text stringlengths 0 73.6k | source stringclasses 4
values |
|---|---|
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2014-Magic 2014 was released on July 19, 2013. The tagline for the set is "Ignite your Spark." As Bolas was the mascot of M13, Chandra was the mascot of M14. The returning mechanic of Magic 2014 is Slivers, a series of creatures of which each grants an ability to each Sli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic 2015-Magic 2015 was released on July 18, 2014. Magic 2015 made the second major change to the card frame in Magic's history (the first being in Eighth Edition). Changes include a slight font change (Starting with Magic 2015, an in-house font known as Beleren will be used ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic Origins-Magic Origins was released on July 17, 2015. Magic Origins told the origin stories for 5 planeswalkers who are featured in sets after Origins. It featured a cycle of double-faced cards (originally used in Innistrad) that have a legendary creature on one side repre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015-Magic Origins-The set introduced the mechanics of renown, spell mastery, and menace. It also features cards with the prowess mechanic, which was introduced in Khans of Tarkir block, and the scry mechanic, which was introduced in Mirrodin block.In February 2015, Wizards of the C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Canadian system of soil classification-The Canadian System of Soil Classification is more closely related to the American system than any other, but they differ in several ways. The Canadian system is designed to cover only Canadian soils. The Canadian system dispenses with the su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-History-Before 1955, Canadian soil testing was based on systems of classification which were similar to methods being used in the United States. In 1955, a taxonomic system of soil classification specific to Canadian conditions was introduced. This system was designed to different... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Classification process-The land area of Canada (excluding inland waters) is approximately 9 180 000 km2, of which about 1 375 000 km2 (15%) is rock land. The remainder is classified according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification. This system differentiates soil types on t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Classification process-Classification involves arranging individual units with similar characteristics into groups. Soils do not occur as discrete entities; thus the unit of measurement for soil is not obvious. This unit of measurement is called the pedon, defined as a 3-dimension... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Classification process-To classify in a soil in practice, an identification key in The Canadian System of Soil Classification is used. Decisions are made based on the properties of the horizons, such as thickness, Munsell colour, pH, or evidence of other soil-forming processes (eg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Cryosolic Order These soils have permafrost (permanently frozen material) within one metre of the surface (2 m if the soil is strongly cryoturbated; i.e., disturbed by frost action). As permafrost is a barrier to roots and water, the active layer (seasonally thawed material... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-The order and its 3 great groups were defined in 1973, after soil and terrain surveys in the Mackenzie Valley yielded new knowledge about the properties, genesis and significance of these soils. Turbic Cryosols have a patterned surface (hummocks, stone nets, etc.) and mixed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Organic Order These soils are composed predominantly of organic matter in the upper half metre (more than 30% organic matter by weight) and do not have permafrost near the surface. They are the major soils of peatlands (e.g., swamp, bog, fen). Most organic soils develop by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Organic soils are subdivided into 4 great groups. Fibrisols, common in Canada, consist predominantly of relatively undecomposed organic material with clearly visible plant fragments; resistant fibres account for over 40% by volume. Most soils derived from Sphagnum mosses ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Vertisolic Order These clay-rich soils shrink and swell markedly on drying and wetting. The physical disruption associated with shrinking and swelling produces shiny shear planes (slickensides) in the subsoil and either prevents the formation of subsurface horizons or sever... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-The order and its 2 great groups were recognized in the Canadian system in the 1990s after extensive studies of pedons in the Great Plains. The Vertisol great group has a light-coloured A horizon that is not readily distinguishable, and the Humid Vertisol great group has a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Podzolic Order These acid soils have a B horizon containing accumulations of amorphous materials composed of humified organic matter associated with aluminum and iron. They develop most commonly in sandy materials in areas of cold, humid climate under forest or shrub vegeta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Podzolic soils occupy about 1 429 000 km2 (15.6%) of Canada's land area and are dominant in vast areas of the humid Appalachian and Canadian Shield regions and in the humid coastal region of British Columbia. They are divided among 3 great groups on the basis of the kind of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Ferro-Humic Podzols have a dark reddish-brown or black B horizon containing at least 5% organic carbon and appreciable amounts (often 2% or more) of aluminum and iron in organic complexes. They occur commonly in the more humid parts of the area of Podzolic soils; e.g., coas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Gleysolic Order These soils are periodically or permanently saturated with water and depleted of oxygen. They occur commonly in shallow depressions and level areas of subhumid and humid climate in association with other classes of soil on slopes and hills. After snowmelt or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Three great groups of Gleysolic soils are defined. Humic Gleysols have a dark A horizon enriched in organic matter. Gleysols lack such a horizon. Luvic Gleysols have a leached (Ae) horizon underlain by a B horizon in which the clay has accumulated; they may have a dark surf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Solonetzic Order These soils have B horizons that are very hard when dry, swelling to a sticky, compact mass when wet. They usually develop in saline parent materials in semiarid and subhumid regions. Properties of the B horizons are associated with sodium ions that cause t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-The 4 great groups of Solonetzic soils are based on properties reflecting the degree of leaching. Solonetz soils have a dark, organic-matter-enriched A horizon overlying the Solonetzic B, which occurs usually at a depth of 20 cm or less. The Ae (grey, leached) horizon is ve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Chernozemic Order These soils have an A horizon darkened by the addition of organic matter, usually from the decay of grass roots. The A horizon is neutral to slightly acid and is well supplied with bases such as calcium. The C horizon usually contains calcium carbonate (li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-The 4 great groups of Chernozemic soils are distinguished based upon surface horizon colour, associated with the relative dryness of the soil. Brown soils have brownish A horizons and occur in the driest area of the Chernozemic region. Dark Brown soils have a darker A horiz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Luvisolic Order These soils have eluvial horizons from which clay has been leached after snowmelt or heavy rains and illuvial horizons in which clay has been deposited; these horizons are designated Ae and Bt respectively. In saline or calcareous materials, clay translocati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-The 2 great groups of Luvisolic soils are distinguished mainly on the basis of soil temperature. Gray Brown Luvisols have a dark Ah horizon in which organic matter has been mixed with the mineral material (commonly by earthworm activity), a brown, often platy eluvial horizo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Brunisolic Order This order includes all soils that have developed B horizons but do not meet the requirements of any of the orders described previously. Many Brunisolic soils have brownish B horizons without much evidence of clay accumulation, as in Luvisolic soils, or of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Four great groups are distinguished on the basis of organic matter enrichment in the A horizon and acidity. Melanic Brunisols have an Ah horizon at least 10 cm thick and a pH above 5.5. They occur commonly in southern Ontario and Quebec. Eutric Brunisols have the same basic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Orders-Regosolic Order These soils are too weakly developed to meet the limits of any other order. The absence or weak development of genetic horizons may result from a lack of time for development or from instability of materials. The properties of Regosolic soils are essentially... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Subgroups, families and series-Great Group The 31 great group classes are formed by subdividing order classes on the basis of soil properties that reflect differences in soil-forming processes (e.g., kinds and amounts of organic matter in surface soil horizons). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Subgroups, families and series-Subgroups Subgroups are based on the sequence of horizons in the pedon. Many subgroups intergrade to other soil orders. For example, the Gray Luvisol great group includes 12 subgroups; Orthic Gray Luvisol is the typical expression of Gray Luvisols, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Subgroups, families and series-Families Families are based on parent material properties and soil climate. For example, the Orthic Gray Luvisol subgroup includes soils of a wide range of texture (gravelly sandy loam to clay), different mineralogy and different temperature and wate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canadian system of soil classification-Subgroups, families and series-Series Series have a vast array of properties (e.g., horizon thickness and colour, gravel content, structure) that fall within a narrow range. Thus, for example, the series name Breton implies all the basic properties of the Luvisolic order, the Gray... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peanut butter bun-Peanut butter bun-A peanut butter bun is a sweet bun found in Chinatown bakery shops. The bun has layers of peanut butter fillings, sometimes with light sprinkles of sugar mixed with the peanut butter for extra flavor. Unlike other similar buns, the shape varies, depending on the bakery.The dough is m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-Project MINARET-Project MINARET was a domestic espionage project operated by the National Security Agency (NSA), which, after intercepting electronic communications that contained the names of predesignated US citizens, passed them to other government law enforcement and intelligence organizations. Inte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-History-Starting in 1962, the NSA had a "watch list" of Americans travelling to Cuba, expanded to include narcotic traffickers. Then, from 1967 onwards, President Lyndon B. Johnson included the names of activists in the anti-war movement. President Richard Nixon further expanded the list to include civi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-History-Operating between 1967 and 1973, over 5,925 foreigners and 1,690 organizations and US citizens were included on the Project MINARET watch lists. NSA Director, Lew Allen, testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee in 1975 that the NSA had issued over 3,900 reports on the watch-listed Amer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-History-According to Stephen Budiansky, a 1977 Dept. of Justice review concluded wiretap laws were violated, but "If the intelligence agencies possessed too much discretionary authority with too little accountability, that would seem to be a 35-year failing of Presidents and the Congress rather than the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-Domestic targets-1,650 U.S. citizens were targeted. Among those monitored were: U.S. Senator Howard Baker, Civil Rights Movement leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Whitney Young, boxer Muhammad Ali, New York Times journalist Tom Wicker, the actress Jane Fonda and Washington Post humor columnist Art Buch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Project MINARET-Role of Britain's GCHQ agency-Britain's intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) took part in the program, targeting several anti-Vietnam War dissidents such as Tom Hayden and Jane Fonda. The GCHQ handed over intercepted data of Americans to the U.S. government. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Spatial view cells-Spatial view cells are neurons in primates' hippocampus; they respond when a certain part of the environment is in the animal's field of view.They are related to place cells and head direction cells. Spatial view cells differ from place cells, since they are not localized in space.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Characteristics-Spatial view cells can be characterized by the following features: respond to a region of visual space being looked at, relatively independently of where the monkey is located respond to a small number of visual cues generally within a 30° receptive field activated when doing spatial ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Uses-Spatial view cells are used by primates for storing an episodic memory that helps with remembering where a particular object was in the environment. Imaging studies have shown that the hippocampus plays an important role in spatial navigation and episodic memories. Also, spatial view cells enabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Uses-In real world applications, monkeys remember where they saw ripe fruit with the aid of spatial view cells. Humans use spatial view cells when they try to recall where they may have seen a person or where they left their keys. Primates' highly developed visual and eye movement control systems ena... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Removal of spatial view cell-Diseases and illnesses that harm the brain and the hippocampus can also damage spatial view cells, which are located in the hippocampus. Strokes, meningitis, and encephalitis are only a few of the various illnesses that can cause harm to the spatial view cells. Some clini... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Removal of spatial view cell-Relationship to other diseases Patients with damage to spatial view cells will often show similar symptoms from other diseases such as: vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, amnesia fugue, macular degeneration, and optic nerve damage. Another illness that reflects signs... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Current research involving spatial view cells-Optimal firing rate Current research shows that the maximum firing rate of spatial view cells is obtained when the test agent is allowed to explore the environment freely. Tests in which the monkey was not allowed to have active locomotion provided very f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Current research involving spatial view cells-Association with episodic memories The experiments often use object-place memory tasks because they are representative of episodic memories and often employ similar parts of the brain. It is also believed that whenever an episodic memory is stored, part o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spatial view cells-Current research involving spatial view cells-Ability to update with new information Research has led to the finding the spatial view cells are consistently updated with other inputs from the body. For example, when a monkey is oriented in a different position spatially such as being upside down, the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BLADE (software)-BLADE (software)-BLADE (Block All Drive-by Download Exploits) is a computer program that was developed by Phillip Porras and Vinod Yegneswaran at SRI International; and Long Lu and Wenke Lee at the Georgia Institute of Technology. BLADE is funded by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Unit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Thought experiment-A thought experiment is a hypothetical situation in which a hypothesis, theory, or principle is laid out for the purpose of thinking through its consequences. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-History-The ancient Greek δείκνυμι, deiknymi, 'thought experiment', "was the most ancient pattern of mathematical proof", and existed before Euclidean mathematics, where the emphasis was on the conceptual, rather than on the experimental part of a thought-experiment.
Johann Witt-Hansen established th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-History-By 1883, Ernst Mach used the term Gedankenexperiment in a different way, to denote exclusively the imaginary conduct of a real experiment that would be subsequently performed as a real physical experiment by his students. Physical and mental experimentation could then be contrasted: Mach aske... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-History-The English term thought experiment was coined (as a calque) from Mach's Gedankenexperiment, and it first appeared in the 1897 English translation of one of Mach's papers. Prior to its emergence, the activity of posing hypothetical questions that employed subjunctive reasoning had existed for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-History-Galileo's demonstration that falling objects must fall at the same rate regardless of their masses was a significant step forward in the history of modern science. This is widely thought to have been a straightforward physical demonstration, involving climbing up the Leaning Tower of Pisa and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-History-Salviati. But if this is true, and if a large stone moves with a speed of, say, eight while a smaller moves with a speed of four, then when they are united, the system will move with a speed less than eight; but the two stones when tied together make a stone larger than that which before move... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-The common goal of a thought experiment is to explore the potential consequences of the principle in question: A thought experiment is a device with which one performs an intentional, structured process of intellectual deliberation in order to speculate, within a specifiable problem domain, abou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-It is a common element of science-fiction stories.Thought experiments, which are well-structured, well-defined hypothetical questions that employ subjunctive reasoning (irrealis moods) – "What might happen (or, what might have happened) if . . . " – have been used to pose questions in philosophy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-In thought experiments, we gain new information by rearranging or reorganizing already known empirical data in a new way and drawing new (a priori) inferences from them or by looking at these data from a different and unusual perspective. In Galileo's thought experiment, for example, the rearran... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-Regardless of their intended goal, all thought experiments display a patterned way of thinking that is designed to allow us to explain, predict and control events in a better and more productive way. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-Theoretical consequences In terms of their theoretical consequences, thought experiments generally: challenge (or even refute) a prevailing theory, often involving the device known as reductio ad absurdum, (as in Galileo's original argument, a proof by contradiction), confirm a prevailing theory... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-In terms of their practical application, thought experiments are generally created to: challenge the prevailing status quo (which includes activities such as correcting misinformation (or misapprehension), identify flaws in the argument(s) presented, to preserve (for the long-term) objectively e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Uses-ensure the (future) avoidance of past failures | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Generally speaking, there are seven types of thought experiments in which one reasons from causes to effects, or effects to causes: Prefactual Prefactual (before the fact) thought experiments – the term prefactual was coined by Lawrence J. Sanna in 1998 – speculate on possible future outcomes, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Semifactual Semifactual thought experiments – the term semifactual was coined by Nelson Goodman in 1947 – speculate on the extent to which things might have remained the same, despite there being a different past; and asks the question Even though X happened instead of E, would Y have still occ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Semifactual speculations are an important part of clinical medicine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Predictive The activity of prediction attempts to project the circumstances of the present into the future. According to David Sarewitz and Roger Pielke (1999, p123), scientific prediction takes two forms: "The elucidation of invariant – and therefore predictive – principles of nature"; and "[U... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Hindcasting The activity of hindcasting involves running a forecast model after an event has happened in order to test whether the model's simulation is valid.
Retrodiction The activity of retrodiction (or postdiction) involves moving backward in time, step-by-step, in as many stages as are con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Given that retrodiction is a process in which "past observations, events, add and data are used as evidence to infer the process(es) that produced them" and that diagnosis "involve[s] going from visible effects such as symptoms, signs and the like to their prior causes", the essential balance b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Backcasting The activity of backcasting – the term backcasting was coined by John Robinson in 1982 – involves establishing the description of a very definite and very specific future situation. It then involves an imaginary moving backward in time, step-by-step, in as many stages as are conside... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-According to Jansen (1994, p. 503: Within the framework of technological development, "forecasting" concerns the extrapolation of developments towards the future and the exploration of achievements that can be realized through technology in the long term. Conversely, the reasoning behind "backc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Types-Backcasting [is] both an important aid in determining the direction technology development must take and in specifying the targets to be set for this purpose. As such, backcasting is an ideal search toward determining the nature and scope of the technological challenge posed by sustainable deve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-Thought experiments have been used in a variety of fields, including philosophy, law, physics, and mathematics. In philosophy they have been used at least since classical antiquity, some pre-dating Socrates. In law, they were well known to Roman lawyers quoted in the Digest. In physics and oth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-Philosophy In philosophy, a thought experiment typically presents an imagined scenario with the intention of eliciting an intuitive or reasoned response about the way things are in the thought experiment. (Philosophers might also supplement their thought experiments with theoretical reasoning ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-For example, a thought experiment might present a situation in which an agent intentionally kills an innocent for the benefit of others. Here, the relevant question is not whether the action is moral or not, but more broadly whether a moral theory is correct that says morality is determined so... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-It is generally hoped that there is universal agreement about the intuitions that a thought experiment elicits. (Hence, in assessing their own thought experiments, philosophers may appeal to "what we should say," or some such locution.) A successful thought experiment will be one in which intu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-Other philosophical uses of imagined scenarios arguably are thought experiments also. In one use of scenarios, philosophers might imagine persons in a particular situation (maybe ourselves), and ask what they would do. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-For example, in the veil of ignorance, John Rawls asks us to imagine a group of persons in a situation where they know nothing about themselves, and are charged with devising a social or political organization. The use of the state of nature to imagine the origins of government, as by Thomas H... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-An early written thought experiment was Plato's allegory of the cave. Another historic thought experiment was Avicenna's "Floating Man" thought experiment in the 11th century. He asked his readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air isolated from all sensations in order to demonstrate h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Fields-Scientists also use thought experiments when particular physical experiments are impossible to conduct (Carl Gustav Hempel labeled these sorts of experiment "theoretical experiments-in-imagination"), such as Einstein's thought experiment of chasing a light beam, leading to special relativity. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Further categorization of thought experiments can be attributed to specific properties.
Possibility In many thought experiments, the scenario would be nomologically possible, or possible according to the laws of nature. John Searle's Chinese room is nomologically possible. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Some thought experiments present scenarios that are not nomologically possible. In his Twin Earth thought experiment, Hilary Putnam asks us to imagine a scenario in which there is a substance with all of the observable properties of water (e.g., taste, color, boiling point), but is chemica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-In some cases, the hypothetical scenario might be considered metaphysically impossible, or impossible in any sense at all. David Chalmers says that we can imagine that there are zombies, or persons who are physically identical to us in every way but who lack consciousness. This is supposed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Causal reasoning The first characteristic pattern that thought experiments display is their orientation in time. They are either: Antefactual speculations: experiments that speculate about what might have happened prior to a specific, designated event, or Postfactual speculations: experime... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Thus thought experiments belong to a theoretical discipline, usually to theoretical physics, but often to theoretical philosophy. In any case, it must be distinguished from a real experiment, which belongs naturally to the experimental discipline and has "the final decision on true or not ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Thanks to the advent of the Internet, the digital space has lent itself as a new medium for a new kind of thought experiments. The philosophical work of Stefano Gualeni, for example, focuses on the use of virtual worlds to materialize thought experiments and to playfully negotiate philosop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Properties-Gualeni's argument is that the history of philosophy has, until recently, merely been the history of written thought, and digital media can complement and enrich the limited and almost exclusively linguistic approach to philosophical thought. He considers virtual worlds to be philosophical... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought experiment-Examples-Humanities Physics Philosophy Mathematics Biology Levinthal paradox Rotating locomotion in living systems Computer science Economics Broken window fallacy (law of unintended consequences, opportunity cost) Laffer Curve | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Zinc bromide-Zinc bromide (ZnBr2) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnBr2. It is a colourless salt that shares many properties with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), namely a high solubility in water forming acidic solutions, and good solubility in organic solvents. It is hygroscopic and forms a dihy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Production-ZnBr2 · 2H2O is prepared by treating zinc oxide or zinc metal with hydrobromic acid.
ZnO + 2 HBr + H2O → ZnBr2·2H2O Zn + 2 HBr → ZnBr2 + H2The anhydrous material can be produced by dehydration of the dihydrate with hot CO2 or by reaction of zinc metal and bromine. Sublimation in a stream of hydr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Structure-ZnBr2 crystallizes in the same structure as ZnI2: four tetrahedral Zn centers share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of nominal composition {Zn4Br10}2−, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure. The dihydrate ZnBr2 · 2H2O can be described as ([Zn(H2O)6]2+)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Uses-Zinc bromide is used in the following applications: In organic chemistry as a Lewis acid.
It is the electrolyte in the zinc bromide battery. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Uses-In oil and natural gas wells, solutions containing zinc bromide are used to displace drilling mud when transitioning from the drilling phase to the completion phase or in well workover operations. The extremely dense brine solution gives the fluid its weight of 20 pounds/gallon, which makes it especia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Uses-Zinc bromide solutions can be used as a transparent shield against radiation. The space between two glass panes is filled with a strong aqueous solution of zinc bromide with a very high density, to be used as a window on a hot cell. This type of window has the advantage over lead glass in that it will... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zinc bromide-Safety-Safety considerations are similar to those for zinc chloride, for which the toxic dose for humans is 3–5 g. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fordham Experiment-Fordham Experiment-The Fordham Experiment was an experiment done as part of a course on The Effects of Television by Eric McLuhan and Harley Parker at Fordham University in 1967 or 1968. The purpose of the experiment was to demonstrate to the students that there was a difference between the effects o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fordham Experiment-Fordham Experiment-The distinction was thought to occur because movies present reflected light ('light on') to the viewer, while a TV picture is back lit ('light through'). The experimenters showed two movies, a documentary and a film with little story line about horses, sequentially to two groups of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fordham Experiment-Fordham Experiment-The groups' reactions to one of the films were roughly similar. Distinct reactions, however, were found for the other. Generally, the 'light on' (movie) presentation was perceived as having lowered tactility and heightened visuality, as compared to the heightened tactility and less... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fordham Experiment-Fordham Experiment-Although this experiment has validity, it does not deal directly with the central point made by Marshall McLuhan that the cinema image, typically a 35mm frame, is made up of millions of dots, or emulsion, and is much more 'saturated' than the lines and pixels of the TV image. McLuh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Syphon Filter-Syphon Filter-Syphon Filter is a third-person shooter stealth video game series developed by Bend Studio (formerly Eidetic) and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (previously 989 Studios), for the PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. In the series, Syphon Filter is the name given to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.