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Handloading-Equipment-Shotshell presses typically use a charge bar to drop precise amounts of shot and powder. Most commonly, these charge bars are fixed in their capacities, with a single charge bar rated at, say, 1-1/8 oz. of lead shot, with a switchable powder bushing that permits dropping precisely measured fixed a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Like their pistol and rifle counterparts, shotshell presses are available in both single-stage and progressive varieties. For shooters shooting fewer than approximately 500 shells a month, and especially shooting fewer than 100 shells a month, a single-stage press is often found to be adequate. Fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Shotshell presses are most commonly operated in non-batch modes. That is, a single hull will often be deprimed, reshaped, primed, loaded with powder, have a wad pressed in, be loaded with shot, be pre-crimped, and then be final crimped before being removed and a new hull being placed on the shotsh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-In general, though, shotshell reloading is far more complex than rifle and pistol cartridge reloading, and hence far fewer shotshell presses are therefore used relative to rifle and pistol cartridge reloading presses. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-.50 BMG and larger cartridge presses Reloading presses for reloading .50 BMG and larger cartridges are also typically caliber-specific, much like shotshell presses, as standard-size rifle and pistol reloading presses are not capable of being pressed into such exotic reloading service. The reloadin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Dies Dies are generally sold in sets of two or three units, depending on the shape of the case. A three-die set is needed for straight cases, while a two-die set is used for bottlenecked cases. The first die of either set performs the sizing and decapping operation, except in some cases in the 3-d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Dies for bottleneck cases usually are supplied in sets of at least two dies, though sometimes a third is added for crimping. This is an extra operation and is not needed unless a gun's magazine or action design requires crimped ammunition for safe operation, such as autoloading firearms, where the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Shellholders A shell holder, generally sold separately, is needed to hold the case in place as it is forced into and out of the dies. The reason shellholders are sold separately is that many cartridges share the same base dimensions, and a single shell holder can service many different cases. Shel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-There are 3 types of reloading scales: Mechanical reloading scale (they are measured manually with no usage of power).
Digital Scales (they need electricity or batteries to operate).
Digital Scales with dispenser (they unite both reloading scales and dispense options into one version). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Priming tool Single-stage presses often do not provide an easy way of installing primers to ("priming") cases. Various add-on tools can be used for priming the case on the down-stroke, or a separate tool can be used. Since cases loaded by a single-stage press are done in steps, with the die being ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Powder measure Beginning reloading kits often include a weight-to-volume conversion chart for a selection of common powders and a set of powder volume measures graduated in small increments. By adding the various measures of powder the desired charge can be measured with a safe degree of accuracy.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Bullet puller Like any complex process, mistakes in handloading are easy to make, and a bullet puller device allows the handloader to disassemble mistakes. Most pullers use inertia to pull the bullet, and are often shaped like hammers. When in use, the case is locked in place in a head-down fashio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Bullet pullers are also used to disassemble loaded ammunition of questionable provenance or undesirable configuration so that the components can be salvaged for re-use. Surplus military ammunition is often pulled for components, particularly cartridge cases, which are often difficult to obtain for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Components pulled from loaded cartridges should be reused with care. Unknown or potentially contaminated powders, contaminated primers, and bullets that are damaged or incorrectly sized can all cause dangerous conditions upon firing. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Case trimmer Cases, especially bottleneck cases, will stretch upon firing. How much a case will stretch depends upon load pressure, cartridge design, chamber size, functional cartridge headspace (usually the most important factor), and other variables. Periodically cases need to be trimmed to brin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Primer pocket tools Primer pocket cleaning tools are used to remove residual combustion debris remaining in the primer pocket; both brush designs and single blade designs are commonly used. Dirty primer pockets can prevent setting primers at, or below, the cartridge head. Primer pocket reamers or ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Headspace gauges and modified case gauges Bottleneck rifle cartridges are particularly prone to encounter incipient head separations if they are full-length re-sized and re-trimmed to their maximum permitted case lengths each time they are reloaded. In some such cartridges, such as the .303 Britis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Similarly, by using modified case gauges, it is possible to measure precisely the distance from a bullet ogive to the start of rifling in a particular rifle for a given bottleneck cartridge. Maximum accuracy for a rifle is often found to occur for only one particular fixed distance from the start ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Equipment-Such head space gauges and modified case gauges can, respectively, permit greatly increasing the number of times a rifle bottleneck case can be reloaded safely, as well as improve greatly the accuracy of such handloads. Unlike the situation with using expensive factory ammunition, handloaded match... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Materials required-The following materials are needed for handloading ammunition: Cases or shotshell hulls. For shotshells, plastic or paper cases can be reloaded, though plastic is more durable. Steel and aluminum cases do not have the correct qualities for reloading, so a brass case is essential (although... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Materials required-Projectiles, such as bullets for handguns and rifles, or shot and wads for shotguns. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Materials required-Centerfire primers, most commonly a Boxer-type.Case lubrication may also be needed depending on the dies used. Carbide pistol dies do not require case lubricant. For this reason, they are preferred by many, being inherently less messy in operation. In contrast, all dies for bottleneck car... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Pistol/Rifle cartridges The operations performed when handloading cartridges are: Depriming — the removal of any old, expended primers from previously fired cases. Usually done with a thin rod that is inserted into the flash hole via the case mouth and push out the primer from inside. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Case cleaning — removal of foulings and tarnishes from the cases, optional but recommended for reused rifle or pistol cases. Cleaning can be done with an ultrasonic cleaner, or more commonly with a mass finishing device known as a "case tumbler". Tumblers use abrasive granules known as tum... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Case inspection — looking for cracks or other defects, and discard visibly imperfect cases. The interior may be inspected by a wire-feeler or feeler gauge to detect emerging interior cracks. Bent case mouths may be repaired during resizing.
Case lubrication — applying surface lubricant on ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Reaming or swage crimping the primer pocket (reloading military cases only), or milling the primer pocket depth using a primer pocket uniformer tool Gauging and trimming — measuring the case length and removing excess length from the case neck (as needed; rarely required with handgun cases... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Primer pocket cleaning and flash hole uniforming (optional) — the primer pockets and flash holes will have deposits from previous primer combustion, as well as occasional deformation, that need fixing; generally only benchrest shooters perform these. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Expanding or chamfering the case mouth — to allow easier, smoother seating of the bullet before pressing (not required for boat-tailed bullets) Cleaning the lubricant off the cases Priming — seating a new primer into the case (primer pockets often become loose after multiple loadings; a la... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Bullet seating — positioning the bullet in the case mouth for the correct cartridge overall length (OAL) and for aligning bullet cannelure (if present) with the case mouth Crimping — Pressing and tightening the case mouth to fix the bullet in place; some may hold the bullet with neck tensi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Final cartridge inspectionWhen previously fired cases are used, they must be inspected before loading. Cases that are dirty or tarnished are often polished in a tumbler to remove oxidation and allow easier inspection of the case. Cleaning in a tumbler will also clean the interior of cases,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-When a cartridge is fired, the internal pressure expands the case to fit the chamber in a process called obturation. To allow ease of chambering the cartridge when it is reloaded, the case is swaged back to size. Competition shooters, using bolt-action rifles that are capable of camming a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Priming the case is the most dangerous step of the loading process since the primers are pressure-sensitive. The use of safety glasses or goggles during priming operations can provide valuable protection in the rare event that an accidental detonation takes place. Seating a Boxer primer no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Shotgun shells Unlike the presses used for reloading metallic cartridges, the presses used for reloading shotgun shells have become standardized to contain 5 stations, with the exact configuration of these 5 stations arranged either in a circle or in a straight row. Nonetheless, the operat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Verifying that all components are properly selected (hull, primer, powder, wad, and shot). (No substitutions are allowed in components, nor in charge weights of shot and powder. The only substitution allowed is in the brand of shot and the size of the shot (#8, #9, etc. Also, no substituti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Inspecting each hull. (Examining for cracks or other hull defects, and discarding any visibly imperfect hulls. Also, turning each hull upside down to remove any foreign object debris before depriming.) Removing the fired primer and sizing/resizing the brass outer diameter at the base of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Cutting open 4 or 5 shells randomly selected from a large lot of handloaded shells, respectively, and verifying that the as-thrown weights of powder and shot are both within desired tolerances of the published recipe that was followed. (Optional, but recommended.)The exact details for acco... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-The use of safety glasses or goggles while reloading shotshells can provide valuable protection in the rare event that an accidental detonation takes place during priming operations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-The quantities of both gunpowder and shot are specified by weight when loading shotshells, but almost always measured solely by volume. A powder scale is therefore needed to determine the correct mass thrown by the powder measure, and by the shot measure, as powder loads are specified with... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Shotshell reloading for specialty purposes, such as for buckshot or slugs, or other specialty rounds, is often practiced but varies significantly from the process steps discussed previously for handloading birdshot shotshells. The primary difference is that large shot cannot be metered in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Modern shotshells are all uniformly sized for Type 209 primers. However, reloaders should be aware that older shotshells were sometimes primed with a Type 57 or Type 69 primer (now obsolete), meaning that shotgun shell reloading tends to be done only with modern (or recently produced) comp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Brass shotshells are also reloaded, occasionally, but typically these are reloaded using standard rifle/pistol reloading presses with specialty dies, rather than with modern shotshell presses. Rather than plastic wads, traditional felt and paperboard wads are also generally used (both over... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Reloading process-Shotguns, in general, operate at much lower pressures than pistols and rifles, typically operating at pressures of 10,000 psi, or less, for 12 gauge shells, whereas rifles and pistols routinely are operated at pressures in excess of 35,000 psi, and sometimes upwards of 50,000 psi. The SAAM... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-Since many countries heavily restrict the civilian possession of ammunition and ammunition components, including primers and smokeless powder, handloading may be explicitly or implicitly illegal in certain countries. Even without specific restrictions on powder and primers, they may be covered... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-Many firearms manufacturers explicitly advise against the use of handloaded ammunition. Generally, this means that the maker's warranty is void, and the manufacturer is not liable for any damage to the gun or personal injury if handloaded ammunition is used that exceeded established limits for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-United States In the United States, handloading is not only legal and requires no permit, but is also quite popular. Experts point to potential legal liabilities (depending on the jurisdiction) that the shooter may incur if using handloaded ammunition for defense, such as an implied malice on ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-Canada Handloading is legal in Canada. The Explosives Act places limits on the amount of powder (either smokeless or black) that may be stored in a building, on the manner in which it is stored, and on how much powder may be available for use at any time. The Act is the responsibility of Natur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-Germany As an example of a European country, handloading in Germany requires a course, terminated in an exam, in handloading and handling of explosive propellants; often, this is offered in combination with a course and exam in muzzle-loading and black powder-shooting. The State's Ministry of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-As German law gives maximum pressures for every commercial caliber, the handloader is allowed to non-commercially give away his ammunition. He is liable for incorrect loading. His references are data books by propellant manufacturers (like RWS), bullet manufacturers (like Speer), reloading too... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-The relevant rules for non-commercial application can be found in §27 of the Explosives Act ("Sprengstoffgesetz").In order to investigate gun destruction – material fault or incorrectly loaded ammunition – , and for handloaders to get data for new loads, gun and/or handloaded cartridges can be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Legal aspects-South Africa Handloading or reloading is allowed in South Africa as long as you are in possession of a competency certificate to possess a firearm as well as a license to possess such a firearm. Sport shooters load to make shooting sports more affordable and hunters load to obtain greater accu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Atypical handloading-Berdan primers, with their off-center flash holes and lack of self-contained anvil, are more difficult to work with than the easily removed Boxer primers. The primers may be punctured and pried out from the rear, or extracted with hydraulic pressure. Primers must be selected carefully, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Atypical handloading-Some shooters desiring to reload for obsolete rimfire cartridges alter the firearm in question to function as a centerfire, which allows them to reload. Often it is possible to reform cases from similarly sized ammunition which is in production, and this is the most economical way of ob... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Atypical handloading-Shotshell reloading is sometimes done for scattershot loads, consisting of multiple wads separating groups of shot, which are intended for use at short-distance hunting of birds. Similarly, shotshell reloading for buckshot loads and non-lethal "bean bag" loads are sometimes handloaded. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Accuracy considerations-Precision and consistency are key to developing accurate ammunition. Various methods are used to ensure that ammunition components are as consistent as possible. Since the firearm is also a variable in the accuracy equation, careful tuning of the load to a particular firearm can yiel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Accuracy considerations-Cases The internal volume of the cartridge case, or case capacity, significantly affects the pressure developed during ignition, which significantly affects the velocity of the bullet. Cases from different manufacturers can vary in wall thickness, and as cases are repeatedly fired an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Accuracy considerations-Bullets Bullets must be well balanced and consistent in weight, shape, and seating depth to ensure that they correctly engage the rifling, exit the barrel at a consistent velocity, and fly straight. Buying bullets from a high-quality source will help ensure quality, but for ultimate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Accuracy considerations-Load tuning Tuning load to a gun can also yield great increases in accuracy, especially for standard, non-accurized rifles. Different rifles, even of the same make and model, will often react to the same ammunition in different ways. The handloader is afforded a wider selection of bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Cost considerations-Those who reload with the primary goal of maximizing accuracy or terminal performance may end up paying more per reloaded round than for commercial ammunition—this is especially true for military calibers which are commonly available as surplus. Maximum performance, however, requires the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Cost considerations-Case life maximization Since the case is the single most expensive part of a loaded round, the more times a case can be re-used, the better. Cases that are loaded to a moderate pressure will generally last longer, as they will not be work hardened or flow under pressure as much as cases ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Cost considerations-Powder cost minimization Powder is another significant cost of reloading, and one over which the handloader has significant control. In addition to the obvious step of using a minimum charge, rather than a full power one, significant cost savings may be obtained through careful powder ch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Cost considerations-The tradeoff comes in terms of power and accuracy; AA #2 is designed for small cases and will burn inconsistently in the large 44 Magnum case. AA #9, however, will fill the case much better, and the slow burn rate of AA #9 is ideal for magnum handgun rounds, producing 20% higher velociti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-While the case is usually the most expensive component of a cartridge, the bullet is usually the most expensive part of the reloaded round, especially with handgun ammunition. It is also the best place to save money with handgun ammunition. This is because the bullets are used one time, and the case... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Other advantages of casting or swaging bullets from lead wire (which is pricier but avoids many quality-control issues of casting) is the ability to precisely control many attributes of the resulting bullet. Custom bullet molds are available from a number of sources, allowing the handloader to pick ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Casting For the truly frugal, the cheapest method of obtaining bullets, buckshot, and slugs intended for reloading use at low to moderate velocities is casting them. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-This requires a set of bullet, buckshot, or slug molds, which are available from a number of sources, and a source of known quality lead. Linotype and automotive wheelweights are often used as sources of lead that are blended together in a molten state to achieve the desired Brinell hardness. Other ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Soft lead bullets are generally used in handguns with velocities of 1000 ft/s (300 m/s) or lower, while harder cast bullets may be used, with careful powder selection, in rifles with velocities of 2000 ft/s (600 m/s) or slightly more. A modern solution to velocity limitations of cast projectiles is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Slugs for shotgun shells are also commonly cast from pure lead by handloaders, for subsequent reloading into shotgun shells. Although roll crimps of shotgun hull cases are commonly used for handloading these cast lead slugs, in place of the fold crimps that are used when reloading shot into shotgun ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Similarly, cast lead buckshot is often cast by handloaders, for reloading into shotgun shells for hunting larger game animals. Such buckshot is then placed by hand into shotgun shells when handloaded, due to the necessity of having to stack the buckshot balls into specific configurations depending o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Swaging Most shooters prefer jacketed bullets, especially in rifles and pistols. The hard jacket material, generally copper or brass, resists deformation and handles far higher pressures and temperatures than lead. Several companies offer swaging presses (both manual and hydraulic) that will manufac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-S dies, steel dies for a manual press. They have a maximum caliber of .458 inches (11.6 mm) and a maximum jacket length of 1.3 inches (33 mm).
H dies, dies designed for hydraulic presses and are offered in calibers up to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) and jacket lengths of more than 1.3". In a hydraulic p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Purchased Bullets Handloaders have the choice to swage but most choose to purchase pre-made jacketed bullets, due to the obscure nature of swaging and the specialized, expensive equipment. The process of manufacturing a jacketed bullet is far more complex than for a cast bullet; first, the jacket mu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-Plated Bullets A more economical alternative was made available to the handloader in the 1980s, the copper-plated bullet. Copper-plated bullets are lead bullets that are electroplated with a copper jacket. While thinner than a swaged bullet jacket, the plated jacket is far thicker than normal electr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Handloading-Bullets-While originally sold only to handloaders as an inexpensive substitute for jacketed bullets, the plated bullet has come far. The ammunition manufacturer Speer now offers the Gold Dot line, commercially loaded premium handgun ammunition using copper-plated hollow point bullets. The strong bond betwee... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients-International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients-The International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) are the unique identifiers for cosmetic ingredients such as waxes, oils, pigments, and other chemicals that are assigned in accordance with rules establishe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients-INCI and CAS-The relationship between a CAS Registry Number and an INCI name is not always one-to-one. In some cases, more than one INCI name may have the same CAS number, or more than one CAS number may apply to an INCI name. For example, the CAS number 1245638-61-2 h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients-Table of common names-Here is a table of several common names and their corresponding INCI names.
* Some common names and INCI names are the same name. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients-INCI labeling-In the U.S., under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, certain accurate information is a requirement to appear on labels of cosmetic products. In Canada, the regulatory guideline is the Cosmetic Regulations. Ingredien... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bushing (isolator)-Bushing (isolator)-A bushing or rubber bushing is a type of vibration isolator. It provides an interface between two parts, damping the energy transmitted through the bushing. A common application is in vehicle suspension systems, where a bushing made of rubber (or, more often, synthetic rubber or po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bushing (isolator)-Bushing (isolator)-These bushings often take the form of an annular cylinder of flexible material inside a metallic casing or outer tube. They might also feature an internal crush tube which protects the bushing from being crushed by the fixings which hold it onto a threaded spigot. Many different ty... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bushing (isolator)-History-Charles E. Sorensen credits Walter Chrysler as being a leader in encouraging the adoption of rubber vibration-isolating mounts. In his memoir (1956), he says that, on March 10, 1932, Chrysler called at Ford headquarters to show off a new Plymouth model. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bushing (isolator)-History-"The most radical feature of his car was the novel suspension of its six-cylinder engine so as to cut down vibration. The engine was supported on three points and rested on rubber mounts. Noise and vibration were much less. There was still a lot of movement of the engine when idling, but unde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bushing (isolator)-In Vehicles-A bushing is a type of bearing that is used in the suspension system of a vehicle. It is typically used to connect moving parts such as control arms and sway bars to the frame of the vehicle, and also to isolate these parts from each other and from the frame. The main function of a bushin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-Retinol-binding protein-Retinol-binding proteins (RBP) are a family of proteins with diverse functions. They are carrier proteins that bind retinol. Assessment of retinol-binding protein is used to determine visceral protein mass in health-related nutritional studies. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-Retinol-binding protein-Retinol and retinoic acid play crucial roles in the modulation of gene expression and overall development of an embryo. However, deficit or excess of either one of these substances can cause early embryo mortality or developmental malformations. Regulation of transport an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-Genes-Cellular: RBP1, RBP2, RBP5, RBP7 Interstitial: RBP3 Plasma: RBP4 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-RBP in pregnancy-Retinol plays a crucial role in the growth and differentiation of various body tissues, and it has been previously characterized that embryos are extremely sensitive to alterations in retinol concentration that can lead to spontaneous abortion and malformations occurring during ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-RBP in pregnancy-Sites of synthesis Traditionally, RBP is synthesized within the liver with secretion being dependent upon retinol concentrations. However, the concentrations levels do not appear to have an effect upon transcription of RBP messenger RNA (mRNA) which remains constant. Literature ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-RBP in pregnancy-Types Plasma retinol-binding protein, the retinol transport vehicle in serum.
CRBP I/II, cellular-binding proteins involved in transport of retinol and metabolites into retinyl esters for storage or into retinoic acid.
CRABPs, cellular retinoic acid–binding proteins capable of b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-RBP in pregnancy-Presence in livestock species during gestation Bovine/OvineRBP, identical to that found in plasma has been identified in the placental tissues of both the ovine and the bovine, suggesting that RBP may be highly involved in retinol transport and metabolism during pregnancy. Howev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Retinol-binding protein-RBP in pregnancy-PorcineAll three previously mentioned types of retinol-binding proteins (RBP, CRBP, CRABP) have been identified within the porcine placenta during pregnancy via immunohistochemistry. As previously mentioned, retinol and retinoic acid are modulators of gene expression and are nec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Atom shell-Atom shell-Atom shell may refer to either what is properly called an electron shell or an atomic orbital that makes up an electron subshell.
Atom shell may also refer to: The final track of the album A City Dressed in Dynamite by American experimental rock band That Handsome Devil Electron (software framewor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Artisan cheese-Artisanal cheese refers to cheeses produced by hand using the traditional craftsmanship of skilled cheesemakers. As a result, the cheeses are often more complex in taste and variety. Many are aged and ripened to achieve certain aesthetics. This contrasts with the more mild flavors of mass-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Definition-There has been a lot of discussion relating to what truly defines artisanal cheese. According to the American Cheese Society, “The word ‘artisan’ or ‘artisanal’ implies that a cheese is produced primarily by hand, in small batches, with particular attention paid to the tradition of the cheesem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Process-The artisanal cheesemaking process can be quite extensive and resembles modern chemistry in many aspects. Many different factors affect a finished artisanal cheese product; these include, but are not limited to, what species of grass is consumed by the cattle that provided the milk source, any su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Popularity-In the last decade, the American artisanal cheese industry has seen an increase larger than that in the twenty years prior, in artisan creameries being licensed for commercial business. This translates to approximately 450 different artisan cheese makers existing in the United States today. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Legal concerns-In January 2014, Monica Metz, Branch Chief of the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Dairy and Egg Branch, responded to a New York State Department of Agriculture request asking the FDA to clarify if using wooden surfaces to age cheese was accepta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Legal concerns-This statement caused concern among those involved in the artisanal cheesemaking process, and consumers who enjoy such cheeses. It was feared this direction as stated by the FDA would harm local American cheesemakers, but also affect cheeses that follow the same practices that are imported... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Artisan cheese-Legal concerns-On June 11, 2014, the FDA sent an update regarding their earlier stance on the issue. In the update, the FDA stressed that they are not requiring the prohibiting or banning of wooden surfaces in the cheesemaking process. Furthermore, they stated there is no Food Safety Modernization Act th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ikeda map-Ikeda map-In physics and mathematics, the Ikeda map is a discrete-time dynamical system given by the complex map The original map was proposed first by Kensuke Ikeda as a model of light going around across a nonlinear optical resonator (ring cavity containing a nonlinear dielectric medium) in a more general f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ikeda map-Ikeda map-The original Ikeda map is often used in another modified form in order to take the saturation effect of nonlinear dielectric medium into account: A 2D real example of the above form is: where u is a parameter and For 0.6 , this system has a chaotic attractor. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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