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AMD mobile platform-Open platform approach-The stickers to be used will be further classified by the system performance according to the processor performance, and into five classes, each having different colours as well as different logos for each component, listed as follows: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AMD mobile platform-Market analysis-According to AMD figures in December 2007, AMD mobile platform gained 19% unit share in the market and about 23% revenue share of the firm during Q3 2007 while competing with the Intel Centrino platform. Figures for Q1 and Q2 2007 are 15% and 17% unit share, accounting for 14% and 16... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AMD mobile platform-Implementations-Initial platform (2003) Launched in 2003, the initial platform for mobile AMD processors consists of: Kite platform (2006) Introduced in 2006, the Kite platform consists of: Kite Refresh platform (2007) AMD used Kite Refresh as the codenamed for the second-generation AMD mobile platf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AMD mobile platform-Implementations-Tigris platform (2009) The Tigris platform introduced in September 2009 for the AMD Mainstream Notebook Platform consists of: Nile platform (2010) The Nile platform introduced on May 12, 2010, for the third AMD Ultrathin Platform consists of: Danube platform (2010) The Danube platfor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AMD mobile platform-Implementations-Both low-power APU versions feature two Bobcat x86 cores and fully support DirectX11, DirectCompute (Microsoft programming interface for GPU computing) and OpenCL (cross-platform programming interface standard for multi-core x86 and accelerated GPU computing). Both also include UVD 3... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GURPS Dinosaurs-GURPS Dinosaurs-GURPS Dinosaurs is a supplement by Stephen Dedman, published by Steve Jackson Games in 1996 for GURPS (Generic Universal Role-Playing System). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GURPS Dinosaurs-Description-GURPS Dinosaurs describes dinosaurs and Earth through prehistoric geological ages. Chapters include descriptions of the climatic conditions and creatures of each geological age: "Timeline" : an overview.
"Paleozoic" "Triassic" "Jurassic" "Cretaceous" "Rise of The Mammals" : Beginning of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GURPS Dinosaurs-Publication history-GURPS Dinosaurs is a 128-page softcover book designed by Stephen Dedman, with additional material by Kirk Tate, interior art by Scott Cooper, Russel Hawley, and Pat Ortega, and cover art by Paul Koroshetz. It was published by Steve Jackson Games in 1996. In the 2014 book Designers &... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GURPS Dinosaurs-Reception-In the December 1997 edition of Dragon (Issue #242), Rick Swan was ambivalent about this book, noting "As a reality-based reference, GURPS Dinosaurs scores high, cataloging literally hundreds of prehistoric creatures in remarkable detail." But Swan didn't think the book went beyond basic descr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-K-regular sequence-In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a k-regular sequence is a sequence satisfying linear recurrence equations that reflect the base-k representations of the integers. The class of k-regular sequences generalizes the class of k-automatic sequences to alphabets of infini... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Definition-There exist several characterizations of k-regular sequences, all of which are equivalent. Some common characterizations are as follows. For each, we take R′ to be a commutative Noetherian ring and we take R to be a ring containing R′.
k-kernel Let k ≥ 2. The k-kernel of the sequence s(n)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Definition-The sequence s(n)n≥0 is (R′, k)-regular (often shortened to just "k-regular") if the R′ -module generated by Kk(s) is a finitely-generated R′-module.In the special case when R′=R=Q , the sequence s(n)n≥0 is k -regular if Kk(s) is contained in a finite-dimensional vector space over Q... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Definition-Formal series Let x0, ..., xk − 1 be a set of k non-commuting variables and let τ be a map sending some natural number n to the string xa0 ... xae − 1, where the base-k representation of x is the string ae − 1...a0. Then a sequence s(n) is k-regular if and only if the formal series ∑n≥0s(... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Definition-Automata-theoretic The formal series definition of a k-regular sequence leads to an automaton characterization similar to Schützenberger's matrix machine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-History-The notion of k-regular sequences was first investigated in a pair of papers by Allouche and Shallit. Prior to this, Berstel and Reutenauer studied the theory of rational series, which is closely related to k-regular sequences. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Examples-Ruler sequence Let s(n)=ν2(n+1) be the 2 -adic valuation of n+1 . The ruler sequence s(n)n≥0=0,1,0,2,0,1,0,3,… (OEIS: A007814) is 2 -regular, and the 2 -kernel and 0≤r≤2e−1} is contained in the two-dimensional vector space generated by s(n)n≥0 and the constant sequence 1,1,1,… . The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Examples-Thue–Morse sequence The Thue–Morse sequence t(n) (OEIS: A010060) is the fixed point of the morphism 0 → 01, 1 → 10. It is known that the Thue–Morse sequence is 2-automatic. Thus, it is also 2-regular, and its 2-kernel and 0≤r≤2e−1} consists of the subsequences t(n)n≥0 and t(2n+1)n≥0 Canto... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Examples-Sorting numbers A somewhat interesting application of the notion of k-regularity to the broader study of algorithms is found in the analysis of the merge sort algorithm. Given a list of n values, the number of comparisons made by the merge sort algorithm are the sorting numbers, governed by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Properties-k-regular sequences exhibit a number of interesting properties.
Every k-automatic sequence is k-regular.
Every k-synchronized sequence is k-regular.
A k-regular sequence takes on finitely many values if and only if it is k-automatic. This is an immediate consequence of the class of k-regul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Proving and disproving k-regularity-Given a candidate sequence s=s(n)n≥0 that is not known to be k-regular, k-regularity can typically be proved directly from the definition by calculating elements of the kernel of s and proving that all elements of the form (s(krn+e))n≥0 with r sufficiently larg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Proving and disproving k-regularity-On the other hand, disproving k-regularity of the candidate sequence s usually requires one to produce a Z -linearly independent subset in the kernel of s , which is typically trickier. Here is one example of such a proof. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Proving and disproving k-regularity-Let e0(n) denote the number of 0 's in the binary expansion of n . Let e1(n) denote the number of 1 's in the binary expansion of n . The sequence := e0(n)−e1(n) can be shown to be 2-regular. The sequence := |f(n)| is, however, not 2-regular, by the followi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
K-regular sequence-Proving and disproving k-regularity-Let a be the least value for which ca≠0 . Then for every n≥0 ,g(2an)=∑a+1≤i≤b−(ci/ca)g(2in).
Evaluating this expression at n=xm , where m=0,−1,1,2,−2 and so on in succession, we obtain, on the left-hand side g(2axm)=|e0(xm)−e1(xm)+a|=|m+a|, and on the right-ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sabouraud agar-Sabouraud agar-Sabouraud agar or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is a type of agar growth medium containing peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi, and can also grow filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia. It has utility for research and clinical care.
It was created by, an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sabouraud agar-Typical composition-Sabouraud agar is commercially available and typically contains: 40 g/L dextrose 10 g/L peptone 20 g/L agar pH 5.6 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sabouraud agar-Medical Use-Clinical laboratories can use this growth medium to diagnose and further speciate fungal infections, allowing medical professionals to provide appropriate treatment with antifungal medications. Histoplasma and other fungal causes of atypical pneumonia can be grown on this medium. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Bromfenac-Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) marketed in the US as an ophthalmic solution (brand names Prolensa and Bromday, prior formulation brand name Xibrom, which has since been discontinued) by ISTA Pharmaceuticals for short-term, local use. Prolensa and Bromday are the once-dail... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Medical uses-Bromfenac is indicated for the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation following cataract extraction.The drug has been shown to reduce macular edema and thickness of the retina (an indicator for inflammation) and improve visual acuity after surgery. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Contraindications-Bromfenac is contraindicated for people with adverse reactions to NSAIDs, such as asthma or rashes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Side effects-Bromfenac eye drops are generally well tolerated. Comparatively common side effects in clinical studies included abnormal sensations in eye (0.5% of people treated with bromfenac), mild to moderate erosion of the cornea (0.4%), eye pruritus (0.4%), eye pain (0.3%) and redness (0.3%). Serious side... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Interactions-No systematic interaction studies have been performed. There are no known cases of interactions with antibiotic eye drops. Blood plasma levels remain very low during bromfenac therapy, so interactions with drugs taken by mouth are unlikely. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Pharmacology-Mechanism of action As an NSAID, bromfenac works by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It preferably acts on COX-2 and only has a low affinity for COX-1. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Pharmacology-Pharmacokinetics Bromfenac is well absorbed through the cornea and reaches highest concentrations in the aqueous humour after 150 to 180 minutes, with a biological half-life of 1.4 hours and high drug levels being maintained for at least 12 hours. It is mainly concentrated in the aqueous humour a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-Chemistry-Along with indomethacin, diclofenac and others, bromfenac belongs to the acetic acid group of NSAIDs. It is used in form of bromfenac sodium · 1.5 H2O (CAS number: 120638-55-3 ), which is soluble in water, methanol and aqueous bases, insoluble in chloroform and aqueous acids, and melts at 284 to 286... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromfenac-History-For ophthalmic use, bromfenac has been prescribed more than 20,000,000 times across the world. As an eye drop, it has been available since 2000, starting in Japan where it was sold as Bronuck. It was first FDA approved for use in the United States in 2005, and it was marketed as Xibrom, twice-daily. I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Environmental design in rail transportation-Environmental design is an emerging topic in railroad technology. From the 1980s to 2009, fuel efficiency in diesel locomotives in the USA has increased 85%, allowing these trains to go farther and move more freight while using less... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Increasing efficiency while lowering emissions-Diesel trains Diesel trains replaced the steam engine in the late 1920s as a cleaner more efficient way of moving people and goods. Since 1980, the amount of freight being hauled by Diesel Trains has nearly doubled, yet the fuel ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Increasing efficiency while lowering emissions-Electric trains Electric trains have always had no direct carbon emissions because they are run entirely by internal electric motors. However, the means of generating the electricity used to power these motors was predominately b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Increasing efficiency while lowering emissions-Hybrid trains Since 1986, engineers have been developing electric-diesel "hybrid" trains. One type of hybrid train implements battery power when the train is idling and at low speed movement, and a diesel engine at higher speeds.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Increasing efficiency while lowering emissions-Hydrail Hydrogen propulsion is an emerging technology, and is currently being implemented in locomotives. Hydrogen-powered trains dubbed "Hydrail" emit only water as a by product of combustion, and have a zero direct greenhouse g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental design in rail transportation-Emissions comparison-Rail transportation emits about 0.2 pounds of greenhouse gases per passenger mile (55 g/km) when each car is filled with 50 passengers. This figure increases to about 0.5 pounds per passenger mile (140 g/km) when only filled with half that amount. These n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Fake fur-Fake fur, also called faux fur, is a pile fabric engineered to have the appearance and warmth of animal fur. Fake fur can be made from a variety of materials including polyester, nylon, or acrylic. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Fake fur-First introduced in 1929, fake furs were initially composed of hair from the South American alpaca. The ensuing decades saw substantial improvements in their quality, particularly in the 1940s, thanks to significant advances in textile manufacture. By the mid-1950s, a transformative development in fak... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Uses-Fake fur is used in all applications where real fur would be used, including stuffed animals, fashion accessories, and home decorations like pillows, bedding and throws. It is also used for craft projects because it can be sewn on a standard sewing machine whereas real fur is generally thicker and require... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Uses-In the Soviet, and now Russian Army, fish fur is a derogatory term for low-quality winter clothing and ushanka hats, from a proverb that "a poor man's fur coat is of fish fur". | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Comparison to real fur-Sewing Process and Storage Unlike genuine fur, faux fur is a type of fabric, which makes it relatively easy to sew. The synthetic nature of faux fur eliminates the need for cold storage to prevent deterioration and prevents infestation by moths, unlike real fur. However, like other fabri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Comparison to real fur-Durability and Energy Consumption Faux fur is perceived as less durable than real fur, and this attribute coupled with its lesser insulating properties forms part of the critique against its use. A study conducted in 1979 claimed that the energy consumption for the production of one coat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Comparison to real fur-Environmental Impact Fake fur is less biodegradable due to its composition of various synthetic materials, including blends of acrylic and modacrylic polymers derived from coal, air, water, petroleum, and limestone. These materials can potentially take between 500 to 1,000 years to break... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Comparison to real fur-Pricing Fake fur is significantly less expensive than real fur. The price spectrum for luxury fake fur items spans from as low as $127 to as high as $8,900 in the mass market. In contrast, real fur luxury outerwear begins at a significantly higher price point, starting at $2,300. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Use of actual fur-Some coats labeled as having faux-fur trim were found to use actual fur in a test conducted by the Humane Society of the United States. In the United States, up until 2012, a labeling loophole allowed any piece of clothing that contains less than $150 of fur to be labeled without mentioning t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fake fur-Use by fashion designers-Faux fur has become increasingly popular for fashion designers to incorporate throughout their collections as today's technology has allowed it to closely imitate the qualities and applications of genuine fur. Hannah Weiland, founder of Shrimps, a London-based faux fur company, says, "... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spamware-Spamware-Spamware is software designed by or for spammers. Spamware varies widely, but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously, and to make use of open relays. Be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HA-tag-HA-tag-Human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a surface glycoprotein required for the infectivity of the human influenza virus. The HA-tag is derived from the HA-molecule corresponding to amino acids 98-106. HA-tag has been extensively used as a general epitope tag in expression vectors. Many recombinant protein... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HA-tag-Sequence-The DNA sequences for the HA-tag include: 5'-TAC-CCA-TAC-GAT-GTT-CCA-GAT-TAC-GCT-3' or 5'-TAT-CCA-TAT-GAT-GTT-CCA-GAT-TAT-GCT-3'. The resulting amino acid sequence is YPYDVPDYA (Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Asp-Val-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Ala). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aplanatic lens-Aplanatic lens-An aplanatic lens is a lens that is free of both spherical and coma aberrations. Aplanatic lenses can be made by combining two or three lens elements. A single-element aplanatic lens is an aspheric lens whose surfaces are surfaces of revolution of a cartesian oval. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TIA-942-TIA-942-The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) ANSI/TIA-942-B Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers is an American National Standard (ANS) that specifies the minimum requirements for data center infrastructure and is often cited by companies such as ADC Telecommunications and Ci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TIA-942-TIA-942-The standard was updated with an addendum ANSI/TIA-942-B-1 in February 2022 from the TR-42.1 Engineering Committee.The Telecommunications Industry Association offers TIA-942 certification programs through TIA-licensed certification bodies that assess and certify compliance to the TIA-942 standard. In J... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TIA-942-Specifications-The ANSI/TIA-942-B specification references private and public domain data center requirements for data center infrastructure elements such as: Network architecture Electrical design Mechanical systems System redundancy for electrical, mechanical and telecommunication Fire safety Physical securit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TIA-942-Newer revisions-As of August 2021, TIA has released a licensing scheme for TIA-942 audits. TIA has laid down specific criteria for organizations who wish to conduct 3rd party external audits. Once fulfilled they will be licensed as a CAB - Conformity Assessment Body. Data centers conforming to the TIA-942 stand... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron therapy-Electron therapy-Electron therapy or electron beam therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where electrons are directed to a tumor site for medical treatment of cancer. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron therapy-Equipment-Electron beam therapy is performed using a medical linear accelerator. The same device can also be used to produce high energy photon beams. When electrons are required, the x-ray target is retracted out of the beam and the electron beam is collimated with a piece of apparatus known as an app... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron therapy-Properties-Electron beams have a finite range, after which dose falls off rapidly. Therefore, they spare deeper healthy tissue. The depth of the treatment is selected by the appropriate energy. Unlike photon beams there is no surface sparing effect, so electron therapy is used when the target extends t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron therapy-Indications-Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors like cancer of skin regions, or total skin (e.g. mycosis fungoides), diseases of the limbs (e.g. melanoma and lymphoma), nodal irradiation, and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to the surgical bed after mast... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Journal of Propulsion and Power-Journal of Propulsion and Power-The Journal of Propulsion and Power is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on aerospace propulsion and power. The editor-in-chief is Joseph M. Powers (University of Notre Dame). It is published by the American Institute of Aerona... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Journal of Propulsion and Power-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.362. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Smart meter-A smart meter is an electronic device that records information—such as consumption of electric energy, voltage levels, current, and power factor—and communicates the information to the consumer and electricity suppliers. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Description-The term smart meter often refers to an electricity meter, but it also may mean a device measuring natural gas, water or district heating consumption. More generally, a smart meter is an electronic device that records information such as consumption of electric energy, voltage levels, current, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Description-Similar meters, usually referred to as interval or time-of-use meters, have existed for years, but smart meters usually involve real-time or near real-time sensors, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. These additional features are more than simple automated meter reading (AM... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-History-In 1972, Theodore Paraskevakos, while working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, developed a sensor monitoring system that used digital transmission for security, fire, and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities. This technology was a spin-off from the automatic telephone line ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-History-In 1974, Paraskevakos was awarded a U.S. patent for this technology. In 1977, he launched Metretek, Inc., which developed and produced the first smart meters. Since this system was developed pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the IBM series 1 mini-computer. For this approach, Paraskevakos and Metretek ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Purpose-Since the inception of electricity deregulation and market-driven pricing throughout the world, utilities have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation. Non-smart electrical and gas meters only measure total consumption, providing no information of when the energy was consumed. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Purpose-Smart metering offers potential benefits to customers. These include, a) an end to estimated bills, which are a major source of complaints for many customers b) a tool to help consumers better manage their energy purchases—smart meters with a display outside their homes could provide up-to-date info... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-Connectivity Communication is a critical technological requirement for smart meters. Each meter must be able to reliably and securely communicate the information collected to a central location. Considering the varying environments and places where meters are found, that problem can be daunting. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-In addition to communication with the head-end network, smart meters may need to be part of a home area network, which can include an in-premises display and a hub to interface one or more meters with the head end. Technologies for this network vary from country to country, but include power line... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-Protocols ANSI C12.18 is an ANSI Standard that describes a protocol used for two-way communications with a meter, mostly used in North American markets. The C12.18 Standard is written specifically for meter communications via an ANSI Type 2 Optical Port, and specifies lower-level protocol details... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-The Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) is a family of specifications published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 14908 control networking standard for smart metering and smart grid applications. Millions of smart meters based on OSGP a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-Smart Meter Equipment Technical Specifications (SMETS) In the UK, smart meters variants are classified as Smart Meter Equipment Technical Specifications (SMETS), with first generation smart meters commonly known as SMETS1 and second generation smart meters known as SMETS2.
Data management The oth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-It also is essential for smart grid implementations that power line communication (PLC) technologies used within the home over a Home Area Network (HAN), are standardized and compatible. The HAN allows HVAC systems and other household appliances to communicate with the smart meter, and from there... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Technology-The Google.org's PowerMeter, until its demise in 2011, was able to use a smart meter for tracking electricity usage, as can eMeter' Energy Engage as in, for example, the PowerCentsDC(TM) demand response program. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Advanced metering infrastructure-Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure, collect, and analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. These systems include ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Advanced metering infrastructure-Government agencies and utilities are turning toward advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems as part of larger "smart grid" initiatives. AMI extends automatic meter reading (AMR) technology by providing two-way meter communications, allowing commands to be sent toward... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Advanced metering infrastructure-The network between the measurement devices and business systems allows the collection and distribution of information to customers, suppliers, utility companies, and service providers. This enables these businesses to participate in demand response services. Consumers can u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Some groups have expressed concerns regarding the cost, health, fire risk, security and privacy effects of smart meters and the remote controllable "kill switch" that is included with most of them. Many of these concerns regard wireless-only smart meters with no home energy monitorin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Security Smart meters expose the power grid to cyberattacks that could lead to power outages, both by cutting off people's electricity and by overloading the grid. However many cyber security experts state that smart meters of UK and Germany have relatively high cybersecurity and tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-One proposed smart meter data verification method involves analyzing the network traffic in real-time to detect anomalies using an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). By identifying exploits as they are being leveraged by attackers, an IDS mitigates the suppliers' risks of energy theft... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-As Smart Meter devices are Intelligent Measurement Devices which periodically record the measured values and send the data encrypted to the Service Provider, therefore in Switzerland these devices need to be evaluated by an evaluation Laboratory, and need to be certified by METAS fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-According to a report published by Brian Krebs, in 2009 a Puerto Rico electricity supplier asked the FBI to investigate large-scale thefts of electricity related to its smart meters. The FBI found that former employees of the power company and the company that made the meters were be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Health Most health concerns about the meters arise from the pulsed radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted by wireless smart meters.Members of the California State Assembly asked the California Council on Science and Technology (CCST) to study the issue of potential health impacts from... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Safety Issues surrounding smart meters causing fires have been reported, particularly involving the manufacturer Sensus. In 2012. PECO Energy Company replaced the Sensus meters it had deployed in the Philadelphia, US region after reports that a number of the units had overheated and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Privacy concerns One technical reason for privacy concerns is that these meters send detailed information about how much electricity is being used each time. More frequent reports provide more detailed information. Infrequent reports may be of little benefit for the provider, as it d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-After receiving numerous complaints about health, hacking, and privacy concerns with the wireless digital devices, the Public Utility Commission of the US state of Maine voted to allow customers to opt-out of the meter change at the cost of $12 a month. In Connecticut, another US sta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Abuse of dynamic pricing Smart meters allow dynamic pricing; it has been pointed out that, while this allows prices to be reduced at times of low demand, it can also be used to increase prices at peak times if all consumers have smart meters. Additionally smart meters allow energy su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Limited benefits There are questions about whether electricity is or should be primarily a "when you need it" service where the inconvenience/cost-benefit ratio of time-shifting of loads is poor. In the Chicago area, Commonwealth Edison ran a test installing smart meters on 8,000 ran... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Smart meter-Opposition and concerns-Criticism of smart meter roll-out in the UK In a 2011 submission to the Public Accounts Committee, Ross Anderson wrote that Ofgem was "making all the classic mistakes which have been known for years to lead to public-sector IT project failures" and that the "most critical part of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-Evidence-based education-Evidence-based education (EBE) is the principle that education practices should be based on the best available scientific evidence, rather than tradition, personal judgement, or other influences. Evidence-based education is related to evidence-based teaching, evidence-b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-History-The English author and academic David H. Hargreaves presented a lecture in 1996 in which he stated "Teaching is not at present a research-based profession. I have no doubt that if it were it would be more effective and satisfying". He compared the fields of medicine and teaching, saying... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-History-Also, around the same time three major evidence-based studies about reading were released highlighting the value of evidence in education: the US National Reading Panel in 2000, the Australian report on Teaching reading in 2005, and the Independent review of the teaching of early readin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-History-The State driven Common Core State Standards Initiative was developed in the United States in 2009 in an attempt to standardize education principles and practices. There appears to have been some attempt to incorporate evidence-based practices. For example, the core standards website ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-History-The review synthesises effective approaches to school and teacher engagement with evidence and discusses challenges, areas for attention and action. It is intended to help the teaching profession to make the best use of evidence about what works in improving educational outcomes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Evidence-based education-History-In 2014 the British Educational Research Association (BERA) and the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) conducted an inquiry into the role of research in teacher education in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The final report made it clear that research and teacher inquiry were of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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