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Freethought-History-The Freethinker magazine was first published in Britain in 1881; it continued in print until 2014, and still exists as a web-based publication. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-France In France, the concept first appeared in publication in 1765 when Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and Voltaire included an article on Liberté de penser in their Encyclopédie. The concept of free thought spread so widely that even places as remote as the Jotunheimen, in Norway, had wel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-The 19th century saw the emergence of a specific notion of Libre-Pensée ("free thought"), with writer Victor Hugo as one of its major early proponents. French Freethinkers (Libre-Penseurs) associate freedom of thought, political anti-clericalism and socialist leanings. The main organisation referrin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Germany In Germany, during the period 1815–1848 and before the March Revolution, the resistance of citizens against the dogma of the church increased. In 1844, under the influence of Johannes Ronge and Robert Blum, belief in the rights of man, tolerance among men, and humanism grew, and by 1859 they... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933, most free thought organizations were banned, though some right-wing groups that worked with so-called Völkische Bünde (literally "ethnic" associations with nationalist, xenophobic and very often racist ideology) were tolerated by the Nazis until the mid-1930... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Since the 19th century, free thought in the Netherlands has become more well known as a political phenomenon through at least three currents: liberal freethinking, conservative freethinking, and classical freethinking. In other words, parties which identify as freethinking tend to favor non-doctrina... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Switzerland With the introduction of cantonal church taxes in the 1870s, anti-clericals began to organise themselves. Around 1870, a "freethinkers club" was founded in Zürich. During the debate on the Zürich church law in 1883, professor Friedrich Salomon Vögelin and city council member Kunz propose... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Turkey In the last years of the Ottoman Empire, free thought made its voice heard by the works of distinguished people such as Ahmet Rıza, Tevfik Fikret, Abdullah Cevdet, Kılıçzade Hakkı, and Celal Nuri İleri. These intellectuals affected the early period of the Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Atatü... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-United States The Free Thought movement first organized itself in the United States as the "Free Press Association" in 1827 in defense of George Houston, publisher of The Correspondent, an early journal of Biblical criticism in an era when blasphemy convictions were still possible. Houston had helpe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-Driven by the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the 19th century saw an immigration of German freethinkers and anti-clericalists to the United States (see Forty-Eighters). In the United States, they hoped to be able to live by their principles, without interference from government and church... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-German Freethinker settlements were located in: Burlington, Racine County, Wisconsin Belleville, St. Clair County, Illinois Castell, Llano County, Texas Comfort, Kendall County, Texas Davenport, Scott County, Iowa Fond du Lac, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Frelsburg, Colorado County, Texas Hermann, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Freethought-History-In 1901 the Catalan anarchist and freethinker Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia established "modern" or progressive schools in Barcelona in defiance of an educational system controlled by the Catholic Church.
The schools had the stated goal to "educate the working class in a rational, secular and non-coerci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Metal–organic framework-Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds consisting of metal clusters (also known as SBUs) coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures. The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as "struts" or "linkers", ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Metal–organic framework-More formally, a metal–organic framework is an organic-inorganic porous extended structure. An extended structure is a structure whose sub-units occur in a constant ratio and are arranged in a repeating pattern. MOFs are a subclass of coordination networks, which is a coo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Structure-MOFs are composed of two main components: an inorganic metal cluster (often referred to as a secondary-building unit or SBU) and an organic molecule called a linker. For this reason, the materials are often referred to as hybrid organic-inorganic materials. The organic units are typica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Structure-To describe and organize the structures of MOFs, a system of nomenclature has been developed. Subunits of a MOF, called secondary building units (SBUs), can be described by topologies common to several structures. Each topology, also called a net, is assigned a symbol, consisting of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-General synthesis The study of MOFs has roots in coordination chemistry and solid-state inorganic chemistry, but it developed into a new field. In addition, MOFs are constructed from bridging organic ligands that remain intact throughout the synthesis. Zeolite synthesis often makes use... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Since ligands in MOFs typically bind reversibly, the slow growth of crystals often allows defects to be redissolved, resulting in a material with millimeter-scale crystals and a near-equilibrium defect density. Solvothermal synthesis is useful for growing crystals suitable to structure... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Some MOFs, such as the mesoporous MIL-100(Fe), can be obtained under mild conditions at room temperature and in green solvents (water, ethanol) through scalable synthesis methods. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-A solvent-free synthesis of a range of crystalline MOFs has been described. Usually the metal acetate and the organic proligand are mixed and ground up with a ball mill. Cu3(BTC)2 can be quickly synthesised in this way in quantitative yield. In the case of Cu3(BTC)2 the morphology of t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-High-throughput synthesis High-throughput (HT) methods are a part of combinatorial chemistry and a tool for increasing efficiency. There are two synthetic strategies within the HT-methods: In the combinatorial approach, all reactions take place in one vessel, which leads to product mix... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-In addition to solvothermal synthesis, there have been advances in using supercritical fluid as a solvent in a continuous flow reactor. Supercritical water was first used in 2012 to synthesize copper and nickel-based MOFs in just seconds. In 2020, supercritical carbon dioxide was used ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-High-throughput solvothermal synthesis In high-throughput solvothermal synthesis, a solvothermal reactor with (e.g.) 24 cavities for teflon reactors is used. Such a reactor is sometimes referred to as a multiclav. The reactor block or reactor insert is made of stainless steel and conta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Pseudomorphic replication Pseudomorphic mineral replacement events occur whenever a mineral phase comes into contact with a fluid with which it is out of equilibrium. Re-equilibration will tend to take place to reduce the free energy and transform the initial phase into a more thermody... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Post-synthetic modification Although the three-dimensional structure and internal environment of the pores can be in theory controlled through proper selection of nodes and organic linking groups, the direct synthesis of such materials with the desired functionalities can be difficult ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Ligand exchange Post-synthetic modification techniques can be used to exchange an existing organic linking group in a prefabricated MOF with a new linker by ligand exchange or partial ligand exchange. This exchange allows for the pores and, in some cases the overall framework of MOFs, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Metal exchange Post-synthetic modification techniques can also be used to exchange an existing metal ion in a prefabricated MOF with a new metal ion by metal ion exchange. The complete metal metathesis from an integral part of the framework has been achieved without altering the framew... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Stratified synthesis In addition to modifying the functionality of the ligands and metals themselves, post-synthetic modification can be used to expand upon the structure of the MOF. Using post-synthetic modification MOFs can be converted from a highly ordered crystalline material towa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Synthesis-Open coordination sites In some cases MOF metal nodes have an unsaturated environment, and it is possible to modify this environment using different techniques. If the size of the ligand matches the size of the pore aperture, it is possible to install additional ligands to existing MOF... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Composite materials-Another approach to increasing adsorption in MOFs is to alter the system in such a way that chemisorption becomes possible. This functionality has been introduced by making a composite material, which contains a MOF and a complex of platinum with activated carbon. In an effec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-MOFs have potential as heterogeneous catalysts, although applications have not been commercialized. Their high surface area, tunable porosity, diversity in metal and functional groups make them especially attractive for use as catalysts. Zeolites are extraordinarily useful in catalysis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Design Like other heterogeneous catalysts, MOFs may allow for easier post-reaction separation and recyclability than homogeneous catalysts. In some cases, they also give a highly enhanced catalyst stability. Additionally, they typically offer substrate-size selectivity. Nevertheless, w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Metal ions or metal clusters Among the earliest reports of MOF-based catalysis was the cyanosilylation of aldehydes by a 2D MOF (layered square grids) of formula Cd(4,4′-bpy)2(NO3)2. This investigation centered mainly on size- and shape-selective clathration. A second set of examples w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Functional struts The porous-framework material [Cu3(btc)2(H2O)3], also known as HKUST-1, contains large cavities having windows of diameter ~6 Å. The coordinated water molecules are easily removed, leaving open Cu(II) sites. Kaskel and co-workers showed that these Lewis acid sites cou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Encapsulated catalysts The MOF encapsulation approach invites comparison to earlier studies of oxidative catalysis by zeolite-encapsulated Fe(porphyrin) as well as Mn(porphyrin) systems. The zeolite studies generally employed iodosylbenzene (PhIO), rather than TPHP as oxidant. The diff... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Metal-free organic cavity modifiers Most examples of MOF-based catalysis make use of metal ions or atoms as active sites. Among the few exceptions are two nickel- and two copper-containing MOFs synthesized by Rosseinsky and co-workers. These compounds employ amino acids (L- or D-aspart... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-The Rosseinsky group showed that the carboxylic acids behave as Brønsted acidic catalysts, facilitating (in the copper cases) the ring-opening methanolysis of a small, cavityaccessible epoxide at up to 65% yield. Superior homogeneous catalysts exist however. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Kitagawa and co-workers have reported the synthesis of a catalytic MOF having the formula [Cd(4-BTAPA)2(NO3)2]. The MOF is three-dimensional, consisting of an identical catenated pair of networks, yet still featuring pores of molecular dimensions. The nodes consist of single cadmium io... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-In an interesting alternative approach, Férey and coworkers were able to modify the interior of MIL-101 via Cr(III) coordination of one of the two available nitrogen atoms of each of several ethylenediamine molecules. The free non-coordinated ends of the ethylenediamines were then used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-A third approach has been described by Kim Kimoon and coworkers. Using a pyridine-functionalized derivative of tartaric acid and a Zn(II) source they were able to synthesize a 2D MOF termed POST-1. POST-1 possesses 1D channels whose cross sections are defined by six trinuclear zinc clu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Achiral catalysis Metals as catalytic sites The metals in the MOF structure often act as Lewis acids. The metals in MOFs often coordinate to labile solvent molecules or counter ions which can be removed after activation of the framework. The Lewis acidic nature of such unsaturated meta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Functional linkers as catalytic sites Functional linkers can be also utilized as catalytic sites. A 3D MOF {[Cd(4-BTAPA)2(NO3)2] • 6H2O • 2DMF} (4-BTAPA = 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid tris [N-(4-pyridyl)amide], DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) constructed by tridentate amide linkers an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Entrapment of catalytically active noble metal nanoparticles The entrapment of catalytically active noble metals can be accomplished by grafting on functional groups to the unsaturated metal site on MOFs. Ethylenediamine (ED) has been shown to be grafted on the Cr metal sites and can b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Reaction hosts with size selectivity MOFs might prove useful for both photochemical and polymerization reactions due to the tuneability of the size and shape of their pores. A 3D MOF {[Co(bpdc)3(bpy)] • 4DMF • H2O} (bpdc: biphenyldicarboxylate, bpy: 4,4′-bipyridine) was synthesized by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Asymmetric catalysis Several strategies exist for constructing homochiral MOFs. Crystallization of homochiral MOFs via self-resolution from achiral linker ligands is one of the way to accomplish such a goal. However, the resulting bulk samples contain both enantiomorphs and are racemic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Homochiral MOFs with interesting functionalities and reagent-accessible channels Homochiral MOFs have been made by Lin and coworkers using 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) and 1,1′-bi-2,2′-naphthol (BINOL) as chiral ligands. These ligands can coordinate with catalyti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Postmodification of homochiral MOFs Lin and coworkers have shown that the postmodification of MOFs can be achieved to produce enantioselective homochiral MOFs for use as catalysts. The resulting 3D homochiral MOF {[Cd3(L)3Cl6] • 4DMF • 6MeOH • 3H2O} (L=(R)-6,6'-dichloro-2,2'-dihydroxyl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Homochiral MOFs with precatalysts as building blocks Another approach to construct catalytically active homochiral MOFs is to incorporate chiral metal complexes which are either active catalysts or precatalysts directly into the framework structures. For example, Hupp and coworkers hav... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Catalysis-Biomimetic design and photocatalysis Some MOF materials may resemble enzymes when they combine isolated polynuclear sites, dynamic host–guest responses, and hydrophobic cavity environment which are characteristics of an enzyme. Some well-known examples of cooperative catalysis involvin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-Implementing MOFs in industry necessitates a thorough understanding of the mechanical properties since most processing techniques (e.g. extrusion and pelletization) expose the MOFs to substantial mechanical compressive stresses. The mechanical response of porous structures ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) Several different mechanical phenomena have been observed in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), the most widely studied MOF for mechanical properties due to their many similarities to zeolites. General trends for the ZIF family ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-Carboxylate-based MOFs Carboxylate MOFs come in many forms and have been widely studied. Herein, HKUST-1, MOF-5, and the MIL series are discussed as representative examples of the carboxylate MOF class. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-HKUST-1 HKUST-1 consists of a dimeric Cu-paddlewheel that possesses two pore types. Under pelletization MOFs such as HKUST-1 exhibit a pore collapse. Although most carboxylate MOFs have a negative thermal expansion (they densify during heating), it was found that the hardne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-MOF-5 MOF-5 has tetranuclear nodes in an octahedral configuration with an overall cubic structure. MOF-5 has a compressibility and Young's modulus (~14.9 GPa) comparable to wood, which was confirmed with density functional theory (DFT) and nanoindentation. While it was show... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-MIL-53 MIL-53 MOFs possess a "wine rack" structure. These MOFs have been explored for anisotropy in Young's modulus due to the flexibility of loading, and the potential for negative linear compressibility when compressing in one direction, due to the ability of the wine rac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Mechanical properties-Zirconium-based MOFs Zirconium-based MOFs such as UiO-66 are a very robust class of MOFs (attributed to strong hexanuclear Zr 6 metallic nodes) with increased resistance to heat, solvents, and other harsh conditions, which makes them of interest in terms of mechanical prop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Hydrogen storage Molecular hydrogen has the highest specific energy of any fuel. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-However unless the hydrogen gas is compressed, its volumetric energy density is very low, so the transportation and storage of hydrogen require energy-intensive compression and liquefaction processes. Therefore, development of new hydrogen storage methods which decrease the concomit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has published a list of yearly technical system targets for on-board hydrogen storage for light-duty fuel cell vehicles which guide researchers in the field (5.5 wt %/40 g L−1 by 2017; 7.5 wt %/70 g L−1 ultimate). Materials with high porosity and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Design principles Practical applications of MOFs for hydrogen storage are met with several challenges. For hydrogen adsorption near room temperature, the hydrogen binding energy would need to be increased considerably. Several classes of MOFs have been explored, including carboxylat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Structural impacts on hydrogen storage capacity To date, hydrogen storage in MOFs at room temperature is a battle between maximizing storage capacity and maintaining reasonable desorption rates, while conserving the integrity of the adsorbent framework (e.g. completely evacuating po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Surface area The general trend in MOFs used for hydrogen storage is that the greater the surface area, the more hydrogen the MOF can store. High surface area materials tend to exhibit increased micropore volume and inherently low bulk density, allowing for more hydrogen adsorption t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Hydrogen adsorption enthalpy High hydrogen adsorption enthalpy is also important. Theoretical studies have shown that 22–25 kJ/mol interactions are ideal for hydrogen storage at room temperature, as they are strong enough to adsorb H2, but weak enough to allow for quick desorption. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-An association energy of 22–25 kJ/mol is typical of charge-induced dipole interactions, and so there is interest in the use of charged linkers and metals. The metal–hydrogen bond strength is diminished in MOFs, probably due to charge diffusion, so 2+ and 3+ metal ions are being stud... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Sensitivity to airborne moisture MOFs are frequently sensitive to moisture in the air. In particular, IRMOF-1 degrades in the presence of small amounts of water at room temperature. Studies on metal analogues have unraveled the ability of metals other than Zn to stand higher water c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Pore size In a microporous material where physisorption and weak van der Waals forces dominate adsorption, the storage density is greatly dependent on the size of the pores. Calculations of idealized homogeneous materials, such as graphitic carbons and carbon nanotubes, predict that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-10 Å-wide pores are also of ideal size because at this width, exactly three layers of hydrogen can exist with no space in between. (A hydrogen molecule has a bond length of 0.74 Å with a van der Waals radius of 1.17 Å for each atom; therefore, its effective van der Waals length is 3... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Hydrogen adsorption Adsorption is the process of trapping atoms or molecules that are incident on a surface; therefore the adsorption capacity of a material increases with its surface area. In three dimensions, the maximum surface area will be obtained by a structure which is highly... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Adsorption can be broadly classified as being one of two types: physisorption or chemisorption. Physisorption is characterized by weak van der Waals interactions, and bond enthalpies typically less than 20 kJ/mol. Chemisorption, alternatively, is defined by stronger covalent and ion... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Determining hydrogen storage capacity Two hydrogen-uptake measurement methods are used for the characterization of MOFs as hydrogen storage materials: gravimetric and volumetric. To obtain the total amount of hydrogen in the MOF, both the amount of hydrogen absorbed on its surface a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Volumetric method The changing of amount of hydrogen stored in the MOF is measured by detecting the varied pressure of hydrogen at constant volume. The volume of adsorbed hydrogen in the MOF is then calculated by subtracting the volume of hydrogen in free space from the total volume... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Other methods of hydrogen storage There are six possible methods that can be used for the reversible storage of hydrogen with a high volumetric and gravimetric density, which are summarized in the following table, (where ρm is the gravimetric density, ρv is the volumetric density, T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Electrocatalysis The high surface area and atomic metal sites feature of MOFs make them a suitable candidate for electrocatalysts, especially energy-related ones. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Until now, MOFs have been used extensively as electrocatalyst for water splitting (hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction), carbon dioxide reduction, and oxygen reduction reaction. Currently there are two routes: 1. Using MOFs as precursors to prepare electrocatal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Biological imaging and sensing A potential application for MOFs is biological imaging and sensing via photoluminescence. A large subset of luminescent MOFs use lanthanides in the metal clusters. Lanthanide photoluminescence has many unique properties that make them ideal for imaging... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Nuclear wasteform materials The development of new pathways for efficient nuclear waste administration is essential in wake of increased public concern about radioactive contamination, due to nuclear plant operation and nuclear weapon decommission. Synthesis of novel materials capab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Drug delivery systems The synthesis, characterization, and drug-related studies of low toxicity, biocompatible MOFs has shown that they have potential for medical applications. Many groups have synthesized various low toxicity MOFs and have studied their uses in loading and releasin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Since these developments many groups have done further research into drug delivery with water-soluble, biocompatible MOFs involving common over-the-counter drugs. In March 2018 Sara Rojas and her team published their research on drug incorporation and delivery with various biocompat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Semiconductors In 2014 researchers proved that they can create electrically conductive thin films of MOFs (Cu3(BTC)2 (also known as HKUST-1; BTC, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) infiltrated with the molecule 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinododimethane) that could be used in applications in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Cu HHTP )2 is a 2D MOF structure, and there are limited examples of materials which are intrinsically conductive, porous, and crystalline. Layered 2D MOFs have porous crystalline structure showing electrical conductivity. These materials are constructed from trigonal linker molecule... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Bio-mimetic mineralization Biomolecules can be incorporated during the MOF crystallization process. Biomolecules including proteins, DNA and antibodies could be encapsulated within ZIF-8. Enzymes encapsulated in this way were stable and active even after being exposed to harsh condi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Carbon capture Adsorbent MOF's small, tunable pore sizes and high void fractions are promising as an adsorbent to capture CO2. MOFs could provide a more efficient alternative to traditional amine solvent-based methods in CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants.MOFs could be employe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Catalyst A MOF loaded with propylene oxide can act as a catalyst, converting CO2 into cyclic carbonates (ring-shaped molecules with many applications). They can also remove carbon from biogas. This MOF is based on lanthanides, which provide chemical stability. This is especially imp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Desalination/ion separation MOF membranes can mimic substantial ion selectivity. This offers the potential for use in desalination and water treatment. As of 2018 reverse osmosis supplied more than half of global desalination capacity, and the last stage of most water treatment proc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Gas separation MOFs are also predicted to be very effective media to separate gases with low energy cost using computational high throughput screening from their adsorption or gas breakthrough/diffusion properties. One example is NbOFFIVE-1-Ni, also referred to as KAUST-7 which can ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Water vapor capture and dehumidification MOFs have been demonstrated that capture water vapor from the air. In 2021 under humid conditions, a polymer-MOF lab prototype yielded 17 liters (4.5 gal) of water per kg per day without added energy.MOFs could also be used to increase energy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-When cooling outdoor air, a cooling unit must deal with both the air's sensible heat and latent heat. Typical vapor-compression-air-conditioning (VCAC) units manage the latent heat in air through cooling fins held below the dew point temperature of the moist air at the intake. These... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metal–organic framework-Applications-Ferroelectrics and multiferroics Some MOFs also exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, which occurs due to the ordering of electric dipoles (polar linkers or guest molecules) below a certain phase transition temperature. If this long-range dipolar order can be controlled by the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Seven Magic: The Gathering core sets have been released since 2009: Magic 2010, Magic 2011, Magic 2012, Magic 2013, Magic 2014, Magic 2015, and Magic Origins. Unlike 10th Edition and previous core sets, roughly half of each core set was... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-After Magic Origins, Wizards of the Coast stopped production of core sets, opting for a new model where two blocks with two sets each are made each year, rather than one block of three sets and a core set. Magic head designer Mark Rosew... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2010-Magic 2010 was released on July 17, 2009. It is the eleventh core set for Magic: The Gathering. It is the first Core Set since Limited Edition Beta (which included two cards accidentally left out of the original Limited Edition Alpha) to feature new cards; every core... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2010-Magic 2010 (also known as M10) marked a major shift in the way Wizards of the Coast produces and markets the "Core" set of their marquee trading card game, Magic: The Gathering. M10 was the first core set since Revised (the third edition) to not be labeled with an or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2010-Rule changes Wizards of the Coast has also overhauled the core rules of the game with the introduction of Magic 2010. The changes included the renaming of several zones and actions of the game, eliminate the 'mana burn' rule of the game, and more relevant for gamepla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2011-Magic 2011 was released on July 16, 2010. It was the twelfth core set for Magic: The Gathering. The set contained 110 new cards and 139 reprints. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2011-Magic 2011 contains the keyword scry. This marks the first time that a mechanic from an expert level set has been printed in a core set, without making that mechanic evergreen, or permanently available for use in all future sets. Also, this set introduced the concept... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2011-A notable cycle first printed in M11 was the "Titan cycle" of Sun Titan, Frost Titan, Grave Titan, Inferno Titan, Primeval Titan. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2012-Magic 2012 was released on July 15, 2011. It is the thirteenth core set for Magic: The Gathering. This set has 97 new cards in it. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2012-Magic 2012 was the first set to use "dies" to mean a creature being put into a graveyard from the battlefield. It is the first core set to use the keyword "Hexproof", a keyword ability replacing the text "cannot be the target of spells or abilities your opponents con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2013-Magic 2013 was released on July 13, 2012. The tagline for the set is "Face a Greater Challenge." There were 108 new magic cards printed in this set. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2013-Magic 2013 is the first core set to have a multicolored card, Nicol Bolas, Planeswalker (Bolas is also referenced on a number of other cards). It is the second Magic Core set (Tenth Edition was the first) to feature legendary cards; one legendary creature of each col... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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