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Gypsum recycling-Gypsum recycling in North America-Zanker Recycling began recycling gypsum in the form of sheetrock in 1999. In the recycling process, materials such as wood, metals, and trash are removed on-site where a dozer is used to crush the materials.
American Gypsum Recycling American Gypsum Recycling was found... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Double overhand knot-Double overhand knot-The double overhand knot or barrel knot is simply an extension of the regular overhand knot, made with one additional pass. The result is slightly larger and more difficult to untie. It forms the first part of the surgeon's knot and both sides of a double fisherman's knot. Acco... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Double overhand knot-Instructions for tying-Tie an overhand knot at the end of a rope but do not tighten the knot down.
Pass the end of the line through the loop created by the first overhand knot. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Double overhand knot-Instructions for tying-Tighten the knot down while sliding it into place at the end of the line. Be sure to leave some tail sticking out from the end of the knot.Alternatively, the working end of the rope can be wrapped around the standing end twice, and then passed through both resulting loops. Bo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Double overhand knot-Instructions for tying-With either method, more loops can be included to make a longer multiple overhand knot (which is also known as a barrel knot or blood knot). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blade battery-Blade battery-Blade battery is a type of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery for electric vehicles designed and manufactured by FinDreams Battery, a subsidiary of Chinese manufacturing company BYD.The Blade Battery is most commonly a 96 centimetres (37.8 in) long and 9 centimetres (3.5 in) wide single-ce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blade battery-Blade battery-In the nail penetration test, the battery industry's stringent safety test, the Blade Battery emitted no smoke or fire after being penetrated, and its surface temperature reached only 30 to 60 °C (86 to 140 °F). It is currently the only power battery in the world that can safely pass the tes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blade battery-Blade battery-The Blade Battery was officially launched by BYD in 2020. Compared with ternary lithium batteries and traditional lithium iron phosphate batteries, it holds notable advantages in its high safety, long range, enduring longevity, ultra strength and high power. To address users' concerns about ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blade battery-Safety controversies-BYD claims that "EVs equipped with the Blade Battery would be far less susceptible to catching fire – even when they are severely damaged."However, In July 2021, a BYD Han EV with Blade batteries was crash-tested in China (car-to-car crash test) versus an Arcfox Alpha-S. At about 48 h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jordan–Pólya number-Jordan–Pólya number-In mathematics, the Jordan–Pólya numbers are the numbers that can be obtained by multiplying together one or more factorials, not required to be distinct from each other. For instance, 480 is a Jordan–Pólya number because 480 =2!⋅2!⋅5! . Every tree has a number of symmetries th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jordan–Pólya number-Sequence and growth rate-The sequence of Jordan–Pólya numbers begins: They form the smallest multiplicatively closed set containing all of the factorials.
The n th Jordan–Pólya number grows more quickly than any polynomial of n , but more slowly than any exponential function of n . More precisely... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jordan–Pólya number-Factorials that are products of smaller factorials-Every Jordan–Pólya number n , except 2, has the property that its factorial n! can be written as a product of smaller factorials. This can be done simply by expanding n!=n⋅(n−1)! and then replacing n in this product by its representation as a pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-ElGamal encryption-In cryptography, the ElGamal encryption system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange. It was described by Taher Elgamal in 1985. ElGamal encryption is used in the free GNU Privacy Guard software, rece... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-ElGamal encryption-ElGamal encryption can be defined over any cyclic group G , like multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Its security depends upon the difficulty of a certain problem in G related to computing discrete logarithms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-The algorithm can be described as first performing a Diffie–Hellman key exchange to establish a shared secret s , then using this as a one-time pad for encrypting the message. ElGamal encryption is performed in three phases: the key generation, the encryption, and the decryption. The f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-Key generation The first party, Alice, generates a key pair as follows: Generate an efficient description of a cyclic group G of order q with generator g . Let e represent the identity element of G It is not necessary to come up with a group and generator anew for each new key. Ind... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-Choose an integer x randomly from {1,…,q−1} Compute := gx The public key consists of the values (G,q,g,h) . Alice publishes this public key and retains x as her private key, which must be kept secret.
Encryption A second party, Bob, encrypts a message M to Alice under her public k... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-Compute := gy Compute := m⋅s Bob sends the ciphertext (c1,c2) to Alice.Note that if one knows both the ciphertext (c1,c2) and the plaintext m , one can easily find the shared secret s , since c2⋅m−1=s . Therefore, a new y and hence a new s is generated for every message to impr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-Decryption Alice decrypts a ciphertext (c1,c2) with her private key x as follows: Compute := c1x . Since c1=gy , c1x=gxy=hy , and thus it is the same shared secret that was used by Bob in encryption. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-The algorithm-Compute s−1 , the inverse of s in the group G . This can be computed in one of several ways. If G is a subgroup of a multiplicative group of integers modulo n , where n is prime, the modular multiplicative inverse can be computed using the extended Euclidean algorithm. An alternat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-Security-The security of the ElGamal scheme depends on the properties of the underlying group G as well as any padding scheme used on the messages. If the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption (CDH) holds in the underlying cyclic group G , then the encryption function is one-way.If the decisional... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-Security-ElGamal encryption is unconditionally malleable, and therefore is not secure under chosen ciphertext attack. For example, given an encryption (c1,c2) of some (possibly unknown) message m , one can easily construct a valid encryption (c1,2c2) of the message 2m To achieve chosen-ciphertext... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-Security-Other schemes related to ElGamal which achieve security against chosen ciphertext attacks have also been proposed. The Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem is secure under chosen ciphertext attack assuming DDH holds for G . Its proof does not use the random oracle model. Another proposed scheme is DHI... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ElGamal encryption-Efficiency-ElGamal encryption is probabilistic, meaning that a single plaintext can be encrypted to many possible ciphertexts, with the consequence that a general ElGamal encryption produces a 1:2 expansion in size from plaintext to ciphertext.
Encryption under ElGamal requires two exponentiations; h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blend time-Blend time-Blend time, sometimes termed mixing time, is the time to achieve a predefined level of homogeneity of a tracer in a mixing vessel. Blend time is an important parameter to evaluate the mixing efficiency of mixing devices. In order to make this definition valid, the tracer should be in the same phys... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blend time-Blend time-The benefit of numerical modeling is that once the modeling is completed, the blend time of any predetermined level of homogeneity of any location within the mixing system can be predicted, which is impossible to accomplish by experimental methods. However, numerical modeling needs to be validated... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Millwork-Millwork is historically any wood mill produced decorative materials used in building construction. Stock profiled and patterned millwork building components fabricated by milling at a planing mill can usually be installed with minimal alteration. Today, millwork may encompass items that are made usin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Historical context-Woodworking skills originally formed around wood carving, carpentry, parquetry, and cabinet making in ancient China. Historically, the term millwork applied to building elements made specifically from wood. During the "Golden Age" of mill working (1880–1910), virtually everything in the hous... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Specifics-Millwork building materials include the ready-made carpentry elements usually installed in any building. Many of the specific features in a space are created using different types of architectural millwork: doors, windows, transoms, sidelights, molding, trim, stair parts, and cabinetry to name just a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Specifics-Most wood products used for millwork require decorative finish coatings. These finishes include stain and semi-transparent finishes or paint. The finishes protect the wood from decay, warping, splitting, and fading. Millwork building materials can usually be installed with little or no modification a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Fabrication-There are two types of manufacturers of millwork goods. In one, referred to as "stock millwork", commodity fabricators mass-produce trims and building components—with the end product being low cost, interchangeable items for commercial or home builders. In another, the product is custom produced fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Millwork-Uses-Millwork building materials are used for both decoration and function in buildings. Exterior doors and windows are typically tested by independent agencies and rated for energy efficiency. They can also be impact-rated, fire-rated, and can be specified to reduce sound transference. Interior millwork produ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-HP OpenView Storage Area Manager (OVSAM) is a Hewlett-Packard software suite for management of storage resources and infrastructure. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-HP OpenView Storage Area Manager provides comprehensive, centralized management across distributed, heterogeneous storage networks. The HP OpenView Storage Area Manager suite includes the following applications that share a common core services, GUI, hos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-Major Releases-HP OpenView Storage Area Manager 3.2, July 2004 HP OpenView Storage Area Manager 3.1 HP OpenView Storage Area Manager 3.0 HP OpenView Storage Area Manager 2.2, February 2002 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP OpenView Storage Area Manager-Current Release-SANMGR_00017 Patch (aka HP OVSAM v3.2.5), December 2005 External Product Links HP OpenView Storage Area Manager (OVSAM) QuickSpecs HP OpenView Storage Area Manager (OVSAM) Device Plug-Ins (DPI) Download HP OVSAM Software Patches - passport login required HP Product Manua... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-Origin and occurrence of fluorine-Fluorine is relatively rare in the universe compared to other elements of nearby atomic weight. On Earth, fluorine is essentially found only in mineral compounds because of its reactivity. The main commercial source, fluorite, is a common mineral. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-In the universe-At 400 ppb, fluorine is estimated to be the 24th most common element in the universe. It is comparably rare for a light element (elements tend to be more common the lighter they are). All of the elements from atomic number 6 (carbon) to atomic number 12 (magnesium) are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-On Earth-Fluorine is the thirteenth most common element in Earth's crust, comprising between 600 and 700 ppm of the crust by mass. Because of its reactivity, it is essentially only found in compounds.
Commercial sources Three minerals exist that are industrially relevant sources of flu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-On Earth-Fluorite Fluorite (CaF2), also called fluorspar, is the main source of commercial fluorine. Fluorite is a colorful mineral associated with hydrothermal deposits. It is common and found worldwide. China supplies more than half of the world's demand and Mexico is the second-larg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-On Earth-Fluorapatite Fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) is mined along with other apatites for its phosphate content and is used mostly for production of fertilizers. Most of the Earth's fluorine is bound in this mineral, but because the percentage within the mineral is low (3.5%), the fluorin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-On Earth-Cryolite Cryolite (Na3AlF6) is the least abundant of the three major fluorine-containing minerals, but is a concentrated source of fluorine. It was formerly used directly in aluminium production. However, the main commercial mine, on the west coast of Greenland, closed in 1987... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine-On Earth-Minor occurrences Several other minerals, such as the gemstone topaz, contain fluoride. Fluoride is not significant in seawater or brines, unlike the other halides, because the alkaline earth fluorides precipitate out of water. Commercially insignificant quantities of organofl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arthur Kollmann-Arthur Kollmann-Arthur Kollmann (1858–1941) was a German medical researcher from Hamburg who studied the fingerprint characteristics of friction ridges and volar pads.In the 1880s (1883, 1885), Kollmann was the first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus and the random phys... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arthur Kollmann-Arthur Kollmann-He is buried in the Nordfriedhof, Leipzig. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Relevance vector machine-Relevance vector machine-In mathematics, a Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain parsimonious solutions for regression and probabilistic classification.
The RVM has an identical functional form to the support vector machine, but pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Relevance vector machine-Relevance vector machine-It is actually equivalent to a Gaussian process model with covariance function: k(x,x′)=∑j=1N1αjφ(x,xj)φ(x′,xj) where φ is the kernel function (usually Gaussian), αj are the variances of the prior on the weight vector w∼N(0,α−1I) , and x1,…,xN are the input vectors o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Relevance vector machine-Relevance vector machine-The relevance vector machine was patented in the United States by Microsoft (patent expired September 4, 2019). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Relevance vector machine-Software-dlib C++ Library The Kernel-Machine Library rvmbinary: R package for binary classification scikit-rvm fast-scikit-rvm, rvm tutorial | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Logitech Unifying receiver-The Logitech Unifying Receiver is a small dedicated USB wireless receiver, based on the nRF24L-family of RF devices, that allows up to six compatible Logitech human interface devices (such as mice, trackballs, touchpads, and keyboards; headphones are not compatible)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Logitech Unifying receiver-Logitech Unifying Receivers (LURs) are often included in wireless Logitech keyboard, mouse, and combo sets, and may be purchased separately. Some Logitech peripherals allow a receiver to be stored inside. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Compatibility and use-Each peripheral device can pair to one receiver per profile. While most peripherals only store one profile, newer products such as the Logitech MX Master, MX Anywhere series, and M720 Triathlon allow multiple profiles. These devices can be connected to multiple receivers... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Compatibility and use-Pairing software is available from Logitech for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Wireless devices using the Unifying Receiver are supported since Linux 3.2.
Software to manage Unifying devices on Linux is available from third party developers, such as Solaar.Many companie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Security-Several security vulnerabilities of the Logitech Unifying system were reported in 2016 and 2019, and patches released. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Security-MouseJacking and keyjacking MouseJacking, first reported by Bastille Networks, Inc., is the sending of malicious radio signals (packets) wirelessly to an unsuspecting user through Logitech Unifying wireless technology. The exploit takes advantage of a user's vulnerable Logitech Unify... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Security-Updating the Unifying receiver firmware to versions RQR12.08 or greater and RQR24.06 or greater can limit some functionality of certain paired devices unless the devices' firmware is also updated. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Logitech Unifying receiver-Security-Other vulnerabilities On July 9, 2019 another set of vulnerabilities was disclosed and documented by a different researcher. A firmware update for Unifying receivers addressing the "Encryption Key Extraction Through USB" vulnerability (CVE-2019-13054/55) was released on 28 August 201... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pesticide detection kit-Pesticide detection kit-A Pesticide detection kit is a kit that scientific test kit detects the presence of pesticide residues. Various organizations create them, among them Defence Food Research Laboratory of India. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Word addressing-In computer architecture, word addressing means that addresses of memory on a computer uniquely identify words of memory. It is usually used in contrast with byte addressing, where addresses uniquely identify bytes. Almost all modern computer architectures use byte addressing, and word a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Basics-Consider a computer which provides 524,288 (219) bits of memory. If that memory is arranged in a byte-addressable flat address space using 8-bit bytes, then there are 65,536 (216) valid addresses, from 0 to 65,535, each denoting an independent 8 bits of memory. If instead it is arranged in a word... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Basics-More generally, the minimum addressable unit (MAU) is a property of a specific memory abstraction. Different abstractions within a computer may use different MAUs, even when they are representing the same underlying memory. For example, a computer might use 32-bit addresses with byte addressing i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Basics-The address translation done by virtual memory often affects the structure and width of the address space, but it does not change the MAU. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-The size of the minimum addressable unit of memory can have complex trade-offs. Using a larger MAU allows the same amount of memory to be covered with a smaller address, which can substantially decrease the memory requirements of a program. However, usin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-Suppose a program wishes to store one of the 12 traditional signs of Western astrology. A single sign can be stored in 4 bits. If a sign is stored in its own MAU, then 4 bits will be wasted with byte addressing (50% efficiency), while 28 bits will be was... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-A more common example is a string of text. Common string formats such as UTF-8 and ASCII store strings as a sequence of 8-bit code points. With byte addressing, each code point can be placed in its own independently-addressable MAU with no overhead. With... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-To evaluate these effects on a complete program, consider a web browser displaying a large and complex page. Some of the browser's memory will be used to store simple data such as images and text; the browser will likely choose to store this data as effi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-Suppose that, if all the addresses in the program were 32-bit, this web page would occupy about 10 Gigabytes of memory. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-If the web browser is running on a computer with 32-bit addresses and byte-addressable memory, the address space will cover 4 Gigabytes of memory, which is insufficient. The browser will either be unable to display this page, or it will need to be able t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-If the web browser is running on a computer with 64-bit addresses and byte-addressable memory, it will require substantially more memory in order to store the larger addresses. The exact overhead will depend on how much of the 10 Gigabytes is simple data... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-If the web browser is running on a computer with 32-bit addresses and 32-bit-word-addressable memory, it will likely require extra memory because of suboptimal packing and the need for a few wide addresses. This impact is likely to be relatively small, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Trade-offs of different minimum addressable units-If the web browser is running on a computer with 64-bit addresses and 32-bit-word-addressable memory, it will suffer from both of the above runtime overheads: it require substantially more memory to accommodate the larger 64-bit addresses, hurting locali... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Sub-word accesses and wide addresses-A program running on a computer that uses word addressing can still work with smaller units of memory by emulating an access to the smaller unit. For a load, this requires loading the enclosing word and then extracting the desired bits. For a store, this requires loa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Sub-word accesses and wide addresses-Suppose that four consecutive code points from a UTF-8 string need to be packed into a 32-bit word. The first code point might occupy bits 0–7, the second 8–15, the third 16–23, and the fourth 24–31. (If the memory were byte-addressable, this would be a little endian... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Sub-word accesses and wide addresses-Suppose that a program wishes to read the third code point into register r1 from the word at an address in register r2. In the absence of any other support from the instruction set, the program must load the full word, right-shift by 16 to drop the first two code poi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Sub-word accesses and wide addresses-A pair of a word address and an offset within the word is called a wide address (also known as a fat address or fat pointer). (This should not be confused with other uses of wide addresses for storing other kinds of supplemental data, such as the bounds of an array.)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Sub-word accesses and wide addresses-In these code sequences, the additional offset would have to be stored alongside the base address, effectively doubling the overall storage requirements of an address. This is not always true on word machines, primarily because addresses themselves are often not pack... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Related concepts-The minimum addressable unit of a computer isn't necessarily the same as the minimum memory access size of the computer's instruction set. For example, a computer might use byte addressing without providing any instructions to directly read or write a single byte. Programs would be expe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Related concepts-The C standard states that a pointer is expected to have the usual representation of an address. C also allows a pointer to be formed to any object except a bit-field; this includes each individual element of an array of bytes. C compilers for computers that use word addressing often us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Related concepts-Because the size of a C struct is not always known when deciding the representation of a pointer to that struct, it is not possible to reliably apply the rule above. Compilers may need to align the start of a struct so that it can use a more efficient pointer representation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Examples-The ERA 1103 uses word addressing with 36-bit words. Only addresses 0-1023 refer to random-access memory; others are either unmapped or refer to drum memory.
The PDP-10 uses word addressing with 36-bit words and 18-bit addresses.
Most Cray supercomputers from the 1980s and 1990s use word addres... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Word addressing-Examples-The DEC Alpha uses byte addressing with 64-bit addresses. Early Alpha processors do not provide any direct support for 8-bit and 16-bit memory accesses, and programs are required to e.g. load a byte by loading the containing 64-bit word and then separately extracting the byte. Because the Alpha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trade item-Trade item-A trade item is an item that is the subject of trade. It is a term used primarily by people in supply chain management and logistic engineering. An often used term in the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Salinity-Salinity () is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰). Salinity is an important factor in determining many... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Salinity-A contour line of constant salinity is called an isohaline, or sometimes isohale. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Salinity in rivers, lakes, and the ocean is conceptually simple, but technically challenging to define and measure precisely. Conceptually the salinity is the quantity of dissolved salt content of the water. Salts are compounds like sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, and sodium ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Seawater typically has a mass salinity of around 35 g/kg, although lower values are typical near coasts where rivers enter the ocean. Rivers and lakes can have a wide range of salinities, from less than 0.01 g/kg to a few g/kg, although there are many places where higher salinities are found. The D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Composition Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain a complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms. The chemical properties of some of these forms depend on temperature and pressure... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-For practical reasons salinity is usually related to the sum of masses of a subset of these dissolved chemical constituents (so-called solution salinity), rather than to the unknown mass of salts that gave rise to this composition (an exception is when artificial seawater is created). For many purp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-The concentrations of dissolved gases like oxygen and nitrogen are not usually included in descriptions of salinity. However, carbon dioxide gas, which when dissolved is partially converted into carbonates and bicarbonates, is often included. Silicon in the form of silicic acid, which usually appea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Seawater The term 'salinity' is, for oceanographers, usually associated with one of a set of specific measurement techniques. As the dominant techniques evolve, so do different descriptions of salinity. Salinities were largely measured using titration-based techniques before the 1980s. Titration wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-The use of electrical conductivity measurements to estimate the ionic content of seawater led to the development of the scale called the practical salinity scale 1978 (PSS-78). Salinities measured using PSS-78 do not have units. The suffix psu or PSU (denoting practical salinity unit) is sometimes ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-A sample of seawater from most locations with a chlorinity of 19.37 ppt will have a Knudsen salinity of 35.00 ppt, a PSS-78 practical salinity of about 35.0, and a TEOS-10 absolute salinity of about 35.2 g/kg. The electrical conductivity of this water at a temperature of 15 °C is 42.9 mS/cm.On the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Lakes and rivers Limnologists and chemists often define salinity in terms of mass of salt per unit volume, expressed in units of mg/L or g/L. It is implied, although often not stated, that this value applies accurately only at some reference temperature because solution volume varies with temperatu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-A river or lake water with a salinity of around 70 mg/L will typically have a specific conductivity at 25 °C of between 80 and 130 μS/cm. The actual ratio depends on the ions present. The actual conductivity usually changes by about 2% per degree Celsius, so the measured conductivity at 5 °C might ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Definitions-Direct density measurements are also used to estimate salinities, particularly in highly saline lakes. Sometimes density at a specific temperature is used as a proxy for salinity. At other times an empirical salinity/density relationship developed for a particular body of water is used to estimate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Classification of water bodies based upon salinity-Marine waters are those of the ocean, another term for which is euhaline seas. The salinity of euhaline seas is 30 to 35 ‰. Brackish seas or waters have salinity in the range of 0.5 to 29 ‰ and metahaline seas from 36 to 40 ‰. These waters are all regarded as ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Classification of water bodies based upon salinity-Highly saline water, from which salts crystallize (or are about to), is referred to as brine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Environmental considerations-Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water. As well, salinity influences the kinds of plants that will grow either in a water body, or on land fed by a water (or by a groundwater). A plant adapted to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Salinity-Environmental considerations-Salts are expensive to remove from water, and salt content is an important factor in water use, factoring into potability and suitability for irrigation. Increases in salinity have been observed in lakes and rivers in the United States, due to common road salt and other salt de-ice... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
.scot-.scot-.scot is a GeoTLD for Scotland and Scottish culture, including the Gaelic and Scots languages.Later it was decided to allow almost any top-level domain for introduction some time in 2013, and a list of applications for these was published in June 2012; the domain .scot was included.On 27 January 2014, dotSc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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