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[
"Samuel Abbot",
"educated at",
"Harvard University"
] |
Education
Samuel Abbot pursued his preparatory studies in part under his brother Abiel, but was chiefly fitted for college at the public school at Andover, Massachusetts, which was known for the accuracy of its instruction and the scholars it offered for admission to universities. Samuel graduated from Harvard in 1808.
Soon after his graduation, Samuel Abbot entered the law office of C. H. Atherton, Esq., of Amherst, New Hampshire, as a student at law. Atherton availed himself of Samuel's classical knowledge to prepare his son, C. G. Atherton, later a United States senator, for college. For this purpose, Samuel resided for a time with the Atherton family. Samuel Abbot was admitted to the bar in 1812, and practiced his profession, first at Wilton, and then at Dunstable (now Nashua, New Hampshire).
| 4
|
[
"Samuel Abbot",
"given name",
"Samuel"
] |
Biography
Origins
Samuel Abbot was the 11th of the 12 children of Abiel Abbot, a farmer and an early settler of Wilton, New Hampshire. His father was a staunch Whig, an officer of the militia during the Revolutionary War, often the representative from Wilton in the New Hampshire General Court, and much entrusted with the business of the town. He formed an excellent farm out of the wilderness. Of his 12 children, 10 lived to be adults. All of them were well educated, and three went to Harvard College: Abiel (a D.D., later of Peterborough), Jacob (later of Windham) and Samuel. Abiel Abbot Sr., was the son of Captain John Abbot of Andover, Massachusetts, who was descended, in the fifth generation, from George Abbot, who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, and settled in Andover in 1643.
| 7
|
[
"Samuel Abbot",
"place of birth",
"Wilton"
] |
Biography
Origins
Samuel Abbot was the 11th of the 12 children of Abiel Abbot, a farmer and an early settler of Wilton, New Hampshire. His father was a staunch Whig, an officer of the militia during the Revolutionary War, often the representative from Wilton in the New Hampshire General Court, and much entrusted with the business of the town. He formed an excellent farm out of the wilderness. Of his 12 children, 10 lived to be adults. All of them were well educated, and three went to Harvard College: Abiel (a D.D., later of Peterborough), Jacob (later of Windham) and Samuel. Abiel Abbot Sr., was the son of Captain John Abbot of Andover, Massachusetts, who was descended, in the fifth generation, from George Abbot, who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, and settled in Andover in 1643.
| 10
|
[
"Vira Boarman Whitehouse",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Suffrage
Whitehouse became interested in suffrage after the Woman suffrage parade of 1913 erupted into violence. She marched in the May 1913 suffrage parade in New York City and volunteered with the Women's Political Union after the parade. Six months later Whitehouse gave her first outdoor suffrage speech.She was chairman in 1913 of the publicity council of the Empire State Campaign Committee and in 1916 of the New York State Woman Suffrage Party (NYSWSP).In May 1915, Whitehouse made cold calls to potential voters to ask their views on suffrage. This is one of the earliest examples of telephone polling.Whitehouse led an incredibly successful fundraising campaign, making large donations herself and soliciting donations from New York's most prominent families.When New York State granted women the right to vote on November 6, 1917, Whitehouse was widely credited with the win.Whitehouse's husband was a member of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage, by July 1917 he was treasurer of the League.
| 0
|
[
"Vira Boarman Whitehouse",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] |
Vira Boarman Whitehouse (September 16, 1875 – April 11, 1957) was an American suffragette, government official, and businessperson. She was the owner of the Whitehouse Leather Company and an early proponent of birth control. She directed the Swiss office of the Committee on Public Information in 1918.Early life
Vira Boarman was born in Abingdon, Virginia, September 16, 1875, to Robert Boarman and Cornelia Terrell.She attended Newcomb College in New Orleans and was a member of Pi Beta Phi.She married New York stockbroker James Norman de Rapelye Whitehouse (1858–1949) on April 13, 1898. They had one child, Alice Whitehouse Harjes.
| 1
|
[
"Vira Boarman Whitehouse",
"given name",
"Vira"
] |
Early life
Vira Boarman was born in Abingdon, Virginia, September 16, 1875, to Robert Boarman and Cornelia Terrell.She attended Newcomb College in New Orleans and was a member of Pi Beta Phi.She married New York stockbroker James Norman de Rapelye Whitehouse (1858–1949) on April 13, 1898. They had one child, Alice Whitehouse Harjes.
| 3
|
[
"Vira Boarman Whitehouse",
"family name",
"Whitehouse"
] |
Early life
Vira Boarman was born in Abingdon, Virginia, September 16, 1875, to Robert Boarman and Cornelia Terrell.She attended Newcomb College in New Orleans and was a member of Pi Beta Phi.She married New York stockbroker James Norman de Rapelye Whitehouse (1858–1949) on April 13, 1898. They had one child, Alice Whitehouse Harjes.
| 6
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 1
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"relative",
"Booker T. Washington"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 3
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"given name",
"Roscoe"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 4
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"place of birth",
"Mississippi"
] |
Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 5
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"occupation",
"writer"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.
| 10
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"employer",
"Chicago Tribune"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.
| 11
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"occupation",
"politician"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.
| 12
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"employer",
"Mark Hanna"
] |
Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 13
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"employer",
"Chicago Defender"
] |
Career
Simmons began his career as a reporter for the Pensacola Daily Press before moving to the Chicago Defender, where the growing popularity of his columns made him that newspaper's highest-paid employee and a staple of its front page. During World War I he reported from Europe on the conditions of African-American soldiers in the U.S. Army. During this time he earned the nickname "the Colonel," though reportedly never left Paris, having become "distracted by its allure and its women."We have but one flag, the flag that set us free. Its language is our only tongue, and no hyphen bridges or qualifies our loyalty. Today the nation faces danger from a foreign foe, treason skulks and stalks up and down our land, in dark councils intrigue is being hatched. Woodrow Wilson is my leader. What he commands me to do I shall do. Where he commands me to go I shall go. If he calls me to the colors I shall not ask whether my colonel is black or white. I shall be there to pick out no color except the white of the enemy's eyes.He was a member of the Colored Knights of Pythias. He delivered the main address in the 1929 general meeting.In the 1920s, he worked as the editor of The Chicago Defender, a black weekly paper published out of Chicago, Illinois. While editor, he was president of the Lincoln League and helmed the Speaker's Bureau, Western Division.In 1936, Simmons passed the bar and became a lawyer.
| 15
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"occupation",
"journalist"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.
| 17
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"named after",
"Roscoe Conkling"
] |
Early life and education
Simmons was born in Greenview, Mississippi in 1881. He was named after New York Republican congressman Roscoe Conkling. His sister was musician Alice Carter Simmons. Their father was principal at a school for African Americans in Hollandale, Mississippi. Simmons grew up in Aberdeen, Mississippi.The nephew of Booker T. Washington through Washington's third wife Margaret Murray Washington, when he was 12 years old Washington secured a job for him as an office boy to U.S. Senator Mark Hanna, a millionaire industrialist and the personal friend of William McKinley. Simmons' childhood spent with Hanna began his lifelong association with Republican politics and he would remain close friends with the powerful Hanna family for the rest of his life. Simmons graduated from the Tuskegee Institute.
| 18
|
[
"Roscoe Simmons",
"occupation",
"orator"
] |
Roscoe Conkling Simmons (June 20, 1881 – April 27, 1951) was an American orator, journalist, and political activist. The nephew of Booker T. Washington, he wrote a column from Washington, D.C. about African-American issues for the Chicago Tribune and was influential in the Republican Party.As part of a scheme by the Military Intelligence Division to elevate the prominence of patriotic black leaders as a counter to the perceived threat of subversion within the African-American community, Simmons was engaged in a nationwide series of lectures and speeches. Major Walter Loving served as his manager. Simmons quickly established a reputation for unparalleled oratorical skills, with William Jennings Bryan calling him "one of the great orators of the world." Promoted in advertisements as "America's greatest orator," W. Herbert Brewster even attributed a 1916 speech by Simmons as his motivation "to be somebody someday."In his stump speech "My Country and My Flag", Simmons declared:
| 20
|
[
"Walter Deane",
"place of birth",
"Boston"
] |
Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose. The standard author abbreviation W.Deane is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
| 2
|
[
"Walter Deane",
"educated at",
"Harvard University"
] |
Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose. The standard author abbreviation W.Deane is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
| 3
|
[
"Walter Deane",
"member of",
"New England Botanical Club"
] |
Walter Deane (April 23, 1848 – July 30, 1930) was an American amateur botanist and ornithologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1870. He was a founding member of the New England Botanical Club and served as its president from 1908 to 1911. From 1897 to 1907 he was curator of William Brewster's ornithological museum, and prepared Brewster's Birds of the Cambridge Region. Deane is commemorated in the plant genus Deanea Coulter & Rose. The standard author abbreviation W.Deane is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
| 11
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"place of birth",
"Nantucket"
] |
Early life and education
Born Maria Tallant in Nantucket, she grew up in a wealthy family and could trace her lineage to the earliest white settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She studied at private institutions on the island and studied botany at home with her mother and sisters who were also avid collectors. She taught at the Perkins School for the Blind and Nantucket High School in the 1840s, and also taught at her own private school.
| 4
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"given name",
"Maria"
] |
Maria Tallant Owen (February 13, 1825 – June 8, 1913) was an American botanist who compiled a detailed record of 19th century flora and algae on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts.Early life and education
Born Maria Tallant in Nantucket, she grew up in a wealthy family and could trace her lineage to the earliest white settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She studied at private institutions on the island and studied botany at home with her mother and sisters who were also avid collectors. She taught at the Perkins School for the Blind and Nantucket High School in the 1840s, and also taught at her own private school.
| 5
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"family name",
"Owen"
] |
Maria Tallant Owen (February 13, 1825 – June 8, 1913) was an American botanist who compiled a detailed record of 19th century flora and algae on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts.Early life and education
Born Maria Tallant in Nantucket, she grew up in a wealthy family and could trace her lineage to the earliest white settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She studied at private institutions on the island and studied botany at home with her mother and sisters who were also avid collectors. She taught at the Perkins School for the Blind and Nantucket High School in the 1840s, and also taught at her own private school.
| 6
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"occupation",
"botanical collector"
] |
Maria Tallant Owen (February 13, 1825 – June 8, 1913) was an American botanist who compiled a detailed record of 19th century flora and algae on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts.
| 7
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"occupation",
"botanist"
] |
Maria Tallant Owen (February 13, 1825 – June 8, 1913) was an American botanist who compiled a detailed record of 19th century flora and algae on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts.
| 8
|
[
"Maria Tallant Owen",
"family name",
"Tallant"
] |
Maria Tallant Owen (February 13, 1825 – June 8, 1913) was an American botanist who compiled a detailed record of 19th century flora and algae on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts.Early life and education
Born Maria Tallant in Nantucket, she grew up in a wealthy family and could trace her lineage to the earliest white settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She studied at private institutions on the island and studied botany at home with her mother and sisters who were also avid collectors. She taught at the Perkins School for the Blind and Nantucket High School in the 1840s, and also taught at her own private school.
| 13
|
[
"Ruth Holden",
"place of death",
"Russia"
] |
Ruth Holden (November 27, 1890 – April 21, 1917) was an American paleobotanist and nurse, who died in Russia during World War I.Biography
Ruth Holden was born on November 27, 1890, in the city of Attleboro in Massachusetts. She grew up in the city with her parents Charles and Caroline Holden. She had two siblings, an older sister, Alice, and a younger brother, John. Her father was a doctor.She was educated at Attleborough High School where she was valedictorian of the class of 1907; she then studied at Radcliffe College, Harvard. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1911 and received her MA the following year. While at Radcliffe she studied Paleobotany with Professor E. C Jeffrey. She was awarded the Caroline Wilby prize for her thesis Reduction and Reversion in the North American SalicaIes. She used the money from this and other academic prizes to pursue her interest in fossil hunting. For example, she collected fossils in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick in Canada in the summer of 1911.In 1912, Holden made her first trip to England where she attended a "Summer Meeting" at Cambridge University where she was able to examine their collection of fossil plants.She returned to England in 1913 after obtaining an AAUW European Fellowship and began paleobotanical research at Newnham College, Cambridge.Following the outbreak of the First World War, Holden began attending lectures given by the Red Cross. The Cambridge Independent Press reported that she received the first certificate for "First Aid to the Injured" on January 21, 1915. Throughout 1915 she worked part-time as an orderly at the Auxiliary Hospital in Cintra Terrace in Cambridge.In August 1915, she was awarded an Associates' Fellowship by Newnham College. This entitled her to £100 each year for three years to enable her "to continue her work in fossil botany".However, she decided to suspend her studies and early in 1916, joined the first Millicent Fawcett medical unit run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. The unit left London on January 29 headed for Petrograd in Russia to set up maternity hospitals for Polish refugees. The unit consisted of Holden (assistant nurse), two doctors, a matron, three other nurses, a sanitary officer, an almoner, and a secretary. She then went on to Kazan to help set up a new hospital for Polish refugee children. She even managed to continue her research into paleobotany at the local university, however most of her time was spent travelling throughout Russia helping to distribute supplies to different hospitals. It is believed that during these travels Ruth Holden contracted typhoid, her illness lasting for many months into 1917. Although she appeared to recover she began to suffer with tubercular meningitis and eventually died in her sleep during the evening of April 21, 1917.Soon after news of Ruth Holden's death was announced obituaries began appearing in various media: Nature said that "Botanical science has suffered a serious loss through the death of Ruth Holden"; A C Seward (who worked with Holden in Cambridge) wrote in the New Phytologist that "though Miss Holden was a student of exceptional originality and promise she was much more than that—a chivalrous and noble woman whom it was a privilege to count a friend"; Miss Moberly, an administrator of the medical unit in Russia wrote in Common Cause (a Women's Suffrage newspaper) that "[Holden] greatly loved the people and the land for which she has given her life, and she told me more than once that nothing in the future could ever make her regret having volunteered for this work."On October 5, 1919, a bronze tablet was unveiled in Capron Park, Attleboro, commemorating Ruth Holden alongside another nurse, Alice Illingworth Haskell, who had also died in service during the war. A memorial nursing fund was also set up in both the nurses' names.
| 2
|
[
"Ruth Holden",
"family name",
"Holden"
] |
Ruth Holden (November 27, 1890 – April 21, 1917) was an American paleobotanist and nurse, who died in Russia during World War I.Biography
Ruth Holden was born on November 27, 1890, in the city of Attleboro in Massachusetts. She grew up in the city with her parents Charles and Caroline Holden. She had two siblings, an older sister, Alice, and a younger brother, John. Her father was a doctor.She was educated at Attleborough High School where she was valedictorian of the class of 1907; she then studied at Radcliffe College, Harvard. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1911 and received her MA the following year. While at Radcliffe she studied Paleobotany with Professor E. C Jeffrey. She was awarded the Caroline Wilby prize for her thesis Reduction and Reversion in the North American SalicaIes. She used the money from this and other academic prizes to pursue her interest in fossil hunting. For example, she collected fossils in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick in Canada in the summer of 1911.In 1912, Holden made her first trip to England where she attended a "Summer Meeting" at Cambridge University where she was able to examine their collection of fossil plants.She returned to England in 1913 after obtaining an AAUW European Fellowship and began paleobotanical research at Newnham College, Cambridge.Following the outbreak of the First World War, Holden began attending lectures given by the Red Cross. The Cambridge Independent Press reported that she received the first certificate for "First Aid to the Injured" on January 21, 1915. Throughout 1915 she worked part-time as an orderly at the Auxiliary Hospital in Cintra Terrace in Cambridge.In August 1915, she was awarded an Associates' Fellowship by Newnham College. This entitled her to £100 each year for three years to enable her "to continue her work in fossil botany".However, she decided to suspend her studies and early in 1916, joined the first Millicent Fawcett medical unit run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. The unit left London on January 29 headed for Petrograd in Russia to set up maternity hospitals for Polish refugees. The unit consisted of Holden (assistant nurse), two doctors, a matron, three other nurses, a sanitary officer, an almoner, and a secretary. She then went on to Kazan to help set up a new hospital for Polish refugee children. She even managed to continue her research into paleobotany at the local university, however most of her time was spent travelling throughout Russia helping to distribute supplies to different hospitals. It is believed that during these travels Ruth Holden contracted typhoid, her illness lasting for many months into 1917. Although she appeared to recover she began to suffer with tubercular meningitis and eventually died in her sleep during the evening of April 21, 1917.Soon after news of Ruth Holden's death was announced obituaries began appearing in various media: Nature said that "Botanical science has suffered a serious loss through the death of Ruth Holden"; A C Seward (who worked with Holden in Cambridge) wrote in the New Phytologist that "though Miss Holden was a student of exceptional originality and promise she was much more than that—a chivalrous and noble woman whom it was a privilege to count a friend"; Miss Moberly, an administrator of the medical unit in Russia wrote in Common Cause (a Women's Suffrage newspaper) that "[Holden] greatly loved the people and the land for which she has given her life, and she told me more than once that nothing in the future could ever make her regret having volunteered for this work."On October 5, 1919, a bronze tablet was unveiled in Capron Park, Attleboro, commemorating Ruth Holden alongside another nurse, Alice Illingworth Haskell, who had also died in service during the war. A memorial nursing fund was also set up in both the nurses' names.
| 4
|
[
"Ruth Holden",
"occupation",
"nurse"
] |
Ruth Holden (November 27, 1890 – April 21, 1917) was an American paleobotanist and nurse, who died in Russia during World War I.Biography
Ruth Holden was born on November 27, 1890, in the city of Attleboro in Massachusetts. She grew up in the city with her parents Charles and Caroline Holden. She had two siblings, an older sister, Alice, and a younger brother, John. Her father was a doctor.She was educated at Attleborough High School where she was valedictorian of the class of 1907; she then studied at Radcliffe College, Harvard. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1911 and received her MA the following year. While at Radcliffe she studied Paleobotany with Professor E. C Jeffrey. She was awarded the Caroline Wilby prize for her thesis Reduction and Reversion in the North American SalicaIes. She used the money from this and other academic prizes to pursue her interest in fossil hunting. For example, she collected fossils in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick in Canada in the summer of 1911.In 1912, Holden made her first trip to England where she attended a "Summer Meeting" at Cambridge University where she was able to examine their collection of fossil plants.She returned to England in 1913 after obtaining an AAUW European Fellowship and began paleobotanical research at Newnham College, Cambridge.Following the outbreak of the First World War, Holden began attending lectures given by the Red Cross. The Cambridge Independent Press reported that she received the first certificate for "First Aid to the Injured" on January 21, 1915. Throughout 1915 she worked part-time as an orderly at the Auxiliary Hospital in Cintra Terrace in Cambridge.In August 1915, she was awarded an Associates' Fellowship by Newnham College. This entitled her to £100 each year for three years to enable her "to continue her work in fossil botany".However, she decided to suspend her studies and early in 1916, joined the first Millicent Fawcett medical unit run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. The unit left London on January 29 headed for Petrograd in Russia to set up maternity hospitals for Polish refugees. The unit consisted of Holden (assistant nurse), two doctors, a matron, three other nurses, a sanitary officer, an almoner, and a secretary. She then went on to Kazan to help set up a new hospital for Polish refugee children. She even managed to continue her research into paleobotany at the local university, however most of her time was spent travelling throughout Russia helping to distribute supplies to different hospitals. It is believed that during these travels Ruth Holden contracted typhoid, her illness lasting for many months into 1917. Although she appeared to recover she began to suffer with tubercular meningitis and eventually died in her sleep during the evening of April 21, 1917.Soon after news of Ruth Holden's death was announced obituaries began appearing in various media: Nature said that "Botanical science has suffered a serious loss through the death of Ruth Holden"; A C Seward (who worked with Holden in Cambridge) wrote in the New Phytologist that "though Miss Holden was a student of exceptional originality and promise she was much more than that—a chivalrous and noble woman whom it was a privilege to count a friend"; Miss Moberly, an administrator of the medical unit in Russia wrote in Common Cause (a Women's Suffrage newspaper) that "[Holden] greatly loved the people and the land for which she has given her life, and she told me more than once that nothing in the future could ever make her regret having volunteered for this work."On October 5, 1919, a bronze tablet was unveiled in Capron Park, Attleboro, commemorating Ruth Holden alongside another nurse, Alice Illingworth Haskell, who had also died in service during the war. A memorial nursing fund was also set up in both the nurses' names.
| 8
|
[
"Ruth Holden",
"occupation",
"paleobotanist"
] |
Ruth Holden (November 27, 1890 – April 21, 1917) was an American paleobotanist and nurse, who died in Russia during World War I.Biography
Ruth Holden was born on November 27, 1890, in the city of Attleboro in Massachusetts. She grew up in the city with her parents Charles and Caroline Holden. She had two siblings, an older sister, Alice, and a younger brother, John. Her father was a doctor.She was educated at Attleborough High School where she was valedictorian of the class of 1907; she then studied at Radcliffe College, Harvard. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1911 and received her MA the following year. While at Radcliffe she studied Paleobotany with Professor E. C Jeffrey. She was awarded the Caroline Wilby prize for her thesis Reduction and Reversion in the North American SalicaIes. She used the money from this and other academic prizes to pursue her interest in fossil hunting. For example, she collected fossils in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick in Canada in the summer of 1911.In 1912, Holden made her first trip to England where she attended a "Summer Meeting" at Cambridge University where she was able to examine their collection of fossil plants.She returned to England in 1913 after obtaining an AAUW European Fellowship and began paleobotanical research at Newnham College, Cambridge.Following the outbreak of the First World War, Holden began attending lectures given by the Red Cross. The Cambridge Independent Press reported that she received the first certificate for "First Aid to the Injured" on January 21, 1915. Throughout 1915 she worked part-time as an orderly at the Auxiliary Hospital in Cintra Terrace in Cambridge.In August 1915, she was awarded an Associates' Fellowship by Newnham College. This entitled her to £100 each year for three years to enable her "to continue her work in fossil botany".However, she decided to suspend her studies and early in 1916, joined the first Millicent Fawcett medical unit run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. The unit left London on January 29 headed for Petrograd in Russia to set up maternity hospitals for Polish refugees. The unit consisted of Holden (assistant nurse), two doctors, a matron, three other nurses, a sanitary officer, an almoner, and a secretary. She then went on to Kazan to help set up a new hospital for Polish refugee children. She even managed to continue her research into paleobotany at the local university, however most of her time was spent travelling throughout Russia helping to distribute supplies to different hospitals. It is believed that during these travels Ruth Holden contracted typhoid, her illness lasting for many months into 1917. Although she appeared to recover she began to suffer with tubercular meningitis and eventually died in her sleep during the evening of April 21, 1917.Soon after news of Ruth Holden's death was announced obituaries began appearing in various media: Nature said that "Botanical science has suffered a serious loss through the death of Ruth Holden"; A C Seward (who worked with Holden in Cambridge) wrote in the New Phytologist that "though Miss Holden was a student of exceptional originality and promise she was much more than that—a chivalrous and noble woman whom it was a privilege to count a friend"; Miss Moberly, an administrator of the medical unit in Russia wrote in Common Cause (a Women's Suffrage newspaper) that "[Holden] greatly loved the people and the land for which she has given her life, and she told me more than once that nothing in the future could ever make her regret having volunteered for this work."On October 5, 1919, a bronze tablet was unveiled in Capron Park, Attleboro, commemorating Ruth Holden alongside another nurse, Alice Illingworth Haskell, who had also died in service during the war. A memorial nursing fund was also set up in both the nurses' names.
| 9
|
[
"Ruth Holden",
"place of birth",
"Attleboro"
] |
Biography
Ruth Holden was born on November 27, 1890, in the city of Attleboro in Massachusetts. She grew up in the city with her parents Charles and Caroline Holden. She had two siblings, an older sister, Alice, and a younger brother, John. Her father was a doctor.She was educated at Attleborough High School where she was valedictorian of the class of 1907; she then studied at Radcliffe College, Harvard. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1911 and received her MA the following year. While at Radcliffe she studied Paleobotany with Professor E. C Jeffrey. She was awarded the Caroline Wilby prize for her thesis Reduction and Reversion in the North American SalicaIes. She used the money from this and other academic prizes to pursue her interest in fossil hunting. For example, she collected fossils in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick in Canada in the summer of 1911.In 1912, Holden made her first trip to England where she attended a "Summer Meeting" at Cambridge University where she was able to examine their collection of fossil plants.She returned to England in 1913 after obtaining an AAUW European Fellowship and began paleobotanical research at Newnham College, Cambridge.Following the outbreak of the First World War, Holden began attending lectures given by the Red Cross. The Cambridge Independent Press reported that she received the first certificate for "First Aid to the Injured" on January 21, 1915. Throughout 1915 she worked part-time as an orderly at the Auxiliary Hospital in Cintra Terrace in Cambridge.In August 1915, she was awarded an Associates' Fellowship by Newnham College. This entitled her to £100 each year for three years to enable her "to continue her work in fossil botany".However, she decided to suspend her studies and early in 1916, joined the first Millicent Fawcett medical unit run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. The unit left London on January 29 headed for Petrograd in Russia to set up maternity hospitals for Polish refugees. The unit consisted of Holden (assistant nurse), two doctors, a matron, three other nurses, a sanitary officer, an almoner, and a secretary. She then went on to Kazan to help set up a new hospital for Polish refugee children. She even managed to continue her research into paleobotany at the local university, however most of her time was spent travelling throughout Russia helping to distribute supplies to different hospitals. It is believed that during these travels Ruth Holden contracted typhoid, her illness lasting for many months into 1917. Although she appeared to recover she began to suffer with tubercular meningitis and eventually died in her sleep during the evening of April 21, 1917.Soon after news of Ruth Holden's death was announced obituaries began appearing in various media: Nature said that "Botanical science has suffered a serious loss through the death of Ruth Holden"; A C Seward (who worked with Holden in Cambridge) wrote in the New Phytologist that "though Miss Holden was a student of exceptional originality and promise she was much more than that—a chivalrous and noble woman whom it was a privilege to count a friend"; Miss Moberly, an administrator of the medical unit in Russia wrote in Common Cause (a Women's Suffrage newspaper) that "[Holden] greatly loved the people and the land for which she has given her life, and she told me more than once that nothing in the future could ever make her regret having volunteered for this work."On October 5, 1919, a bronze tablet was unveiled in Capron Park, Attleboro, commemorating Ruth Holden alongside another nurse, Alice Illingworth Haskell, who had also died in service during the war. A memorial nursing fund was also set up in both the nurses' names.
| 10
|
[
"Clara Mortenson Beyer",
"place of birth",
"Lake County"
] |
Early life and education
Clara Mortenson Beyer was born on April 13, 1892, in Lake County, California. She was the sixth child of nine. Her parents were Danish immigrants, Mary Frederickson and Morten Mortenson. Morten Mortenson was a carpenter and unsuccessful chicken farmer, and was killed in a freak trolley accident when Clara was young. The following hard times for the Mortenson family, during which both Clara and her mother worked as fruit pickers and domestic laborers, resulted in Clara's interest in labor politics.Clara supported herself through her undergraduate and master's degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. She received her undergraduate degree in 1915, and her master's degree on the subject of economics, specializing in labor issues, in 1916. She served as an instructor at UC Berkeley for one year before agreeing to teach labor economics at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania in 1917.
| 4
|
[
"Clara Mortenson Beyer",
"family name",
"Beyer"
] |
Clara Mortenson Beyer (April 13, 1892 – September 25, 1990) was a pioneer in labor economics and workers rights. She worked under Frances Perkins at the United States Department of Labor during the New Deal era, and was instrumental in implementing minimum wage legislation via the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.Early life and education
Clara Mortenson Beyer was born on April 13, 1892, in Lake County, California. She was the sixth child of nine. Her parents were Danish immigrants, Mary Frederickson and Morten Mortenson. Morten Mortenson was a carpenter and unsuccessful chicken farmer, and was killed in a freak trolley accident when Clara was young. The following hard times for the Mortenson family, during which both Clara and her mother worked as fruit pickers and domestic laborers, resulted in Clara's interest in labor politics.Clara supported herself through her undergraduate and master's degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. She received her undergraduate degree in 1915, and her master's degree on the subject of economics, specializing in labor issues, in 1916. She served as an instructor at UC Berkeley for one year before agreeing to teach labor economics at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania in 1917.
| 9
|
[
"Jane Maud Campbell",
"given name",
"Jane"
] |
Jane Maud Campbell (March 13, 1869 – April 24, 1947) was a librarian known for being an early advocate for multiculturalism in libraries through her service to immigrant and minority populations. Campbell believed in cultural pluralism–that there was no one "American culture"–so while she supported immigrants' learning English and eventually becoming citizens, she was supportive of them maintaining their own cultures and interests.
| 4
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 0
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"educated at",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 4
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"occupation",
"botanical collector"
] |
Collecting
Minns created several collections over her lifetime. Her most notable was the collection she created from the age of 14 of art and literature relating to death and the Danse Macabre. Much of this collection was purchased by the University of Louvain through the generosity of Minns. Minns also created a collection of juvenile texts that she bequeathed to the Clapp Library of Wellesley College. She was a botanical collector, collecting botany specimens herself as well as obtaining specimens from other collectors. Her specimens can be found in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, the Harvard University Herbaria, the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, the University of Vermont Pringle Herbarium and University of Minnesota Bell Museum. These specimens continue to be used to further scientific research.
| 8
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"place of birth",
"Lincoln"
] |
Early life
Minns was born to Frances Ann Parker and her husband Constant Freeman Minns on 21 August 1839 in Lincoln, Massachusetts. She began her education at private schools including the Cambridge School for Girls run by the naturalist Louis Agassiz. She also attended the Anderson School of Natural History set up by Agassiz on Penikese Island. She went on to graduate from Wellesley College. Minns was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was a graduate of the class of 1881.
| 10
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"occupation",
"collector"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.Collecting
Minns created several collections over her lifetime. Her most notable was the collection she created from the age of 14 of art and literature relating to death and the Danse Macabre. Much of this collection was purchased by the University of Louvain through the generosity of Minns. Minns also created a collection of juvenile texts that she bequeathed to the Clapp Library of Wellesley College. She was a botanical collector, collecting botany specimens herself as well as obtaining specimens from other collectors. Her specimens can be found in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, the Harvard University Herbaria, the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, the University of Vermont Pringle Herbarium and University of Minnesota Bell Museum. These specimens continue to be used to further scientific research.
| 12
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"occupation",
"philanthropist"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 15
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"given name",
"Susanna"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 17
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"member of",
"Boston Society of Natural History"
] |
Institution memberships and awards
Minns was a member of several institutions or societies. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Minns was also a member of the Boston Society of Natural History from 1877 and remained a member for over 50 years. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Minns also had various scholarly works dedicated to her in appreciation and acknowledgement of her support.
| 18
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"award received",
"Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science"
] |
Institution memberships and awards
Minns was a member of several institutions or societies. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Minns was also a member of the Boston Society of Natural History from 1877 and remained a member for over 50 years. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Minns also had various scholarly works dedicated to her in appreciation and acknowledgement of her support.
| 19
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 20
|
[
"Susan Minns",
"family name",
"Minns"
] |
Susan Minns (21 August 1839 – 2 August 1938) (born Susanna Minns) was an American biologist, philanthropist, and collector. She was one of the first women to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She created a notable and extensive collection of art and literature relating Danse Macabre, a portion of which is now held by the University of Louvain. Minns helped establish the Marine Biological Laboratory and donated generously to numerous scientists, institutions and to her home state of Massachusetts.
| 23
|
[
"Faxon Atherton",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Early life
Faxon Dean Atherton was born on January 29, 1815, in Dedham, Massachusetts into an established New England family, with roots dating back to the colonial period of the United States. He was the son of Abner Atherton and Betsey Dean of Dedham, Massachusetts. His father was a sea captain, first married to Catherine Dean, and after her death, married her sister Betsy, who became Atherton’s mother.Boston merchant
In 1830, Atherton entered the shipping and merchant business at the age of 15 as an apprentice to his brother-in-law, merchant Charles T. Ward. It was a time of growth in trade between the Massachusetts shoe and leather goods mills which needed raw hides from California and Chile. William Sturgis was among the most prominent at this time in the hide and tallow trade primarily focused on the California hide trade. Within two years, Atherton started his own hauling business in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1832. This was not enough for young Atherton, who also established a parcel delivery service for merchants.
Atherton was intent on making his fortune in the Pacific Coast Trade. He had accumulated sufficient capital for such an overseas enterprise. He chose South America to seek his fortune, and left Boston on the Boston Ship “Mercury” in 1833, with a motley of cargo goods valued at $500. It included cigars, cologne, brushes, shoes, other leather goods and German harps. Upon arrival in Valparaiso, Chile he quickly sold all his cargo to Augustus Hemenway's commission firm, sharing the profits with his partner, Robert P. Ross.Initially, Atherton speculated in cargo in Valparaiso. He got to know Elishu Loring, a shipping agent and secured a position with Loring & Co, a ship chandlery firm. He was made responsible for the operation of vessels plying between Boston - Valparaíso, Chile and Monterey, California. After working in Chile for a year he sailed to Oahu in November 1835 to investigate business opportunities there.
| 0
|
[
"Faxon Atherton",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] |
Faxon Dean Atherton (1815–1877) was an American businessman, trader and landowner; initially successful in Valparaíso, Chile. He became a prominent citizen of San Mateo County, California. Atherton, California, was named after him.Early life
Faxon Dean Atherton was born on January 29, 1815, in Dedham, Massachusetts into an established New England family, with roots dating back to the colonial period of the United States. He was the son of Abner Atherton and Betsey Dean of Dedham, Massachusetts. His father was a sea captain, first married to Catherine Dean, and after her death, married her sister Betsy, who became Atherton’s mother.
| 1
|
[
"Faxon Atherton",
"archives at",
"California Historical Society"
] |
The California Diary of Faxon Dean Atherton 1836–1839
Atherton gave an eyewitness account as a twenty-one year old Bostonian of his hide and tallow trading days in Mexican California. It also makes references to historic sites such as the
Mission San José and Mission Santa Clara de Asís, and the settlement of Alviso and areas of San Francisco Bay. The California Diary of Faxon Dean Atherton 1836 - 1839 was published in 1964 by the California Historical Society and edited by the historian and former professor at UCLA, Doyce B. Nunis Jr.The publication of Atherton's California Journal has been described as a singular event in the recorded history of California. As a young man from New England, Atherton vividly recorded much of the turbulent change and innovation in the California of the 1830s. The Editor of the journal, Dr. Nunis was the editor of the Southern California Quarterly during the 1960s and when promoting his book in the December 1964 edition of The California Historical Society Quarterly was quoted saying:Family papers
The Faxon Dean Atherton family papers are held by the California Historical Society. Other papers are held at Berkeley, California.
| 2
|
[
"Faxon Atherton",
"place of birth",
"Dedham"
] |
Early life
Faxon Dean Atherton was born on January 29, 1815, in Dedham, Massachusetts into an established New England family, with roots dating back to the colonial period of the United States. He was the son of Abner Atherton and Betsey Dean of Dedham, Massachusetts. His father was a sea captain, first married to Catherine Dean, and after her death, married her sister Betsy, who became Atherton’s mother.
| 6
|
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"country of citizenship",
"Mexico"
] |
William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. (October 23, 1810 – May 18, 1848) was one of the earliest biracial-black U.S. citizens in California and one of the founders of the city that became San Francisco. A highly successful, enterprising businessman, he was a West Indian immigrant of African Cuban, possibly Carib, Danish/Swedish and Jewish ancestry. Leidesdorff became a United States citizen in New Orleans in 1834 [needs citation]. He migrated to Alta California in 1841, then under Mexican rule, settling in Yerba Buena (now San Francisco), a village of about 30 Mexican and European families.
He became a Mexican citizen in 1844 and received a land grant from the Mexican government, 8 Spanish leagues, or 35,500 acres (144 km2) south of the American River, known as Rancho Rio de los Americanos. He served as US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco beginning in 1845. Leidesdorff was President of the San Francisco school board and also elected as City Treasurer. Shortly before Leidesdorff's death, vast amounts of gold were officially reported on his Rancho Rio De los Americanos. By the time his estate was auctioned off in 1856, it was worth more than $1,445,000, not including vast quantities of gold mined upon his land.
International Leidesdorff Bicentennial Celebrations featured the "Golden Legacy of William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr." On October 22, 2011 on his native isle of Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, a special event was to highlight the season of celebrations.
| 2
|
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"occupation",
"businessperson"
] |
Early life
Born in Christiansted in Saint Croix when the Virgin Islands were under Danish rule (Danish West Indies), William Leidesdorff, Jr. was the oldest son of four children of Danish sugar plantation manager Wilhelm Alexander Leidesdorff (who used Alexander Leidesdorff as his name) and his common-law wife Anna Marie Sparks, reportedly of African and Spanish descent. Wilhelm Leidesdorff Sr. was reportedly of Jewish descent from the community of Altona, Hamburg. It was part of the Danish Schleswig-Holstein, then across the river from but now part of today's port of Hamburg, Germany. He migrated to North America and later the Caribbean to further his career as a merchant. Leidesdorff and Anna Marie lived in New Orleans under Spanish rule before the Louisiana Purchase, and he worked as a sugar factor.Leidesdorff, Jr.'s mother Anna Marie Sparks, was described in one account as a Carib Indian woman; she was believed also to have had African and European ancestry. Her race was noted in a census report. Many people observed that what were called "Carib" people had skin of various hues that likely reflected mixed ancestry, ranging from dark brown to lighter shades of brown, resulting in a Virgin Islands Creole, to which she may have belonged. Other sources said the mother Marie Anne Spark (as she was also known) was a mixed-race woman of African and Spanish heritage, thought to have been born in Cuba. In census records, Marie Anne Spark was classified as a free Carib Indian, but few Carib survived into the late 18th century, according to Gary Palgon's biography of Leidesdorff. Other sources document tens of thousands of Caribs, most of mixed heritage, living in the Windwards and Trinidad at the time of Leidesdorff's birth. Together the accounts describe Spark as a light-skinned woman of mixed-race ancestry, yet classified as black by the 1850s California Court System, where blacks were restricted from testifying in court.
According to Sue Bailey Thurman, "With the name of William Alexander Leidesdorff, we begin the documentary history of pioneers of Negro origin in California."Today, William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. is recognized as the "African Founding Father of California", as noted by the California State Legislature. 2011 is the United Nations International Year for People of African Descent.
As an infant, William Leidesdorff, Jr. was baptized as a Lutheran, as all the Leidesdorff children were, the adopted faith which his father and many other people of Jewish ancestry in Europe assumed to avoid conflict. In 1837 Leidesdorff, Sr. officially "adopted" all four of his own children from Anne Marie Sparks to give them legal standing by Danish Law.
| 4
|
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"given name",
"William"
] |
Career
Afterward, he migrated to New Orleans, where he operated as a master of shipping vessels after he was naturalized as a United States citizen. He held posts with firms associated with his father or perhaps his mentors. Ship manifest documents show Leidesdorff's working as Ship Captain and/or Master, 1834–1840, out of the Port of New Orleans. William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. was thought the last black ship captain in Louisiana after strict enforcement of the Negro Seamen Acts began at the Port of New Orleans.Leidesdorff traveled to New York to become the Master of the schooner Julia Ann that sailed from New York to Yerba Buena (later San Francisco) in Alta California, then part of Mexico, in 1841. His route was via Panama, St. Croix, Brazil, Chile, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Sitka (Alaska), and on to California following the Pacific Ocean currents during the "Age of Sail".In San Francisco
On arriving at Yerba Buena, Leidesdorff, Jr. began to re-build his businesses. The village cove then only had thirty European-Mexican families, so it did not take long for the ambitious man to make an impact. He launched the first steamboat to operate on San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River; it was 37 feet (11 m) long and purchased in Alaska. He built the City Hotel, the first hotel in San Francisco, and the first commercial shipping warehouse, the latter on what became Leidesdorff Street off the Embarcadero.
In 1844 Leidesdorff obtained a vast land grant through favor from the Mexican government for 35,521 acres (143.75 km2) on the south bank of the American River, near today's Californian City of Sacramento.He named the property Rancho Rio de los Americanos. During this period, Mexico encouraged leading Americans to settle in its territory by granting large land grants; in exchange the government required Americans to convert to Catholicism, the state religion; learn to speak Spanish; and accept Mexican citizenship. He went on to establish extensive commercial relations throughout Hawaii, Alaska and Mexican California.
During the eight years of his residence, Leidesdorff served as one of six aldermen or town councilors of the Ayuntamiento. After the United States took over California following the Mexican–American War, he was one of three members on the first San Francisco school board, which organized the first public school in the city; later he was elected City Treasurer. His house was one of the largest, and he donated land for the first public school.In 1845, during the President James Polk administration, Leidesdorff accepted the request from United States Consul Thomas O. Larkin to serve as the US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco, a measure of his political standing in region. Larkin was the first and last U.S. consul appointed to serve in California. Before the American flag was raised over San Francisco (July 1846), Leidesdorff had the U.S. Declaration of Independence read for the first time in California on the veranda at his home in celebration of Independence Day.
Leidesdorff, Jr. achieved a high reputation for integrity and enterprise; he is said to have been "liberal, hospitable, cordial, confiding even to a fault." Leidesdorff became one of the wealthiest man in California. The value of his property near Sacramento began to rise dramatically just before his death, when gold was discovered along the American River just above his Leidesdorff Ranch, in the Gold Mining District of California.
In March 1848, the California Star reported the total non-Native population of San Francisco as only 812: 575 males, 177 females and 60 children. In May 1848, the vast majority of men departed for the American River gold fields in hopes of striking it rich. Other towns were nearly emptied in the frenzy of the Gold Rush.
| 6
|
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"residence",
"Yerba Buena"
] |
In San Francisco
On arriving at Yerba Buena, Leidesdorff, Jr. began to re-build his businesses. The village cove then only had thirty European-Mexican families, so it did not take long for the ambitious man to make an impact. He launched the first steamboat to operate on San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River; it was 37 feet (11 m) long and purchased in Alaska. He built the City Hotel, the first hotel in San Francisco, and the first commercial shipping warehouse, the latter on what became Leidesdorff Street off the Embarcadero.
In 1844 Leidesdorff obtained a vast land grant through favor from the Mexican government for 35,521 acres (143.75 km2) on the south bank of the American River, near today's Californian City of Sacramento.He named the property Rancho Rio de los Americanos. During this period, Mexico encouraged leading Americans to settle in its territory by granting large land grants; in exchange the government required Americans to convert to Catholicism, the state religion; learn to speak Spanish; and accept Mexican citizenship. He went on to establish extensive commercial relations throughout Hawaii, Alaska and Mexican California.
During the eight years of his residence, Leidesdorff served as one of six aldermen or town councilors of the Ayuntamiento. After the United States took over California following the Mexican–American War, he was one of three members on the first San Francisco school board, which organized the first public school in the city; later he was elected City Treasurer. His house was one of the largest, and he donated land for the first public school.In 1845, during the President James Polk administration, Leidesdorff accepted the request from United States Consul Thomas O. Larkin to serve as the US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco, a measure of his political standing in region. Larkin was the first and last U.S. consul appointed to serve in California. Before the American flag was raised over San Francisco (July 1846), Leidesdorff had the U.S. Declaration of Independence read for the first time in California on the veranda at his home in celebration of Independence Day.
Leidesdorff, Jr. achieved a high reputation for integrity and enterprise; he is said to have been "liberal, hospitable, cordial, confiding even to a fault." Leidesdorff became one of the wealthiest man in California. The value of his property near Sacramento began to rise dramatically just before his death, when gold was discovered along the American River just above his Leidesdorff Ranch, in the Gold Mining District of California.
In March 1848, the California Star reported the total non-Native population of San Francisco as only 812: 575 males, 177 females and 60 children. In May 1848, the vast majority of men departed for the American River gold fields in hopes of striking it rich. Other towns were nearly emptied in the frenzy of the Gold Rush.
| 7
|
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"place of burial",
"Mission San Francisco de Asís"
] |
Personal life
Leidesdorff never married. According to the explorer John C. Fremont, he lived with a Russian woman while maintaining diplomatic relationships with the Russian community in Sitka, Alaska.William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. died of typhoid fever on May 18, 1848. On the day of his burial, the town was in mourning, flags were at half-mast, business was suspended, and the schools were closed. His remains were interred near the front entrance of Mission Dolores on the same day, May 18, 1848.
| 9
|
[
"Paul Kagan",
"family name",
"Kagan"
] |
Paul Kagan (1943–1993) was an American photographer, graphic artist, and author.
A photographer, graphic artist and author, Kagan is remembered for the rock concert posters featuring his photographs published during San Francisco’s psychedelic Sixties and the book of photographs depicting Utopian communities he published in 1975.Kagan was born in Chicago in 1943, but his family moved to Los Angeles in the late 1950s. As a teenager, he was active in political protests; by the time he began college at the University of California at Berkeley, he was listed by the House Un-American Activities Committees as one of the country’s most dangerous radicals.He graduated in 1965 with a degree in history. It was at UC Berkeley that he learned photography, and following graduation he pursued a career as a commercial photographer, magazine art director and television news writer as well as a fine-art photographer. In the late 1960s he photographed the Monterey Pop Festival, the Human Be-In of 1967, and the People’s Park protests of 1969.
| 16
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"field of work",
"civil and political rights"
] |
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( dew-BOYSS; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (in Berlin, Germany) and Harvard University, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Du Bois rose to national prominence as a leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta compromise, an agreement crafted by Booker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic educational and economic opportunities. Instead, Du Bois insisted on full civil rights and increased political representation, which he believed would be brought about by the African-American intellectual elite. He referred to this group as the Talented Tenth, a concept under the umbrella of racial uplift, and believed that African Americans needed the chances for advanced education to develop its leadership.
Du Bois primarily targeted racism in his polemic, which protested strongly against lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. His cause included people of color everywhere, particularly Africans and Asians in colonies. He was a proponent of Pan-Africanism and helped organize several Pan-African Congresses to fight for the independence of African colonies from European powers. Du Bois made several trips to Europe, Africa and Asia. After World War I, he surveyed the experiences of American black soldiers in France and documented widespread prejudice and racism in the United States military.
Du Bois was a prolific author. His collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, is a seminal work in African-American literature; and his 1935 magnum opus, Black Reconstruction in America, challenged the prevailing orthodoxy that blacks were responsible for the failures of the Reconstruction Era. Borrowing a phrase from Frederick Douglass, he popularized the use of the term color line to represent the injustice of the separate but equal doctrine prevalent in American social and political life. He opens The Souls of Black Folk with the central thesis of much of his life's work: "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line."
His 1940 autobiography Dusk of Dawn is regarded in part as one of the first scientific treatises in the field of American sociology, and he published two other life stories, all three containing essays on sociology, politics and history. In his role as editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis, he published many influential pieces. Du Bois believed that capitalism was a primary cause of racism, and he was generally sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his life. He was an ardent peace activist and advocated nuclear disarmament. The United States Civil Rights Act, embodying many of the reforms for which Du Bois had campaigned his entire life, was enacted a year after his death.First Pan-African Conference
Du Bois attended the First Pan-African Conference, held in London on 23−25 July 1900, shortly ahead of the Paris Exhibition of 1900 ("to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events".) The Conference had been organized by people from the Caribbean: Haitians Anténor Firmin and Bénito Sylvain and Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams. Du Bois played a leading role in drafting a letter ("Address to the Nations of the World"), asking European leaders to struggle against racism, to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to self-government and to demand political and other rights for African Americans. By this time, southern states were passing new laws and constitutions to disfranchise most African Americans, an exclusion from the political system that lasted into the 1960s.
At the conclusion of the conference, delegates unanimously adopted the "Address to the Nations of the World", and sent it to various heads of state where people of African descent were living and suffering oppression. The address implored the United States and the imperial European nations to "acknowledge and protect the rights of people of African descent" and to respect the integrity and independence of "the free Negro States of Abyssinia, Liberia, Haiti, etc." It was signed by Bishop Alexander Walters (President of the Pan-African Association), the Canadian Rev. Henry B. Brown (vice-president), Williams (General Secretary) and Du Bois (chairman of the committee on the Address). The address included Du Bois's observation, "The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the colour-line." He used this again three years later in the "Forethought" of his book The Souls of Black Folk (1903).The Crisis
NAACP leaders offered Du Bois the position of Director of Publicity and Research. He accepted the job in the summer of 1910, and moved to New York after resigning from Atlanta University. His primary duty was editing the NAACP's monthly magazine, which he named The Crisis. The first issue appeared in November 1910, and Du Bois wrote that its aim was to set out "those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people". The journal was phenomenally successful, and its circulation would reach 100,000 in 1920. Typical articles in the early editions polemics against the dishonesty and parochialism of black churches, and discussions on the Afrocentric origins of Egyptian civilization. Du Bois's African-centered view of ancient Egypt was in direct opposition to many Egyptologists of his day, including Flinders Petrie, whom Du Bois had met a conference.A 1911 Du Bois editorial helped initiate a nationwide push to induce the Federal government to outlaw lynching. Du Bois, employing the sarcasm he frequently used, commented on a lynching in Pennsylvania: "The point is he was black. Blackness must be punished. Blackness is the crime of crimes ... It is therefore necessary, as every white scoundrel in the nation knows, to let slip no opportunity of punishing this crime of crimes. Of course if possible, the pretext should be great and overwhelming – some awful stunning crime, made even more horrible by the reporters' imagination. Failing this, mere murder, arson, barn burning or impudence may do."
| 32
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"place of burial",
"Osu Castle"
] |
Death in Africa
Nkrumah invited Du Bois to the Dominion of Ghana to participate in their independence celebration in 1957, but he was unable to attend because the U.S. government had confiscated his passport in 1951. By 1960 – the "Year of Africa" – Du Bois had recovered his passport, and was able to cross the Atlantic and celebrate the creation of the Republic of Ghana. Du Bois returned to Africa in late 1960 to attend the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African governor of Nigeria.While visiting Ghana in 1960, Du Bois spoke with its president about the creation of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora, the Encyclopedia Africana. In early 1961, Ghana notified Du Bois that they had appropriated funds to support the encyclopedia project, and they invited him to travel to Ghana and manage the project there. In October 1961, at the age of 93, Du Bois and his wife traveled to Ghana to take up residence and commence work on the encyclopedia. In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he made the symbolic gesture of becoming a citizen of Ghana.While it is sometimes stated that Du Bois renounced his U.S. citizenship at that time, and he stated his intention to do so, Du Bois never actually did. His health declined during the two years he was in Ghana; he died on August 27, 1963, in the capital, Accra, at the age of 95. The following day, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for during his entire life, was enacted almost a year after his death.Du Bois was given a state funeral on August 29–30, 1963, at Nkrumah's request, and was buried near the western wall of Christiansborg Castle (now Osu Castle), then the seat of government in Accra. In 1985, another state ceremony honored Du Bois. With the ashes of his wife Shirley Graham Du Bois, who had died in 1977, his body was re-interred at their former home in Accra, which was dedicated the W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture in his memory. Du Bois's first wife Nina, their son Burghardt, and their daughter Yolande, who died in 1961, were buried in the cemetery of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, his hometown.
| 41
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"place of birth",
"Great Barrington"
] |
Early life
Family and childhood
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred and Mary Silvina (née Burghardt) Du Bois. Mary Silvina Burghardt's family was part of the very small free black population of Great Barrington and had long owned land in the state. She was descended from Dutch, African, and English ancestors. William Du Bois's maternal great-great-grandfather was Tom Burghardt, a slave (born in West Africa around 1730) who was held by the Dutch colonist Conraed Burghardt. Tom briefly served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, which may have been how he gained his freedom during the late 18th century. His son Jack Burghardt was the father of Othello Burghardt, who in turn was the father of Mary Silvina Burghardt.William Du Bois claimed Elizabeth Freeman as his relative; he wrote that she had married his great-grandfather Jack Burghardt. But Freeman was 20 years older than Burghardt, and no record of such a marriage has been found. It may have been Freeman's daughter, Betsy Humphrey, who married Burghardt after her first husband, Jonah Humphrey, left the area "around 1811", and after Burghardt's first wife died (c. 1810). If so, Freeman would have been William Du Bois's step-great-great-grandmother. Anecdotal evidence supports Humphrey's marrying Burghardt; a close relationship of some form is likely.William Du Bois's paternal great-grandfather was James Du Bois of Poughkeepsie, New York, an ethnic French-American of Huguenot origin who fathered several children with slave women. One of James' mixed-race sons was Alexander, who was born on Long Cay in the Bahamas in 1803; in 1810, he immigrated to the United States with his father. Alexander Du Bois traveled and worked in Haiti, where he fathered a son, Alfred, with a mistress. Alexander returned to Connecticut, leaving Alfred in Haiti with his mother.Sometime before 1860, Alfred Du Bois immigrated to the United States, settling in Massachusetts. He married Mary Silvina Burghardt on February 5, 1867, in Housatonic, a village in Great Barrington. Alfred left Mary in 1870, two years after their son William was born. Mary Du Bois moved with her son back to her parents' house in Great Barrington, and they lived there until he was five. She worked to support her family (receiving some assistance from her brother and neighbors), until she suffered a stroke in the early 1880s. She died in 1885.Great Barrington had a majority European American community, who generally treated Du Bois well. He attended the local integrated public school and played with white schoolmates. As an adult, he wrote about racism that he felt as a fatherless child and being a minority in the town. But teachers recognized his ability and encouraged his intellectual pursuits, and his rewarding experience with academic studies led him to believe that he could use his knowledge to empower African Americans. He graduated from the town's Searles High School. When he decided to attend college, the congregation of his childhood church, the First Congregational Church of Great Barrington, raised the money for his tuition.Death in Africa
Nkrumah invited Du Bois to the Dominion of Ghana to participate in their independence celebration in 1957, but he was unable to attend because the U.S. government had confiscated his passport in 1951. By 1960 – the "Year of Africa" – Du Bois had recovered his passport, and was able to cross the Atlantic and celebrate the creation of the Republic of Ghana. Du Bois returned to Africa in late 1960 to attend the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African governor of Nigeria.While visiting Ghana in 1960, Du Bois spoke with its president about the creation of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora, the Encyclopedia Africana. In early 1961, Ghana notified Du Bois that they had appropriated funds to support the encyclopedia project, and they invited him to travel to Ghana and manage the project there. In October 1961, at the age of 93, Du Bois and his wife traveled to Ghana to take up residence and commence work on the encyclopedia. In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he made the symbolic gesture of becoming a citizen of Ghana.While it is sometimes stated that Du Bois renounced his U.S. citizenship at that time, and he stated his intention to do so, Du Bois never actually did. His health declined during the two years he was in Ghana; he died on August 27, 1963, in the capital, Accra, at the age of 95. The following day, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for during his entire life, was enacted almost a year after his death.Du Bois was given a state funeral on August 29–30, 1963, at Nkrumah's request, and was buried near the western wall of Christiansborg Castle (now Osu Castle), then the seat of government in Accra. In 1985, another state ceremony honored Du Bois. With the ashes of his wife Shirley Graham Du Bois, who had died in 1977, his body was re-interred at their former home in Accra, which was dedicated the W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture in his memory. Du Bois's first wife Nina, their son Burghardt, and their daughter Yolande, who died in 1961, were buried in the cemetery of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, his hometown.
| 42
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"spouse",
"Shirley Graham Du Bois"
] |
In 1950, at the age of 82, Du Bois ran for U.S. Senator from New York on the American Labor Party ticket and received about 200,000 votes, or 4% of the statewide total. He continued to believe that capitalism was the primary culprit responsible for the subjugation of colored people around the world, and although he recognized the faults of the Soviet Union, he continued to uphold communism as a possible solution to racial problems. In the words of biographer David Lewis, Du Bois did not endorse communism for its own sake, but did so because "the enemies of his enemies were his friends". The same ambiguity characterized his opinions of Joseph Stalin: in 1940 he wrote disdainfully of the "Tyrant Stalin", but when Stalin died in 1953, Du Bois wrote a eulogy characterizing Stalin as "simple, calm, and courageous", and lauding him for being the "first [to] set Russia on the road to conquer race prejudice and make one nation out of its 140 groups without destroying their individuality".The U.S. government prevented Du Bois from attending the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia. The conference was the culmination of 40 years of Du Bois's dreams – a meeting of 29 nations from Africa and Asia, many recently independent, representing most of the world's colored peoples. The conference celebrated those nations' independence as they began to assert their power as non-aligned nations during the Cold War.In 1958, Du Bois regained his passport and with his second wife, Shirley Graham Du Bois, traveled around the world. They visited the Soviet Union and China, to much celebration. Du Bois later wrote approvingly of the conditions in both countries.Du Bois became incensed in 1961 when the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the 1950 McCarran Act, a key piece of McCarthyism legislation which required communists to register with the government. To demonstrate his outrage, he joined the Communist Party in October 1961, at the age of 93. Around that time, he wrote: "I believe in communism. I mean by communism, a planned way of life in the production of wealth and work designed for building a state whose object is the highest welfare of its people and not merely the profit of a part." He asked Herbert Aptheker, a communist and historian of African American history, to be his literary executor.Death in Africa
Nkrumah invited Du Bois to the Dominion of Ghana to participate in their independence celebration in 1957, but he was unable to attend because the U.S. government had confiscated his passport in 1951. By 1960 – the "Year of Africa" – Du Bois had recovered his passport, and was able to cross the Atlantic and celebrate the creation of the Republic of Ghana. Du Bois returned to Africa in late 1960 to attend the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African governor of Nigeria.While visiting Ghana in 1960, Du Bois spoke with its president about the creation of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora, the Encyclopedia Africana. In early 1961, Ghana notified Du Bois that they had appropriated funds to support the encyclopedia project, and they invited him to travel to Ghana and manage the project there. In October 1961, at the age of 93, Du Bois and his wife traveled to Ghana to take up residence and commence work on the encyclopedia. In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he made the symbolic gesture of becoming a citizen of Ghana.While it is sometimes stated that Du Bois renounced his U.S. citizenship at that time, and he stated his intention to do so, Du Bois never actually did. His health declined during the two years he was in Ghana; he died on August 27, 1963, in the capital, Accra, at the age of 95. The following day, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for during his entire life, was enacted almost a year after his death.Du Bois was given a state funeral on August 29–30, 1963, at Nkrumah's request, and was buried near the western wall of Christiansborg Castle (now Osu Castle), then the seat of government in Accra. In 1985, another state ceremony honored Du Bois. With the ashes of his wife Shirley Graham Du Bois, who had died in 1977, his body was re-interred at their former home in Accra, which was dedicated the W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture in his memory. Du Bois's first wife Nina, their son Burghardt, and their daughter Yolande, who died in 1961, were buried in the cemetery of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, his hometown.Personal life
Du Bois was organized and disciplined: his lifelong regimen was to rise at 7:15, work until 5:00, eat dinner and read a newspaper until 7:00, then read or socialize until he was in bed, invariably before 10:00. He was a meticulous planner, and frequently mapped out his schedules and goals on large pieces of graph paper. Many acquaintances found him to be distant and aloof, and he insisted on being addressed as "Dr. Du Bois". Although he was not gregarious, he formed several close friendships with associates such as Charles Young, Paul Laurence Dunbar, John Hope, Mary White Ovington, and Albert Einstein.His closest friend was Joel Spingarn – a white man – but Du Bois never accepted Spingarn's offer to be on a first-name basis. Du Bois was something of a dandy – he dressed formally, carried a walking stick, and walked with an air of confidence and dignity. He was relatively short, standing at 5 feet 5.5 inches (166 cm), and always maintained a well-groomed mustache and goatee. He enjoyed singing and playing tennis.Du Bois married Nina Gomer (b. about 1870, m. 1896, d. 1950), with whom he had two children. Their son Burghardt died as an infant before their second child, daughter Yolande, was born. Yolande attended Fisk University and became a high school teacher in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father encouraged her marriage to Countee Cullen, a nationally known poet of the Harlem Renaissance. They divorced within two years. She married again and had a daughter, Du Bois's only grandchild. That marriage also ended in divorce.As a widower, Du Bois married Shirley Graham (m. 1951, d. 1977), an author, playwright, composer, and activist. She brought her son David Graham to the marriage. David grew close to Du Bois and took his stepfather's name; he also worked for African-American causes. The historian David Levering Lewis wrote that Du Bois engaged in several extramarital relationships.
| 53
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"relative",
"Othello Burghardt"
] |
Early life
Family and childhood
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred and Mary Silvina (née Burghardt) Du Bois. Mary Silvina Burghardt's family was part of the very small free black population of Great Barrington and had long owned land in the state. She was descended from Dutch, African, and English ancestors. William Du Bois's maternal great-great-grandfather was Tom Burghardt, a slave (born in West Africa around 1730) who was held by the Dutch colonist Conraed Burghardt. Tom briefly served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, which may have been how he gained his freedom during the late 18th century. His son Jack Burghardt was the father of Othello Burghardt, who in turn was the father of Mary Silvina Burghardt.William Du Bois claimed Elizabeth Freeman as his relative; he wrote that she had married his great-grandfather Jack Burghardt. But Freeman was 20 years older than Burghardt, and no record of such a marriage has been found. It may have been Freeman's daughter, Betsy Humphrey, who married Burghardt after her first husband, Jonah Humphrey, left the area "around 1811", and after Burghardt's first wife died (c. 1810). If so, Freeman would have been William Du Bois's step-great-great-grandmother. Anecdotal evidence supports Humphrey's marrying Burghardt; a close relationship of some form is likely.William Du Bois's paternal great-grandfather was James Du Bois of Poughkeepsie, New York, an ethnic French-American of Huguenot origin who fathered several children with slave women. One of James' mixed-race sons was Alexander, who was born on Long Cay in the Bahamas in 1803; in 1810, he immigrated to the United States with his father. Alexander Du Bois traveled and worked in Haiti, where he fathered a son, Alfred, with a mistress. Alexander returned to Connecticut, leaving Alfred in Haiti with his mother.Sometime before 1860, Alfred Du Bois immigrated to the United States, settling in Massachusetts. He married Mary Silvina Burghardt on February 5, 1867, in Housatonic, a village in Great Barrington. Alfred left Mary in 1870, two years after their son William was born. Mary Du Bois moved with her son back to her parents' house in Great Barrington, and they lived there until he was five. She worked to support her family (receiving some assistance from her brother and neighbors), until she suffered a stroke in the early 1880s. She died in 1885.Great Barrington had a majority European American community, who generally treated Du Bois well. He attended the local integrated public school and played with white schoolmates. As an adult, he wrote about racism that he felt as a fatherless child and being a minority in the town. But teachers recognized his ability and encouraged his intellectual pursuits, and his rewarding experience with academic studies led him to believe that he could use his knowledge to empower African Americans. He graduated from the town's Searles High School. When he decided to attend college, the congregation of his childhood church, the First Congregational Church of Great Barrington, raised the money for his tuition.
| 57
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"place of burial",
"W.E.B. Dubois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture"
] |
Death in Africa
Nkrumah invited Du Bois to the Dominion of Ghana to participate in their independence celebration in 1957, but he was unable to attend because the U.S. government had confiscated his passport in 1951. By 1960 – the "Year of Africa" – Du Bois had recovered his passport, and was able to cross the Atlantic and celebrate the creation of the Republic of Ghana. Du Bois returned to Africa in late 1960 to attend the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African governor of Nigeria.While visiting Ghana in 1960, Du Bois spoke with its president about the creation of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora, the Encyclopedia Africana. In early 1961, Ghana notified Du Bois that they had appropriated funds to support the encyclopedia project, and they invited him to travel to Ghana and manage the project there. In October 1961, at the age of 93, Du Bois and his wife traveled to Ghana to take up residence and commence work on the encyclopedia. In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he made the symbolic gesture of becoming a citizen of Ghana.While it is sometimes stated that Du Bois renounced his U.S. citizenship at that time, and he stated his intention to do so, Du Bois never actually did. His health declined during the two years he was in Ghana; he died on August 27, 1963, in the capital, Accra, at the age of 95. The following day, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for during his entire life, was enacted almost a year after his death.Du Bois was given a state funeral on August 29–30, 1963, at Nkrumah's request, and was buried near the western wall of Christiansborg Castle (now Osu Castle), then the seat of government in Accra. In 1985, another state ceremony honored Du Bois. With the ashes of his wife Shirley Graham Du Bois, who had died in 1977, his body was re-interred at their former home in Accra, which was dedicated the W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture in his memory. Du Bois's first wife Nina, their son Burghardt, and their daughter Yolande, who died in 1961, were buried in the cemetery of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, his hometown.
| 75
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"child",
"Yolande Du Bois"
] |
Personal life
Du Bois was organized and disciplined: his lifelong regimen was to rise at 7:15, work until 5:00, eat dinner and read a newspaper until 7:00, then read or socialize until he was in bed, invariably before 10:00. He was a meticulous planner, and frequently mapped out his schedules and goals on large pieces of graph paper. Many acquaintances found him to be distant and aloof, and he insisted on being addressed as "Dr. Du Bois". Although he was not gregarious, he formed several close friendships with associates such as Charles Young, Paul Laurence Dunbar, John Hope, Mary White Ovington, and Albert Einstein.His closest friend was Joel Spingarn – a white man – but Du Bois never accepted Spingarn's offer to be on a first-name basis. Du Bois was something of a dandy – he dressed formally, carried a walking stick, and walked with an air of confidence and dignity. He was relatively short, standing at 5 feet 5.5 inches (166 cm), and always maintained a well-groomed mustache and goatee. He enjoyed singing and playing tennis.Du Bois married Nina Gomer (b. about 1870, m. 1896, d. 1950), with whom he had two children. Their son Burghardt died as an infant before their second child, daughter Yolande, was born. Yolande attended Fisk University and became a high school teacher in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father encouraged her marriage to Countee Cullen, a nationally known poet of the Harlem Renaissance. They divorced within two years. She married again and had a daughter, Du Bois's only grandchild. That marriage also ended in divorce.
| 77
|
[
"W. E. B. Du Bois",
"spouse",
"Nina Gomer Du Bois"
] |
Death in Africa
Nkrumah invited Du Bois to the Dominion of Ghana to participate in their independence celebration in 1957, but he was unable to attend because the U.S. government had confiscated his passport in 1951. By 1960 – the "Year of Africa" – Du Bois had recovered his passport, and was able to cross the Atlantic and celebrate the creation of the Republic of Ghana. Du Bois returned to Africa in late 1960 to attend the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African governor of Nigeria.While visiting Ghana in 1960, Du Bois spoke with its president about the creation of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora, the Encyclopedia Africana. In early 1961, Ghana notified Du Bois that they had appropriated funds to support the encyclopedia project, and they invited him to travel to Ghana and manage the project there. In October 1961, at the age of 93, Du Bois and his wife traveled to Ghana to take up residence and commence work on the encyclopedia. In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he made the symbolic gesture of becoming a citizen of Ghana.While it is sometimes stated that Du Bois renounced his U.S. citizenship at that time, and he stated his intention to do so, Du Bois never actually did. His health declined during the two years he was in Ghana; he died on August 27, 1963, in the capital, Accra, at the age of 95. The following day, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for during his entire life, was enacted almost a year after his death.Du Bois was given a state funeral on August 29–30, 1963, at Nkrumah's request, and was buried near the western wall of Christiansborg Castle (now Osu Castle), then the seat of government in Accra. In 1985, another state ceremony honored Du Bois. With the ashes of his wife Shirley Graham Du Bois, who had died in 1977, his body was re-interred at their former home in Accra, which was dedicated the W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture in his memory. Du Bois's first wife Nina, their son Burghardt, and their daughter Yolande, who died in 1961, were buried in the cemetery of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, his hometown.
| 78
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 0
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"country of citizenship",
"Germany"
] |
Biography
Rugendas was born in Augsburg, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire, now (Germany), into the seventh generation of a family of noted painters and engravers of Augsburg (he was a great grandson of Georg Philipp Rugendas, 1666–1742, a celebrated painter of battles). He first studied drawing and engraving with his father, Johann Lorenz Rugendas II (1775–1826). From 1815-17, he studied with Albrecht Adam (1786–1862), and later in the Academy de Arts of Munich, with Lorenzo Quaglio II (1793–1869). When Rugendas was born, Augsburg was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic Wars, in 1806 it had the status of a city in the newly created Kingdom of Bavaria.
| 1
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"German"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 2
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"place of birth",
"Augsburg"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.Biography
Rugendas was born in Augsburg, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire, now (Germany), into the seventh generation of a family of noted painters and engravers of Augsburg (he was a great grandson of Georg Philipp Rugendas, 1666–1742, a celebrated painter of battles). He first studied drawing and engraving with his father, Johann Lorenz Rugendas II (1775–1826). From 1815-17, he studied with Albrecht Adam (1786–1862), and later in the Academy de Arts of Munich, with Lorenzo Quaglio II (1793–1869). When Rugendas was born, Augsburg was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic Wars, in 1806 it had the status of a city in the newly created Kingdom of Bavaria.
| 4
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"place of death",
"Weilheim an der Teck"
] |
Death
He died on 29 May 1858 in Weilheim an der Teck, Germany. King Maximilian II of Bavaria had acquired most of his works in exchange for a life pension. His painting Columbus Taking Possession of the New World (1855) has been on view at the Neue Pinakothek, in Munich.
| 5
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"occupation",
"painter"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 8
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"residence",
"Augsburg"
] |
On his return to Europe between 1825 and 1828, Rugendas lived successively in Paris, Augsburg and Munich, with the aim of learning new art techniques, such as oil painting. There, he published from 1827 to 1835, with the help of Victor Aimé Huber, his monumental book Voyage Pittoresque dans le Brésil (Picturesque Voyage to Brazil), with more than 500 illustrations. It was considered one of the most important documents about Brazil in the 19th century.
| 10
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 18
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"given name",
"Johann"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.Biography
Rugendas was born in Augsburg, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire, now (Germany), into the seventh generation of a family of noted painters and engravers of Augsburg (he was a great grandson of Georg Philipp Rugendas, 1666–1742, a celebrated painter of battles). He first studied drawing and engraving with his father, Johann Lorenz Rugendas II (1775–1826). From 1815-17, he studied with Albrecht Adam (1786–1862), and later in the Academy de Arts of Munich, with Lorenzo Quaglio II (1793–1869). When Rugendas was born, Augsburg was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic Wars, in 1806 it had the status of a city in the newly created Kingdom of Bavaria.
| 26
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"given name",
"Moritz"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 27
|
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"notable work",
"View of the Valley of Mexico with Volcanoes and the Texcoco Lake"
] |
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered "by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America." He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.
| 29
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 0
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"writing language",
"English"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 2
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"place of birth",
"Edinburgh"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.Early life
The son of William Thomson, a tobacco spinner and retail trader, and his wife Isabella Newlands, Thomson was born the eighth of nine children in Edinburgh in the year of Queen Victoria's accession. From 1841 the family lived at 6 Brighton Street in Edinburgh's South Side (now marked by a plaque).After his schooling in the early 1850s, he was apprenticed to a local optical and scientific instrument manufacturer, thought to be James Mackay Bryson. During this time, Thomson learned the principles of photography and completed his apprenticeship around 1858.
During this time he also undertook two years of evening classes at the Watt Institution and School of Arts (formerly the Edinburgh School of Arts, later to become Heriot-Watt University). He received the "Attestation of Proficiency" in natural philosophy in 1857, and in junior mathematics and chemistry in 1858. In 1861, he became a member of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, but by 1862 he had decided to travel to Singapore to join his older brother William, a watchmaker and photographer.
| 4
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"occupation",
"photographer"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 5
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"has works in the collection",
"Victoria and Albert Museum"
] |
Legacy
Thomson was an accomplished photographer in many areas, including landscapes, portraiture, street photography, and architectural photography, and his legacy is one of outstanding quality and breadth of coverage. His photography from the Far East enlightened the Victorian audience of Britain about the land, people, and cultures of China and South-East Asia. His pioneering work documenting the social conditions of the street people of London established him as one of the pioneers of photojournalism, and his publishing activities mark him out as an innovator in combining photography with the printed word.
In recognition of his work, one of the peaks of Mount Kenya was named "Point Thomson" on his death in 1921. That same year, Henry Wellcome acquired a collection of glass negatives, totalling over 600, that were owned by Thomson. Today they are in the collection of the Wellcome Library. Some of Thomson's work may be seen at the Royal Geographical Society's headquarters in London. Other museums with Thomson's work in their collections include the Museum of Modern Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the National Science and Media Museum, and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.Through the Lens of John Thomson: China and Siam, a selection of Thomson's photographs from the Wellcome Library, London, is currently touring internationally.
| 12
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"occupation",
"geographer"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 20
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"has works in the collection",
"Wereldmuseum Rotterdam"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 24
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"family name",
"Thomson"
] |
Early life
The son of William Thomson, a tobacco spinner and retail trader, and his wife Isabella Newlands, Thomson was born the eighth of nine children in Edinburgh in the year of Queen Victoria's accession. From 1841 the family lived at 6 Brighton Street in Edinburgh's South Side (now marked by a plaque).After his schooling in the early 1850s, he was apprenticed to a local optical and scientific instrument manufacturer, thought to be James Mackay Bryson. During this time, Thomson learned the principles of photography and completed his apprenticeship around 1858.
During this time he also undertook two years of evening classes at the Watt Institution and School of Arts (formerly the Edinburgh School of Arts, later to become Heriot-Watt University). He received the "Attestation of Proficiency" in natural philosophy in 1857, and in junior mathematics and chemistry in 1858. In 1861, he became a member of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, but by 1862 he had decided to travel to Singapore to join his older brother William, a watchmaker and photographer.
| 28
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"has works in the collection",
"Museum of Modern Art"
] |
Legacy
Thomson was an accomplished photographer in many areas, including landscapes, portraiture, street photography, and architectural photography, and his legacy is one of outstanding quality and breadth of coverage. His photography from the Far East enlightened the Victorian audience of Britain about the land, people, and cultures of China and South-East Asia. His pioneering work documenting the social conditions of the street people of London established him as one of the pioneers of photojournalism, and his publishing activities mark him out as an innovator in combining photography with the printed word.
In recognition of his work, one of the peaks of Mount Kenya was named "Point Thomson" on his death in 1921. That same year, Henry Wellcome acquired a collection of glass negatives, totalling over 600, that were owned by Thomson. Today they are in the collection of the Wellcome Library. Some of Thomson's work may be seen at the Royal Geographical Society's headquarters in London. Other museums with Thomson's work in their collections include the Museum of Modern Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the National Science and Media Museum, and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.Through the Lens of John Thomson: China and Siam, a selection of Thomson's photographs from the Wellcome Library, London, is currently touring internationally.
| 30
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"manner of death",
"natural causes"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 31
|
[
"John Thomson (photographer)",
"given name",
"John"
] |
John Thomson FRGS (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.
| 33
|
[
"Yamashita Yoshitsugu",
"student of",
"Kanō Jigorō"
] |
Biography
Early years
Yamashita was born in Kanazawa, then the capital of the powerful Kaga Domain. His father was of the samurai class. As a boy, Yamashita trained in the traditional (koryū) Japanese martial arts schools of Yōshin-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu. In August 1884, he joined the Kodokan judo dojo of his childhood friend Kano Jigoro as its nineteenth member. He advanced to first degree black belt (shodan) rank in three months, fourth degree (yodan) ranking in two years, and sixth degree (rokudan) in fourteen years. He was prone to discuss the philosophy of judo with Kano, as Yamashita initially believed power should be applied before technique.He was a member of the Kodokan team that competed with Tokyo Metropolitan Police jujutsu teams during the mid-1880s, and during the 1890s, his jobs included teaching judo at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and Tokyo Imperial University (modern University of Tokyo). His role as a Kodokan competitor was specially notable in the Kodokan-Totsuka rivalry, in 1886. He fought and dominated famed jujutsuka Taro Terushima, although the match went to a draw when Terushima resorted to groundwork. He later rematched him, knocking him out with a hard ippon seoi nage.A notoriously violent man, Yamashita was known for his many street fights. In the most famous instance, he got involved in a brawl with no less than 17 laborers in Tokyo due to a dispute in a restaurant. Despite their vast numeric advantage, added to the fact that some of them wielded knives, Yamashita and a fellow judoka disposed of all the men, purposely breaking the arms of three of them in the process. Shortly after, Yoshiaki would get into another quarrel with another cadre of laborers, this time him against 15 of them, but it ended up the same way: Yamashita maimed his attackers with chokes and throws, and even killed some of them by breaking their necks. He was arrested, but was easily acquitted after proving the uneven nature of the brawls. However, he was still suspended by the Kodokan for excessive use of violence. When confronted by Kano himself, Yamashita protested and went to the extent of challenging his master to a fight, but Kano convinced to stop his violent ways by making him realize that some day he might be harmed the same way he liked to harm people.
| 6
|
[
"Yamashita Yoshitsugu",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Yamashita Yoshitsugu (山下 義韶, February 16, 1865 – October 26, 1935), also known as Yamashita Yoshiaki, was a Japanese judoka. He was the first person to have been awarded 10th degree red belt (jūdan) rank in Kodokan judo, although posthumously. He was also one of the Four Guardians of the Kodokan, and a pioneer of judo in the United States.Biography
Early years
Yamashita was born in Kanazawa, then the capital of the powerful Kaga Domain. His father was of the samurai class. As a boy, Yamashita trained in the traditional (koryū) Japanese martial arts schools of Yōshin-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu. In August 1884, he joined the Kodokan judo dojo of his childhood friend Kano Jigoro as its nineteenth member. He advanced to first degree black belt (shodan) rank in three months, fourth degree (yodan) ranking in two years, and sixth degree (rokudan) in fourteen years. He was prone to discuss the philosophy of judo with Kano, as Yamashita initially believed power should be applied before technique.He was a member of the Kodokan team that competed with Tokyo Metropolitan Police jujutsu teams during the mid-1880s, and during the 1890s, his jobs included teaching judo at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and Tokyo Imperial University (modern University of Tokyo). His role as a Kodokan competitor was specially notable in the Kodokan-Totsuka rivalry, in 1886. He fought and dominated famed jujutsuka Taro Terushima, although the match went to a draw when Terushima resorted to groundwork. He later rematched him, knocking him out with a hard ippon seoi nage.A notoriously violent man, Yamashita was known for his many street fights. In the most famous instance, he got involved in a brawl with no less than 17 laborers in Tokyo due to a dispute in a restaurant. Despite their vast numeric advantage, added to the fact that some of them wielded knives, Yamashita and a fellow judoka disposed of all the men, purposely breaking the arms of three of them in the process. Shortly after, Yoshiaki would get into another quarrel with another cadre of laborers, this time him against 15 of them, but it ended up the same way: Yamashita maimed his attackers with chokes and throws, and even killed some of them by breaking their necks. He was arrested, but was easily acquitted after proving the uneven nature of the brawls. However, he was still suspended by the Kodokan for excessive use of violence. When confronted by Kano himself, Yamashita protested and went to the extent of challenging his master to a fight, but Kano convinced to stop his violent ways by making him realize that some day he might be harmed the same way he liked to harm people.
| 9
|
[
"Yamashita Yoshitsugu",
"family name",
"Yamashita"
] |
Biography
Early years
Yamashita was born in Kanazawa, then the capital of the powerful Kaga Domain. His father was of the samurai class. As a boy, Yamashita trained in the traditional (koryū) Japanese martial arts schools of Yōshin-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu. In August 1884, he joined the Kodokan judo dojo of his childhood friend Kano Jigoro as its nineteenth member. He advanced to first degree black belt (shodan) rank in three months, fourth degree (yodan) ranking in two years, and sixth degree (rokudan) in fourteen years. He was prone to discuss the philosophy of judo with Kano, as Yamashita initially believed power should be applied before technique.He was a member of the Kodokan team that competed with Tokyo Metropolitan Police jujutsu teams during the mid-1880s, and during the 1890s, his jobs included teaching judo at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and Tokyo Imperial University (modern University of Tokyo). His role as a Kodokan competitor was specially notable in the Kodokan-Totsuka rivalry, in 1886. He fought and dominated famed jujutsuka Taro Terushima, although the match went to a draw when Terushima resorted to groundwork. He later rematched him, knocking him out with a hard ippon seoi nage.A notoriously violent man, Yamashita was known for his many street fights. In the most famous instance, he got involved in a brawl with no less than 17 laborers in Tokyo due to a dispute in a restaurant. Despite their vast numeric advantage, added to the fact that some of them wielded knives, Yamashita and a fellow judoka disposed of all the men, purposely breaking the arms of three of them in the process. Shortly after, Yoshiaki would get into another quarrel with another cadre of laborers, this time him against 15 of them, but it ended up the same way: Yamashita maimed his attackers with chokes and throws, and even killed some of them by breaking their necks. He was arrested, but was easily acquitted after proving the uneven nature of the brawls. However, he was still suspended by the Kodokan for excessive use of violence. When confronted by Kano himself, Yamashita protested and went to the extent of challenging his master to a fight, but Kano convinced to stop his violent ways by making him realize that some day he might be harmed the same way he liked to harm people.
| 11
|
[
"Yamashita Yoshitsugu",
"occupation",
"judoka"
] |
Yamashita Yoshitsugu (山下 義韶, February 16, 1865 – October 26, 1935), also known as Yamashita Yoshiaki, was a Japanese judoka. He was the first person to have been awarded 10th degree red belt (jūdan) rank in Kodokan judo, although posthumously. He was also one of the Four Guardians of the Kodokan, and a pioneer of judo in the United States.
| 12
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Lionel Delevingne (born in France) is an author, journalist, and photojournalist who has lived in the United States since 1975. According to Véronique Prévost of Figaro/Journal Français, "Delevingne is beholden to the lineage of great picture journalists, and his talent, if not his inspiration, makes you think of the master of the genre, Cartier-Bresson."Delevingne is particularly known for his photographs of the anti-nuclear power/safe energy movement, chronicling the Seabrook nuclear power plant occupations in the 1970s, as well as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. He has won a number of photography awards, and his work has been featured on covers including New Age, Mother Jones, Washington Post Magazine, and Irish Times. Many of his photos have been published in books about the environment and the safe energy movement, and he has co-authored several books. In 2014, he authored the book To the Village Square: From Montague to Fukushima, 1975-2014 on Nouveau Monde Press in collaboration with Prospecta Press. Current photographs are featured in the December 2019 issue of Orion Magazine.
See images on instagram.
| 0
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"place of birth",
"France"
] |
Early life
Lionel Delevingne was born and raised in France. He studied education at Ecole Normale d'instituteurs d'Auteuil (ENI Paris), before moving permanently to the United States in 1975. He founded the publishing company Delevingne & Associates in 1980.
| 2
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"archives at",
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
] |
Collections, solo exhibitions
His work is in the permanent collections of notable institutions including Fnac Galleries in Paris, France, Musee Nicephore Niepce in Chalon sur Saône , SUNY Arts Center in Albany, New York, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, Lowell City Library in Lowell, Massachusetts, the Smith College Art Museum and Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. The Dubois Library Special Collections at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst has an extensive archive of his photographs.The following is a list of Delevingne's solo exhibitions:
| 3
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"occupation",
"photographer"
] |
Career
1970s: Environmental photos
After settling in Northampton, Massachusetts, and working as a writer/photographer for publications such as the Valley Advocate, and In These TimesLionel Delevingne became particularly known for his documentary photographs of the anti-nuclear power/safe energy movement. He provided extensive coverage of the Clamshell Alliance occupations of the Seabrook nuclear power plant site in the 1970s, and also chronicled the aftermath of destruction and protest following major accidents at Three Mile Island in the United States, Chernobyl, Ukraine, and Fukushima, Japan. He published his photos both internationally and in the United States, including in Le Sauvage, one of the first ecological magazines in France.Many of his photos have been published in books about the safe energy movement, including No Nukes by Anna Gyorgy (South End Press, 1979), and in his 2014 book To The Village Square. A photo essay of his work on Chernobyl appeared on the website of Mother Jones in 2009.
According to Veronique Prevost of Figaro/Journal Francais, "Delevingne is beholden to the lineage of great picture journalists, and his talent, if not his inspiration, makes you think of the master of the genre, Cartier-Bresson."
| 4
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Lionel Delevingne (born in France) is an author, journalist, and photojournalist who has lived in the United States since 1975. According to Véronique Prévost of Figaro/Journal Français, "Delevingne is beholden to the lineage of great picture journalists, and his talent, if not his inspiration, makes you think of the master of the genre, Cartier-Bresson."Delevingne is particularly known for his photographs of the anti-nuclear power/safe energy movement, chronicling the Seabrook nuclear power plant occupations in the 1970s, as well as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. He has won a number of photography awards, and his work has been featured on covers including New Age, Mother Jones, Washington Post Magazine, and Irish Times. Many of his photos have been published in books about the environment and the safe energy movement, and he has co-authored several books. In 2014, he authored the book To the Village Square: From Montague to Fukushima, 1975-2014 on Nouveau Monde Press in collaboration with Prospecta Press. Current photographs are featured in the December 2019 issue of Orion Magazine.
See images on instagram.
| 5
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"given name",
"Lionel"
] |
Lionel Delevingne (born in France) is an author, journalist, and photojournalist who has lived in the United States since 1975. According to Véronique Prévost of Figaro/Journal Français, "Delevingne is beholden to the lineage of great picture journalists, and his talent, if not his inspiration, makes you think of the master of the genre, Cartier-Bresson."Delevingne is particularly known for his photographs of the anti-nuclear power/safe energy movement, chronicling the Seabrook nuclear power plant occupations in the 1970s, as well as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. He has won a number of photography awards, and his work has been featured on covers including New Age, Mother Jones, Washington Post Magazine, and Irish Times. Many of his photos have been published in books about the environment and the safe energy movement, and he has co-authored several books. In 2014, he authored the book To the Village Square: From Montague to Fukushima, 1975-2014 on Nouveau Monde Press in collaboration with Prospecta Press. Current photographs are featured in the December 2019 issue of Orion Magazine.
See images on instagram.
| 6
|
[
"Lionel Delevingne",
"family name",
"Delevingne"
] |
Lionel Delevingne (born in France) is an author, journalist, and photojournalist who has lived in the United States since 1975. According to Véronique Prévost of Figaro/Journal Français, "Delevingne is beholden to the lineage of great picture journalists, and his talent, if not his inspiration, makes you think of the master of the genre, Cartier-Bresson."Delevingne is particularly known for his photographs of the anti-nuclear power/safe energy movement, chronicling the Seabrook nuclear power plant occupations in the 1970s, as well as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. He has won a number of photography awards, and his work has been featured on covers including New Age, Mother Jones, Washington Post Magazine, and Irish Times. Many of his photos have been published in books about the environment and the safe energy movement, and he has co-authored several books. In 2014, he authored the book To the Village Square: From Montague to Fukushima, 1975-2014 on Nouveau Monde Press in collaboration with Prospecta Press. Current photographs are featured in the December 2019 issue of Orion Magazine.
See images on instagram.
| 7
|
[
"Maurice A. Donahue",
"employer",
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
] |
Maurice A. Donahue (September 21, 1918 – January 13, 1999) was an American politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1964 to 1971.
Donahue was first elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1950 after spending two years in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He became the Senate Majority Leader in 1958 and was elected Senate President in 1964. In the same year, and in conjunction with House Majority Whip Robert H. Quinn, Donahue introduced a corresponding bill in the Senate to establish the University of Massachusetts Boston. In 1970 he ran for Governor of Massachusetts, but lost the Democratic nomination to Boston Mayor Kevin H. White. He resigned from the Senate in 1971 to become Professor of Political Science and Director of the Institute for Governmental Services at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In February 1989 the Institute was renamed in his honor and is now known as the UMass Donahue Institute.He was a Knight of Columbus and a past grand knight of Holyoke Council number 90. Honoring Donahue is the Maurice A. Donohue Elementary School and the Maurice A. Donahue Building at Holyoke Community College both located in Holyoke, Massachusetts.
| 6
|
[
"Maurice A. Donahue",
"member of political party",
"Democratic Party"
] |
Maurice A. Donahue (September 21, 1918 – January 13, 1999) was an American politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1964 to 1971.
Donahue was first elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1950 after spending two years in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He became the Senate Majority Leader in 1958 and was elected Senate President in 1964. In the same year, and in conjunction with House Majority Whip Robert H. Quinn, Donahue introduced a corresponding bill in the Senate to establish the University of Massachusetts Boston. In 1970 he ran for Governor of Massachusetts, but lost the Democratic nomination to Boston Mayor Kevin H. White. He resigned from the Senate in 1971 to become Professor of Political Science and Director of the Institute for Governmental Services at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In February 1989 the Institute was renamed in his honor and is now known as the UMass Donahue Institute.He was a Knight of Columbus and a past grand knight of Holyoke Council number 90. Honoring Donahue is the Maurice A. Donohue Elementary School and the Maurice A. Donahue Building at Holyoke Community College both located in Holyoke, Massachusetts.
| 10
|
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