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Heathkit-Amateur radio-During the 1980s, with increasing competition primarily from Japanese equipment makers, wide use of automated manufacturing techniques, and increasingly complex designs, it became much more difficult to produce kits that were both easy to construct and feature-rich at a competitive price. Heathki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Next Generation Multiple Warhead System-Next Generation Multiple Warhead System-The Next Generation Multiple Warhead System, or NGMWS, is a weapon developed by MBDA to defeat hard and deeply buried targets (hence an alternative name, HARDBUT).The system includes a precursor charge and a follow-through bomb. Development... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small modular immunopharmaceutical-Small modular immunopharmaceutical-Small modular immunopharmaceuticals, or SMIPs for short, are artificial proteins that are intended for use as pharmaceutical drugs. They are largely built from parts of antibodies (immunoglobulins), and like them have a binding site for antigens that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small modular immunopharmaceutical-Structure-SMIPs are single-chain proteins that comprise one binding region, one hinge region as a connector, and one effector domain. The binding region is a modified single-chain variable fragment (scFv), and the rest of the protein can be constructed from the fragment crystallizable... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small modular immunopharmaceutical-Production-A monoclonal antibody targeting the desired antigen can be developed the classical way, using hybridoma technology. The scFv is then constructed from the antibody's variable regions. A large number of different hinge regions and effector domains are taken from libraries of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TB6Cs1H4 snoRNA-TB6Cs1H4 snoRNA-TB6Cs1H4 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the euka... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-SILC (protocol)-SILC (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol) is a protocol that provides secure synchronous conferencing services (very much like IRC) over the Internet. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-Components-The SILC protocol can be divided in three main parts: SILC Key Exchange (SKE) protocol, SILC Authentication protocol and SILC Packet protocol. SILC protocol additionally defines SILC Commands that are used to manage the SILC session. SILC provides channels (groups), nicknames, private message... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-Components-The SKE protocol is used to establish session key and other security parameters for protecting the SILC Packet protocol. The SKE itself is based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm (a form of asymmetric cryptography) and the exchange is protected with digital signatures. The SILC Aut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-Components-SILC channels (groups) are protected by using symmetric channel keys. It is optionally possible to digitally sign all channel messages. It is also possible to protect messages with a privately generated channel key that has been previously agreed upon by channel members. Private messages betw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-History-SILC was designed by Pekka Riikonen between 1996 and 1999 and first released in public in summer 2000. A client and a server were written. Protocol specifications were proposed, but ultimately request for publication was denied in June 2004 by IESG and no RFC has been published to date.
At prese... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-Security-As described in the SILC FAQ, chats are secured through the generation of symmetric encryption keys. These keys have to be generated somewhere, and this occurs on the server. This means that chats might be compromised, if the server itself is compromised. This is just a version of the man-in-th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SILC (protocol)-Networks-SILC uses a similar pattern to IRC, in that there is no global "SILC network" but many small independent networks consisting of one or several servers each, although it is claimed that SILC can scale better with many servers in a single network.
The "original" network is called SILCNet, at the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Edema-Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels tight, the area may feel heavy, and joint stiffness. Other symptoms depend on the u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Specific area An edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations, tendinitis or pancreatitis, for instance. Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms. Examples of edema in specific organs: Peripheral edema (“dependent” edema of legs) is extracellular fluid acc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Cerebral edema is extracellular fluid accumulation in the brain. It can occur in toxic or abnormal metabolic states and conditions such as systemic lupus or reduced oxygen at high altitudes. It causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness, leading to brain herniation and death. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Pulmonary edema occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. This is usually due to failure of the left ventricle of the heart. It can also occur in altitude sickness or on inhalation of toxic chemicals. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with glaucoma, severe conjunctivitis, keratitis, or after surgery. Affected people may perceive coloured haloes around bright lights.
Edema surrounding the eyes is called periorbital edema (puffy eyes) . The periorbital tissues are most noticeabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Another cutaneous form of edema is myxedema, which is caused by increased deposition of connective tissue. In myxedema (and a variety of other rarer conditions) edema is caused by an increased tendency of the tissue to hold water within its extracellular space. In myxedema, this is due to an in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Myoedema is localized mounding of muscle tissue due to percussive pressure, such as flicking the relaxed muscle with the forefinger and thumb. It produces a mound, visible, firm and non-tender at the point of tactile stimulus approximately 1-2 seconds after stimulus, subsiding back to normal af... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-In lymphedema, abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure of the lymphatic system. This may be due to obstruction from, for example, pressure from a cancer or enlarged lymph nodes, destruction of lymph vessels by radiotherapy, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection (suc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Generalized A rise in hydrostatic pressure occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in nephrotic syndrome and liver failure.Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can caus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Signs and symptoms-Hydrops fetalis is a condition in a baby characterized by an accumulation of fluid in at least two body compartments. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Cause-Heart The pumping force of the heart should help to keep a normal pressure within the blood vessels. But if the heart begins to fail (a condition known as congestive heart failure) the pressure changes can cause very severe water retention. In this condition water retention is mostly visible in the legs, fe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Cause-Kidneys Another cause of severe water retention is kidney failure, where the kidneys are no longer able to filter fluid out of the blood and turn it into urine. Kidney disease often starts with inflammation, for instance in the case of diseases such as nephrotic syndrome or lupus. This type of water retenti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Cause-Liver Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver is a common cause of edema in the legs and abdominal cavity.
Others Swollen legs, feet and ankles are common in late pregnancy. The problem is partly caused by the weight of the uterus on the major veins of the pelvis. It usually clears up after delivery of the baby, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Cause-Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. Exercise helps the leg veins work against gravity to return blood to the heart. If blood travels too slowly and starts to pool in the leg veins, the pressure can force too much fluid out of the leg capillaries into the tissue spaces. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Mechanism-Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema: increased hydrostatic pressure; reduced colloidal or oncotic pressure within blood vessels; increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure; increased blood vessel wall permeability (such as inflammation); obstruction of fluid clearance in the lymphat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Diagnosis-Edema may be described as pitting edema, or non-pitting edema. Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. Peripheral pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention. It... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Diagnosis-Edema caused by malnutrition defines kwashiorkor, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edema-Treatment-When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause. Many cases of heart or kidney disease are treated with diuretics.Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-The Klung Wilhelmy Science Award is an annual German award in the field of science, alternating annually between the categories of chemistry and physics. It is bestowed upon outstanding younger German scientists under the age of 40. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Previous award names-1973 to 2001 – Otto-Klung-Award 2001 to 2007 – Otto-Klung-Weberbank-Award 2007 to 2013 – Klung-Wilhelmy-Weberbank-Award | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Selection process-The prizewinners are selected by permanent committees at the Institutes of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Department of Physics at the Free University of Berlin, with additional input from professors at other universities. Proposals and nominations by nationally and in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Selection process-The final decision on the selection recommendations is made by the following foundations: the Otto Klung Foundation at the Free University of Berlin and the Dr. Wilhelmy Foundation. The stated aim of these foundations is to strengthen the promotion of outstanding scientifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Selection process-The prize was first awarded in 1973 by the Otto Klung Foundation. Since 2007, the prize has become one of the highest privately funded scientific endowments in Germany. The annual award ceremony, which has been held in November, is open to the public. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klung Wilhelmy Science Award-Recipients-From 1973 to 1978, the Otto Klung Foundation acting alone and trying to foster young academics presented the Otto-Klung-Award as a Junior Researcher Prize for outstanding scientific achievement to graduate students and postdoctoral students of the Free University of Berlin, Depar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase-(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase-In enzymology, a (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate ⇌ 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase-(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase-This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransfe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Geocell (cartography)-Geocell (cartography)-In geographic information systems, a geocell (or geo-cell) is a patch on the surface of the Earth that is 1 degree of latitude by 1 degree of longitude in extent.At the equator, a geocell is approximately a 111x111 kilometres (69 mi) square - but the east-west dimension of ge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-Superconductor classification-Superconductors can be classified in accordance with several criteria that depend on physical properties, current understanding, and the expense of cooling them or their material. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-By their magnetic properties-Type I superconductors: those having just one critical field, Hc, and changing abruptly from one state to the other when it is reached.
Type II superconductors: having two critical fields, Hc1 and Hc2, being a perfect superconductor under the lower critical fie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-By the understanding we have about them-Conventional superconductors: those that can be fully explained with the BCS theory or related theories. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-By the understanding we have about them-Unconventional superconductors: those that failed to be explained using such theories, e.g.: Heavy fermion superconductorsThis criterion is important, as the BCS theory has explained the properties of conventional superconductors since 1957, yet ther... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-By their critical temperature-Low-temperature superconductors, or LTS: those whose critical temperature is below 77 K.
High-temperature superconductors, or HTS: those whose critical temperature is above 77 K.
Room-temperature superconductors: those whose critical temperature is above 273 K... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superconductor classification-By material constituents and structure-Some pure elements, such as lead or mercury (but not all pure elements, as some never reach the superconducting phase).
Some allotropes of carbon, such as fullerenes, nanotubes, or diamond.Most superconductors made of pure elements are type I (except ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bottle-shock-Bottle-shock-Bottle-shock or Bottle-sickness is a temporary condition of wine characterized by muted or disjointed fruit flavors. It often occurs immediately after bottling or when wines (usually fragile wines) are given an additional dose of sulfur (in the form of sulfur dioxide or sulfite solution). Afte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kuratowski's closure-complement problem-Kuratowski's closure-complement problem-In point-set topology, Kuratowski's closure-complement problem asks for the largest number of distinct sets obtainable by repeatedly applying the set operations of closure and complement to a given starting subset of a topological space. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kuratowski's closure-complement problem-Proof-Letting S denote an arbitrary subset of a topological space, write kS for the closure of S , and cS for the complement of S . The following three identities imply that no more than 14 distinct sets are obtainable: kkS=kS . (The closure operation is idempotent.) ccS=S .... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kuratowski's closure-complement problem-Proof-cX=(−∞,0]∪{1}∪[2,3)∪(3,4)∪((4,5)∖Q)∪(5,∞) kcX=(−∞,0]∪{1}∪[2,∞) ckcX=(0,1)∪(1,2) kckcX=[0,2] ckckcX=(−∞,0)∪(2,∞) kckckcX=(−∞,0]∪[2,∞) ckckckcX=(0,2) kX=[0,2]∪{3}∪[4,5] ckX=(−∞,0)∪(2,3)∪(3,4)∪(5,∞) kckX=(−∞,0]∪[2,4]∪[5,∞) ckckX=(0,2)∪(4,5) kckckX=[0,2]∪[4,5] ckckckX=(∞,0)∪(2,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kuratowski's closure-complement problem-Further results-Despite its origin within the context of a topological space, Kuratowski's closure-complement problem is actually more algebraic than topological. A surprising abundance of closely related problems and results have appeared since 1960, many of which have little or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Plabutsch Formation-Plabutsch Formation-The Plabutsch Formation is a geologic formation in Austria. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-In physics, the super-Tonks–Girardeau gas represents an excited quantum gas phase with strong attractive interactions in a one-dimensional spatial geometry. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Usually, strongly attractive quantum gases are expected to form dense particle clusters and lose all gas-like properties. But in 2005, it was proposed by Stefano Giorgini and co-workers that there is a many-body state of attractively interacting bosons that does not d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Particles in a super-Tonks gas should be strongly correlated and show long range order with a Luttinger Liquid parameter K<1. Since each particle occupies a certain volume, the gas properties are similar to a classical gas of hard rods. Despite the mutual attraction, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-To prepare the super-Tonks–Girardeau phase it is necessary to increase the repulsive interaction strength all the way through the Tonks–Girardeau regime up to infinity. Sudden switching from infinitely strong repulsive to infinitely attractive interactions stabilizes ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Tonks–Girardeau gas-Experimental realization-The super-Tonks–Girardeau gas was experimentally observed in Ref. using an ultracold gas of cesium atoms. Reducing the magnitude of the attractive interactions caused the gas to became unstable to collapse into cluster-like bound states. Repulsive dipolar interactions ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dalrymple's sign-Dalrymple's sign-Dalrymple's sign is a widened palpebral (eyelid) opening, or eyelid spasm, seen in thyrotoxicosis (as seen in Graves' disease, exophthalmic goitre and other hyperthyroid conditions), causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure. As a result of the retraction of the upper eyelid, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dalrymple's sign-Dalrymple's sign-Other eye signs described within the symptomology of Graves' disease are Stellwag's sign (rare blinking), Rosenbach's sign (tremor of the eyelids), and Jelink's sign (hyperpigmentation of the eyelid). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Portable hyperbaric bag-Portable hyperbaric bag-A portable hyperbaric bag, of which one brand is the Gamow (pronounced [ˈɡamɔf]) bag, is an inflatable pressure bag large enough to accommodate a person. The patient can be placed inside the bag, which is then sealed and inflated with a foot pump. Within minutes, the effe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Portable hyperbaric bag-History-The Gamow bag was named after its inventor, Igor Gamow, son of George Gamow. Igor Gamow originally designed a predecessor to the Gamow bag called "The Bubble" to study the effect of high altitude on stamina and performance in athletes. Gamow later re-designed "The Bubble" into a bag that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Portable hyperbaric bag-Application-It is primarily used for treating severe cases of altitude sickness, high-altitude cerebral edema, and high-altitude pulmonary edema. Like office-based hyperbaric medicine, the Gamow bag uses increased partial pressure of oxygen for therapy of hypobaric injury but has the advantage o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blank-firing adapter-Blank-firing adapter-A blank-firing adapter or blank-firing attachment (BFA), sometimes called a blank adapter or blank attachment, is a device used in conjunction with blank ammunition for safety reasons, functional reasons or a combination of them both. Blank firing adapters are required for allo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blank-firing adapter-Design-The design of the blank firing adapter depends on the intended use. Different designs are used for different firearm actions and different user needs. For military use, BFAs are made obvious in order that they can be seen to be fitted. In addition to its role in cycling the action of a weapo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blank-firing adapter-Design-Gas operated and blowback firearms BFAs for blowback and gas-operated firearms are relatively simple. These weapons depend on high pressures in the chamber generated by the combustion of the propellant to push the breech block to the rear, allowing another round to be chambered and fired. If... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blank-firing adapter-Design-Recoil operated firearms Since blank cartridges generate very little recoil, far less than that produced by a live round, the recoil operation mechanism is not suitable for use with blanks. BFAs used with recoil-operated firearms typically replace the locked breech of a recoil operated firea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Blank-firing adapter-Design-One notable exception to the design of BFAs for recoil operated firearms is machine guns based on short recoil designs, such as the German MG 34 and its descendants. These designs use a muzzle booster to add energy to the recoiling parts, and BFAs for these designs simply replace the muzzle ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Hopf algebroid-In mathematics, in the theory of Hopf algebras, a Hopf algebroid is a generalisation of weak Hopf algebras, certain skew Hopf algebras and commutative Hopf k-algebroids. If k is a field, a commutative k-algebroid is a cogroupoid object in the category of k-algebras; the category of such is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Definition-The main motivation behind of the definition of a Hopf algebroidpg301-302 is its a commutative algebraic representation of an algebraic stack which can be presented as affine schemes. More generally, Hopf algebroids encode the data of presheaves of groupoids on the category Aff of affine sche... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Definition-Scheme-theoretic definition Algebraic objects in the definition A Hopf algebroid over a commutative ring k is a pair of k -algebras (A,Γ) in CRing k such that their functor of points Hom Hom k(A,−) encodes a groupoid in Aff . If we fix B as some object in CRing k , then Hom k(A,B) is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Definition-Also, a graded Hopf algebroid (A,Γ) is said to be connected if the right and left sub A -modules Γ0↪Γ are both isomorphic to A Another definition A left Hopf algebroid (H, R) is a left bialgebroid together with an antipode: the bialgebroid (H, R) consists of a total algebra H and a base al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Definition-The antipode S: H → H is usually taken to be an algebra anti-automorphism satisfying conditions of exchanging the source and target maps and satisfying two axioms like Hopf algebra antipode axioms; see the references in Lu or in Böhm-Szlachányi for a more example-category friendly, though some... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Examples-From algebraic topology One of the main motivating examples of a Hopf algebroid is the pair (π∗(E),E∗(E)) for a spectrum E . For example, the Hopf algebroids MU MU MU )) , BP BP BP )) , for the spectra representing complex cobordism and Brown-Peterson homology, and truncations of them are wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hopf algebroid-Examples-Hopf algebroid corepresenting stack of formal group laws There is a Hopf-algebroid which corepresents the stack of formal group laws MFG which is constructed using algebraic topology. If we let MP denote the spectrum MP MU there is a Hopf algebroid MP MP MP ) corepresenting the stack MFG . Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Kerosene lamp-A kerosene lamp (also known as a paraffin lamp in some countries) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel. Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may be used for portab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Kerosene lamp-Pressurized kerosene lamps use a gas mantle; these are known as Petromax, Tilley lamps, or Coleman lamps, among other manufacturers. They produce more light per unit of fuel than wick-type lamps, but are more complex and expensive in construction and more complex to operate. A hand-pump pres... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Kerosene lamp-Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where electricity is not distributed or is too costly. As of 2005, kerosene and other fuel-based illumination methods consume an estimated 77 billion litres (20 billion US gallons) of fuel per year, equivalent to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-History-In 1813, John Tilley invented the hydro-pneumatic blowpipe. In 1818, William Henry Tilley, gas fitters, was manufacturing gas lamps in Stoke Newington.In 1846, Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a substitute for whale oil for lighting, distilled from coal. Later made from petroleum, kerosene became a p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-History-In 1914, the Coleman Lantern pressure lamp was introduced by the Coleman Company.In 1919, Tilley High-Pressure Gas Company started using kerosene as a fuel for lamps. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Flat-wick lamp A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of kerosene lamp, which burns kerosene drawn up through a wick by capillary action. If this type of lamp is broken, it can easily start a fire. A flat-wick lamp has a fuel tank (fount), with the lamp burner attached. Attached to the fuel tank, four pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-The chimney is used for a more important duty. The mantle/wick holder has holes around the outer edges. When the lantern is lit and a chimney is attached, the thermally induced draft draws air through these holes and passes over the top of the mantle, just as a chimney in your house. This has a cool... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-The lamp burner has a flat wick, usually made of cotton. The lower part of the wick dips into the fount and absorbs the kerosene; the top part of the wick extends out of the wick tube of the lamp burner, which includes a wick-adjustment mechanism. Adjusting how much of the wick extends above the wic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-This type of lamp was very widely used by railways, both on the front and rear of trains and for hand signals, due to its reliability. At a time when there were few competing light sources at night outside major towns, the limited brightness of these lamps was adequate and could be seen at sufficien... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Central-draft (tubular round wick) lamp A central-draft lamp, or Argand lamp, works in the same manner as the flat-wick lamp. The burner is equipped with a tall glass chimney, of around 12 inches (300 mm) tall or taller, to provide the powerful draft this lamp requires to burn properly. The burner u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Mantle lamp A variation on the "central-draft" lamp is the mantle lamp. The mantle is a roughly pear-shaped mesh made of fabric placed over the burner. The mantle typically contains thorium or other rare-earth salts; on first use the cloth burns away, and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Mantle lamps are nearly always bright enough to benefit from a lampshade, and a few mantle lamps may be enough to heat a small building in cold weather. Mantle lamps, because of the higher temperature at which they operate, do not produce much odor, except when first lit or extinguished. Like flat- ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-All unpressurized mantle lamps are based on the Argand lamp that was improved by the Clamond basket mantle. These lamps were popular from 1882 until shortly after WWII, when rural electrification made them obsolete. Aladdin Lamps is the only maker of this style lamp today. Even they, are now marketi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Large fixed pressurized kerosene mantle lamps were used in lighthouse beacons for navigation of ships, brighter and with lower fuel consumption than oil lamps used before. An early version of the gas mantle lamp, kerosene was vaporized by a secondary burner, which pressurized the kerosene tank that ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Kerosene lantern A kerosene lantern, also known as a "barn lantern" or "hurricane lantern", is a flat-wick lamp made for portable and outdoor use. They are made of soldered or crimped-together sheet-metal stampings, with tin-plated sheet steel being the most common material, followed by brass and co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-The earliest portable kerosene "glass globe" lanterns, of the 1850s and 1860s, were of the dead-flame type, meaning that it had an open wick, but the airflow to the flame was strictly controlled in an upward motion by a combination of vents at the bottom of the burner and an open topped chimney. Thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Later lanterns, such as the hot-blast and cold-blast lanterns, took this airflow control even further by partially or fully enclosing the wick in a "deflector" or "burner cone" and then channeling the air to be supplied for combustion at the wick while at the same time pre-heating the air for combus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-The hot-blast design, also known as a "tubular lantern" due to the metal tubes used in its construction, was invented by John H. Irwin and was patented on May 4, 1869. As noted in the patent, the "novel mode of constructing a lantern whereby the wind, instead of acting upon the flame in such a manne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Types-Later, Irwin improved upon this design by inventing and patenting his cold-blast design on May 6, 1873. This design is similar to his earlier "hot-blast" design, except that the oxygen-depleted hot combustion byproducts are redirected and prevented from recirculating back to the burner by redesignin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Safety-Combustion Contamination of lamp fuel with even a small amount of gasoline results in a lower flash point and higher vapor pressure for the fuel, with potentially dangerous consequences. Vapors from spilled fuel may ignite; vapor trapped above liquid fuel may lead to excess pressure and fires. Kero... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Safety-Inhalation The World Health Organization considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that “governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use”. Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful particulate matter, and household use of kerosene is associated with hi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kerosene lamp-Performance-Flat-wick lamps have the lowest light output, center-draft round-wick lamps have 3–4 times the output of flat-wick lamps, and pressurized lamps have higher output yet; the range is from 8 to 100 lumens. A kerosene lamp producing 37 lumens for 4 hours per day consumes about 3 litres (6.3 US pt;... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dynamite Duke-Dynamite Duke-Dynamite Duke (Japanese: ダイナマイトデューク, Hepburn: Dainamaito Dūku) is a 1989 action arcade game developed by Seibu Kaihatsu. It was later ported to the Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis and X68000. Being a Cabal-based shooter, it can be considered a follow-up to Seibu's Empire City: 1931 and Dea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dynamite Duke-The Double Dynamites-It is a version with simultaneous 2 player support. In addition, there are other changes: Life gauges are shown with visible bars, where Duke and bosses all have 11 bars of life.
In the English version, it is no longer possible to refill the life bar by adding credits after completing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dynamite Duke-Story-A top scientist decides to utilise a secret formula to develop his very own army of evil mutant warriors, so he can become the ruler of the world. It is up to Dynamite Duke: a man who is armed with a cybernetic arm along with a machine gun to foil his evil plan. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dynamite Duke-Gameplay-The Arcade version has 9 stages, while the Genesis version only has 6 stages. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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