic, 1862 (Vol. 21, pp. 470-471 to p. 484). "Mueller Poillet's Lehrbuch der Physik and Meteorologie," published in 1862 in Germany, and in 1863, Vol. 2, p. 352, Fig. 325, and 1868, pp. 386, 388, Figs. 348-350. "Friedrichsdorf Zeitung," a journal published in Homburg in 1862, and also that of 1867 and 1868 (pp. 386-389). "Jahres Bericht des Physikalischen Vereins" (Vol. 4, pp. 129 to 135), annual report for 1860, 1861, published in 1863, in Frankfort-on-the-Main. "Boettgers Polytechnischen Notizblatt," Nos. 1-24 inclusive, pp. 65, 81-255, published in 1863. "Deutsche Klinik," No. 48, pp. 468-469, published in 1863 in Berlin. "Deutsche Industrie Zeitung," published in 1863, in Chemnitz (pp. 184-208, 239 and 249). "Die Gartenlaube," published at Leipsic, 1863 (pp. 807-809). "Prospectus of Phillipp Reis," published in 1863 in Frankfort, and in "Pisko's Die neueren Apparate der Akustik," published in Vienna, in 1863. A further circular or addition to the preceding, published in Frankfort in 1863. The two were published with the circular or prospectus of J. Wehl Albert, mechanician, in Frankfort, in 1863. "Polytechnische Centralblatt," published in 1863, pp. 857, 855. Letter of Philipp Reis to W. Ladd, Aug. 13, 1863. "Tagesblatt der 39 Versammlung Deutscher Naturfoerscher," published in Giessen in September, 1864. "Zoellner's Buch der Erfindungen," published in Leipsic and Berlin in 1865 and in 1872. "Karl Kuhn's Handbuch der Angewandten Elektricitaetslehre," pp. 1016-1021, published in 1866. "Albert's Catalogue," in 1866 and 1872 and 1873. "Kneeland's Annual of Scientific Discovery," in 1866 and 1867. "New York Tribune," Jan. 8, 1869. "Christian Union," New York, Dec. 25, 1875. "Scientific American," New York, March 4, 1876. "Scientific American" (Supplement), Feb. 5, 1876. "Scientific American" (Supplement), No. 48, 1876. "Electricity and Magnetism," by Jenkins, in London, 1876. "Journal of the Franklin Institute of the Pennsylvania," Vol. 42, published in Philadelphia in 1869, pp. 419 et seq. "The Manufacturer and Builder," April, 1870. "Dublin Medical Press," 1863, Vol. 50, No. 1293, p. 471. "Cosmos," 1863, Vol. 23, p. 705. "Zeitschrift des Architectur and Ingenieur Vereins," 1866, Vol. 12; p. 147. "The Electric Telegraph," by Dr. Lardner, new edition, revised by E. B. Bright, published in London, England, in 1867 at pp. 164-167. "Transactions Royal Scottish Society of Arts," Edinburgh, Vol. 6, 1864, Appendix Q, pp. 184-187. "Annual Report of American Association for the Advancement of Science" for 1869. "Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary." 1876, Article "Telephone". 5. Printed publications prior to Bell's second patent in which the patented invention was described. "Der Electromagnetische Telegraph," by Dr. H. Schellen, published at Brunswick, Germany, in the year 1867 at pp. 411-414, 429-438, 468-469. "Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Telegraphen-Vereins," published at Berlin, Prussia, in the year 1862, Vol. 9, p. 125. Yearly report of the Physical Society at Frankfort-a-M., 1860-1861, p. 67, etc. "Die Neuren Apparate der Akustik," von Dr. Prof. Jos. Pisko, printed and published in 1865. "Journal of the German-Austrian Telegraph Association," Vol. 9, p. 125, 1862, and pp. 94-104. "The Electric Telegraph," by R. Sabine, published in London, England, in 1867 at pp. 136-138. "The Telegraphic Journal," published in London in 1872, Vol. 1, p. 4. "Electricity," by R. M. Ferguson, published in London and Edinburgh in the year 1867 at pp. 257 and 258. "The Telegrapher," published in the City of New York in the year 1869, Vol. 5, No. 89 at p. ___. "The Manufacturer and Builder," published in the City of New York in the year 1869, Vol. 1 at p. 129. "Wonders of Electricity," by J. Baile, published in the City of New York in the year 1872, at pp. 140-143. "The Telegraphic Journal," published in London in the year 1875, Vol. 3 at pp. 286-288. "L'Eco d'Italia," 1860. "Lehrbuch der Technischen Physik," by Dr. Hassler Pieko, published at Vienna 1836, Vol. 1, 648. "The Scientific American" of Oct. 20, 1860, p. 264, a newspaper published in the City of New York. "Didaskalia," a journal published in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 28, 1854, No. 232, and on May 11, 1862, No. 130, and on May 14, 1862, No. 133. Du Moncel's "Expose des Applications de l'Ectricite," a book published in Paris, France, in 1856 (p. 246), and in 1857 (p. 110). "Frankfurter Konversationsblatt," a journal published in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Nov. 29, 1861, and June 30, 1863. "Die Fortschritte der Physik," a journal published in Berlin (pp. 17l, 173), and in 1863 (p. 96). "Aus der Natur," published in Leipsic, 1862 (Vol. 21, pp. 470, 471-484). "Mueller Poillet's Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie," published in 1862 in Germany and in 1863, Vol. 2, p. 302, Fig. 325, and 1868, pp. 386-388, Figs. 348-350. "Friedrichsdorf Zeitung," a journal published in Homburg, in 1862, and also that of 1867 and 1868 (pp. 386-389). "Jahres Bericht des Physikalisches Vereins" (Vol. 4, pp. 129-135), annual report for 1860-1861, published in 1863, in Frankfort-on-the-Main. "Boettger's Polytechnischen Notizblatt," Nos. 1 to 24 inclusive, pp. 65, 81, 225, published in 1863. "Deutsche Klinik," No. 48, pp. 468-469, published in 1863 in Berlin. "Deutsche Industrie Zeitung," published in 1863, in Chemnitz (pp. 184-208, 239 and 249). "Die Gartenlaube," published at Leipsic, 1863 (pp. 807-809). "Prospectus of Phillipp Reis," published in 1863 in Frankfort, and in Pisko's "Die neueren Apparate der Akustik," published in Vienna in 1863. A further circular or addition to the preceding, published in Frankfort in 1863. The two were published with the circular or prospectus of J. Wehl Albert, mechanician, in Frankfort in 1863. "Polytechnische Centralblatt," published in 1863, pp. 857-858. Letter of Phillipp Reis to W. Ladd, Aug. 13, 1863. "Tagesblatt der 39 Versammlung Deutscher Naturfoerscher," published in Giessen in September, 1884. Zollner's "Buch der Erfindungen," published in Leipsic and Berlin in 1865 and 1872. "Karl Kuhns Handbuch der Angewandten Elektricitaetslehre," pp. 1016-1021, published in 1866. "Albert's Catalogue," in 1866 and 1872 and 1873. "Kneeland's Annual of Scientific Discovery," in 1866 and 1867. "New York Tribune," Jan. 8, 1869. "Christian Union," New York, Dec. 25, 1875. "Scientific American," New York, March 4, 1876. "Scientific American" (Supplement), Feb. 5, 1876. "Scientific American" (Supplement), No. 48, 1876. "Electricity and Magnetism," by Jerkins, in London, 1876. "Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania," Vol. 42, published in Philadelphia in 1869, pp. 419 et seq. "The Manufacturer and Builder," April, 1870. "Dublin Medical Press," 1863, Vol. 50, No. 1293, p. 471. "Cosmos," 1863, Vol. 23, p. 705. "Zeitschrift des Architectur und Ingenieur Vereins," 1866, Vol. 12, p. 147. "The Electric Telegraph," by Dr. Lardner, new edition, revised by E. B. Bright, published in London, Eng., in 1867 at pp. 164, 165-167. "Transactions Royal Scottish Society of Arts," Edinburgh, Vol. 6, 1864, Appendix Q, pp. 184-187. "Annual Report of American Association for the Advancement of Science" for 1869. Words in square brackets [ ] erased in original. Three sheets of figures accompany the patent in the record. They are facsimiles of the original ink sketches, evidently intended to represent the same Figures which form part of the Bell patent of 1876. "A or B" interlined in original. This paragraph (four lines) interlined in original. MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY, with whom concurred JUSTICES FIELD and HARLAN, dissenting. MR. JUSTICE FIELD, MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, and myself are not able to concur with the other members of the Court sitting in these cases in the result which has been reached by them. Without expressing an opinion on other issues, the point on which we dissent relates to the defense made on the alleged invention of Daniel Drawbaugh, and applies to all the cases in which that invention is set up. We think that Drawbaugh anticipated the invention of Mr. Bell, who, at most, is not claimed to have invented the speaking telephone prior to June 10, 1875. We think that the evidence on this point is so overwhelming with regard both to the number and character of the witnesses that it cannot be overcome. As this is a question of fact, depending upon the weight of the evidence, and involves no question of law, it does not require an extended discussion on the part of those who dissent from the opinion of the majority, which is very ably drawn and presents the case with great clearness and force. On the point mentioned, however, we cannot concur in the views expressed. The essence of the invention claimed by Mr. Bell is the transmission of articulate speech to a distance by means of an electrical current subjected to undulations produced by the air vibrations of the voice. There are two modes (as yet discovered) by which these undulations may be thus produced. In one, they are produced by interposing in the circuit a substance whose electrical conductivity may be varied by the concussions or vibrations of the air produced by the voice. This is called the "variable resistance process" because the electrical current is subjected to the variable resistance (or conductivity) of the substance thus interposed. By the other mode, the undulations are produced by the inductive effect of an armature (or small, flat piece of iron) attached to the membrane spoken against and placed near to the poles of an electromagnet situated in the circuit. In both cases, the undulations impart the vibrations which caused them to another diaphragm at a distance (called the receiver) by means of an electromagnet in the circuit placed near to an armature affixed to such diaphragm. These vibrations, thus reproduced, are detected by the ear, and the spoken words are heard. We are satisfied from a very great preponderance of evidence that Drawbaugh produced and exhibited in his shop as early as 1869 an electrical instrument by which he transmitted speech, so as to be distinctly heard and understood, by means of a wire and the employment of variable resistance to the electrical current. This variable resistance was produced by causing the electrical current to pass through pulverized charcoal, carbon, and other substances, acted upon by the vibrations of the voice in speaking. This was the whole invention so far as the principle of variable resistance is concerned. We are also satisfied that as early as 187, he reproduced articulate speech at a distance by means of a current of electricity subjected by electrical induction to undulations corresponding to the vibrations of the voice in speaking -- a process substantially the same as that which is claimed in Mr. Bell's patent. In regard to the instrument in which the principle of variable resistance was used, more than seventy witnesses were examined who either testified to having seen it and heard it or established such facts and circumstances in relation to it as to put its existence and date beyond a question. With regard to the instrument in which electrical induction was employed to produce the requisite undulations, some forty or fifty witnesses were produced, many of whom saw it and heard speech through it, and others either saw it or heard it talked about in such a manner as to fix the time when it was in existence. On the questions of time and result, there is such a cloud of witnesses in both cases that it seems almost impossible not to give credence to them. The evidence of some of them may have been shaken with regard to the time they had in mind, but that of the great majority was not shaken at all, but corroborated by circumstances which rendered the proof irrefragable. Many of them, it is true, were plain country people, but they heard the words through the instrument, and that is a matter about which they could not be mistaken. It did not require science nor learning to understand that. But the witnesses were not confined to this class. A number of them were people of position in society, official, professional, and literary -- all, however, like the inventor, regarding the matter more as one of curiosity than of public importance. As it would serve no useful purpose to repeat the testimony of these witnesses, we shall refrain from doing so. We will only add that nearly all the original instruments used by Drawbaugh were produced on the trial, and identified by the witnesses. Some of them were broken and in a dilapidated condition, but sufficiently perfect to be accurately reproduced. Their very form and principle of construction showed that they were intended for speaking telephones and nothing else. Drawbaugh certainly had the principle, and accomplished the result. Perhaps without the aid of Mr. Bell, the speaking telephone might not have been brought into public use to this day, but that Drawbaugh produced it there can hardly be a reasonable doubt. We do not question Mr. Bell's merits. He appreciated the importance of the invention and brought it before the public in such a manner as to attract to it the attention of the scientific world. His professional experience and attainments enabled him to see at a glance that it was one of the great discoveries of the century. Drawbaugh was a different sort of man. He did not see it in this halo of light. Had he done so, he would have taken measures to interest other persons with him in it, and to have brought it out to public admiration and use. He was only a plain mechanic -- somewhat better instructed than most ordinary mechanics -- a man of more reading; of better intelligence. But he looked upon what he had made more as a curiosity than as a matter of financial, scientific, or public importance. This explains why he did not take more pains to bring it forward to public notice. Another cause of his delay in bringing his invention to public notice was that he was ever indulging the hope of producing speech at the receiving end of the line, loud and distinct enough to be heard across a room, like the voice of a person speaking in an ordinary tone. It is perfectly natural for the world to take the part of the man who has already achieved eminence. No patriotic Briton could believe that anybody but Watt could produce an improvement in the steam engine. This principle of human nature may well explain the relative feeling toward Bell and Drawbaugh in reference to the invention of the telephone. It is regarded as incredible that so great a discovery should have been made by the plain mechanic, and not by the eminent scientist and inventor. Yet the proof amounts to demonstration, from the testimony of Mr. Bell himself and his assistant, Watson, that he never transmitted an intelligible word through an electrical instrument, nor produced any such instrument that would transmit an intelligible word, until after his patent had been issued, while, for years before, Drawbaugh had talked through his so that words and sentences had again and again been distinctly heard. We do not wish to say a word depreciatory of Mr. Bell. He was original, if not first. He preconceived the principle on which the result must be obtained by that forecast which is acquired from scientific knowledge, as Leverrier did the place of the unknown planet; but in this, as in the actual production of the thing, he was, according to the great preponderance of the evidence, anticipated by a man of far humbler pretensions. A common astronomer, by carefully sweeping the sky, might have been first in discovering the planet Neptune; while no one but a Leverrier, or an Adams, could have ascertained its existence and position by calculation. So it was with Bell and Drawbaugh. The latter invented the telephone without appreciating the importance and completeness of his invention. Bell subsequently projected it on the basis of scientific inference, and took out a patent for it. But, as our laws do not award a patent to one who was not the first to make an invention, we think that Bell's patent is void by the anticipation of Drawbaugh. MR. JUSTICE GRAY was not present at the argument, and took no part in the decision of these cases. MR. JUSTICE LAMAR, not being a member of the Court when these cases were argued, took no part in their decision.	<urn:uuid:4a291dec-2765-4185-afa1-c6aedc7dc109>	2013-05-24T02:05:31Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04443359375, 0.0220947265625, 0.00439453125, -0.0164794921875, 0.11279296875, -0.068359375, -0.004730224609375, 0.09228515625, -0.050048828125, -0.0255126953125, 0.1083984375, -0.0023040771484375, -0.078125, -0.0101318359375, 0.03125, -0.004638671...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967836	72,460	http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/126/1/case.html	0.453019
US (11/11/2012) - When temperatures drop, humans are not the only ones who feel the chill. Cold weather also can take its toll on animals, including dogs, cats and birds. Protecting pets when winter arrives involves modifying care tactics. A major winter snowfall or simply a snap of cold weather can cause many problems for pets. Much like humans, dogs and cats can experience frostbite on extremities when subjected to cold temperatures. Ears, noses and paws all may bear the brunt of cold weather, increasing the risk of injury. Provide warm shelter Although it may appear that pets are well insulated against cold temperatures, fur or feathers do not make pets impervious to the cold. According to the ASPCA, fur wetted by snow may not dry quickly, putting animals at risk for a chill or even hypothermia. As a precautionary measure, keep companion animals inside when temperatures drop below 30F. If yours is an outside dog, be sure that he or she is equipped with dry, draft-free shelter. A dog house that is too large will not retain heat, so keep this in mind. Reduce wind chill by placing the dog house where it will not be in the direct line of wind. You may want to think about keeping the dog in an insulated shed or garage if you prefer not to move the pet inside. Cats can easily freeze while outdoors; therefore, it is safer to keep them inside. Also, outdoors a cat may seek unsafe shelter, such as under the hoods of cars where they can be injured or killed if the car is started. A mammal's system for regulating heat can be compromised when there is excessive cold. No matter its type of fur, a dog or cat may not be able to tolerate long periods of cold weather, unless it is a breed that was specifically bred for remaining outdoors in the cold, like a Malamute or Husky. When venturing outside, consider the use of a sweater or vest on short-haired dogs, but keep an eye on the pet. Wearing a coat doesn't mean he should be left outdoors unattended. Cats probably will not tolerate any type of clothing. If going outdoors to a vet appointment, use a carrier that is insulated from the cold with thick blankets. Address drafts around the house, which will increase your comfort and that of your companion animals. Dogs and cats lie on the ground, where colder air tends to collect. It may be several degrees cooler near the floor where they reside. Check windows and doors for drafts. If repairs or replacements aren't financially possible, consider the use of draft guards or insulating curtains. These measures also will protect pet birds. Most birds that are kept as pets are from tropical climates and cannot tolerate severe colder temperatures. Reduce risk of illness by keeping birds away from drafty windows and doors that open and close frequently during the winter. Keep them leashed Many dogs like to frolic in the snow, but snow can cause a pooch to lose his scent on the ground and get lost. A dog also may run off and get smothered by tall snowdrifts or slip through thin ice when not being able to gauge its surroundings. It is best to keep dogs on leashes during any type of inclement weather. Be mindful of pets young and old Puppies and kittens as well as older dogs and cats may be less tolerant of colder weather. Young animals are lacking the fat stores and thick coats of their adult counterparts that can help protect them against the cold. Housebreaking a puppy during the cold weather could be challenging. Senior dogs may feel aches and pains from the cold, which can irritate existing conditions like arthritis. Limit their time outdoors to bathroom breaks. Remove chemical poisons Antifreeze and specialized nonicing window cleaners used in automobiles are commonly used in winter. These chemicals are often sweet to the smell and taste and very attractive to curious pets. But only a few laps of antifreeze can be deadly. Keep any dangerous winterizing chemicals -- even salt used to melt snow -- away from pets to avoid accidental ingestion. Provide extra food and water Pets need extra calories in order to keep their bodies warm in the cold weather. You may need to feed them a little extra during the winter. Extra water may also be necessary when the pet's metabolism is working harder. If a pet is kept outdoors, be sure to check if its water has frozen and replace it frequently. Watch for symptoms of hypothermia Even well-meaning pet owners may be unaware if their pet is suffering from the effects of too much cold. Here are some symptoms of hypothermia. violent shivering, followed by listlessness * weak pulse * muscle stiffness * problems breathing * lack of appetite * rectal temperature below 98F cardiac arrest Companion animals may experience anything from discomfort to serious problems when cold weather arrives. Take precautions to keep pets safe and healthy all winter long. Copyright © 2012 SurfKY News Group, Inc. all rights reserved. SurfKY.com is an eNewspaper providing local news FREE to Kentucky 24/7. Read Statewide Kentucky News, Sports, Obituaries and more from the following Kentucky Counties: Calloway, Christian, Daviess, Fayette (Lexington), Henderson, Hopkins, Logan, McCracken, Muhlenberg, Warren, and Webster Counties as well as the Kentucky Lakes Area. \|< Prev\|\|Next >\|	<urn:uuid:1a3c038a-8d1a-493f-a3e1-1cad05d17ae5>	2013-05-24T01:51:56Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01556396484375, 0.020751953125, 0.007080078125, -0.006195068359375, 0.1044921875, -0.1123046875, 0.0159912109375, 0.142578125, -0.00830078125, -0.0703125, 0.109375, 0.036376953125, -0.0196533203125, -0.038818359375, 0.029052734375, -0.009460449218...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942654	1,137	http://surfky.com/index.php/news/national/22205-caring-for-pets-in-cold-weather	0.1923
Here's a free cover letter template, which you can use as a guide for what to say in each paragraph of your cover letter. I hope it gives you a sense of structure and helps you focus on how to connect with your reader and point to your resume. For detailed advice on what to say, read How to Write a Cover Letter or Cover Email. What about a Cover Email Template? As you can see, this template is formatted for a hardcopy cover letter. But it can easily be used as an email cover letter template, too. Just use the body of the letter. In other words, there's no need type a heading, date, or inside address in the body of your cover email. Just start with "Dear So-and-So." Downloadable Cover Letter Templates in Word The template on this page is an image and cannot be downloaded in Word. If you'd like to download this and other cover letter templates that I created in Word, here's how: Join my Ready-Made Resumes program. Yes, there's a fee, but it's worth it. You get a lot of templates for resumes, cover letters, thank you letters, and more. Check it out!	<urn:uuid:4ba4dd01-7ee8-47e6-9e6b-a12a4389d83b>	2013-05-24T02:05:14Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03849809989333153, 0.03778517246246338, 0.01984315551817417, 0.005733127240091562, 0.039923954755067825, -0.016753802075982094, 0.008317490108311176, 0.04990494251251221, -0.022457225248217583, -0.004366682376712561, 0.09743346273899078, 0.04087452590465546, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925878	249	http://susanireland.com/letter/how-to/cover-letter-template/	0.356328
Posted 11/21/2012 12:02 (#2709278) Subject: USA's projected to be a major exporter of petroleum or so I've read and/or heard recently. If that is true could that be the deficit savior that we so desperately need? High oil prices and high grain prices. The combo that saves the US from impending doom? Real production for a change? Real change perhaps? What say you?	<urn:uuid:02005424-ede8-4198-b7c0-f2d40d4c0a0f>	2013-05-24T02:06:25Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.008537370711565018, 0.04800257831811905, 0.010027384385466576, 0.02786726877093315, 0.09407216310501099, -0.017799613997340202, -0.021585050970315933, 0.08762886375188828, -0.02786726877093315, -0.01071198470890522, -0.01715528406202793, 0.011597937904298306, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92889	89	http://talk.newagtalk.com/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=345270&posts=24&start=1	0.163632
Mystery Strategy for Elementary Students Using the premise of a mystery to solve, elementary students act as history detectives as they explore a historical question and analyze carefully chosen clues to formulate and test hypotheses. This strategy depends on our need to solve mysteries. Students are given an opportunity to be active learners as they solve a historical mystery. This strategy relates to what historians do and the process of historical inquiry. Students must work with evidence, form hypotheses, test those hypotheses, and report their findings. The goals of the mystery strategy are to learn to: 1. gather, organize, and process information; 2. formulate and test hypotheses; 3. think creatively and analytically to solve problems; and 4. develop, defend, and present solutions to problems. 1. Choose an topic that contains a mystery such as “Why did the American beaver almost become extinct in the 1840s?” Other examples of appropriate historical mysteries include: “How did flooding in Mississippi in 1931 hinder the Civil Rights Movement?”; “Who really invented the cotton gin?”; and “Was the Boston Massacre really a massacre?” 2. Gather primary and secondary sources that will serve as clues for students such as letters, diary entries, maps, statistical tables, political cartoons, images, artifacts for students to touch (in this case beaver fur or felt), and web articles. These sources should pique students’ interest and provide them with clues that will help them generate theories. For example, if students are given a clue regarding the habitat and species characteristics of the beaver and then also told John Jacob Astor was the wealthiest man in America in 1848 it is hoped they conclude that Astor’s wealth had something to do with the beaver. Maps indicating trade routes should confirm this conclusion. Though they may be encountering names in the clues for the first time, making educated guesses is an essential ingredient to the mystery strategy. Students should not be afraid of making guesses or presenting ideas to the larger group. The learning goal is about what it takes to arrive at a hypothesis rather than ending up with a right answer. 3. Decide student grouping. If using small groups, keep individual needs in mind such as reading levels, ability to work with others, and Individual Education Plans (IEPs). 4. Decide how to present the clues to students (strips of paper within envelopes at stations, single sheets of paper for them to cut apart, etc.). See examples of clues for additional clues. Teachers should read through materials to pull clues that fit students’ needs and abilities. 1. Students read through clues and sort them according to common elements. Once the clues are sorted, students begin to work on their hypothesis. 2. As students analyze the clues and arrive at a hypothesis, use guiding questions such as, “Tell me how the two things relate” and “What’s your reason for thinking that?” to keep students focused on solving the mystery. Avoid guiding them in a direction. The goal is for students to work with the clues and arrive at their own hypothesis. Students can use the Mystery Writing Guide Worksheet to record ideas. 3. In a whole group, have small groups share their hypotheses and evaluate them. Are they logical based on the clues? Do they make sense? Write group responses on the board so students can track their findings as they move through the evidence. The goal is to test each group hypothesis and arrive at the best conclusion. For example, if one group understands there is a connection between the mountain men and the beaver yet they also think the railroads had a role in the problem, do the clues support or refute these ideas? Remind students they are like historians looking at information to form a hypothesis, test it, and arrive at a conclusion. 4. Assign each student a written reflection piece on the content learned and the process used to uncover the mystery. This is the most important part of the mystery strategy and should go beyond merely reporting content. Prompt students with questions such as: What happened in the activity? What things did you do well? Most importantly, ask, Which hypothesis best answers the mystery question? Why? - Data should tease the student without revealing too much. - Data should hone inference skills. - Clues should provide information not an explanation (see Mystery Strategy Clues Worksheet). Students are presented with the following problem: Why did the American beaver almost become extinct in 1840? Write the question on the board so it is visible throughout the activity. Anticipatory Set: Begin by employing a student’s knowledge of science and ecosystems learned earlier. Give a short presentation about the American Beaver. This would include the fact that beavers maintain dams that create ponds. The water level in these ponds is constant, encouraging the growth of vegetation that supports many other types of animals. The dams also keep summer rains and resulting erosion in check. The presentation could end with figures about the number of beavers estimated to be in North America from European settlement to today (see links below). Students would see a significant decline in the population during exploration and settlement. This decline leads students to the essential question and they can begin working with the clues to make hypotheses. Clues: Clues can be obtained from…. - facts on the American Beaver species – including habitat and life cycle; - maps indicating beaver habitats and population centers in the 1840s. Scroll down through the page for a fur trading route map; - images from fashion catalogs from the mid-1800s; - real beaver pelt and/or beaver trap, scraps of commercial felt, or images of beaver fur and hats; - short biographical sketches of mountain men such as Kit Carson, John Liver-Eating Johnston, and William Sublette; - Advertisements for beaver products such as top hats and ads from trading companies seeking hunters. Scroll down through each page for the aforementioned images. - newspaper accounts regarding skirmishes/battles between the Iroquois Confederation/other tribes in the Great Lakes region in the Beaver Wars; - Quotes from all parties involved in the fur trade (Native American chiefs, trading company owners such as Manuel Lisa, mountain men, etc.) - Pictures of people wearing beaver hats; - John Jacob Astor. Be sure to use some visuals! Reflection: Students reflect on the original question by presenting their hypotheses in written form. Along with their response about the disappearance of the beaver, students are asked to think about the process of historical inquiry and how it relates to the steps they followed to arrive at a hypothesis. Osborne Russell and Aubrey L. Haines, Journal of a Trapper and Maps of His Travels in the Rocky Mountains Fred R. Gowans, Rocky Mountain Rendezvous: A History of the Fur Trade, 1825-1840 Silver, Harvey.F., et. al. Teaching styles & strategies. Trenton, NJ: The Thoughtful Education Press, 1996.	<urn:uuid:57c1bc6f-047e-437d-a905-844bd12bf6ab>	2013-05-24T01:44:45Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.031982421875, -0.005523681640625, 0.001129150390625, 0.006561279296875, 0.0888671875, -0.00061798095703125, 0.01043701171875, 0.11767578125, -0.0038604736328125, -0.0260009765625, 0.06103515625, 0.0137939453125, -0.056396484375, 0.021728515625, 0.0507...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942968	1,454	http://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/teaching-guides/24295	0.779704
Andy Yao and Franco Preparata sat on a panel at Brown about globalization. Andy Yao said that the US system of higher education was the best in the world, for the following reasons. - Indirect evidence from the results. US institutions of higher learning train the best scientists and the best engineers, he said. I would say that it is an indicator of the quality of the PhD and Masters programs, but not necessarily of the undergraduate programs. - Merit-based decisions for admitting students, hiring faculty, and promotion to tenure. Andy Yao specifically praised the tenure-track system, that, by putting new hires on probation for 6 years, prevents hiring mistakes from having life-long consequences. As someone who has greatly benefited from the French tenured-upon-hiring system, as a friend of women who have avoided the stressful tenure-track phase by spending the early part of their career in industry labs, and as a witness of women who wait until tenure before having children (at 35, the age when fertility starts to decrease significantly and the risk of genetic defects in babies rises), I see the great personal cost of the tenure-track system and am reluctant to consider its advantages. - Franco Preparata added the 9-month salary system: US universities only pay faculty for work 9 months of the year. That gives professors both freedom and incentive to go elsewhere for the remaining three months: visit another university or industry lab. The arrangement promotes the exchange of ideas and cross-fertilization between different places.	<urn:uuid:6a8c0f72-4e58-46c1-abf0-c947be59e332>	2013-05-24T01:37:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03689111769199371, 0.030623208731412888, 0.0011528474278748035, -0.002350465627387166, 0.07628940045833588, -0.06088825315237045, -0.0011360583594068885, 0.07736389338970184, -0.02140042930841446, -0.025608882308006287, 0.051575932651758194, 0.015132521279156208,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955271	306	http://teachingintrotocs.blogspot.com/2011/12/yao-and-preparata-on-us-higher.html	0.179561
Telnet Server Overview Applies To: Windows Server 2008 Telnet is an Internet-standard utility and protocol based on Request for Comments (RFC) 854. This RFC specifies a method for transmitting and receiving unencrypted ASCII characters (plaintext) across a network. You can use a Telnet client running on one computer to connect to a command line-based session to run applications. Only character-based interfaces and applications are supported. There is no graphics capability in the Telnet environment. The RFC documents that define Telnet can be found at the Internet Engineering Task Force Web site (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=121). On that page, click RFC Pages, and then type 854 in the RFC number text box and click Go. Telnet consists of two components: Telnet Client and Telnet Server. Telnet Server hosts the remote sessions for Telnet clients. When Telnet Server is running on a computer, users can connect to the server with a Telnet client from a remote computer. Telnet Server is implemented in Windows as a service that can be configured to always run, even when no one is logged on to the server. When a Telnet client connects to a computer running Telnet Server, the remote user is asked to enter a user name and password. The user name and password combination must be one that is valid on the Telnet Server. Telnet Server on Windows supports two types of authentication: NTLM and Password (or plaintext). Once logged on, a user is presented with a command prompt that can be used as if it had been started locally on the server console. Commands that you type at the Telnet client command prompt are sent to the Telnet Server and executed there, as though you were locally logged on to a command prompt session at the server. Output from the commands you run are sent back to the Telnet client where they are displayed for you to view. Telnet does not support applications that require a graphical user interface. However, Telnet Server and Telnet Client understand special character sequences that provide some level of formatting and cursor positioning within the Telnet client window. Telnet Server and Telnet Client support the emulation of four types of terminals: ANSI, VT-100, VT-52, and VT-NT. Installing Telnet Server Telnet Server is a feature included with Microsoft® Windows Server® 2008 and Windows Vista®. On Windows Server 2008, you can install Telnet Server by using the Add Features Wizard in Server Manager. Although Server Manager opens by default when a member of the Administrators group logs on to the computer, you can also open Server Manager by using commands on the Start menu in Administrative Tools, and by opening Programs in Control Panel. On Windows Vista, you can install Telnet Server by opening Control Panel, then Programs, then Turn Windows features on or off. For more information about installing or using Telnet Server, see the Telnet Operations Guide (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=86992) on the Microsoft Web site.	<urn:uuid:5babaf52-0fe0-4d4a-9683-536464a1ba5f>	2013-05-24T01:53:16Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0166015625, 0.0191650390625, 0.03076171875, -0.0213623046875, 0.0419921875, -0.0673828125, 0.007476806640625, 0.11767578125, -0.015869140625, 0.01904296875, 0.111328125, 0.0274658203125, -0.064453125, -0.009033203125, 0.01531982421875, -0.00836181...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.874255	636	http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754070(d=printer,v=ws.10).aspx	0.323651
My traipse through the various in-ear monitoring systems imply 1 transmitter per frequency in a multiple-feed environment. However, since you've got but one input, I think you could run multiple receivers off a single transmitter. This is probably still too spendy, but is at the bottom end of pro gear lines. User guide:http://www.shure.com/americas/products/ ... _psm200_ug Says bad things about multiple transmitters on the same channel, but nothing about multiple receivers. EDIT: I've got a set of Shure SE500s as my "coworker isolation devices". Great cans and it bodes well for the downline units that come with this rig. They isolate exceedingly well, so well in fact that you may want one ear only. I can't imagine singing in tune if I can't hear the real soundfield and must rely on the monitors. Besides, no one would wonder "why is he sticking his finger in his ear". Ahh, crazy chorus days. In those days spirits were brave, the stakes were high, men were real men, women were real women and small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri were real small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri.	<urn:uuid:fdc46b16-1723-49a3-90ec-cbe24dd524a9>	2013-05-24T01:55:13Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0419580414891243, 0.004479894880205393, 0.014641608111560345, 0.000880954961758107, 0.06687062978744507, -0.06555943936109543, 0.005982298869639635, 0.050043705850839615, -0.0386800691485405, -0.020541958510875702, 0.0550699308514595, 0.02261800691485405, 0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976228	255	http://techreport.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=1112676	0.237811
Im an advanced beginner and would like to learn but cant afford too much. If anyone wants to teach me please contact me anytime. WHY? maybe you would like to teach, start your own league, start a business or just teach for fun ME: not your average pink girl, I like to learn and be the best at everything, or at least try Replies to This Discussion	<urn:uuid:ade53bf2-0b1f-422a-b0d9-6cfe55221394>	2013-05-24T01:30:38Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04325457289814949, 0.022389480844140053, 0.024961890652775764, -0.0009467892814427614, 0.08041158318519592, -0.060975611209869385, -0.014291158877313137, 0.03296493738889694, -0.0028820503503084183, -0.006764481775462627, 0.0625, 0.014767530374228954, 0.08422...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956177	80	http://tennisopolis.com/forum/topics/tennis-lessons-for-barter?page=1&commentId=1869403%3AComment%3A408136&x=1	0.218652
Friday, September 07, 2012 Taliban Leader Arrested in Kandahar From an International Security Assistance Force Joint Command News Release KABUL, Afghanistan – An Afghan and coalition security force arrested a Taliban network leader in the Kandahar district of Afghanistan’s Kandahar province yesterday, military officials reported. The Taliban leader is believed to have directed distribution of weapons and explosives in central Kandahar, officials said. He also is believed to have planned several high-profile attacks in the region. At the time of his arrest, officials added, he was believed to be acquiring weapons and bombs for an imminent attack. The security force also detained several suspected insurgents during the operation. Also yesterday, an Afghan and coalition security force detained several suspected insurgents and seized explosive material in Helmand province’s Nad-e Ali district. The operation targeted a Taliban insurgent network conducting attacks throughout western Helmand, officials said.	<urn:uuid:a437776c-1521-45a9-acbe-011d8abd07fa>	2013-05-24T01:44:08Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00969587080180645, 0.0460379458963871, -0.02483258955180645, 0.0205078125, 0.1450892835855484, -0.0661272332072258, -0.0390625, 0.0719866082072258, 0.0263671875, -0.0725446417927742, 0.0803571417927742, 0.0341796875, 0.005301339086145163, 0.020368304103612...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954547	186	http://terrorism-online.blogspot.com/2012/09/taliban-leader-arrested-in-kandahar.html	0.538518
Simple, to make sure you're getting what you pay for. This speed test is useful if you feel a connection slow down or want to see how your Internet is performing. This isn't like any other broadband speed test. TestMy's proprietary method is proven to help identify issues other speed tests fail to detect. The TMN Speed Test shows your true speed.	<urn:uuid:d8f44604-ee4a-42b4-9a19-5d87bc9a1f20>	2013-05-24T01:52:15Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.039737652987241745, 0.03549382835626602, 0.0329861119389534, 0.012345679104328156, 0.04263117164373398, -0.1319444477558136, -0.023533951491117477, 0.07716049253940582, -0.045717593282461166, -0.07600308954715729, 0.041473764926195145, 0.03722993656992912, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932144	73	http://testmy.net/ipb/user/36148-philp/	0.296149
Question by Alexis: chemistry reaction problem?? about mass? please help! thanks!? An experiment that led to the formation of the new field of organic chemistry involved the synthesis of urea, CN2H4O, by the controlled reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. 2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) CN2H4O(s) + H2O(l) What is the mass of urea when ammonia is reacted with 100. g of carbon dioxide? Answer by jreut Use dimensional analysis and stoichiometry: 100 g CO2 x 1 mole CO2 / 44 g CO2 x 1 mol urea / 1 mole CO2 x 60 g urea / 1 mole urea = 100/44*60= 136. grams of urea produced. The first term, 100 g CO2, is your starting amount. The second fraction, 1 mol CO2 / 44 g CO2, is a conversion factor that equals 1, since there are 44 g CO2 in a mole of CO2. The third fraction is the stoichiometric ratio in the chemical equation: for every one mole of CO2 consumed, 1 mol of urea is formed. The fourth fraction is the conversion factor back to grams. Add your own answer in the comments! - Installing Virtue OLED Board & Laser Eyes in Dye DM9 Paintball Gun - Bridging Digital and Physical Worlds With SixthSense - Official Angry Birds 3 Star Walkthrough Theme 3 Levels 1-5 - HTC Schubert - Sketching Out a Future for the Stylus	<urn:uuid:1f0694c7-c307-49e9-9302-c31b7f0251dc>	2013-05-24T01:37:15Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02538515441119671, -0.000798757013399154, -0.014968487434089184, -0.01116071455180645, 0.06617647409439087, -0.024684874340891838, -0.004420518409460783, 0.06897759437561035, -0.004551820922642946, -0.029586834833025932, 0.04114145785570145, -0.002166491700336337...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.84118	335	http://thatsbadass.com/chemistry-reaction-problem-about-mass-please-help-thanks/	0.786948
Thursday, July 23, 2009 Sailin' with Stephen Allen, NY's first elected mayor (sorta) KNOW YOUR MAYORS Our modest little series about some of the greatest, notorious, most important, even most useless, mayors of New York City. Other entrants in our mayoral survey can be found here. Mayor Stephen Allen In office: 1821-1824 There was a time when New Yorkers were told who their mayor was going to be. Imagine Governor David Patterson with the power to install who he chose, or worse, a handful of Albany insiders entirely beholden to special political interests. This was precisely the manner in which New York City adopted its mayors every year. The Council of Appointments, four specially selected state senators, were in charge of hundreds of yearly state and local appointments, approving and (just as often) altering the wishes of the governor. Those appointed to the job were either prominent citizens, figureheads, or politicians with strong connections to the governor. After a groundswell of dissent over this and many other eccentricities of the New York constitution, the rules were finally amended in 1821. Among its changes were a new method of choosing a mayor -- still appointed, but by the city's Common Council (or city council). Citizens voted for the aldermen who then voted, among their membership, who would become mayor -- indirect, imperfect, but seen at the time as a great step forward. It would not be until 1834 that New Yorkers could directly vote for a candidate (Cornelius Lawrence). For their first appointment, city leaders did not stray from the successful formula of choosing one of the wealthiest, well-connected businessman among them. In 1822, Stephen Allen became the first mayor appointed by the Common Council, 'chosen' by the people because he had first been elected to the council in the first place. Allen was an inspired candidate, a self-made success story with roots in the American Revolution. According to an 1848 biographical 'sketch book', Allen "affords another instance of what may be accomplished without money, without family connexions or friends. Mr. Allen commenced life, it is said, as a poor sailor boy." He was born here in New York in 1767 and remained here with his family through the British occupation during the Revolutionary War. During that time he became an apprentice to a British Tory sail maker when he was only 12 years old. Times were rough for young Stephen in the stressed, over-crowded city; he lived with several other apprentices in a tiny 'sail loft', eating only bread and butter for supper. The Continental Army couldn't have won the war fast enough to young Allen's liking. A teenage Allen was witness to Washington's return to the city in November 1783: "This was a happy day for the real friends of America and it was celebrated accordingly by young and old, particularly by those who had left the city at the commencement of the troubles and had now returned for the first time from an exile of eight long years." Allen worked his way into the sailmaking partnership of Hillson and Allen by age 22. Disgruntled with his partner's lack of business acumen which, in his own words, tended to "irritate and promote altercation," Allen launched his own sail-making business by the age of 30. With the war ended, the British gone and New York becoming the dominant American port, Allen soon became one of the city's wealthiest artisans by the 1810s. As a member of the Tammany Society -- he would eventually become grand sachem -- he transitioned seamlessly into local politics, first as a member of the Common Council in April 1817 then finally as their first appointee for mayor in December 1821. For a man who made his fortunes from sails, it's not surprising that his primary concern as mayor was water. Clean drinking water was a scarcity; the city's previous source for fresh water, Collect Pond, had been levelled just years due to pollution from local industry. What would replace it? He headed a committee that sought additional sources of drinking water, eventually focusing on Rye Pond in the future borough of the Bronx, and a potential canal to be built in Westchester. Allen and the council were raring to move forward, but state bureaucracy, yellow fever outbreaks and focus on the Erie Canal would delay the development of a viable aqueduct for many years. Allen made a bigger impact on New York's prison system as a member of a state committee that inspected conditions at the first state prison in Auburn, New York. Their evaluations eventually led to the construction of Sing Sing prison. He left office after three years as mayor, but he didn't leave politics or Tammany behind, eventually becoming a state senator and helping raise money to build the first Tammany Hall. He spent his latter days at home on Washington Square, but tragically, he did not end up dying peacefully in bed here as other future mayors would do. He was aboard the steamship Henry Clay in July 28 1952 when, after an ill-advised race with another vessel, it caught fire and crashed on the Hudson River, killing dozens of passengers including Nathaniel Hawthorne's sister, famed landscapist Andrew Jackson Downing and, sadly, our former mayor Allen.	<urn:uuid:f15f0cd8-635d-4dbf-853a-509daff86bb7>	2013-05-24T01:30:44Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00121307373046875, 0.03857421875, -0.0023040771484375, 0.00531005859375, 0.05615234375, -0.0294189453125, -0.015380859375, 0.115234375, -0.012939453125, -0.0703125, 0.053466796875, 0.030517578125, -0.0277099609375, -0.0177001953125, 0.04443359375, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984621	1,088	http://theboweryboys.blogspot.com/2009/07/sailin-with-stephen-allen-nys-first.html	0.181239
Posts Tagged ‘NCLEX Review’ How do you know if you are ready to take the NCLEX-RN? You have worked so hard to get where you are, you've studied until your eyes burn, you've obsessively asked every nurse you see about his or her experience with the test, and you still doubt that you are prepared. Your main goal in life at this moment is to pass the NCLEX. Period. Yet there's a little voice in your head telling you that you need just a little more time to study, a few more study guides, or a few more textbooks before you take the plunge and make that appointment to take the test. Now you are wondering if there's any way at all to know for sure that you're ready to take this test and be successful. The first thing you need to realize is that every person is different and there is no one list of criteria you need to meet that will guarantee your success on the test. There are, however, certain things you can do to build up your confidence to the point where you are ready to go. 1. Take practice exams with feedback and rationales. One of the best ways to determine your readiness is to take NCLEX style practice exams that give you not only feedback but also the rationale behind every possible answer. These tests will generally score the test to give you an idea of where you stand, and they will help you to study as you read why each answer is either right or wrong. This is, by far, one of the best ways to prepare for the test. 2. Know the nursing process and how to apply it. If you know the steps of the nursing process and how to use those steps to determine which answer is correct, you are well on your way to being ready. Using this process can help you correctly answer questions which you at first thought to be beyond your capabilities. 3. Complete a good, reputable review. This speaks for itself. The key here is to complete the review, not just look over the material when the mood strikes and hope you glean some knowledge in the process. Choosing a good review and completing it is a vital step in ensuring that you pass the NCLEX. 4. Know basic values and facts. Even though the NCLEX-RN is more about critical thinking skills and the application of the nursing process, there are still some hard facts you will need to know. Normal ranges for basic lab values, major drug classifications and indications, and normal vital sign ranges are just a few of the facts and figures you probably want to memorize. You will then use this knowledge as the foundation on which you apply the nursing process to answer questions about basic nursing scenarios. 5. Make sure you application for licensure is complete. Each state has its own list of requirements for RN licensure, and there are usually a number of forms you need to file or continuing education credits you need to have before your application will be accepted. Having all of this done before you take the exam will ensure that you get your license as soon as you pass the test. Imagine how disappointed you will be if you find that your license is going to be delayed by several days or weeks. Completing the application process beforehand will eliminate any unforeseen obstacles and rid you of unwanted stress. Once you have accomplished these five things, chances are you will find that you feel a lot better prepared to take the NCLEX. Remember, the key to it all is to find a good review program that will not only prepare you for the test but will also give you the confidence you need to pass the NCLEX and start your new career. Believe it or not, it is possible to study too much. The human brain is like any other organ in your body - it's built to work hard, but it also needs to rest. Periods of rest between periods of studying your NCLEX review will boost your ability to retain information as your brain works behind the scenes, assimilating data and storing it into retrievable memory files. If you are continuously concentrating on facts and figures while consciously trying to memorize things, your brain's primary focus will be on what you are currently doing and older information will be lost. The question then becomes "How can I tell if I'm studying too much?" Here are a few questions to assess whether or not you're off track in your study habits. 1. When was the last time you even saw the great outdoors? Fresh air and exercise are a great way to energize your body while giving your brain a chance to file, store, and recharge. If you can't even remember where your front door is located, chances are good you're hitting the books a little too hard. 2. Do you recite normal lab values in your sleep? You're probably thinking you wish you could do that! If you do find yourself talking in your sleep, having extreme insomnia, or having poor sleep quality, you may be studying too much and putting too much stress on your brain. If you're looking for NCLEX tips, here's a good one: Get enough sleep! If you are having sleeping difficulties that don't resolve, you may want to consider a visit your doctor. It's that important. 3. Does the pizza delivery guy have your address permanently programmed into his GPS? As nurses and nursing students, we all know the importance of good nutrition. And here comes another NCLEX tip: pizza does not qualify as good nutrition. While you're taking a necessary study break, make yourself a high-quality, nutrient dense meal. The benefits to your body, you brain, and your overall attitude toward life are well worth it. 4. Does your family have to wear name tags so you can remember who they are? Perhaps this is a bit of an exaggeration, but you know what I mean. Even though you are working hard, studying that NCLEX review material until you know it inside and out, you still need to spend quality time with your family. Studies show that hugging your significant other, spouse, children or even your dog or cat causes your brain to release endorphins that improve your mood and help to reduce stress. I do not, however, recommend hugging your goldfish. They're slimy, they don't hug back, and neither of you will enjoy the experience. Work hard, study hard, but don't forget to give your brain the rest it needs to relax and bit and recover from all of the studying you are doing. Take an honest look at your schedule and your study habits and see if you may be studying too much. Nobody wants to take the NCLEX-RN more than once. In a perfect world, every candidate who took the test would pass with flying colors the first time around; in the real world that is not the case. If you have already taken the test once and were unsuccessful, take heart. You are definitely not alone. There are plenty of good nurses who will tell you that they, too, had to take the test more than once. Knowing you are in good company, though, may be of little consolation as you try to work through your disappointment. You may find yourself confused, unsettled, and even doubting your career choice. However, before you start practicing your "Do you want fries with that?" speech, take a minute to reflect on your past testing experience. Focus on your goals, work through your disappointment, and figure out what went wrong so, on your next attempt, you will be triumphant. 1. Know the content. That seems like a no-brainer, doesn't it? Yet we all know that the NCLEX-RN covers such a broad range of material that it is nearly impossible to know every detail about every organ system, disease process, and medication. Perhaps the best you can do is to trust the knowledge you already have, study those areas where you know you are weakest, and find a good NCLEX review that covers it all. Make sure your review has NCLEX type questions and a varied format to increase your retention. 2. Know the format. In the past, the NCLEX-RN was strictly multiple choice. In today's testing centers, there are a variety of question types with different answer formats. If you are not familiar with these, now is the time to get acquainted. A good NCLEX review will cover not only the content of the test but also the various question and answer formats you will find on the test to give you the practice you need. 3. Know the rationale. As you study practice questions, take the time to read the rationale for each and every possible answer. Reading these rationales will broaden your scope of knowledge about that particular subject and will help to shape your thinking process. Knowing how to think through a question plays a key role in passing the test. 4. Know the steps of the nursing process. I cannot over-emphasize the importance of this. We all know the steps of the nursing process are Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. When looking at various scenarios, ask yourself if the assessment process is complete. Then, what is the nursing diagnosis for this patient? What are the possible interventions for this condition? If you can apply this type of thinking to those questions you find to be most difficult, you can think your way through to a correct response. 5. Know that you are not a failure. Never let discouragement convince you that you cannot do this. You have studied hard, worked harder, and are capable and ready to meet this challenge. Don't give up, believe in yourself, and study. Taking the NCLEX for a second time can be a daunting task, but if you arm yourself with the right tools, you can succeed. Take a deep breath, pull out those books, find a great NCLEX review, and stay in the game. School is over and it's time to celebrate - right? Not quite. We all know how difficult and time-consuming school turned out to be, and we all know that giant feeling of relief when it is finally over. But we also know there is one more thing standing in the way of you and your total success. You still have to pass the NCLEX. If you're like me, the last thing you want to do after graduating nursing school is pick up another book and start studying. But I knew I had to do it because my entire future was riding on me passing that test. Talk about pressure! Unfortunately, sometimes pressure isn't enough to motivate me when I need to study and, since I don't think I'm all that unusual, chances are good you're in a similar situation. So, what do we do? How do we find the motivation to study long after our energy stores are totally depleted? As usual, I don't have all the answers, but I think I can give you a few tips to help you get back in the groove, start your NCLEX review, and stay on the road to success. The first thing you may want to do is set a reasonable deadline for yourself. I have a special talent for procrastination and without a deadline looming, I had absolutely no incentive to hit the books. Knowing how long I had to study really helped me to focus my attention on the things I had to do, and I'm pretty sure it can work for you, too. For example, if you decide to give yourself four weeks to study before you actually take the test, you can create a study schedule that has a lot of flexibility to take into account those days when you're just not feeling it. And, if you decide to devote, say, two hours a day to studying, you'll know that you will have studied a minimum of 56 hours by test time. The next thing is to make sure you reward yourself. Once I finally got into the groove of regular studying, I found small ways to reward myself periodically for reaching my goals. If I stuck to my study times all week long it would earn me a two-hour trip to the antique mall. Studying hard for two hours at night would get me a favorite 30 minute TV show or an hour to read or soak in a bubble bath before bedtime. The important thing is to find time for yourself and not cut out all the things you enjoy doing. If you look at these little treats as rewards for studying, it can really help to motivate you. Some people enjoy studying in a group or with a partner. Bringing in a friend to help you with your NCLEX review can help keep you accountable, especially if it's someone who won't let you off the hook. Even a once a week study date can keep you motivated, especially if you work out a study schedule with your partner before you begin. Also, it can give you someone to celebrate with after you both pass with flying colors (notice the seamless use of positive thinking here!). Perhaps the biggest motivation of all is to remember why you're studying. Since you're already in the medical field, you know how rewarding and exciting a career it can be. You also know that, once you pass the NCLEX, your earning potential increases dramatically which means you'll have a lot more resources to do all those things you've wanted to do but never had the means. That's a lot of motivation! So, take a deep breath, start your NCLEX review, and let's get started! Your total success is right around the next bend. Entrepreneurialism is growing in all segments of work, and nursing is no exception. Registered nursing is a field that is experiencing high growth due to the aging population living longer and the technology that is improving and saving lives. Qualified nurses are highly sought after for employment, but the work can be demanding and stressful. Nurses work in hospitals, nursing homes, medical offices and other medical facilities. The hours are often long and working nights and week-ends are required. The demands on personal time and home life can be stressful which is why some nurses are seeking self-employment. Some of the rewards of self-employment include: - Being in charge of your own work life - Being able to set work days and hours around personal needs and schedule - Determining types of clients and patients most comfortable working with - Setting fees for work - Working for enjoyment instead of just a paycheck. Self-employed nurses must develop a business model and establish a business, which means getting an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS just like any other business. The business must pay all applicable taxes, and the nurse should get business insurance to protect against any liabilities that may arise. Other than that, all the nurse has to do is begin marketing the independent nursing business, and clients should not be hard to find. There are several types of work the nurse entrepreneur could pursue. Private Duty Nursing – with the aging population and people who are ill but want to stay in their homes, a registered nurse can work with private-pay clients. Families may need nursing care for loved ones 24 hours a day, but do not want to put the person in a skilled nursing facility away from family. Medical Consultant – many companies find it is less expensive to hire consultants for projects rather than permanent staff. Nurses can use their medical background to consult with all types of companies including hospitals, insurance companies, medical billing companies and even research facilities. Wellness Coach – the focus of many organizations is keeping people healthy rather than incurring serious medical expenses managing illnesses. Companies are hiring wellness coaches as a benefit to employees in an effort to steer employees to activities that encourage healthy lifestyles. Nurses are contracted to develop and institute programs and counsel on wellness. Case Managers – a nurse entrepreneur can work as patient advocates, care managers and area-specific case managers for medical facilities, advocacy groups and even individual private-pay clients. Advanced Nursing – some nurses are obtaining Master’s Degrees and training as nurse midwives, nurse practitioners and other specialized fields and opening their own medical practices. They are generally in high demand as many people prefer the caring, more holistic approach of these medical providers. Healthcare is a growing field, and the opportunities are there to help shape the next phase of healthcare delivery. Programs are available to help nurses gain extra skills and certifications that put them on the road to independence and success as RN entrepreneurs. So once you pass the NCLEX you can decide for yourself if being a nurse entrepreneur is for you or not. At least you'll have the option. When beginning your preparations for the NCLEX-RN examination, knowing what to expect during the examination will help to put your mind at ease. When studying for the NCLEX-RN examination, there are many important factors to consider, including time limitations, how to sign up for the exam, eligibility requirements, cost of the examination and where the examination is conducted. NCLEX-RN Eligibility Requirements In order to apply to take the NCLEX-RN examination, you must first contact your state board of nursing and apply for licensure and eligibility to take the exam. The nursing board will contact the institution where you have studied nursing and confirm your credentials and eligibility for the examination. Once eligibility is granted by your state board of nursing, you then receive authorization to test. Once your authorization has been received, you may then register to take the test with Pearson VUE and pay the testing fee. Cost of the NCLEX-RN Examination The testing fee for the NCLEX-RN examination is $200, which you may pay online using a credit card. If you need to repeat the examination, you will need to pay the fee each time you take the test. Your state board of nursing may charge separate fees for the other components of your licensure, which you are obligated to pay in order to obtain a license to practice nursing in your state. NCLEX-RN Examination Locations To find the nearest NCLEX-RN examination location, visit the Pearson VUE website pearsonvue.com to locate a testing center. You will need to input your address and a radius to find a testing location. The default settings will display the nearest 5 testing centers from the address you entered into the system. Signing Up for the NCLEX-RN Examination Once you receive your eligibility confirmation from your state board of nursing and your authorization to test, do not hesitate in signing up for a seat to take the NCLEX-RN examination. Your eligibility has an expiration date and you must complete your examination before your authorization and eligibility expire. After you have registered with Pearson VUE and paid your examination fee, schedule your examination date and location. You may do this by registering online with Pearson VUE. Once you have a login identification and password, you may schedule your examination on their website. Time Limitations on the NCLEX-RN Examination You will have up to six hours to complete the NCLEX-RN examination, which can be anywhere from 75 to 265 questions, with two optional breaks. Pace yourself accordingly, as the computerized testing system does not allow you to go back to questions you have already completed. Are you ready to start studying? Check out our NCLEX-RN Review. NCLEX Authorities Predict Diminished First Time Pass Rate on State Standardized Nursing Exam- The National Council Nursing Program has experienced a decline in the passing rates of students due to the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) for RNs. This computerized nursing exam, provides certification for trained graduates under the nursing training of colleges and other healthcare education institutions. April 1, 2010 marked the first day of heightened difficulty for the NCLEX. Those who take the NCLEX now will encounter a test that is more difficult to pass than the one students took three years ago. In response to the falling pass rates, thenclexreview.com (TNR) has launched an online NCLEX review that promises to help restore the national pass rate. Click to read the full press release on the NCLEX review. Our NCLEX review contest is still going strong but it's not too late! Get in while you can and help spread the word about thenclexreview.com. You’ll have a chance to win great prizes like the 16 Gigabite Apple Ipad, the Apple Ipod Touch or the Apple Nano. You can also win free access to our members area. We want this NCLEX review program to be buzzing all over the Internet so that you can network more, learn more and be a part of a thriving online community. Share the NCLEX Review with your family, friends and coworkers. Post on your Youtube, Twitter, Facebook and anywhere you can think of. We challenge you to win big and benefit others in your industry. It’s time to make a difference. Remember the contest ends on November 20, 2011, so get started today to win an ipad! Keep checking our NCLEX review blog where we will be announcing the winners! There are several steps that you will want to take when going through the NCLEX process. Below will outline the most important things that you’ll need to know in order to have a successful NCLEX experience. Step 1. Apply for licensure with your board of nursing. Step 2. Register and pay $200 with Pearson VUE. You can do this via the Internet, phone or by mail. Use the exact name that is on your ID. Using an e-mail address ensures that all further communication, such as letters from Pearson VUE will come via e-mail. If an emailed address is not supplied, the regular US mail will be used. You must be made eligible by the board of nursing within one year of your registration and payment. Third-party payments must only be sent to the address listed at www.ncsbn.org/2017.htm. Please be sure to note that there are no refunds of NCLEX fees for any reason. Step 3. Receive Receipt of Registration from Pearson VUE. Step 4. Receive eligibility from the board of nursing. Step 5. Receive a letter from Pearson VUE Authorization to Test (ATT) letter. You will be given validity dates and you must test within these dates. Extensions will not be allowed. Check that your name matches your ID. Step 6. Set up an appointment via the Internet or use the telephone for scheduling international appointments. If you need to change your appointment, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday appointments must be rescheduled 24 hours in advance of the original date and time. Saturday, Sunday, or Monday appointments must be rescheduled no later than Friday, at least 1 full business day in advance of the original date and time. Step 7. Get to your exam appointment and present your Authorization to Test letter and a valid ID. In U.S., American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands test centers, the only acceptable forms of ID are: U.S. Drivers license from the Department of Motor Vehicles. If expired, a renewal slip that includes a photograph and a signature must be presented as well. Step 8. Stay confident in what you learned from your NCLEX review and pass the NCLEX! Visual, or spatial, individuals learn through what they see, preferring an all-encompassed “big picture” through various pictorial means. An astonishing sixty-five percent of the population are defined as “visual learners”, a statistic reported within “Understanding Your Learning Styles”. Visual students learn best through models, books, printouts, demonstrations, charts, timelines, maps, color-coded graphs and electronic media, such as video. Essentially, visually appealing material presented within a lecture or other learning environment will capture the interest of a visual learner. Facts and Characteristics Concerning the Visual Learner All-encompassed facts about these individuals suggest they are naturals at the following: • Remembering colors, printed names and details • Memorizing people’s faces yet forgetting names • Spelling, reading and proofreading • Appreciating quiet surroundings • Creating a well-matched ensemble • Establishing mental pictures The visual learner exhibits certain characteristics shared with other visually inspired peers. As a whole, they tend to read for pleasure, doing so rapidly. These persons require a quiet atmosphere for study, avoiding excessive movement and noise. Study sessions tend to extend into long sessions. Individuals also typically exhibit the following characteristics: • Pay close attention to detail • Maintain organized and tidy surroundings • Experience difficulty with following long lectures • Preference to personal note-taking versus printed information containing the same material • Ability to recall information location on a page or in a book • Frustration with the inability to take notes • Extreme interest in reading material, including books and magazines Visual Learners Seeking Licensure The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) has developed two examinations for nurses seeking licensure as either a registered nurse (RN) or practical nurse (PN). Although different in nature, the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) and National Council Licensure Examination for Practical Nurses (NCLEX-PN), both require some amount of NCLEX review prior to undertaking the exam. Traditionally, textbooks have been the preferred means of presenting review material to students. However, because over half of the population are visual learners, potential RNs and PNs require an alternative to textbooks. To accommodate these learners, video lessons for NCLEX review are an ideal way to prepare oneself for the examination. Aultman College. “Understanding Your Learning Styles” (2008). Retrieved from http://www.aultmancollege.edu/Files/Understanding-Learning-Styles.pdf. October 6, 2011.	<urn:uuid:0f51c077-bebc-4c9b-8b72-811b18623a9c>	2013-05-24T01:30:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.013916015625, 0.0155029296875, 0.0126953125, 0.0035247802734375, 0.10498046875, -0.0177001953125, -0.006683349609375, 0.07275390625, -0.0224609375, -0.0035400390625, 0.0184326171875, 0.0223388671875, -0.056640625, -0.003936767578125, 0.04248046875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960439	5,377	http://thenclexreview.com/blog/tag/nclex-review/	0.462307
In the great Northwest where I live, I met a mountain man and he knew how to get many things done with very little resources. He had almost nothing to work with, but accomplished great things. Whether the task was to build a fire underwater or stop a waterfall from falling, it seemed he could take care of it. I was so amazed to see the things he could do, I finally asked him how he did it. He told me that a long time ago, he had found a magical solution to nearly all challenges that came along. He said it was all contained in a single, ancient word that had mystic powers. When you understand the meaning of the word, it unleashes immense strength and abilities; it makes your mind more clear; it makes your imagination run wild with ideas. Well, of course, I could hardly contain myself and I just had to know what this powerful magic was. I pleaded with him to tell me and he finally agreed. He said the word is, ‘YAGODDAWANNA’. In order to accomplish anything, whether it is small or big, easy or difficult, trivial or of utmost importance, in order to be successful, you’ve got to want to do it. To earn good grades, you gotta wanna earn them. To become an Eagle Scout, ya godda wanna be one. The main reason people don’t succeed at something is because they don’t really want it bad enough. By really wanting something, you come up with ideas, make plans, and then do it. Remember, to do something YaGoddaWanna do it. Have a Great Scouting Day!	<urn:uuid:f84c4bdb-e73d-4ec5-93cc-dd069afd0882>	2013-05-24T01:29:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03586351126432419, -0.0022414694540202618, -0.0031337046530097723, -0.0057451254688203335, 0.07207521051168442, -0.03655988723039627, 0.0008922353736124933, 0.07694985717535019, -0.009662256576120853, -0.02541782706975937, 0.04004178196191788, 0.01022806391119957...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981516	342	http://thescoutmasterminute.net/2009/02/11/yagoddawanna/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=c49b096ccc	0.277021
The countries of northern Europe have agreed to build a huge network of renewables that will connect offshore wind farms in northern Scotland to solar panels in Germany to wave power and hydroelectricity in Scandinavia. Offshore wind projects in Europe are expected to generate more than 100 gigawatts of energy, about ten percent of the continent’s demands, in coming years, roughly equivalent to a hundred large coal plants. But unpredictable weather patterns can hamper their ability to deliver reliable energy, and national power grids are too weak to overcome fluctuations in production and demand. Nine nations, including France, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and the UK, have joined forces to lay undersea cables beneath the North Sea in the coming decade. The grid will act as a gigantic battery, storing electricity when demand is reduced. The North Sea grid could connect to a much larger renewable plan that was launched in Germany last year. The Desertec Industrial Initiative is a $400 billion scheme that aims to deliver 15 percent of Europe’s electricity by 2050 from southern Europe and North Africa. Concentrated solar power will be delivered by power lines that stretch across the Sahara and the Mediterranean. Scientists in the European Commission estimate that just 0.3 percent of the light falling on the deserts of the Sahara and Middle East would be enough to meet all of Europe’s energy needs.	<urn:uuid:d3f07194-57c6-4358-add0-81883f535dc1>	2013-05-24T01:44:43Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0026247042696923018, 0.028588328510522842, -0.027011040598154068, 0.010942429304122925, 0.12145110219717026, -0.05678233504295349, 0.004115733318030834, 0.08201892673969269, -0.010991719551384449, 0.00327779958024621, 0.07728706300258636, 0.008280756883323193, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942671	276	http://thesolutionsjournal.org/node/595?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1&quicktabs_1=2	0.567258
A further 30 people have been killed overnight in Syrian clashes. Raston became the latest city to fall victim of the heavy violence on behalf of the Syrian rebels. This follows a series of 2 blasts in the thriving city of Damascus, resulting in the deaths of 55 people on Thursday morning. The blasts were the most deadly since the uprising began in 2011. There is an obvious disregard to civilian lives throughout the country both on behalf of the rebels and the Syrian authorities, who, whilst trying to retake Homs from rebel hands early this year, unleashed a deadly series of artillery strikes into heavily populated areas within the city. The blasts were said to have been caused by two improvised explosive devices ranging from 225kg to 450kg, to put into perspective the explosion from a 500lb (230kg) bomb dropped from an aircraft causes a danger area of around 300m, add this to a concrete road at rush hour and the devastation is truly horrifying. The use of a weapon such as this in such a densely populated area has got to be the work of an organisation capable of truly horrendous acts. This leaves the otherwise innocent population of Syria between a rock and a hard place; the government wishes them dead, as do the rebels. Is it not time something must be done? Instead the world looks on, the human rights watchdog has condemned the violence however condemnation will only go so far, increasing pressure on the UN will undoubtedly have an effect eventually, however, with coalition countries withdrawing from Afghanistan due to public pressure within their own border’s, how many of these countries will be willing to commit to creating peace within a country in turmoil? The jihadist group al-Qaida has been suspected of causing the violence, and with increasing civilian causalities within Syria due to IED and suicide bombings it appears increasingly and more importantly disturbingly likely. The group under their new commander recently encouraged the use of civilian victims and weapons of mass destruction to achieve their goal of a world under an extremist sharia fist. The Syrian authorities have, using an overwhelming and fierce retaliation, also created an increasingly desperate force, fighting against their troops, who, have reportedly slaughtered up to 9,000 victims, merely trying to live in a country torn at the seams by the vicious, oppressive regime. However, there appears to be 2 very different rebel tactics in use within Syria, the first, armed attacks directed towards the Syrian army, and other authorities, similar to the attack last night. Causing the deaths of the soldiers who themselves, operating under orders have been spearheading the bombardment of civilian locations under rebel control throughout the country, 23 of which were killed in last nights raid. And the second, the use of suicide and improvised explosions as mentioned earlier. Could we be seeing (as seen in every major middle-eastern conflict in the last 500 years) an influx of foreign fighters, wishing to push through their ‘jihad’, appearing to not have any regard for the lives of the people of Syria. If this is the case there is a very real danger of the crisis spiralling out of control. Creating an insurgency, that could cost the lives of far more innocent victims. The violence needs to be stopped, and needs to be stopped soon.	<urn:uuid:20bc470d-04e6-4f53-b0de-243e8eeab645>	2013-05-24T01:37:52Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01025390625, 0.005828857421875, -0.01287841796875, 0.026611328125, 0.16796875, -0.0712890625, -0.0361328125, 0.10400390625, 0.0145263671875, -0.02685546875, 0.0244140625, 0.0264892578125, -0.03076171875, 0.0220947265625, 0.029052734375, 0.053710937...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967493	648	http://thomasmartienssen.com/2012/05/14/violence-in-syria-continues-to-spiral-beyond-all-control/	0.230582
In photo after photo, bruises, cuts and burn marks on the dead body of 3-year-old Jaylen Ramsey flashed on a projector screen. The boy's father, Reginald Tumlin, 32, faced the images in Hamilton County Criminal Court on Tuesday, the first day of his trial on charges of felony murder, aggravated child abuse and neglect. Jury selection took place Tuesday morning. The trial, which resumes this morning in Judge Rebecca Stern's courtroom, is expected to last the week. In opening statements, prosecutor Charlie Minor told jurors that Tumlin kept Jaylen from April 4, 2010, until his death on May 1, 2010. He asked that, as the trial progressed, the jury keep in mind a photo of a healthy Jaylen taken on Easter 2010. "That's how he was dropped off with this man," Minor said. "Don't mistake it, this case isn't about him, the father ... it's about the boy." Tumlin's attorney, Dan Ripper, quickly countered Minor's opening. "It's about the boy because it tugs at your heartstrings," he said. "They lack proof. "You don't convict somebody just because a crime, or an episode this bad, has happened," Ripper said. "You convict somebody because someone proved who did it." Police arrested Tumlin in May 2010 on drug-related charges shortly after Jaylen died at Children's Hospital. According to court records, Tumlin's girlfriend drove Jaylen to the hospital about 5 a.m. on May 1, 2010, when the boy complained of "stomach pain" and was "gasping for air." The case's lead investigator, Chattanooga police Detective James Tate, testified that Tumlin told him he didn't go to the hospital because he was "worried that police or staff would see the boy's injuries." An autopsy later showed more than 50 bruises on various parts of the toddler's face and body, numerous lacerations and a healing burn on the back of his left thigh. The Hamilton County medical examiner's report listed "bowel perforation due to blunt force abdominal trauma" as the likely cause of death. Todd South covers courts, poverty, technology, military and veterans for the Times Free Press. He has worked at the paper since 2008 and previously covered crime and safety in Southeast Tennessee and North Georgia. Todd’s hometown is Dodge City, Kan. He served five years in the U.S. Marine Corps and deployed to Iraq before returning to school for his journalism degree from the University of Georgia. Todd previously worked at the Anniston (Ala.) Star. Contact ...	<urn:uuid:7e8d743d-b90a-488d-ada2-3b955764e3e6>	2013-05-24T01:58:56Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.003997802734375, 0.0189208984375, 0.00396728515625, 0.0087890625, 0.11474609375, -0.038330078125, -0.0025634765625, 0.09619140625, -0.0235595703125, -0.051513671875, 0.08251953125, 0.056884765625, -0.003997802734375, -0.03173828125, 0.05029296875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976262	555	http://timesfreepress.com/news/2012/jun/13/tumlin-child-death-trial-resumes-this/	0.178971
The following treatment approaches are often effective for treating social anxiety disorder . You can learn these techniques during counseling or treatment by a mental health provider. Cognitive-behavior therapy is very useful in treating social anxiety disorder. The central component of this treatment is exposure therapy or systematic desensitization, which involves helping you to gradually become more comfortable with situations that frighten you. The exposure process often involves three stages. - The first stage involves introducing you to the feared situation. - The second stage is to increase the risk for disapproval in that situation. This builds your confidence that you can handle rejection or criticism. - The third stage involves learning techniques to cope with disapproval. In this stage, you imagine your worst fears and are encouraged to develop constructive responses to those fears. Cognitive-behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder also includes anxiety management training—teaching you techniques such as deep breathing, relaxation exercises, or meditation to help control your level of anxiety. Another important aspect of treatment is called cognitive restructuring, which will help you to identify unrealistic thoughts and develop more realistic expectations about the likelihood of danger in social situations. The duration of this treatment varies from one to four months. Approximately 50% of the patients show symptomatic improvement. Other Types of Therapy You can also benefit from supportive therapy, such as group therapy , which helps you learn how to interact comfortably with other people. Couples or family therapy can help to educate your significant others about the disorder. You may also benefit from social skills training. The idea behind this type of psychotherapy is that symptoms of social anxiety disorder may be the result of mental processes which the patient is not aware of. The psychiatrist or clinical psychologist could help the patient clarify these mental processes, thus relieving their symptoms. The duration of treatment is approximately 12 weeks. Any program to relieve stress and anxiety (such as yoga , meditation , exercise , hypnosis , learning to delegate work) and assertiveness training will help to relieve the anxiety that is felt in various social situations. These stressing relief techniques could be added to cognitive behavioral therapy. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 11/2012 - - Update Date: 11/26/2012 -	<urn:uuid:31355a03-032d-4bf4-9aaa-534842fed909>	2013-05-24T01:57:28Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0045166015625, 0.001007080078125, 0.00958251953125, 0.0038299560546875, 0.119140625, -0.04248046875, 0.01129150390625, 0.1171875, -0.0283203125, 0.0072021484375, 0.0791015625, 0.02880859375, -0.0322265625, 0.03369140625, 0.048583984375, -0.0011901...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938533	451	http://timpanogosregionalhospital.com/your-health/?/20193/	0.806624
Today's featured relative in my database is my maternal 3rd-great grandfather, Nathan Thomas Beals. Nathan was born February 17, 1856 in Westfield, Hamilton Co., IN., the son of John T. and Mary (Davis) Beals. Nathan married September 26, 1876 in Hamilton Co., IN to Elizabeth Caroline Poe, daughter of Isaac S. and Hannah (Mills) Poe. Elizabeth was born September 26, 1856 in Morgan Co., IN, and died September 1935 near Greentown, Howard Co., IN. Nathan died in 1915 - his father's obituary states that he was late of Leola, AR. Children of Nathan Thomas and Elizabeth Caroline (Poe) Beals are as follows: i. Pearl May Beals b. May 11, 1878 Hamilton Co., IN., d. August 3, 1970 Madison Co., IN., m. Charles Wilson Lambertson ii. Nellie Myrtle Beals b. August 30, 1880 Richardson Co., NE., m. Albert Edward Stober iii. Ethel Mabel Beals b. November 27, 1885 Richardson Co., NE., d. February 11, 1900 Hamilton Co., IN. I descend from Nathan Thomas and Elizabeth Caroline (Poe) Beals through their daughter, Pearl, as follows : Nathan Thomas Beals and Elizabeth Caroline Poe Peal May Beals and Charles Wilson Lambertson Clemon Beals Lambertson and June Kirk Davis (my great-grandparents)	<urn:uuid:b607abfc-ba7f-4a16-893f-0716e0af2182>	2013-05-24T01:30:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.04644495248794556, 0.05542813614010811, -0.013379205018281937, -0.009126529097557068, 0.07683486491441727, -0.05198776721954346, -0.009747706353664398, 0.048547402024269104, -0.020928898826241493, -0.08677370101213455, 0.1429663598537445, 0.00950879231095314, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949285	316	http://tjlgenes.blogspot.com/2007/02/nathan-thomas-beals-b-february-17-1856.html	0.750578
Elvira Arellano's story starts out with the most understandable (if expedient and wrong-headed) rationale for breaking American immigration law. Poor and Mexican, she figured that she could make a better life for herself if she crossed the border illegally and found work. But the events that followed her initial crossing in 1997 -- culminating in Arellano's arrest and deportation Sunday -- illustrate the corrosive effects that illegal immigration can have on those who break immigration law. No wonder so many Americans opposed the so-called immigration reform package as they feared the bill would not only reward scofflaws, but support activists' apparent belief that there is nothing wrong with flouting American law. "We immigrants need representation," Arellano complained last year, according to The Associated Press. "The millions of Mexican immigrants who are living in the U.S. are being treated like criminals. I'm not a criminal. I'm a mother who worked to support my son in this country." Actually, Arellano is a convicted felon. When Arellano snuck across the border in August 1997, she was caught and deported. Arellano then chose to break American law again. She re-entered the country -- a felony that, if prosecuted, is punishable by up to 20 years in prison. In December 2002, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents arrested Arellano at Chicago's O'Hare Airport. According to ICE, Arellano was "working illegally for a janitorial services business whose employees had access to security sensitive areas." Subsequently, Arellano was convicted for using someone else's Social Security number -- a felony. After three years of probation, Arellano was supposed to be deported in August 2006. Instead, she and her son Saul, 8, sought sanctuary at the Adalberto United Methodist Church in Chicago. This weekend, Arellano left the church to speak at a rally in Los Angeles, where she was arrested. At Arellano's request, her son remains in America with the family of Pastor Walter Coleman. Arellano and her defenders argue that because Saul is a U.S. citizen, Elvira should not be forced to return to Mexico and that the U.S. government should not split up families. Of course, if family unification were important to Elvira Arellano, she should have stayed in Mexico with her family. Now, she is free to bring her son to Mexico to live with her.	<urn:uuid:0924ae75-1f35-4be9-ab88-db55de292d2e>	2013-05-24T01:39:18Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02978515625, 0.01519775390625, -0.004669189453125, 0.0033111572265625, 0.0712890625, -0.046875, 0.00396728515625, 0.11572265625, -0.052490234375, -0.031494140625, 0.1064453125, 0.0111083984375, -0.052734375, -0.0047607421875, 0.0478515625, -0.0319...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968367	513	http://townhall.com/columnists/debrajsaunders/2007/08/21/arellanos_overdue_departure	0.450761
President Obama tanked in the last debate. Good. Now maybe people will listen when Mitt Romney says things like, "The genius of America is the free enterprise system, and freedom, and the fact that people can go out there and start a business. ... The private market and individual responsibility always work best." But then Romney responded to Obama by essentially saying: I want big government, too! We who hope for smaller government as a way to expand liberty and create prosperity are disturbed by what we heard last week. The GOP candidate painted himself as a big...	<urn:uuid:cd685a02-14f7-4eec-a467-e9d698648615>	2013-05-24T01:51:55Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.006750000175088644, 0.029999999329447746, 0.024125000461935997, 0.013249999843537807, 0.054749999195337296, -0.03525000065565109, 0.00035937500069849193, 0.10350000113248825, -0.012937500141561031, -0.03525000065565109, 0.013062500394880772, 0.017625000327825546,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965669	115	http://townhall.com/social/nawlins72-548375/mitt_romney_biggovernment_man_cmt_5548528	0.160024
The Town of Troy, like the rest of Montgomery County, was settled primarily by Scottish immigrants. In 1852, Angus McCaskill, one of the early settlers, donated a tract of 50 acres to the community to serve as the town proper. Until a legislative decree changed the name, the community was know as West's Oldfield. That same decree also located the courthouse in the new community and made Troy the business center of a thriving county. The town takes its name from John B. Troy, a popular attorney and solicitor of the judicial district. Legend has it that the streets of Troy are paved with solid gold. When the streets were being paved, fill dirt was brought in from the gold mines in Eldorado, a once thriving mining community north of the town. Local citizens with a sharp eye found gold nuggets in the streets of the city. Even today, Troy still represents a golden opportunity for its citizens and visitors.	<urn:uuid:857bd922-f97f-4f77-abb0-9fb253662fac>	2013-05-24T01:29:38Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.001658472465351224, 0.004192483611404896, -0.01050646509975195, -0.0003809435584116727, 0.09590516984462738, -0.0297683198004961, -0.012863685376942158, 0.04121767356991768, -0.011786099523305893, -0.07435344904661179, 0.07112068682909012, 0.0498383603990078, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980514	189	http://troy.nc.us/?font-size=smaller	0.548185
Also indexed as: Fibromyositis, Fibrositis, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, Myofibrositis, Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome Fibromyalgia—an unsolved mystery—is a complex syndrome with no known cause or sure cure. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful: - Low-intensity exercise (like walking or swimming) is the best - Address your stress - Reducing stress and unpleasant emotions may also reduce - Try 5-HTP - 100 mg of the supplement 5-hydroxytryptophan three times a day may - Check out SAMe - 800 mg of the supplement S-adenosyl-l-methionine a day may help These recommendations are not comprehensive and are not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or pharmacist. Continue reading the full fibromyalgia article for more in-depth, fully-referenced information on medicines, vitamins, herbs, and dietary and lifestyle changes that may be helpful. Fibromyalgia is a complex syndrome with no known cause or cure. Its predominant symptom is pain in the fibrous tissues, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, although other symptoms may be Research has demonstrated that the axis connecting the three glands primarily responsible for the stress response (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals) may be dysfunctional in people with fibromyalgia.1 Inflammation of the involved structures is generally absent in Of the estimated three to six million people2 affected by this disorder in the United States, the vast majority are women between 25 and 45 years of age. Product ratings for What are the symptoms? Trigger-point pain at characteristic locations is the defining symptom of fibromyalgia. The most commonly affected locations are on the occiput (nape of the neck), the neck itself, shoulders, trunk, low back, and thighs. Other symptoms may also be experienced, including fatigue, chest pain, low-grade fever, swollen lymph nodes, insomnia, frequent abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and depression.3 Over the counter pain relievers, such as aspirin (Bayer®, Ecotrin®, Bufferin®), ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®), and acetaminophen (Tylenol®), may be recommended. However, one double-blind trial found no difference between ibuprofen and placebo with respect to treating fibromyalgia symptoms.4 Treatment commonly involves a combination of medications, including one of several antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil®), fluoxetine (Prozac®), sertraline (Zoloft®), paroxetine (Paxil®), and fluvoxamine (Luvox®), to help diminish pain and improve sleep. Some individuals might benefit from a muscle relaxant, such as cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®). Low-impact exercise programs to improve aerobic fitness, stretching techniques to relax tense muscles, and cognitive therapy for coping with stress and emotional disorders are Dietary changes that may be helpful A vegan diet (includes no animal products) that is also low in salt may help women with fibromyalgia. In a controlled clinical trial,5 women with fibromyalgia were put on a special diet consisting only of raw foods—primarily fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and cereals (such as rolled oats). The diet also contained several fermented foods, including a fermented yogurt-food made from oats, a fermented beverage made from wheat berries (called Rejuvalac), and several types of fermented vegetables, particularly cabbage. During the three-month trial, women following the therapeutic diet experienced a significant reduction in body weight, pain, morning sickness, use of painkillers, depression, and the number of sore fibromyalgia points, compared with those who continued to eat their regular diet. Due to the liberal use of nuts and seeds, this diet was not low in fat; for example, 31% of all calories came from fat. Nonetheless, the total number of calories was relatively low (less than 1,900 calories per day), which was probably responsible for the decrease in body In a preliminary report, four women with fibromyalgia experienced marked improvement or complete resolution of their symptoms within months after eliminating monosodium glutamate (MSG) or MSG plus aspartame from their diet. In each case, symptoms recurred whenever MSG was Lifestyle changes that may be helpful Low-intensity exercise may improve fibromyalgia symptoms. People with fibromyalgia who exercise regularly have been reported to suffer less severe symptoms than those who remain sedentary.7 8 9 In a controlled trial, a program consisting of two 25-minute exercise classes plus two educational sessions per week for six weeks resulted in immediate and sustained improvement in walking distance, fatigue, and well-being in a group of people with fibromyalgia;10 however, no reductions in pain, anxiety, or depression were seen. In a more recent controlled trial, a 35-minute exercise program in a warm pool once a week for six months, coupled with counseling sessions, led to improvements in hand-grip strength and endurance, as well as to reductions in pain, distress, depression, and anxiety.11 The results of this trial, and other similar trials, suggest that underwater exercise training, in combination with a counseling intervention, should be considered by people with Vitamins that may be helpful People with fibromyalgia often have low serotonin levels in their blood.12 13 14 Supplementation with 5-HTP may increase serotonin synthesis in these cases. Both preliminary15 16 and double-blind trials17 have reported that 5-HTP supplementation (100 mg three times per day) relieves some symptoms of fibromyalgia. Some studies have found low vitamin B1 (thiamine) levels and reduced activity of some thiamine-dependent enzymes among people with fibromyalgia.18 19 The clinical significance of these findings remains One early preliminary study described the use of vitamin E supplements in the treatment of “fibrositis”—the rough equivalent of what is today called fibromyalgia. Several dozen individuals were treated with vitamin E using amounts ranging from 100–300 IU per day. The results were positive and sometimes dramatic.20 Double-blind trials are needed to confirm these preliminary observations. Intravenous S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) given to people with fibromyalgia reduced pain and depression in two double-blind trials;21 22 but no benefit was seen in a short (ten-day) trial.23 Oral SAMe (800 mg per day for six weeks) was tested in one double-blind trial and significant beneficial effects were seen, such as reduced pain, fatigue, and stiffness, and improved A preliminary trial found that a combination of magnesium and malic acid might lessen muscle pain in people with fibromyalgia.25 The amounts used in this trial were 300–600 mg of elemental magnesium and 1,200–2,400 mg of malic acid per day, taken for eight weeks. A double-blind trial by the same research group using 300 mg magnesium and 1,200 mg malic acid per day found no reduction in symptoms, however.26 Though these researchers claimed that magnesium and malic acid appeared to have some effect at higher levels (up to 600 mg magnesium and 2,400 mg malic acid), the positive effects were not demonstrated under blinded study conditions. Therefore, the evidence supporting the use of these supplements for people with fibromyalgia remains weak and inconclusive. Melatonin supplementation may be useful in the treatment of fibromyalgia. In a preliminary trial, 3 mg of melatonin at bedtime was found to reduce tender points and to improve sleep and other measures of disease severity, though pain and fatigue improved only slightly.27 Are there any side effects or interactions? Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects or interactions. Holistic approaches that may be helpful Stress is believed by some researchers to be capable of aggravating fibromyalgia symptoms. Stress-reduction techniques, such as meditation, have proven helpful in preliminary research.28 Acupuncture may be useful for short-term relief of fibromyalgia symptoms. In one preliminary trial, acupuncture produced a significant decrease in pain and point tenderness along with related biochemical changes measured in the fibromyalgia patients’ blood.29 Another uncontrolled trial used electroacupuncture (acupuncture with electrical stimulation) treatment in people with fibromyalgia who were unresponsive to conventional medical therapies. After an average of seven treatments per person, 46% claimed that electroacupuncture provided the best relief of symptoms when compared to all other therapies, and 64% reported using less medication for pain relief than prior to electroacupuncture.30 A double-blind trial compared fake acupuncture to electroacupuncture and reported significant differences in improvement in five of eight outcome measurements among people with fibromyalgia.31 Short-term pain reduction in people with fibromyalgia has been reported in other studies, some of which were at least partially controlled; however, long-term benefits have never been investigated in a controlled clinical trial.32 Long-term controlled trials are necessary to conclusively determine whether acupuncture is a useful treatment for fibromyalgia. Joint manipulation, chiropractic, and related treatments may be helpful for relieving some of the symptoms of fibromyalgia. A preliminary study33 found that almost half of people with fibromyalgia who received chiropractic care had “moderate to good” improvement. A small preliminary trial34 evaluated the effect of four weeks of chiropractic treatment (three to five times per week) consisting of soft tissue massage, stretching, spinal manipulation, and general advice and information. Treatment resulted in a significant decrease in pain and an increase in range of neck movement, but there was no improvement in tender points or in ability to function in daily life. Another preliminary trial35 evaluated a longer treatment period (30 sessions) consisting of spinal manipulation and deep pressure massage to tender points in the muscles. More benefit was reported by this study, as 60% of the patients experienced significant pain reduction, reduced sensed of fatigue, and improved sleep. These benefits persisted one month after the treatment was completed. People who did not feel better after 15 treatments were not likely to benefit from this type of treatment. No controlled research has evaluated manipulation therapies for fibromyalgia. 1. Griep EN, Boersma JW, Lentjes EG, et al. Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain. J 2. Anonymous. Is fibromyalgia caused by a glycolysis impairment? Nutr 3. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ. Aspects of fibromyalgia in the general population: Sex, pain threshold, and FM symptoms. J Rheumatol 4. Yunus MB, Masi AT, Aldag JC. Short term effects of ibuprofen in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol 5. Kaartinen K, Lammi K, Hypen M, et al. Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol 2000;29:308–13. 6. Smith JD, Terpening CM, Schmidt SOF, Gums JG. Relief of fibromyalgia symptoms following discontinuation of dietary excitotoxins. Ann Pharmacother 7. Wilke W. Fibromyalgia: Recognizing and addressing the multiple interrelated factors. Postgrad Med 1996;100(1):153–70. 8. Carette S. Fibromyalgia 20 years later: What have we really accomplished? J Rheumatol 1995;22(4):590–4. 9. Mengshail AM, Komnaes HB, Forre O. The effects of 20 weeks of physical fitness training in female patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 10. Gowans SE, deHueck A, Voss S, Richardson M. A randomized, controlled trial of exercise and education for individuals with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res 11. Mannerkorpi K, Nyberg B, Ahlmen M, Ekdahl C. Pool exercise combined with an education program for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. A prospective, randomized study. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2473–81. 12. Fava M, Rosenbaum JF, MacLaughlin R, et al. Neuroendocrine effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a novel putative antidepressant. J Psychiatr Res 13. Bell KM, Potkin SG, Carreon D, Plon L. S-adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 14. Bell KM, Potkin SG, Carreon D, Plon L. S-adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 15. Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res 1992;20:182–9. 16. Moldofsky H, Warsh JJ. Plasma tryptophan and musculoskeletal pain in non-articular rheumatism (“fibrositis syndrome”). Pain 17. Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201–9. 18. Eisinger J, Zakarian H, Plantamura A, et al. Studies of transketolase in chronic pain. J Adv Med 1992;5:105–13. 19. Eisinger J, Bagneres D, Arroyo P, et al. Effects of magnesium, high energy phosphates, piracetam, and thiamin on erythrocyte transketolase. Magnesium Res 20. Steinberg CL. The tocopherols (vitamin E) in the treatment of primary fibrositis. J Bone Joint Surg 1942;24:411–23. 21. Tavoni A, Jeracitano G, Cirigliano G. Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in secondary fibromyalgia: A double-blind study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:106–7 [letter]. 22. Tavoni A, Vitali C, Bombardieri S, et al. Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia: A double-blind crossover study. Am J Med 1987;83(suppl 5A):107–10. 23. Volkmann H, Norregaard J, Jacobsen S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of intravenous S-adenosyl-L-methionine in patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;26:206–11. 24. Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Andersen RB. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia: Double-blind clinical evaluation. Scand J 25. Abraham G, Flechas J. Management of fibromyalgia: Rationale for the use of magnesium and malic acid. J Nutr Med 1992;3:49–59. 26. Russell IJ, Michalek J, Flechas J, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with SuperMalic: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. J Rheumatol 1995;22(5):953–7. 27. Citera G, Arias MA, Maldonado-Cocco JA, et al. The effect of melatonin in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Clin Rheumatol 28. Kaplan KH, Goldberg DL, Galvin-Naduea M. The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromyalgia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 29. Sprott H, Franke S, Kluge H, Hein G. Pain treatment of fibromyalgia by acupuncture. Rheumatol Int 1998;18:35–6. 30. Waylonis GW. Long-term follow-up on patients with fibrositis treated with acupuncture. Ohio State Med J 1977;73:299–302. 31. Deluze C, Bosia L, Zirbs A, et al. Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial. BMJ 1992;305(6864):1249–52. 32. Berman BM, Ezzo J, Hadhazy V, Swyers JP. Is acupuncture effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia? J Fam Pract 1999;48:213–8. 33. Wolfe F. The clinical syndrome of fibrositis. Am J Med 34. Blunt KL, Moez HR, Rajwani MH, Guerriero RC. The effectiveness of chiropractic management of fibromyalgia patients: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol 35. Hains G, Hains F. Combined ischemic compression and spinal manipulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia; a preliminary estimate of dose and efficacy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:225–30.	<urn:uuid:701c9719-de23-48b2-a09f-1b8eded6c967>	2013-05-24T01:43:48Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01171875, 0.0038299560546875, 0.0181884765625, -0.00177764892578125, 0.1103515625, -0.0390625, -0.01495361328125, 0.13671875, -0.01904296875, -0.033447265625, 0.09033203125, 0.04345703125, 0.0029754638671875, 0.00811767578125, 0.04345703125, 0.0015...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.858949	3,905	http://truestarhealth.com/Notes/1215007.html	0.194851
Catherine had severe storms in her area last evening and couldn't get online... I guess the serpent was just perfecting his art of deception then An excellent point! In the bible, serpents talk, and so do burning bushes and donkeys, and a virgin is impregnated by a ghost. We're supposed to believe (if we believe the bible as being THE most important religious guidebook) that the earth was created in six literal days; that women come from a man's rib, that the entire world was flooded, covering the mountains to drown evil, that all animal species, millions of them, rode in one boat, that language variations stem from the Tower of Babel, that Moses had a magic wand and was able to part the waters of the Red Sea, that fish and bread magically multiplied to feed the hungry, that there is a fiery lake of eternal torment awaiting unbelievers under the earth, while there is life-after-death in a city which is 1, 500 miles cubed, with mansions and food, for CHRISTIANS only ....we could go on and on and on.... Deception is not just being touted by that serpent in the bible...the bible itself is an entire work of deceptive writings and full of contradictions.	<urn:uuid:1e49e250-67c7-40b4-86f0-8a3eaa03b8bf>	2013-05-24T02:04:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.027027027681469917, -0.005701013375073671, -0.015413851477205753, 0.017842059955000877, 0.09459459781646729, -0.0439189188182354, -0.01235219556838274, 0.06165540590882301, -0.004038217943161726, 0.0038534628693014383, 0.07390202581882477, 0.0014780405908823013, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978217	258	http://tvnewslies.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=7812	0.519245
John Mayer has turned his back on his womanising ways to commit to new girlfriend Katy Perry. The musician has dated a string of famous beauties in the past, including Jennifer Aniston, Taylor Swift and Jennifer Love Hewitt, and has earned himself a reputation as a ladies' man. But John has had a "heart to heart" conversation with Katy after just several weeks of dating and has told her he wants their relationship to get serious. A source told RadarOnline.com: "John has had his eye on Katy for a while and he had to try and convince her that he was right for her. "The best way he thought he could do that was by dispelling his past reputation as a lothario to Katy. "He knew he had to change his ways if he ever wanted to get serious with somebody and he had a heart to heart with Katy, telling her he was desperate to change his ways. "Katy believed him and now their relationship is moving on. She wants to visit his home in Montana and has slowly warmed to the idea that he's boyfriend material." The 34-year-old singer also now realises his previous attitude to women made him a "douchebag". John previously landed himself in hot water when he described ex-girlfriend Jessica Simpson as "sexual napalm" and said he was addicted to her "like crack cocaine" because she was so crazy in the bedroom. The source added: "He's never been short of female attention in the past and has always been quick to milk that at every given opportunity. But John realises now that it made him appear a bit of a douchebag and an unattractive catch." Katy, 27, had her divorce from Russell Brand finalised on July 16 just months after the 37-year-old comedian filed papers in December 2011 after just a year of marriage. Russell is now dating 'Dallas' star Jordana Brewster's sister, Isabella.	<urn:uuid:d3091109-e54e-497e-aa3a-fafa05c31a26>	2013-05-24T01:59:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.003223339095711708, 0.012529137544333935, 0.004042832180857658, 0.02520396187901497, 0.061771560460329056, -0.020541958510875702, 0.00983391609042883, 0.11538461595773697, -0.020541958510875702, -0.04895104840397835, 0.05157342553138733, 0.021853147074580193, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.994486	406	http://tvnz.co.nz/entertainment-news/john-mayer-desperate-change-his-ways-katy-perry-5021572	0.227961
Once again we correspond, Faithful Non-Reader. Your refusal to respond to my overtures regarding the wasting of 400 rewards points (that's 40 cases of potables) is about to drive me to the arms of your rival, Pepsi. Why won't you let me love you? Why won't you even acknowledge what you did? I will not stand silently by while you cheat on me, Coke. I will not remain faithful to this sham of a relationship--no, I must assert myself to salvage the tattered remains of my dignity. When I attempted three days ago to cash in some of my rewards points on a refrigerator pad I assumed in good faith that you would not merely steal my points--probably to spend them on some hussy!--I assumed I would be able to redeem them at the EZPrints site, as advertised. Yet, when I went to the EZPrints site, while they did acknowledge some kind of deal, letting me in with the passcode you gave me like a cheap speakeasy, they refused to let me upload a single photo. That's right, between you, you have taken my money, refused my attempts to put the matter straight, and you brazenly, blandly expect me to pretend that my order was "fulfilled", as it says on the status page. Well, you may tell your other victims that, but between us, you and I both know I am far from fulfilled. We'll see what Pepsi has to say about it! Adieu, my former love. And if we pass each other in a restaurant, we'll both just look away and pretend we don't know each other. I'll order iced tea. I might have overstated the dignity thing. - Via iPhone	<urn:uuid:a7b9030f-922f-4690-b6d9-6a186807ff0a>	2013-05-24T01:57:01Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.010826166719198227, 0.0024186118971556425, -0.002514588413760066, 0.0035319409798830748, 0.07340294867753983, -0.027948403730988503, 0.004280558787286282, 0.07831695675849915, -0.0156633909791708, -0.020884521305561066, 0.058968059718608856, 0.016584767028689384,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975733	359	http://twobraincells.blogspot.com/2010/06/letter-from-desperate-woman.html	0.165899
Sled Storm Review Sled Storm uses the SSX formula well, and anyone who enjoys a challenging arcade-style racer should have fun with the game. For anyone who hasn't been following the development of Sled Storm for the PlayStation 2, in short, it's been quite a journey for the development team. When the game was originally shown, the visuals didn't really live up to the standards set by other games in the EA Sports Big lineup, such as the popular SSX. Based on initial feedback, the development team went back and redesigned the levels and the overall look of the game so that it more closely resembled the over-the-top feel of the other EA Sports Big games. The end result is level design that's done quite well, with tracks that have plenty of detail, shortcuts, and special effects. However, as good as the game looks, there are some noticeable deficiencies in the gameplay, including some of the most blatant rubber-band AI to ever be found in a racing game. But the basic gameplay mechanics are still good, and anyone looking for a tough challenge will certainly enjoy Sled Storm. While there are time attack and single race modes, the main focus of Sled Storm is the championship mode, where you'll be able to unlock additional sleds, characters, and levels. You'll be able to select from three characters out of eight at first, with the other five becoming available later as you meet certain goals in the game. Each of these riders has different attributes and levels of skill in relation to the types of tricks they can perform. After selecting a rider, you'll select your sled. You don't have a choice at first, so your sled essentially represents the bottom of the barrel when it comes to performance, but again, you'll be able to unlock additional sleds later on by meeting certain requirements. The same selection process applies to the tracks. When it comes time to race, you'll find that the basic controls are easy to use. You can accelerate, brake, and turbo-boost using the face buttons, and the shoulder buttons enable you to perform tricks. The one aspect of the game that's a little difficult to jump right into is the powersliding, which can play a critical role in the outcome of a race. Learning how to properly powerslide in Sled Storm can be aggravating because you'll often crash or unintentionally take dead-end routes, but what makes it worse is that the collision detection in the game can be a little spotty at times. Normally, you'd expect a full-speed collision to cause a crash, but in Sled Storm that doesn't always happen. In fact, your sled rider will end up in some rather interesting predicaments as a result of the inconsistent collision detection. For example, in one of the earlier tracks, you'll be required to make a small jump across a chasm, but for some reason, your rider will occasionally cling to the wall and continue to drive at a 90-degree angle. In another situation, you may be going only a few miles per hour in the main section of the road, only to see your rider crash and fly through the air. It doesn't happen all that often, but when it happens just before the end of a race, the problem can prove very frustrating. Sled Storm has another potentially aggravating issue, though it can significantly add to the challenge. The AI of the other riders in the game is purely based on the rubber-band model, where they will drive only as well as you're driving--if you're lagging behind, then they'll start to slow down. If you're in first place, then they'll be right behind you, waiting for you to make a mistake. This behavior can be found in plenty of racing games, but it's especially noticeable in Sled Storm, so much that sometimes you can sit the controller down for nine or 10 seconds without even moving the sled down the track, and you'll still be able to catch the leader. The reverse is also true. If you manage to have an ample supply of turbo and you successfully navigate through various shortcuts, a computer opponent almost always manages to sneak ahead of you--even when that same opponent was driving significantly slower when you were in sixth place.	<urn:uuid:8dc5533d-2b35-405b-bb42-52d92f104b94>	2013-05-24T01:38:52Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.004486083984375, -0.0002613067626953125, 0.0260009765625, -0.0033111572265625, 0.0419921875, -0.007568359375, 0.0037078857421875, 0.09912109375, -0.041015625, -0.0220947265625, 0.0255126953125, 0.045654296875, -0.017333984375, 0.017578125, 0.0388183593...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971076	870	http://uk.gamespot.com/sled-storm/reviews/sled-storm-review-2854497/	0.559542
UNION COUNTY — Three adults and a juvenile are facing both county and city charges in connection with the theft of more than $13,000 worth of electronics equipment, jewelry and money over the course of 11 burglaries. Union County Sheriff David Taylor announced Thursday that his office and the Union Public Safety Department have brought charges against the following individuals in connection with six burglaries that occurred in the county and five that occurred in the City of Union. Those charged are: Tierra Ysante Davis, 22, 208 Arthur Boulevard, Union, charged by the sheriff’s office with one count of burglary first-degree, five counts of burglary second-degree, three counts of grand larceny, and two counts of petit larceny; charged by the public safety department with four counts of burglary second-degree, three counts of petit larceny, and one count of grand larceny. Devonte MacArthur Lytle, 17, 100 College St., Union, charged by the sheriff’s office with three counts of burglary second-degree, one count of grand larceny, and two counts of petit larceny; charged by the public safety department with three counts of burglary second-degree and three counts of petit larceny. Rockeem Mandrell Stevens, 321 N. Church St., Union, charged by the sheriff’s office with receiving/possession of stolen goods. A 16-year-old charged by the sheriff’s office with one count of burglary first-degree, two counts of burglary second-degree, and two counts of grand larceny; charged by the public safety department with one count of burglary second-degree and one count of grand larceny. Taylor said the arrests grew out of an investigation into a burglary that occurred earlier this month. “We had a break-in that occurred down on Byrd Street Sunday a week ago and as we were investigating that case we talked to some witnesses in that area that had seen Tierra Davis that day right after the break-in and she had some merchandise with her that was taken from the house on Byrd Street,” Taylor said. “So one of our detectives signed a warrant on her, and in the meantime there were two break-ins on the Linersville Road this week where she had been seen in the area. On Tuesday morning two of our detectives went to that area to see if we could see her again and she was spotted on the Linervsille Road near Dana Tara Lane and she was taken into custody. “While they were taking her into custody we got a call from a pawn shop that an individual was there trying to pawn some of the items that was stolen out of the house on Linersville Road,” he said. “We went there and arrested Rockeem Stevens. That’s how the investigation started. Detectives continued to question these individuals and they named other individuals and that’s how we broke this case and began recovering items.” Taylor said the burglaries the four are charged with stretch back as far as the beginning of December. Of the six burglaries in the county, two were on the Linersville Road and one each on Pioneer Road, Wallace Road, Kissy Creek Circle, and Byrd Street. Of the five burglaries in the city, Taylor said there was one each on Foster, Wallace, Culp, Harris, and Simmons streets. Taylor said most of the stolen items were electronics equipment such as flat screen TVs, i-Pads, and laptop computers as well as jewelry and money. He said investigators had recovered $13,000 worth of stolen property including $10,000 from the county burglaries and $3,000 from the city burglaries. “We recovered a lot of the electronics and jewelry,” Taylor said. “We were not able to recover any of the money.” Taylor said investigators from both his office and the public safety department put in many hours working the case. He commended the cooperation between his office and the public safety department in solving the burglaries and making the arrests. The investigation is continuing and Taylor said more arrests are possible. Editor Charles Warner can be reached at 864-427-1234, ext. 14, or by email at firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:1dd8d4a5-dccc-4ae2-a502-55ba4af177e9>	2013-05-24T02:05:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00689697265625, 0.0203857421875, -0.043701171875, -0.0035247802734375, 0.1416015625, -0.010498046875, -0.00421142578125, 0.05078125, -0.0654296875, -0.043701171875, 0.1328125, 0.00244140625, -0.06298828125, -0.03662109375, 0.055419921875, -0.060302...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980665	901	http://uniondailytimes.com/view/full_story/21525678/article-Four-charged-in-11-burglaries	0.673619
Convention on Cluster Munitions The Convention on Cluster Munitions was concluded by the Dublin Diplomatic Conference on Cluster Munitions at Dublin on 30 May 2008. The Convention is the result of the Oslo-process, a diplomatic process that included States, civil society , the International Committee of the Red Cross as well as the United Nations. Following up on the progress made at the Lima Conference (May 2007), the Viena Conference (December 2007), and the Wellington Conference (February 2008), in May 2008 107 participating states agreed to adopt the text of the new convention at the Dublin Conference on cluster munitions. In doing so, they keept their commitment made in the Oslo Declaration of February 2007, to: “Conclude by 2008 a legally binding international instrument that prohibits the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians and secure adequate provision of care and rehabilitation to survivors and clearance of contaminated areas”. The new Convention prohibits all use, stockpiling, production and transfer of cluster munitions, as defined in the Convention. The Convention also addresses assistance to victims, clearance of contaminated areas and destruction of stockpiles. Furthermore, it includes transparency measures as well as guidance to address possible compliance issues. The Convention was opened for signature at a Signing Conference in Oslo on 3 December 2008 and entered into force on 1 August 2010 - six months after its ratification by 30 States parties. The United Nations plays a key role in the efforts to prevent the use of cluster munitions causing unacceptable humanitarian harm. In his message to the Oslo signing event, the UN Secretary-General emphasized that this Convention “marks a major step forward in global efforts to protect civilians and control the noxious spread of deadly, inhumane weapons”. The full text of the message by the Secretary-General was read in Oslo by Mr. Sergio Duarte, UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs. CONVENTION ON CLUSTER MUNITIONS ۩ Go to Top	<urn:uuid:3dbb9a22-10bb-4dca-af4c-809d544d9df4>	2013-05-24T01:51:03Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.014573991298675537, 0.03237107768654823, 0.002189602004364133, 0.020880045369267464, 0.15134529769420624, -0.040639013051986694, -0.030829597264528275, 0.09921524673700333, -0.010440022684633732, -0.06838565319776535, 0.058015696704387665, -0.000402886769734323, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937472	410	http://unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/F27A2B84309E0C5AC12574F70036F176?OpenDocument	0.218618
(PHP 4 >= 4.3.0, PHP 5) sybase_deadlock_retry_count — Sets the deadlock retry count Using sybase_deadlock_retry_count(), the number of retries can be defined in cases of deadlocks. By default, every deadlock is retried an infinite number of times or until the process is killed by Sybase, the executing script is killed (for instance, by set_time_limit()) or the query succeeds. Values for retry_count -1 Retry forever (default) 0 Do not retry n Retry n times No value is returned. Note: This function is only available when using the CT library interface to Sybase, and not with the DB library.	<urn:uuid:36f83da3-c76d-4b3a-9836-a3c4e6026cf8>	2013-05-24T01:58:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.036213234066963196, -0.005606617778539658, 0.03455882519483566, -0.00808823574334383, 0.0470588244497776, -0.13455882668495178, 0.012591911479830742, 0.09301470220088959, -0.027389705181121826, 0.030330881476402283, 0.08161764591932297, 0.024080881848931313, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.655355	161	http://us1.php.net/sybase_deadlock_retry_count	0.23283
The supreme pontiff The “triregnum”, the three crown papal tiara, constitutes a representation of the distinction of the three worlds, which is common to all traditions, mainly the celestial, human and terrestrial worlds or the celestial, terrestrial and infernal worlds. These worlds do not designate places as in the usual meaning, but states or modes of being related to principles. The celestial world represents the superior states of the being, the terrestrial or infernal world the inferior states and the intermediate world the human states. The ascent towards the superior states is preceded by a descent in Hell as the being has to exhaust all inferior order possibilities potentially carried within himself. It is more a question of getting consciousness than going through their effective manifestation. Such a passage ends up with the realization of all human possibilities in order to reach the human state in its entirety. This state of redeployment of all human being possibilities corresponds to the “eidetic” state. From that state, he will be able to rise towards superior states going through Purgatory, an intermediate step between terrestrial or human and celestial world, before reaching a supra-human and properly spiritual state. This last state corresponds to the redeployment of the total being possibilities. The Pope, as a human representative ruling over the three worlds, symbolizes the Pontiff, which means the bridge linking them or the ascent path from inferior to superior states of being. He is a picture of the World Axis represented by the vertical branch of the papal cross. As such, he is fulfilling the mediator function between Earth and the Heavens and establishing the communication between the three worlds, represented by the three horizontal bars. Note the similarity with the Chinese ideogram “Wang” (Emperor). Concerning this subject, see dollar and euro. The key power Initiation opens the path to knowledge and spiritual realization with the help of both golden and silver keys, giving respectively access to total and human being states, to celestial and terrestrial Paradise, to eternal and re-generated life. In the Latin tradition, the God of initiation, Janus (from “janua”, which means gate), is depicted with a double face, each of them associated with one of the golden and silver (sometimes represented by a sceptre) keys. Both keys open and close the gates giving access to the Great Mysteries and Little Mysteries corresponding respectively to total and human being state. The golden key is a sacerdotal or spiritual authority attribute; the silver key or sceptre an attribute of royal or temporal power. The two keys are intertwined as the temporal power, traditionally, consists in applying the divine principles.	<urn:uuid:1fb60d56-04ce-4816-b11f-fe09f267c243>	2013-05-24T01:45:08Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.000629425048828125, -0.009521484375, -0.01397705078125, 0.01287841796875, 0.04931640625, -0.0615234375, 0.0107421875, 0.0986328125, -0.01708984375, -0.0103759765625, 0.07958984375, 0.0033721923828125, 0.00921630859375, 0.1015625, 0.016357421875, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932472	547	http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/vat0-en.htm	0.448856
I want to know that whether full name or first name and last name is better to ask in user profile or registration form? For example: My full name as per my NIC is Waheed-ud-din, where it is one name, so no separate firstname or lastname. I can use my family name with it, as lastname. But I usually don't use that. I normally use Hafiz as my firstname that is my nick and most people know me with that. So should we use display name during registration and during profile completion use fullname? It seems good but problem arise when display name and full name are totally different and we need to show fullname at some places and username/displayname at some other places. Some time user can be confuse because of it. What do you think could be the solution?	<urn:uuid:6367267c-90ea-4736-9850-0d28e85b6a78>	2013-05-24T01:46:30Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04574022442102432, 0.03404329717159271, -0.005979399662464857, -0.025837989524006844, 0.03194832429289818, -0.02793296054005623, -0.00285876402631402, 0.09148044884204865, -0.020425977185368538, -0.028282122686505318, 0.044692736119031906, 0.03439245745539665, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963564	172	http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/20513/is-it-better-to-ask-for-full-name-or-first-name-and-last-name-in-a-registr/20516	0.355425
A calf muscle strain is a partial or complete tear of the small fibers of the muscles. The calf muscles are located in the back of your lower leg. A calf muscle strain can be caused by: - Stretching the calf muscles beyond the amount of tension they can withstand - Suddenly putting stress on the calf muscles when they are not ready for the stress - Using the calf muscles too much on a certain day - A direct blow to the calf muscles Factors that increase your chance of developing a calf muscle strain: - Participation in sports that require bursts of speed. This includes track sports like running, hurdles, or long jump. Other sports include basketball, soccer, football, or rugby. - Previous strain or injury to the area. - Muscle fatigue. - Tight calf muscles. Symptoms may include: - Pain and tenderness in the calf - Stiffness in the calf muscles - Weakness of the calf muscles - Pain when pushing off the foot or standing on tiptoe - Bruising on the calf - Popping sensation as the muscle tears The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Muscle strains are graded according to their severity: - Grade 1—Some stretching with micro-tearing of muscle fibers. - Grade 2—Partial tearing of muscle fibers. - Grade 3—Complete tearing of muscle fibers. This may also be called a rupture or avulsion. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Recovery time ranges depending on the grade of your injury. Treatment steps may include: Your muscle will need time to heal. Avoid activities that place extra stress on these muscles: - Do not do activities that cause pain. This includes running, jumping, and weight lifting using the leg muscles. - If normal walking hurts, shorten your stride. - Do not play sports until your doctor has said it is safe to do so. Apply an ice or a cold pack to the area for 15-20 minutes, four times a day, for several days after the injury. Do not apply the ice directly to your skin. Wrap the ice or cold pack in a towel. To manage pain, your doctor may recommend: - Over-the-counter medication, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen - Topical pain medication—creams or patches that are applied to the skin - Prescription pain relievers Compression can help prevent more swelling. Your doctor may recommend an elastic compression bandage around your calf. Be careful not to wrap the bandage too tight. Elevation can also help keep swelling down. Keep your leg higher than your heart as much as possible for the first 24 hours or so. A couple of days of elevation might be recommended for severe strains. Use heat only when you are returning to physical activity. Heat may then be used before stretching or getting ready to play sports to help loosen the muscle. When the acute pain is gone, start gentle stretching as recommended. Stay within pain limits. Hold each stretch for about 10 seconds and repeat six times. Stretch several times a day. Begin strengthening exercises for your muscles as recommended. If you are diagnosed with a calf muscle strain, follow your doctor's instructions. To reduce the chance of calf muscle strain: - Keep your calf muscles strong, so they can absorb the energy of sudden physical stress - Learn the proper technique for exercise and sporting activities to decrease stress on all your muscles - Reviewer: Kari Kassir, MD; Brian Randall, MD - Review Date: 04/2013 - - Update Date: 04/26/2013 -	<urn:uuid:904b92ad-d119-422f-9536-a138fb63af1c>	2013-05-24T02:05:34Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00830078125, 0.00008916854858398438, 0.0128173828125, -0.019775390625, 0.1494140625, -0.023193359375, -0.01171875, 0.1259765625, -0.0185546875, -0.04248046875, 0.06982421875, 0.046142578125, -0.025146484375, 0.03173828125, 0.052734375, 0.0126342773...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.907681	767	http://valleyregionalmedicalcenter.com/your-health/?/11984/	0.646373
Since the situation in Syria does not seem to be improving, I thought I'd take a look at an aspect of the country that might be of interest but doesn't receive a lot of mainstream media coverage; the perception of corruption among public officials and processes and the ease of doing business in the Syrian Arab Republic. First, let's look at the perception of corruption in Syria. Transparency International, a politically non-partisan organization that was formed in 1993 to take a stance against corruption around the world in an effort to see that the daily lives of people are free of government and business corruption, publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index. This index ranks countries based on their perceived levels of public sector corruption. Data is gathered using surveys and assessments including questions about bribery of public officials, kickbacks in public procurement, the embezzlement of public funds and looks at the efficacy of government anti-corruption efforts. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index is a score out of ten, with ten being a perfect score (i.e. very little corruption in the public sector) and a country rated at zero being perceived as having a highly corrupt public sector. The top three scores (the least corrupt nations) in the world are: 1.) New Zealand (9.5) 2.) Denmark (9.4) 3.) Finland (9.4) The bottom three scores (the most corrupt nations) in the world are: 182.) Somalia (1.0) 181.) North Korea (1.0) 180.) Myanmar (1.5) As a frame of reference, Australia comes in tied for 8th place with a score of 8.8, Canada comes in 10th place with a score of 8.7, the United Kingdom comes in tied for 16th place with a score of 7.8 and the United States comes in 24th place with a score of 7.1. Now, back to Syria. Syria comes in 129th place out of 182 nations with a score of 2.6. How does this compare to its Middle East and North African neighbours? Here is a graphic showing the continuum from Qatar (the best in the area coming in 22nd place with a score of 7.2) to Iraq (the worst in the area coming in 175th place with a score of 1.8): Among Middle Eastern and North African countries, Syria comes in ahead of the aforementioned Iraq as well as Libya (168th place at 2.0) and Yemen (164th place at 2.1) but scores slightly lower than Iran (120th place at 2.7) and Egypt (112th place at 2.9). Saudi Arabia, the major economy in the area, scores a relatively respectable 4.4 (57th place). Here is a screen capture of part of Transparency International's world map showing the Corruption Perceptions Index with the darker red nations being the most corrupt and the yellow-coloured nations being perceived as less corrupt: The International Finance Corporation, part of the World Bank, ranks doing business in Syria as follows: Note that the ranking is out of 183 economies around the world. Notice that the issue of enforcing contracts, an issue that always concerns international traders, comes in at 175th place out of 183. It takes an average of 872 days from filing of a sale of goods dispute lawsuit until actual payment is received as shown here: Notice that this is nearly 360 days or one year longer than what a similar action would take in an OECD economy and over 200 days longer than it would take, on average, in other Middle East and North African nations. Let's close with one last graphic. Here is a bar graph showing the ease of doing business in Syria compared to other economies in the area with the lowest scores being the most business-friendly economies: In light of the recent conflict in Syria, my suspicion is that during 2012, it has become even more difficult and far riskier for anyone interested in doing business in the Syrian Arab Republic. It will be interesting to see how dramatically the situation changes if, and when, the Assad clan is unseated.	<urn:uuid:eff34b6b-1be2-45a1-8316-27a1f0963fa3>	2013-05-24T01:50:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0245361328125, 0.0279541015625, -0.008544921875, 0.0230712890625, 0.06640625, -0.06884765625, -0.036376953125, 0.08251953125, 0.000835418701171875, -0.05078125, 0.06396484375, -0.00384521484375, -0.033447265625, 0.020751953125, 0.0576171875, -0.014...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952798	843	http://viableopposition.blogspot.ca/2012/07/perception-of-corruption-and-ease-of.html	0.658181
all the cracks in the walls reminds you of things we said and i could tell you that i wont hurt you this time but it's just safer to keep you in this heart of mine. I'm seeing Angus & Julia Stone live in a few dayssss :) I was tagged by LKH▲ (http://www.polyvore.com/cgi/profile?id=145899) "Can you fill this out without lying? You've been tagged, so now you need to use a set in your drafts or spend only 15 minutes on a new set if you dont have any in your drafts, answer all the questions HONESTLY. At the end, choose at least 5 people to be tagged, but first tag the person who tagged you." 1.What was the last thing you put in your mouth? 2.Where was your facebook profile picture taken? At a party at a friends house 3.Can you play Guitar Hero? Noo, I suck very very badly. 4.Name someone who made you laugh today? My driving instructor 5.How late did you stay up last night and why? I went to bed at 1 am I think, I was watching a movie. 6.If you could move somewhere else, would you? I'd like to live on my own, but not in a different city really. 7. Ever been kissed under fireworks? Probably, I don't remember. 8. Which of your friends lives closest to you? My best friend, luckily 9. Do you believe ex's can be friends? Yes, but it just takes time and it'll always be akward at some point. 10. How do you feel about Dr Pepper? I haven't had that in sooo long haha 11. When was the last time you cried really hard? Last week or something, so much stress 12. Who took your profile picture? Uh the guy that threw the party, I think 13. Who was the last person you took a picture of? My best friend, while we were playing tourist in our own city hehe 14. Was yesterday better than today? No I think yesterday was better. At least it was more active, the only thing I did today was a driving lesson. And eating. 15. Can you live a day without TV? 16. Are you upset about anything? Not really anymore, I don't think about it too much anymore. 17. Do you think relationships are ever really worth it? Yes, but you need to know when it's really over, after that it's just painful. 18. Are you a bad influence? Haha I've been told so, but no I don't think so. 19. Night out or night in? 20. What item could you not go without during the day? 21. Who was the last person you visited in the hospital? Uhh I really have no idea, I'm guessing a friend of my mum 22. What does the last text message in your inbox say? 'Dinner at my place on friday?' 23. How do you feel about your life right now? 24. Do you hate anyone? I don't like to say hate, but yeah, I can think of a few. 25. If we were to look in your facebook inbox, what would we find? Um some message a friend sent me about this weird girl who collected lipbalm 26. Say you were given a drug test right now, would you pass? 27. Has anyone ever called you perfect before? Haha yes, both sober and drunk. 28. What song is stuck in your head? Francois Hardy - Tous les garcons et les filles Arctic Monkeys - The Bakery 29. Someone knocks on your window at 2:00 a.m., who do you want it to be? Sinterklaas (google him haha) 30.Wanna have grand kids before you’re 50? Eh not really, more like at 70. 31. Name something you have to do tomorrow. Get up. Take shower. Eat. Hang out with friends. Sleep. I love vacations. 32. Do you think too much or too little? 33. Do you smile a lot? Yes, as long as I'm not stressed.	<urn:uuid:77e8f6c9-7804-4441-b41d-3f222f0ff9c0>	2013-05-24T01:50:47Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0277099609375, 0.0079345703125, 0.0164794921875, -0.030029296875, 0.0810546875, -0.054931640625, -0.0079345703125, 0.06591796875, -0.0208740234375, -0.054931640625, 0.042236328125, 0.01904296875, 0.04052734375, -0.037841796875, 0.0419921875, -0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966313	934	http://vliegendeananas.polyvore.com/	0.365665
Welcome to Delaware County, PA Public Access System While every effort is made to keep information provided over the internet accurate and up-to-date, Delaware County does not certify the authenticity or accuracy of such information. No warranties, express or implied, are provided for the records and/or data contained herein, or for their use or interpretation by the User. Delaware County, its elected officials, officers, employees, and agents assume no legal responsibilities for the information or accuracy contained in this data, including any action taken from reliance on any information contained herein and shall have no liability for any damages, losses, costs, or expenses, including, but not limited to attorney's fees, arising from the use or misuse of the information provided herein. The User's use thereof shall constitute an agreement by the User to release Delaware County, its elected officials, officers, employees and agents from such liability. In an effort to preserve the security and privacy of the citizens of Delaware County, name searching and property photos have been removed from the Real Estate and Tax Records system.By using this information, the User is stating that the above Disclaimer has been read and that he/she has full understanding and is in agreement with the contents.	<urn:uuid:33dfb0ee-3a43-4623-9c8f-65ce20601fc7>	2013-05-24T01:58:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.046765733510255814, 0.013822115026414394, 0.014641608111560345, -0.013057255186140537, 0.05550699308514595, -0.07823426276445389, -0.021743880584836006, 0.0756118893623352, 0.0013316761469468474, -0.022727273404598236, 0.16870629787445068, 0.037368882447481155, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939652	247	http://w01.co.delaware.pa.us/pa/publicaccess.asp?real.x=1	0.274623
The president of Colombia admitted today that his government and the country's biggest rebel group have engaged in "exploratory talks." The public admission could set the stage for peace talks to end one of the world's longest armed conflicts. From Bogota, NPR's Juan Forero filed this report for our Newscast unit: "President Juan Manuel Santos, in a brief televised address, said talks had taken place with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. "The president provided few other details, but RCN television and the Venezuelan state TV both reported that talks had been taking place in Cuba. "The government is hoping to end a conflict that began in 1964, when a rag-tag group of peasants in southwestern Colombia formed a guerrilla group. "By 2000, the FARC had grown into a guerrilla army that controlled much of the countryside. The state, though, has over the last decade severely weakened the FARC, killing many of its top leaders and causing thousands of fighters to desert." The Financial Times reports that in his address Santos made sure to say that while these talks continue, he would not stop his fight against the armed rebels. As the Times explains, his predecesor let up during peace talks and the country descended into violence. But Colombia, right now, is in a better place. Economically, it is thriving and one analyst the Times spoke to says that could fuel the peace process. The Times reports: "That might leave the president with more room to improve the social conditions that originally led to the rise of the Farc," explains León Valencia, with the Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris, a peace think-tank run mostly by former rebels. "That is the key issue." Citing media reports, the Christian Science Monitor reports that the talks would proceed. The two sides have named negotiators and "could begin formal negotiations as early as Oct. 5 in either Cuba or Norway," the monitor reports.	<urn:uuid:f1f4608c-532a-4bf8-b471-020a5654f566>	2013-05-24T01:52:21Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0009614052250981331, 0.043791573494672775, -0.004278686363250017, 0.040742792189121246, 0.11751662939786911, -0.06651885062456131, -0.015313193202018738, 0.09922394901514053, -0.01711474545300007, -0.06651885062456131, 0.05487804859876633, 0.04434589669108391, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.970783	399	http://wamu.org/news/12/08/28/colombian_president_says_theyve_held_exploratory_talks_with_farc_rebels	0.454739
(Reuters) - New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg is giving $350 million of his multibillion-dollar fortune to his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, in a gift that will bring his total lifetime donations to the institution to over $1 billion, the school said on Saturday. Bloomberg's giving to the university over the years makes him its largest-ever philanthropic benefactor, the school said in a statement. Of the new gift, $250 million will go toward the university's work to tackle global challenges such as the preservation of water resources, while the other $100 million will provide financial aid to undergraduate students, according to the school. When he was an undergraduate at the Baltimore university, Bloomberg paid for his tuition by taking loans and working as a parking lot attendant. His first Johns Hopkins gift was $5 in 1965, a year after he received his bachelor's degree in engineering. "Johns Hopkins University has been an important part of my life since I first set foot on campus more than five decades ago," Bloomberg said in a statement. "Each dollar I have given has been well-spent improving the institution and, just as importantly, making its education available to students who might otherwise not be able to afford it." Bloomberg, now 70, went on to found financial news and information company Bloomberg LP and amassed a fortune estimated by Forbes magazine at $25 billion. Bloomberg, who was elected mayor of New York in 2001, has said he will give away his fortune before he dies and has set up Bloomberg Philanthropies to distribute gifts. Besides education, his donations have targeted public health initiatives, the environment and the arts. Bloomberg, chairman of the university's board of trustees from 1996 to 2002, has given the school a total of $1.118 billion, it said. (Reporting by Alex Dobuzinskis in Los Angeles; editing by Philip Barbara)	<urn:uuid:e9b512db-64d7-4c97-8e86-c457f7c6730e>	2013-05-24T02:06:32Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02133413404226303, 0.055889423936605453, -0.015625, -0.004413311369717121, 0.05679086595773697, -0.06941105425357819, 0.009765625, 0.08533653616905212, -0.029897836968302727, -0.03335336595773697, 0.08112980425357819, 0.026292067021131516, -0.0137469954788684...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975246	385	http://wdez.com/news/articles/2013/jan/27/ny-mayor-bloomberg-giving-another-350-million-to-johns-hopkins/	0.390103
Selby too good for Lindsay Lee Selby retained his British and Commonwealth featherweight titles with a comprehensive points win over Martin Lindsay at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast. The Welshman once again showed he's adept at fighting in an opponent's backyard, two judges giving him the fight by a 118-110 scoreline with the other marking it 117-111 in his favour. Local favourite Lindsay was roared on by the home crowd and while he did occasionally land some heavy shots of his own, his moments of success proved to be fleeting over the 12 rounds. Indeed, the 30-year-old former British champion - whose only previous defeat came against John Simpson back in 2010 - did well to hear the final bell, particularly after taking some heavy punishment at the end of the 10th round. However Lindsay battled bravely to survive, becoming the first man in the process to push Selby the full distance. "I knew early on it was going to be tough," the beaten challenger told Sky Sports. "He's very fast and picks his shots well. "I was trying to bring him on to the later rounds, where he's never been, but he maintained his momentum. I tried to test him as much as he could be he's a worthy champion. He boxed well and landed some nice shots." Selby showed off his talents throughout, opting to work the body in the early stages to stop his rival from marching forwards. By the fourth Lindsay's left eye was beginning to close and as each round wore on he found himself having to surrender the centre of the ring. The 26-year-old champion did his best to force a stoppage but in the end had to settle for a points win; his biggest issue came in the last when he was warned for showboating. "Martin is the toughest opponent I've boxed. But no disrespect to him, he's getting on a bit. I'm young and fresh," Selby - who had been forced to pull out of the first meeting between the pair at late notice last September due to illness - said afterwards. Hello, regular commenting on Orange News and Sport pages closes on Thursday 30 May 2013. We will continue to provide a commenting facility on major news and sport events on orangeworld.co.uk. Contact us via http://oran.ge/OWfeedback if you have any further questions. Thanks.	<urn:uuid:c3eed25b-15fb-4bc8-8df5-eaa61606ad93>	2013-05-24T01:58:42Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0341796875, 0.00286865234375, 0.01300048828125, 0.00811767578125, 0.07177734375, -0.050537109375, -0.026123046875, 0.1123046875, 0.0201416015625, -0.08837890625, 0.002838134765625, 0.0322265625, -0.04931640625, -0.031005859375, 0.037841796875, 0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988756	488	http://web.orange.co.uk/article/sports/selby_too_good_for_lindsay	0.166585
NPR: Quil Lawrence David Aquila ("Quil") Lawrence is an award-winning correspondent for NPR News, covering the millions of Americans who deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan as they transition to life back at home. Previously, Lawrence served as NPR's Bureau Chief in Kabul. He joined NPR in 2009 as Baghdad Bureau Chief – capping off ten years of reporting in Iraq and all the bordering countries. That experience made the foundation for his first book Invisible Nation: How the Kurds' Quest for Statehood is Shaping Iraq and the Middle East, published in 2008. Before coming to NPR, Lawrence was based in Jerusalem, as Middle East correspondent for The World, a BBC/PRI co-production. For the BBC he covered the fall of the Taliban in December 2001 and returned to Afghanistan periodically to report on development, the drug trade and insurgency. Lawrence began his career as a freelancer for NPR and various newspapers while based in Bogota, Colombia, covering Latin America. Other reporting trips took him to Sudan, Morocco, Cuba, Pakistan and Iran. A native of Maine, Lawrence studied history at Brandeis University, with concentrations in the Middle East and Latin America. He is fluent in Spanish and conversant in Arabic.	<urn:uuid:e673e786-6988-4edf-9025-68f3eafb142b>	2013-05-24T01:52:34Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01238839328289032, 0.04285714402794838, -0.0036551340017467737, 0.0043805805034935474, 0.05669642984867096, 0.00764508917927742, -0.02924107201397419, 0.07410714030265808, 0.006305803544819355, -0.02633928507566452, 0.05446428433060646, 0.02087053656578064, 0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968305	252	http://weku.fm/people/npr-quil-lawrence?page=13	0.206827
People with dementia such as Alzheimers Disease may become verbally abusive or become aggressive to the point of physical violence. This usually occurs when the person feels misunderstood or provoked. Prevention can include: - Have a doctor check for a medical condition - Avoid confrontation, distract them with a suggestion like – a nice cup of tea etc. - Try to avoid putting the person in a situation which may produce anxiety, fear or disorientation - Prepare the person by explaining what is going to happen or where you are going - Try to use encouragement, praise and affection rather than criticism or frustration - Ensure your own protection. Leave the room until the outburst is over. Management may include: - Make no attempt to restrain the person – stay out of reach - Try to avoid making the situation worse by shouting or touching the person - Try reacting with a calm voice or reassuring words - Give the person time to settle down - Seek professional help - Expect to be upset. Remember it is the illness and not the person that is causing the behaviour. Reference: Harvard Health Letter Special Report, Commonwealth, Dept., of Health & Family Services, (The Carer Experience)	<urn:uuid:1c19cb62-4ccb-43f3-929f-5f631e88b780>	2013-05-24T01:50:20Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.017790261656045914, 0.010533708147704601, 0.020599251613020897, 0.0009729049634188414, 0.14700374007225037, -0.0035258661955595016, 0.002999180695042014, 0.0838015004992485, -0.0052083334885537624, -0.05430711433291435, 0.07397003471851349, 0.01860954985022545, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928797	245	http://westernalzheimer.ie/?p=89	0.438711
Patrick Looks to Raise $1 Billion in Income Taxes Money would help pay to improve transportation system and education in the commonwealth. Patrick is expected to announce the plan at his State of the Commonwealth speech Wednesday night. The plan is to increase the state income tax from 5.25 percent to 5.66 percent, which would raise $1 billion. Patrick’s plan would also need to raise other taxes and fees to pay for the spending increases of $1.5 billion next year and $2 billion annually after that, according to The Globe. What do you think of the governor's proposal? Do you support raising taxes to fund these programs?	<urn:uuid:883a8be1-19a9-40fe-b147-2a9327cbaa05>	2013-05-24T01:44:37Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03191489353775978, 0.0868794322013855, -0.01058289036154747, 0.03058510646224022, 0.09131205826997757, -0.015846630558371544, -0.00623337784782052, 0.07668440043926239, -0.05075354501605034, -0.04432624205946922, 0.06826241314411163, 0.029255319386720657, -0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968652	134	http://weston.patch.com/articles/patrick-looks-to-raise-1-billion-in-income-taxes-47983d94?logout=true	0.32214
Defenders of Ultramar (Graphic Novel) Defenders of Ultramar is a graphic novel by Graham McNeill, chronicling the exploits of the Ultramarines 4th Company sometime after Uriel Ventris's exile (i.e., taking place between the events of Warriors of Ultramar and Courage and Honour, and roughly simultaneously with the events of Dead Sky, Black Sun and The Killing Ground). On Macragge, hopeful Ultramarines Aspirants reach the end of a barefoot race through the Crown Mountains, ending at the Fortress of Hera. When one cadet, Janek Lycean, drops out, his companion, Uriel Dios, drops out with him and urges Janek to get up and finish. Finishing together, they are triumphant at first, only to be confronted by Sergeant Learchus Abantes, Acting-Captain of the 4th Company, who tells them their true training has not yet begun. Learchus reviews the new crop of recruits with Chaplain Judd Clausel and Apothecary Selenus. Selenus reminds them that the 4th Company desperately needs to rebuild its strength, after its decimation defending Tarsis Ultra from the Tyranids. Clausel, however, insists on maintaining the Company's standards and accepting only the best recruits. Learchus takes a moment to question Uriel and Janek. He notes that Uriel could have won the race, if he had left Janek behind, but Uriel replies that he and Janek swore an oath to finish together. Clausel notes disapprovingly that they should have completed their objective, but Learchus says that the Company's greatness comes from battle-brothers who will stand with each other through thick and thin. He then receives a message, summoning him to the Chapter Master's quarters. Learchus reports to Lord Calgar that the 4th's numbers should be replaced by the end of the day. Calgar commends him for his excellent leadership, restoring the 4th Company's morale as well as its strength, after Tarsis Ultra and the painful exile of their Captain, Uriel Ventris. Learchus admits to some misgivings about taking command of the company, since he was the one who reported Uriel and Pasanius' dereliction of duty that resulted in their exile. Learchus wants his Captaincy, but is loath to advance at Uriel's expense. Calgar reassures him that he has only done his duty, and then gives the 4th a mission. First, however, Learchus is ordered to the Temple of Correction to make obeisance to the Primarch and ask for guidance in the coming mission. Kneeling before the Shrine of Guilliman, Learchus prays for the Primarch to look favorably on his company, even if he himself is unworthy to lead it. One of the mortal pilgrims to the Shrine overhears and interrupts Learchus' prayers; he introduces himself as Markus Cornelian, an ex-Calthian Auxilia trooper. Cornelian shows Learchus the stump of his missing arm, lost during a Dark Eldar pirate raid at the Persephone Gate on Calth, forty years earlier. The pirate lord would have taken his head as well, had not Learchus saved his life. Cornelian thanks Learchus for the favor, and reminds him that they all have duties to perform; Cornelian's to come to the Shrine and pay tribute to the Primarch, and Learchus' to lead his company like the worthy warrior he is. Encouraged, Learchus thanks Cornelian and takes his leave. On the bridge of the Vae Victus, Learchus and Lord Admiral Lazlo Tiberius, Master of the Fleet, are discussing the mission. Tiberius is looking forward to a good fight, as his beloved Strike Cruiser has been in space dock for too long after being mauled by the Tyranids. Nine days later, the Victus is approaching Espandor, when Philotas, one of the deck officers, alerts the Ultramarines that he has found the missing frigate upon the surface of the planet: they are revolted to see Orks salvaging and scrapping her for their own use. Learchus then proceeds to rally the 4th and launches a drop pod assault. The Ultramarines charge into battle from their drop pods, slaughtering the Orks and taking minimal casualties. They make their way to the downed frigate where Selenus can retrieve the geneseed of their fallen brothers. Clausel then advises Learchus that they should retreat from battle, as per the Codex, allowing Orbital Bombardment to finish off the Orks. In space, Philotas warns Admiral Tiberius that three Ork Kill Kroozers are on an intercept course. Tiberius quickly launches the Orbital Torpedoes and retrieval Thunderhawks, before turning the Victus to combat the Ork ships. Before the torpedoes make impact, the Ultramarines retreat into a cave, taking cover. Probing deeper inside, they are surprised to find a horde of Orks large enough to constitute an invading army, not just a raiding force, and a Gargant being constructed. The Orks attack, and the Ultramarines, massively outnumbered, retreat out of the cave to the Thunderhawks which have now arrived in the wake of the Orbital Bombardment. The 4th Company then proceeds to the Planetary Capital, as the Vae Victus is still engaged in space combat. Arriving at the capital, Herapolis, Learchus promptly informs Saul Gallow, Governor of Espandor, that his world is under threat and that they need to mobilise the PDF reserves. Gallow asks how his forces will be deployed, and Learchus says they will not be; the Codex dictates that, when faced with an overwhelming Ork force, the only sound strategy is to lure their entire strength to a single place where they can be defeated: on the walls of Herapolis. With a set of carefully placed ambushes, the Ultramarines succeed in drawing the Orks toward Herapolis. However, one of the newly appointed Scout squads expresses some misgivings about leaving the settlements in the Orks' path undefended; their populations will be slaughtered unless the Ultramarines buy them enough time to evacuate. Chaplain Clausel reminds Learchus that one must make hard choices in war, but Learchus counters that, as Ultramarines, they are sworn to the defense of Espandor's people. The Ultramarines deploy to the city of Corinth, sending the local PDF to protect the refugee column, while the Ultramarines demolish the bridges leading into the city, to block the Orks' advance. Two bridges are successfully destroyed before the Orks arrive, but the Ultramarines must put up a hard fight to hold back the Orks while the last two are destroyed. The third is defended heroically by Dreadnought Brother Barkus, who kills a Killa Kan and tells Learchus to detonate the charges while Barkus holds the line, sacrificing himself. The 4th Company then retreats from the last bridge, blowing it up and buying themselves and the city's people enough time to make their way to Herapolis, to await the final assault. The Ultramarines man the walls, together with the PDF troopers, only to see the true size of the Ork horde coming over the mountains, led by their finally mobile Gargant. As the Orks approach, Chaplain Clausel gives a final sermon to rally the PDF's spirits and morale. Governor Gallow, taking up a weapon beside his troopers, tells Learchus that the Chaplain made a fine speech, but frankly Gallow is not ready to embrace an honourable death in battle. Learchus reassures him that they will not fail; they are Ultramarines. The Orks then commence their assault; some escalade the walls with ladders, while the Gargant destroys the main gate of the city walls, creating a breach. The Gargant draws close to the tops of the battlements, spraying machine gun fire onto the defenders. To create additional havoc, an Ork Mekboy fires a Shokk Attack Gun that discharges a swarm of maddened Snotlings onto the battlements to harass the PDF. Learchus and Clausel lead an Assault Squad onto the Gargant, infiltrating the machine and planting explosives. That job done, the squad leaps to the roof of a nearby building, but before Learchus can leap, the Ork Warboss appears and challenges Learchus to a duel. The Warboss is almost too strong and too fast for Learchus, who is about to be crushed under the Warboss' hammer, before Clausel intervenes, blocking the death blow with his Crozius. Together they defeat the Warboss and throw his body off the Gargant into the teeming Ork hordes below. They then jump to safety just as the explosives detonate, destroying the Gargant. With the Gargant's anti-aircraft weapons gone, the Ultramarines' Thunderhawks fly in and strafe the horde. The Ultramarines and PDF rally in a final push, and the Orks are routed. Learchus informs Gallow that the PDF can hunt the survivors, whereupon the 4th takes their leave of Espandor. Clausel congratulates Learchus, saying he has earned his captaincy beyond all doubt. On returning to Macragge, however, Lord Calgar greets them in person, informing them that Uriel Ventris has returned from his Death Oath. - Sergeant Learchus Abantes - Chaplain Judd Clausel - Apothecary Selenus - Chapter Master Marneus Augustus Calgar - Lord Admiral Lazlo Tiberius - Governor Saul Gallow - Janek Lycean - Uriel Dios Written: Graham McNeill Coloured: Veronica Gandini Lettered: Johnny Lowe Edited: Ian Brill Defenders of Ultramar ISBN-13: 978-1-934-506-91 \|The Ultramarines Omnibus\|\|Chains of Command • Nightbringer • Warriors of Ultramar • Dead Sky, Black Sun\| \|Ultramarines: The Second Omnibus\|\|The Killing Ground • Courage and Honour • The Chapter's Due • Eye of Vengeance • Black Bone Road\| \|Other Short Stories and Novellas\|\|Leviathan • Consequences • Assault on Black Reach\| \|Graphic Novels\|\|Black Bone Road • Defenders of Ultramar\| \|Audio Dramas\|\|Eye of Vengeance\|	<urn:uuid:47d63db9-fadd-4ccb-ab2d-e8854f71f2bd>	2013-05-24T01:37:47Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.003936767578125, 0.0194091796875, -0.00543212890625, 0.00927734375, 0.1015625, -0.023681640625, -0.022705078125, 0.09912109375, 0.0115966796875, -0.072265625, 0.034912109375, 0.029541015625, -0.00836181640625, 0.0205078125, 0.052001953125, 0.007812...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937902	2,235	http://wh40k.lexicanum.com/wiki/Defenders_of_Ultramar_(Graphic_Novel)	0.490268
Sorry, the page you are looking for cannot be found. This might be because: - You have typed the web address incorrectly, or - the page you were looking for may have been moved, updated or Please try the following options instead: - Use the menu buttons above or the search function to find what you are looking for.	<urn:uuid:d0b1bd85-0ea5-484f-9d1e-b383f51d03dc>	2013-05-24T01:38:10Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0027921434957534075, -0.01166373211890459, 0.0004676496610045433, -0.023107394576072693, 0.05369718372821808, -0.08978873491287231, -0.01782570406794548, 0.005144146271049976, -0.02783890813589096, -0.02563820406794548, 0.008637764491140842, 0.07218309491872787, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91936	72	http://whatson.seeglasgow.com/Event46501	0.838347
Culture Ministers of South-East Europe Meet in Venice One year after the inauguration of the Old Bridge of Mostar, ten Culture Ministers from South East Europe will meet on the Venetian island of San Servolo on November 25 to 26 to discuss the issue of cultural heritage as an instrument for reconciliation and for economic and social development. Branko Crvenkovski, the President of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia will also attend the conference, which is organized by the Italian government and UNESCO. Participants will take stock of the impact of the inauguration of the Old Bridge of Mostar and announce measures to protect, restore and promote cultural heritage, which they intend to place at the service of economic and social development. The Old Bridge of Mostar, which was destroyed during the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has become a symbol of reconciliation since it was restored and inaugurated in July 2004. Inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List last July, the bridge drew over 250,000 tourists in 2004 and 500,000 in 2005. Croatia is attracting a large number of visitors again, particularly to world heritage sites such as Dubrovnik and Split. But visitors are shying away from the other countries of the region, despite the return of stability and the fact that they are home to 30 World Heritage Sites. After addresses by the culture ministers of South-East Europe and two culture ministers from the Baltic States, the Macedonian President, Branko Crvenkovski, will invite the participants to meet in 2006 on the shores of Lake Ohrid, a World Heritage Site.	<urn:uuid:97a85f49-f052-4bcd-b84d-626f6ae64b95>	2013-05-24T01:44:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.010891543701291084, 0.012500000186264515, -0.009558823890984058, -0.0039292280562222, 0.1610294133424759, -0.06838235259056091, -0.018106617033481598, 0.05845588073134422, -0.022150734439492226, -0.029044117778539658, 0.05514705926179886, 0.004113051574677229, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951784	328	http://whc.unesco.org/pg_friendly_print.cfm?mode=RSS&id=252&cid=83	0.191421
WESTCHESTER, N.Y. – Veterans Day weekend will be mostly sunny across Westchester County, according to the National Weather Service. Friday will be sunny with a high near 51 degrees. Friday night will be mostly cloudy with an overnight low of around 36 degrees. Saturday will be mostly cloudy with scattered showers and a high near 54 degrees. Saturday night will be mostly cloudy with a low around 39 degrees. Sunday, Veterans Day, will be sunny with a high near 63 degrees.Sunday night will be mostly clear with a low around 44 degrees. Monday will be partly sunny with a high near 65 degrees. Monday night will bring a chance of showers and an overnight low around 48 degrees.	<urn:uuid:18bcef9f-4077-4aaf-a266-970ec3a34e14>	2013-05-24T01:31:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.04154191538691521, -0.028255987912416458, -0.036676645278930664, 0.010058009065687656, 0.056511975824832916, -0.07148203253746033, 0.010900074616074562, 0.11526945978403091, -0.004233720246702433, -0.04752993956208229, 0.18113772571086884, 0.04341317340731621, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916421	145	http://whiteplains.dailyvoice.com/news/sunny-weather-veterans-day-weekend-westchester	0.299895
all very well 'til someone loses an eye "plays well with others" report card is required sheep herding judges "all the wolves kept at bay" "all mighty please hear us, oh lord let us prey" the sheltered workshop baa baa baa baa baa Oh lordy run away.....	<urn:uuid:85de621e-3a6e-4343-afc9-df083c875daf>	2013-05-24T02:04:49Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01863839291036129, 0.0491071417927742, 0.0032645089086145163, 0.04196428507566452, 0.1116071417927742, -0.10133928805589676, 0.0026367187965661287, 0.0345982126891613, 0.01104910671710968, 0.02812499925494194, -0.0036551340017467737, 0.02834821492433548, 0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.881704	69	http://whywontgodhealamputees.com/forums/index.php/topic,23420.msg523560.html	0.923453
You have to be root or the owner of a process to change its priority. Reasons to Change a Process's Priority If a high priority task has a flaw in it, a brute force attack will have more cycles to work with. Because of this, a low priority task is marginally more secure. However, the difference is so slight as to be not worth mentioning. Administrators can use /etc/security/limits.conf to make a certain user's default priority be higher or lower.	<urn:uuid:742aa4e5-6751-471c-8b0a-b8d2644257a2>	2013-05-24T01:37:27Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.05108695477247238, -0.0008024796261452138, 0.04945652186870575, -0.008457880467176437, 0.06141304224729538, -0.09184782952070236, -0.000490404199808836, 0.1201086938381195, 0.003923233598470688, 0.023233694955706596, 0.05679347738623619, 0.06005434691905975, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.918599	102	http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Priority	0.537994
A framework for WebProgramming. - Windows, Linux - Python versions - Out of the box - Crusader native protocol - Through additional modules Session, Identification and Authentication The Crusader Server Framework is the foundation for all Crusader-based servers. It can host multiple servers, protocols and applications, is multi-threaded, supports distributed session management, clustering, runtime configuration and deployment, scheduling, logging and more. Spellcaster is a remote object server based on the Crusader Server Framework. It makes Python objects available over the Internet or Intranet in a plattform and programming language neutral way. Spellcaster currently uses the XMLRPC protocol and will be SOAP-enabled soon. Snakecharmer is an advanced Python Server Pages (PSP) implementation based on the Crusader Server Framework. It allows you to mix HTML and Python in a ASP/JSP/PHP way, supports HTTP redirects and status codes, access to GET/POST data, file uploads, file inclusion, session management, precompiling and caching.	<urn:uuid:594b48cf-c05f-45f8-be38-2634ef689ca0>	2013-05-24T01:59:19Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.027173912152647972, 0.0056200590915977955, 0.05978260934352875, 0.03384387493133545, 0.0415019765496254, -0.07707510143518448, 0.0027637104503810406, 0.09288537502288818, 0.01093132421374321, 0.018898220732808113, 0.05830039456486702, 0.05064229294657707, -0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.774314	216	http://wiki.python.org/moin/Crusader?action=fullsearch&context=180&value=linkto%3A%22Crusader%22	0.167117
Category:Gerald R James Pertaining to Gerald James and his writings Pages in category "Gerald R James" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. Media in category "Gerald R James" This category contains only the following file. - Gerald Bull letters an...	<urn:uuid:9cd5c930-764f-4f13-ad41-c1bb2cd9276b>	2013-05-24T01:57:44Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.027225378900766373, 0.018110794946551323, 0.0009617661125957966, -0.03456439450383186, 0.11126893758773804, -0.14299242198467255, 0.010179923847317696, 0.04024621099233627, 0.024502841755747795, 0.05326704680919647, 0.09848485141992569, 0.06676136702299118, 0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.829978	67	http://wikispooks.com/wiki/Category:Gerald_R_James	0.573804