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Dynamite Duke-Reception-In Japan, Game Machine listed Dynamite Duke on their October 1, 1989 issue as being the fourteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.Mean Machines gave the Mega Drive/Genesis version a 79%, commenting that it was only visually better than the Master System version and that it "lacks... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-3G-3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade over 2G, 2.5G, GPRS and 2.75G Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution networks, offering faster data transfer, and better voice quality. This network was superseded by 4G, and later on by 5G. This network is based on a se... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-3G-A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first commercial 3G networks w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-Several telecommunications companies marketed wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service was provided over a 3G wireless network. However, 3G services have largely been supplanted in marketing by 4G and 5G services in most areas of the world. Services advertised as 3G ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and only offered in China.
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev. B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.The 3G ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-The common standards complying with the IMT2000/3G standard are: EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission methods, which utilizes the same switching nodes, base station sites, and frequencies as GPRS, but includes a new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just like the original UMTS WCDMA versions and thus formally fulfill the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice, EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. ED... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-EDGE was also a mode in the IS-136 TDMA system, no longer used.
Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream but is not commercially used.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (by three times the original amount) compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-Break-up of 3G systems The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible ex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Overview-While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002, the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but the network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the US was Verizon Wireless in July 2002, also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3G UMTS networ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The first commercial United Kingdom 3G network was started by Hutchison Telecom which was originally behind Orange S.A. In 2003, it announced first commercial third generation or 3G mobile phone network in the UK. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia, by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-Adoption Japan was one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial investment for any company w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada, and the US, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The roll-out of 3G networks was delayed by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees in some countries. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone. An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-Market penetration By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200 kbit/s whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-According to ITU estimates, as of Q4 2012 there were 2096 million active mobile-broadband subscribers worldwide out of a total of 6835 million subscribers—this is just over 30%. About half the mobile-broadband subscriptions are for subscribers in developed nations, 934 million out of 1600 million total, well... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-History-Decline and decommissions Since the increasing adoption of 4G networks across the globe, 3G use has been in decline. Several operators around the world have already or are in the process of shutting down their 3G networks (see table below). In several places, 3G is being shut down while its older predecessor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Patents-It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Philips, NTT DoCoMo, Siemens, Mitsubishi, F... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Features-Data rates ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Features-In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Features-Security 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Features-Applications of 3G The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. It became possible to conveniently surf the internet on a 3G network on the go with minimum hassle, and do many other tasks previously a slow and diffi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Evolution-Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3G-Evolution-3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted UMB development in favour of the LTE family.On 14 December 2009, TeliaSonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services." With the laun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Sporogenesis-Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Reproduction via spores-Reproductive spores are generally the result of cell division, most commonly meiosis (e.g. in plant sporophytes). Sporic meiosis is needed to complete the sexual life cycle of the organisms using it. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Reproduction via spores-In some cases, sporogenesis occurs via mitosis (e.g. in some fungi and algae). Mitotic sporogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction. Examples are the conidial fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium, for which mitospore formation appears to be the primary mode of reproduction. Other fun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Reproduction via spores-In the case of dormant spores in eukaryotes, sporogenesis often occurs as a result of fertilization or karyogamy forming a diploid spore equivalent to a zygote. Therefore, zygospores are the result of sexual reproduction. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Reproduction via spores-Reproduction via spores involves the spreading of the spores by water or air. Algae and some fungi (chytrids) often use motile zoospores that can swim to new locations before developing into sessile organisms. Airborne spores are obvious in fungi, for example when they are released ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Reproduction via spores-Reproductive spores grow into multicellular haploid individuals or sporelings. In heterosporous organisms, two types of spores exist: microspores give rise to males and megaspores to females. In homosporous organisms, all spores look alike and grow into individuals carrying reproduc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of reproductive spores-Sporogenesis occurs in reproductive structures termed sporangia. The process involves sporogenous cells (sporocytes, also called spore mother cells) undergoing cell division to give rise to spores.
In meiotic sporogenesis, a diploid spore mother cell within the sporangium u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of reproductive spores-In gymnosperms, such as conifers, microspores are produced through meiosis from microsporocytes in microstrobili or male cones. In flowering plants, microspores are produced in the anthers of flowers. Each anther contains four pollen sacs, which contain the microsporocytes.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of reproductive spores-Megasporogenesis occurs in megastrobili in conifers (for example a pine cone) and inside the ovule in the flowers of flowering plants. A megasporocyte inside a megasporangium or ovule undergoes meiosis, producing four megaspores. Only one is a functional megaspore whereas t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of reproductive spores-Mitospore formation Some fungi and algae produce mitospores through mitotic cell division within a sporangium. In fungi, such mitospores are referred to as conidia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of dormant spores-Some algae, and fungi form resting spores made to survive unfavorable conditions. Typically, changes in the environment from favorable to unfavorable growing conditions will trigger a switch from asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction in these organisms. The resulting spore... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of dormant spores-Chlamydospore and teliospore formation Chlamydospores are generally multicellular, asexual structures. Teliospores are a form of chlamydospore produced through the fusion of cells or hyphae where the nuclei of the fused cells stay separate. These nuclei undergo karyogamy and mei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of dormant spores-Zygospore, oospore and auxospore formation Zygospores are formed in certain fungi (zygomycota, for example Rhizopus) and some algae (for example Chlamydomonas). The zygospore forms through the isogamic fusion of two cells (motile single cells in Chlamydomonas) or sexual conjugat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Formation of dormant spores-In oomycetes, the zygote forms through the fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm nucleus and enters a resting stage as a diploid, thick-walled oospore. The germinating oospore undergoes mitosis and gives rise to diploid hyphae which reproduce asexually via mitotic zoospores ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sporogenesis-Parts of the spore-There are many parts of the spore 'plant'. The structure enclosing a group of spores is called a sporangium. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Estrogen receptor beta-Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2) is one of two main types of estrogen receptor—a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans ERβ is encoded by the ESR2 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Function-ERβ is a member of the family of estrogen receptors and the superfamily of nuclear receptor transcription factors. The gene product contains an N-terminal DNA binding domain and C-terminal ligand binding domain and is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Upon binding to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Function-Mammary gland ERβ knockout mice show normal mammary gland development at puberty and are able to lactate normally. The mammary glands of adult virgin female mice are indistinguishable from those of age-matched wild-type virgin female mice. This is in contrast to ERα knockout mice, in whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Tissue distribution-ERβ is expressed by many tissues including the uterus, blood monocytes and tissue macrophages, colonic and pulmonary epithelial cells and in prostatic epithelium and in malignant counterparts of these tissues. Also, ERβ is found throughout the brain at different concentrations... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-ERβ abnormalities-ERβ function is related to various cardiovascular targets including ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-1). Polymorphism may affect ERβ function and lead to altered responses in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Abnor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Disease-Cardiovascular disease Mutations in ERβ have been shown to influence cardiomyocytes, the cells that comprise the largest part of the heart, and can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is a disparity in prevalence of CVD between pre- and post-menopausal women, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Disease-Alzheimer's disease Genetic variation in ERβ is both sex and age dependent and ERβ polymorphism can lead to accelerated brain aging, cognitive impairment, and development of AD pathology. Similar to CVD, post-menopausal women have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Neuroprotective benefits-Synaptic strength and plasticity ERβ levels can dictate both synaptic strength and neuroplasticity through neural structure modifications. Variations in endogenous estrogen levels cause changes in dendritic architecture in the hippocampus, which affects neural signaling a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Ligands-Agonists Non-selective Endogenous estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol) Natural estrogens (e.g., conjugated estrogens) Synthetic estrogens (e.g., ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol) Selective Agonists of ERβ selective over ERα include: Antagonists Non-selective Selecti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Estrogen receptor beta-Interactions-Estrogen receptor beta has been shown to interact with: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Adaptive representation-Adaptive representation-Adaptive representation is an extension by Francis Heylighen to Kant's theory of knowledge. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Adaptive representation-Adaptive representation-According to Kant, perception passes by the filters of the mind who observes the phenomena. In this line, there exists in the human mind invariant and a priori principles of experience. As an example, one may have imprinted in the brain a Cartesian representation of space... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Adaptive representation-Adaptive representation-Heylighen has proposed a revision of these Kantian ideas, in which these principles are not supposed to be invariant and necessary. Instead, alternative principles exist for the organization of experience in adaptive representations. This opens a path for new investigatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alclad-Alclad-Alclad is a corrosion-resistant aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers metallurgically bonded (rolled onto) to high-strength aluminium alloy core material. It has a melting point of about 500 °C (932 °F). Alclad is a trademark of Alcoa but the term is also used generically. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alclad-Alclad-Since the late 1920s, Alclad has been produced as an aviation-grade material, being first used by the sector in the construction of the ZMC-2 airship. The material has significantly more resistance to corrosion than most aluminium-based alloys, for only a modest increase in weight, making Alclad attractiv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alclad-Details-The material was described in NACA-TN-259 of August 1927, as "a new corrosion resistant aluminium product which is markedly superior to the present strong alloys. Its use should result in greatly increased life of a structural part. Alclad is a heat-treated aluminium, copper, manganese, magnesium alloy t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alclad-History-Alclad sheeting has become a widely used material within the aviation industry for the construction of aircraft due to its favourable qualities, such as a high fatigue resistance and its strength. During the first half of the twentieth century, substantial studies were conducted into the corrosion qualit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cold shield-Cold shield-A cold shield is a device to protect an object from unwanted heating by thermal radiation or light. Usually it is a cooled object with low absorption and high reflectivity.
It can be found in molecular beam epitaxy chambers to protect the growth areas from thermal radiation from hot sources. In ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS, sometimes referred to as TDLS, TLS or TLAS) is a technique for measuring the concentration of certain species such as methane, water vapor and many more, in a gaseous mixture using... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Working-A basic TDLAS setup consists of a tunable diode laser light source, transmitting (i.e. beam shaping) optics, optically accessible absorbing medium, receiving optics and detector/s. The emission wavelength of the tunable diode laser, viz. VCSEL, DFB, etc., is tuned ove... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Basic principles-Concentration measurement The basic principle behind the TDLAS technique is simple. The focus here is on a single absorption line in the absorption spectrum of a particular species of interest. To start, the wavelength of a diode laser is tuned over a particu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Basic principles-Temperature measurement The above relation requires that the temperature T of the absorbing species is known. However, it is possible to overcome this difficulty and measure the temperature simultaneously. There are number of ways to measure the temperature.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Basic principles-exp [−hc(E1−E2)k(1T−1T0)] where, T0 is some reference temperature at which the line strengths are known, ΔE=(E1−E2) is the difference in the lower energy levels involved in the transitions for the lines being probed.Another way to measure the temperature is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Basic principles-However, this method can be used, only when the gas pressure is low (of the order of few mbar). At higher pressures (tens of millibars or more), pressure or collisional broadening becomes important and the lineshape is no longer a function of temperature alon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Basic principles-Velocity measurement The effect of a mean flow of the gas in the path of the laser beam can be seen as a shift in the absorption spectrum, also known as Doppler shift. The shift in the frequency spectrum is related to the mean flow velocity by, cos θ where, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-The main disadvantage of absorption spectrometry (AS) as well as laser absorption spectrometry (LAS) in general is that it relies on a measurement of a small change of a signal on top of a large background. Any noise introduced by the ligh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-There are basically two ways to improve on the situation; one is to reduce the noise in the signal, the other is to increase the absorption. The former can be achieved by the use of a modulation technique, whereas the latter can be obtaine... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-Modulation techniques Modulation techniques make use of the fact that technical noise usually decreases with increasing frequency (which is why it is often referred to as 1/f noise) and improve the signal to noise ratio by encoding and det... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-In WMS the wavelength of the light is continuously scanned across the absorption profile, and the signal is detected at a harmonic of the modulation frequency. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-In FMS, the light is modulated at a much higher frequency but with a lower modulation index. As a result, a pair of sidebands separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency appears, giving rise to a so-called FM-triplet. The signal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-Although in theory baseline-free, both modulation techniques are usually limited by residual amplitude modulation (RAM), either from the laser or from multiple reflections in the optical system (etalon effects). If these noise contribution... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-In general the absorption imprints are generated by a straight line light propagation through a volume with the specific gas. To further enhance the signal, the pathway of the light travel can be increased with multi-pass cells. There is h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-Cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometry (CEAS) The second way of improving the detectability of TDLAS technique is to extend the interaction length. This can be obtained by placing the species inside a cavity in which the light bounces bac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-External cavities can either be of multi-pass type, i.e. Herriott or White cells, of non- resonant type (off-axis alignment), or of resonant type, most often working as a Fabry–Pérot (FP) etalon. Multi-pass cells, which typically can provi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-Resonant cavities can provide a much larger path length enhancement, in the order of the finesse of the cavity, F, which for a balanced cavity with high reflecting mirrors with reflectivities of ~99.99–99.999% can be ~ 104 to 105. It shoul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Limitations and means of improvement-The most important resonant CEAS techniques are cavity ring-down spectrometry (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) or cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy (PS-CRDS) and C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Applications-Freeze-drying (lyophilization) cycle development and optimization for pharmaceuticals.
Flow diagnostics in hypersonic/re-entry speed research facilities and scramjet combustors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-Applications-Oxygen tunable diode laser spectrometers play an important role in safety applications in a wide range of industrial processes, for this reason, TDLS are often an integral part of modern chemical plants. The fast response time compared to other technologies for m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boiler stay-Boiler stay-A boiler stay is an internal structural element of a boiler. Where the shell of a boiler or other pressure vessel is made of cylindrical or (part) spherical elements, the internal pressure will be contained without distortion. However, flat surfaces of any significant size will distort under pre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boiler stay-Stayless firebox-A cylindrical firebox may be self-supporting without stays because of its shape.
Knuckle joint is used in Diagonal stays in boiler | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Clarifying agent-Clarifying agents are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing flocculation, causing the solids to form larger aggregates that can be easily removed after they either float to the surface or sink to the bottom of the containment vessel. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Process-Particles finer than 0.1 µm (10−7m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Process-Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc. Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Process-Many flocculants are multivalent cations such as aluminium, iron, calcium or magnesium. These positively charged molecules interact with negatively charged particles and molecules to reduce the barriers to aggregation. In addition, many of these chemicals, under appropriate pH and other conditi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Process-Long-chain polymer flocculants, such as modified polyacrylamides, are manufactured and sold by the flocculant producing business. These can be supplied in dry or liquid form for use in the flocculation process. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10–40% actives... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clarifying agent-Agents-alum aluminium chlorohydrate aluminium sulfate calcium oxide calcium hydroxide iron(II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride) polyacrylamide polyDADMAC sodium aluminate sodium silicateThe following natural products are used as flocculants: Chitosan Isinglass Moringa olei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Clear cell sarcoma-Clear cell sarcoma is a rare form of cancer called a sarcoma. It is known to occur mainly in the soft tissues and dermis. Rare forms were thought to occur in the gastrointestinal tract before they were discovered to be different and redesignated as GNET.
Recurrence is common.Clear ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Signs and symptoms-It presents as a slow growing mass that especially affects tendons and aponeuroses and it is deeply situated. Patients often perceive it as a lump or hard mass. It causes either pain or tenderness but only until it becomes large enough. This kind of tumor is commonly found in the e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Pathology-Despite the name clear cell sarcoma, the tumor cells do not necessarily need to have clear cytoplasm. The lesion has a distinctly nested growth pattern with a mixture of spindle, epithelioid and tumor giant cells. Approximately two thirds of the tumors contain melanin pigment. Clear cell sa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Diagnosis-Imaging studies such as X-rays, computed tomography scans, or MRI may be required to diagnose clear-cell sarcoma together with a physical exam. Normally a biopsy is also necessary. Furthermore, a chest CT, a bone scan and positron emission tomography (PET) may be part of the tests in order ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Treatment-Treatment depends upon the site and the extent of the disease. Clear cell sarcoma is usually treated with surgery in the first place in order to remove the tumor. The surgical procedure is then followed by radiation and sometimes chemotherapy. Few cases of clear cell sarcoma respond to chem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clear cell sarcoma-Prognosis-When the tumor is large and there is presence of necrosis and local recurrence, the prognosis is poor. Presence of metastasis occurs in more than 50% cases and the common places of its occurrence are the bone, lymph node and lungs. Five-year survival rates, which are reported to be between ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1-Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1-Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1, also known as glycine transporter 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A9 gene which is promising therapeutic target for treatment of diabetes a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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