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Windows 9x-History-Windows prior to 95 The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released on November 20, 1985, achieved little popularity. Its name was initially "Interface Manager", but Rowland Hanson, the head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-The second installment of Microsoft Windows, version 2.0, was released on December 9, 1987, and used the real-mode memory model, which confined it to a maximum of 1 megabyte of memory. In such a configuration, it could run under another multitasking system like DESQview, which used the 286 Protected ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Microsoft developed Windows 3.1, which included several minor improvements to Windows 3.0, but primarily consisted of bugfixes and multimedia support. It also excluded support for Real mode, and only ran on an Intel 80286 or better processor. In November 1993 Microsoft also released Windows 3.11, a t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. The main architect of the system was Dave Cutler, one of the chief architects of VMS at Digital Equipment Corporation. Microsoft hired him in August 1988 to create a successor to OS/2, but Cutler created a completely new system instead based on hi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows 95 After Windows 3.11, Microsoft began to develop a new consumer oriented version of the operating system code-named Chicago. Chicago was designed to have support for 32-bit preemptive multitasking, that of which was available in OS/2 and Windows NT, although a 16-bit kernel would remain for ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to 32-bit; parts of it remained 16-bit (albeit not directly using real mode) for reasons of compatibility, performance and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, 1995.
Microsoft went on to release five different versions of Windows 95: Windows 95 – original release Windows 95 A – included Windows 95 OSR1 slipstreamed into the installation.
Windows 95 B – ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows 95 C – (OSR2.5) included all the above features, plus IE 4.0. This was the last 95 version produced.OSR2, OSR2.1, and OSR2.5 were not released to the general public, rather, they were available only to OEMs that would preload the OS onto computers. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-The first Microsoft Plus! add-on pack was sold for Windows 95. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows 98 On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98. It included new hardware drivers and better support for the FAT32 file system which allows support for disk partitions larger than the 2 GB maximum accepted by Windows 95. The USB support in Windows 98 was more robust than the basic support ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-On May 5, 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release whose notable features were the addition of Internet Connection Sharing and improved WDM audio and modem support. Internet Connection Sharing is a form of network address translation, allowing several machines on a LAN (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows Me On September 14, 2000, Microsoft introduced Windows Me (Millennium Edition), which upgraded Windows 98 with enhanced multimedia and Internet features. It also introduced the first version of System Restore, which allowed users to revert their system state to a previous "known-good" point i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows Me was conceived as a quick one-year project that served as a stopgap release between Windows 98 and Whistler (soon to be renamed to Windows XP). Many of the new features were available from the Windows Update site as updates for older Windows versions. As a result, Windows Me was not acknowl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Windows Me was criticized by users for its instability and unreliability, due to frequent freezes and crashes. A PC World article dubbed Windows Me the "Mistake Edition" and placed it 4th in their "Worst Tech Products of All Time" feature.The inability of users to easily boot into real mode MS-DOS, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Decline The release of Windows 2000 marked a shift in the user experience between the Windows 9x series and the Windows NT series. Windows NT 4.0 suffered from a lack of support for USB, Plug and Play and DirectX versions after 3.0, preventing its users from playing contemporary games, whereas Window... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-The release of Windows XP confirmed the change of direction for Microsoft, bringing the consumer and business operating systems together under Windows NT.
One by one, support for the Windows 9x series ended, and Microsoft stopped selling the software to end users, then later to OEMs. By March 2004, i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-End of service life Microsoft continued to support the use of the Windows 9x series until July 11, 2006, when extended support ended for Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition (SE), and Windows Millennium Edition (Me) (extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001).Microsoft DirectX, a se... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-Support for Microsoft Internet Explorer running on any Windows 9x system has also since ended. Internet Explorer 5.5 with Service Pack 2 is the last version of Internet Explorer compatible with Windows 95 and Internet Explorer 6 with Service Pack 1 is the last version compatible with Windows 98 and M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-History-The Windows Update website continued to be available for Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows Me after their end of support date; however, during 2011, Microsoft retired the Windows Update v4 website and removed the updates for Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows Me from its servers. Microsoft ann... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Kernel Windows 9x is a series of hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Like most operating systems, Windows 9x consists of kernel space and user space memory. Although Windows 9x features some memory protection, it does not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the function... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-User mode The user-mode parts of Windows 9x consist of three subsystems: the Win16 subsystem, the Win32 subsystem and MS-DOS.Windows 9x/Me set aside two blocks of 64 KB memory regions for GDI and heap resources. By running multiple applications, applications with numerous GDI elements or by running ap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Kernel mode The kernel mode parts consist of the Virtual Machine Manager (VMM), the Installable File System Manager (IFSHLP), the Configuration Manager, and in Windows 98 and later, the WDM Driver Manager (NTKERN). As a 32-bit operating system, virtual memory space is 4 GiB, divided into a lower 2 GiB... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Registry Like Windows NT, Windows 9x stores user-specific and configuration-specific settings in a large information database called the Windows registry. Hardware-specific settings are also stored in the registry, and many device drivers use the registry to load configuration data. Previous versions ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Although Microsoft discourages using .INI files in favor of Registry entries, a large number of applications (particularly 16-bit Windows-based applications) still use .INI files. Windows 9x supports .INI files solely for compatibility with those applications and related tools (such as setup programs)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-The registry consists of two files: User.dat and System.dat. In Windows Me, Classes.dat was added. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Virtual Machine Manager The Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) is the 32-bit protected mode kernel at the core of Windows 9x. Its primary responsibility is to create, run, monitor and terminate virtual machines. The VMM provides services that manage memory, processes, interrupts and protection faults. The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-The VMM is also responsible for creating MS-DOS environments for system processes and Windows applications that still need to run in MS-DOS mode. It is the replacement for WIN386.EXE in Windows 3.x, and the file vmm32.vxd is a compressed archive containing most of the core VxD, including VMM.vxd itsel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Software support Unicode Partial support for Unicode can be installed on Windows 9x through the Microsoft Layer for Unicode.
File systems Windows 9x does not natively support NTFS or HPFS, but there are third-party solutions which allow Windows 9x to have read-only access to NTFS volumes.
Early versio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Security Windows 9x is designed as a single-user system. Thus, the security model is much less effective than the one in Windows NT. One reason for this is the FAT file systems (including FAT12/FAT16/FAT32), which are the only ones that Windows 9x supports officially, though Windows NT also supports F... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Users and software can render the operating system unable to function by deleting or overwriting important system files from the hard disk. Users and software are also free to change configuration files in such a way that the operating system is unable to boot or properly function.
Installation softwa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Hardware support Drivers Device drivers in Windows 9x can be virtual device drivers or (starting with Windows 98) WDM drivers. VxDs usually have the filename extension .vxd or .386, whereas WDM compatible drivers usually use the extension .sys. The 32-bit VxD message server (msgsrv32) is a program tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Windows 9x retains backwards compatibility with many drivers made for Windows 3.x and MS-DOS. Using MS-DOS drivers can limit performance and stability due to their use of conventional memory and need to run in real mode which requires the CPU to switch in and out of protected mode.
Drivers written for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Often the software developers of drivers and applications had insufficient experience with creating programs for the 'new' system, thus causing many errors which have been generally described as "system errors" by users, even if the error is not caused by parts of Windows or DOS. Microsoft has repeate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-CPU and bus technologies Windows 9x has no native support for hyper-threading, Data Execution Prevention, symmetric multiprocessing, or multi-core processors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Windows 9x has no native support for SATA host bus adapters (and neither did Windows 2000 nor Windows XP), or USB drives (except Windows Me). There are, however, many SATA-I controllers for which Windows 98/Me drivers exist, and USB mass storage support has been added to Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Early versions of Windows 95 had no support for USB or AGP acceleration. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-MS-DOS Windows 95 was able to reduce the role of MS-DOS in Windows much further than had been done in Windows 3.1x and earlier. According to Microsoft developer Raymond Chen, MS-DOS served two purposes in Windows 95: as the boot loader, and as the 16-bit legacy device driver layer.When Windows 95 star... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-The second role of MS-DOS (as the 16-bit legacy device driver layer) was as a backward compatibility tool for running DOS programs in Windows. Many MS-DOS programs and device drivers interacted with DOS in a low-level way, for example, by patching low-level BIOS interrupts such as int 13h, the low-lev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-MS-DOS Mode Windows 95 and Windows 98 also offer regressive support for DOS applications in the form of being able to boot into a native "DOS Mode" (MS-DOS can be booted without booting Windows, not putting the CPU in protected mode). Through Windows 9x's memory managers and other post-DOS improvement... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Windows 9x-Design-Having a command line mode outside of the GUI also offers the ability to fix certain system errors without entering the GUI. For example, if a virus is active in GUI mode it can often be safely removed in DOS mode, by deleting its files, which are usually locked while infected in Windows.
Similarly, c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
V-Prop-V-Prop-The V-Prop is an automatic self-powering electronic variable-pitch propeller developed by Silence Aircraft, the manufacturers of the Silence Twister single-seat elliptical-winged kitplane. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
V-Prop-Design and development-The V-Prop was fitted to the prototype Twister and to some of the Twisters built in the EU. Designed by brothers Thomas and Mattheus Strieker, this microprocessor-controlled automatic propeller has a vaned spinner ahead of the main spinner. The main spinner is fixed to the output shaft in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
V-Prop-Technical data-Source: Silence VProp manual Maximum airspeed: 300 km/h Maximum acceleration: +8g/-5g Optimum flight altitudes: 0-15,000 feet Flight in Icing condition: Not permitted Flight in Rain: Protect blades with 3M Tape Weight of 2 Bladed propeller: 5 kg Weight 3 Bladed propeller: 6 kg | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Expressions of dominance-Power and dominance-submission are two key dimensions of relationships, especially close relationships in which parties rely on one another to achieve their goals and as such it is important to be able to identify indicators of dominance.Power is the ability to influenc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Expressions of dominance-Individuals may dominate through strategies that is a modifier of the function of others in the group, modifying the on-going social dynamics: 1. Restrict or have preferential treatment to what amounts one can access the food, potential and actual mates, territory, rest... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Verbal indicators-Verbal indicators influence perceptions of dominance. To date, dominance has been linked to vocal control (Lamb, 1981, as cited in Dunbar and Burgoon, 2005), loudness as measured by amplitude (Burgoon and Hoobler, 2002, as cited in Dunbar and Burgoon, 2005; and Dillard, 2000),... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Verbal indicators-In general, interruptions and perceptions of dominance follows a curvilinear relationship (Dunbar and Burgoon, 2005; Youngquist, 2009). Also, when asked to think of typical behaviors of powerful individuals, Obama, Sydni, and Guy (2006) found that those that were thought to ho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-Nonverbal communication indicators are most readily located on the face such as Visual Dominance Ratio and indicators expressed through the hands such as adaptor and illustrator gestures have been linked to dominance. An individual's body can indicate dominance as well thro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-In terms of expressiveness, males, but not females, were rated as more dominant when they were facially expressive (.26, -.36) respectively. In addition, Carney, Hall, and LeBeau found that more facial expressiveness was appropriate for those with more power and that these ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-Emotions are readily expressed by individuals making it easier to identify expressions of dominance. Hareli and Shomrat (2009) looked at various approach, neutral, and avoidance emotions. They ran two studies in order to understand perceptions of emotions as they related to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-Furthermore, body control, posture, lean, and openness all were found to relate to dominance. For instance, Dunbar and Burgoon (2005) found that the more body control a woman had the more observers perceived her as dominant (.27) and that in general the most powerful are al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-In addition, gestures also relate to dominance perceptions. Carney, Hall, and LeBeau (2005) found that high power individuals were more likely to use gestures, initiate more hand shaking and engage in a higher frequency of invasive touch. Dunbar and Burgoon (2005) found tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-In conclusion, one can see how dominance is a complex topic. Dominance relates to both power, status, and affiliation. Dominance is seen through manifest behaviors as indicated through the nonverbal and verbal indicators outlined above. Gender differences also exist within ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Nonverbal indicators-Russel (as cited in Dunbar and Burgoon, 2005) stated that "the fundamental concept in social science is power, in the same way that energy is the fundamental concept in physics". It is true power and dominance are essential components in all of the world from cells to plant... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Gender differences-Gender variations exist because of differences in our expectations about what is appropriate for a particular gender (sex differences in psychology), what is appropriate depending on the composition of two or more people and whether gender or role norms are most salient. For ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Expressions of dominance-Gender differences-Mixed findings have occurred when one attempts to explain dominance displays by gender or role salience. Moskowitz, Suh, and Desaulniers (1994) believe this is because an individual in a lab has less role salience and more gender salience and therefore is inclined to use more... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simplex signaling-Simplex signaling-Simplex signaling (SX) is signaling in which two conductors are used for a single telecommunication circuit, and a center-tapped coil, or its equivalent, is used to split the signaling current equally between the two conductors. The return path for the current is through ground. It ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simplex signaling-Simplex signaling-SX signaling may be one-way, for intra-central-office use, or the simplex legs may be connected to form full duplex signaling circuits that function like composite (CX) signaling circuits with E&M lead control.
Simplex is also used to describe a powering method where one or more sign... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Overcategorization-Overcategorization-Overcategorization, overcategorisation or category clutter is the process of assigning too many categories, classes or index terms to a given document. It is related to the Library and Information Science (LIS) concepts of document classification and subject indexing. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Overcategorization-Overcategorization-In LIS, the ideal number of terms that should be assigned to classify an item are measured by the variables precision and recall. Assigning few category labels that are most closely related to the content of the item being classified will result in searches that have high precision... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Overcategorization-Basic principles-If too many categories are assigned to a given document, the implications for users depend on how informative the links are. If the user is able to distinguish between useful and not useful links, the damage is limited: The user only wastes time selecting links. In many cases, howeve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Overcategorization-Basic principles-Basically, the problem of overcategorization should be understood from the perspective of relevance and the traditional measures of recall and precision. If too few relevant categories are assigned to a document, recall may decrease. If too many non-relevant categories are assigned, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Electric shaver-An electric shaver (also known as the dry razor, electric razor, or simply shaver) is a razor with an electrically powered rotating or oscillating blade. The electric shaver usually does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor may be powered by a small DC motor, w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Electric shaver-Electric shavers fall into two main categories: foil or rotary-style. Users tend to prefer one or the other. Many modern shavers are cordless; they are charged up with a plug charger or they are placed within a cleaning and charging unit. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-History-The first person to receive a patent for a razor powered by electricity was John Francis O'Rourke, a New York civil engineer, with his US patent 616554 filed in 1898. The first working electric razor was invented in 1915 by German engineer Johann Bruecker. Others followed suit, such as the Ameri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-History-Battery-powered electric razors In the late 1940s, the first electric razors that were battery-powered entered the market. In 1960, Remington introduced the first rechargeable battery-powered electric razor. Battery-operated electric razors have been available using rechargeable batteries sealed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-History-Razor vs. trimmer An electric razor and an electric trimmer are essentially the same devices by build. But the major difference between both comes in terms of their usage and the blades that they come with.
Electric razors are made specifically for providing a clean shave. It has lesser battery ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-General-Some models, generally marketed as "travel razors" (or "travel shavers"), use removable rechargeable or disposable batteries, usually size AA or AAA. This offers the option of purchasing batteries while traveling instead of carrying a charging device. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Water-resistance and wet/dry electric shavers-Many modern electric shavers are water-resistant, allowing the user to clean the shaver in water. In order to ensure electrical safety, the charging/power cord for the shaver must be unplugged from it before the unit is cleaned using water. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Water-resistance and wet/dry electric shavers-Some shavers are labeled as "Wet/Dry" which means the unit can be used in wet environments, for wet shaving. Such models are always battery-powered and usually the electronics will not allow turning the unit on while the charging adapter is plugged-in. This ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Water-resistance and wet/dry electric shavers-Philips/Norelco produced CoolSkin and NIVEA FOR MEN shavers that were designed specifically for wet shaving using special NIVEA gel in special cartridges. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Lady shaver-A lady shaver is a device designed to shave a woman's body hair. The design is usually similar to a man's foil shaver. Often a shaving attachment is a feature of an epilator which is supplied as a separate head-attachment (different from the epilating one). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric shaver-Body hair shaver-Traditional men shavers are designed for shaving facial hair. However, products such as BodyGroom by Philips/Norelco are made specially to facilitate shaving of body hair. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imageability-Imageability-Imageability is a measure of how easily a physical object, word or environment will evoke a clear mental image in the mind of any person observing it. It is used in architecture and city planning, in psycholinguistics, and in automated computer vision research. In automated image recognition, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imageability-History and components-Kevin A. Lynch first introduced the term, "imageability" in his 1960 book, The Image of the City. In the book, Lynch argues cities contain a key set of physical elements that people use to understand the environment, orient themselves inside of it, and assign it meaning.Lynch argues ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imageability-History and components-Paths: channels in which people travel. Examples: streets, sidewalks, trails, canals, railroads.
Edges: objects that form boundaries around space. Examples: walls, buildings, shoreline, curbstone, streets ,and overpasses.
Districts: medium to large areas people can enter into and out... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imageability-History and components-Landmarks: memorable points of reference people cannot enter into. Examples: signs, mountains and public art.In 1914, half a century before The Image of the City was published, Paul Stern discussed a concept similar to imageability in the context of art. Stern, in Susan Langer's Refl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imageability-In computer vision-Automated image recognition was developed by using machine learning to find patterns in large, annotated datasets of photographs, like ImageNet. Images in ImageNet are labelled using concepts in WordNet. Concepts that are easily expressed verbally, like "early", are seen as less "imageab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Show, don't tell-Show, don't tell is a narrative technique used in various kinds of texts to allow the reader to experience the story through actions, words, subtext, thoughts, senses, and feelings rather than through the author's exposition, summarization, and description. It avoids adjectives describ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Writers on "Show, don't tell"-Mark Swan The American playwright and scriptwriter Mark Swan (1871-1942) "could talk of little else" than the motto he'd placed on the wall above his writing desk "Show–not tell". Swan elaborated on it in his 1927 primer, You Can Write Plays. Among numerous examples:"Event... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Writers on "Show, don't tell"-Ernest Hemingway Nobel Prize–winning novelist Ernest Hemingway was a notable proponent of the "show, don't tell" style. His Iceberg Theory, also known as the "theory of omission", developed from his background as a newspaper reporter. The term itself originates from his 19... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Writers on "Show, don't tell"-Chuck Palahniuk In a 2013 article, Chuck Palahniuk (author of the novel Fight Club) goes as far as recommending a ban of what he calls "thought verbs" ("Thinks, Knows, Understands, Realizes, Believes, Wants, Remembers, Imagines, Desires […]") favoring instead the use of "s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Writers on "Show, don't tell"-Orson Scott Card Scenes that are important to the story should be dramatized with showing, but sometimes what happens between scenes can be told so the story can make progress. According to Orson Scott Card and others, "showing" is so terribly time-consuming that it is to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Writers on "Show, don't tell"-Yves Lavandier In his book Constructing a Story and his webseries Hats Off to the Screenwriters!, Yves Lavandier argues that one can show with dialogue. He takes the example of a scene from Prison Break in which pure dialogue between Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller) and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Tabletop roleplaying-The storytelling performed by dungeon masters as well as players in tabletop roleplaying games such as Dungeons & Dragons is based on the concept of "show don't tell". Good dungeon masters convey information by stressing intonation and imagery—they do not merely telegraph it. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Show, don't tell-Critical commentary-In 2017, Vietnamese-American writer Viet Thanh Nguyen questioned the validity of continuing to teach "show, don't tell" in creative writing classes in a New York Times op-ed on the subject. His position was that such teaching is biased against immigrant writers, who may describe emo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Mr. Ouch-Mr. Ouch is a hazard symbol developed by the US’s National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to represent electrical hazard within pad-mounted transformers. Unlike other high-voltage warning symbols, Mr. Ouch was specifically designed with young children in mind. It is part of NEMA Standard ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Appearance-Mr. Ouch is anthropomorphized electricity. The design shows a snarling, octopus like creature with jagged, lightning-bolt arms throwing a child backwards. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Background-In early 1981, several member companies of NEMA began studying how to prevent young children from being electrocuted by electrical transformers. This followed incidents where transformer cabinets were vandalized or left unlocked, allowing access to the high-voltage equipment inside and resulting in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-At the beginning of the project, the task force reached out to transformer manufacturers in an effort to build consensus for standardizing a design. Two goals were decided on: a symbol that would warn young children away from electrical equipment, and a label that would make the hazards within t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-In phase 1 testing, the following questions were posed: The child was asked to explain what the symbol showed or describe it.
The child was asked to explain what would they do if they encountered a "big box or cabinet" outdoors with the symbol.
The child was asked to identify the "most threateni... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-Phase 2 testing, the four symbols recommended from Phase 1 testing, were revised, based on responses given during testing. Among changes from Phase 1 testing were: Pictogram N had a plug added to the end of the wire, Pictogram R removed the cartoon elements and had the lightening bolt stab the p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-The child was asked to explain what was happening in the symbol.
The child was shown a photograph of a child standing near a pad-mounted utility cabinet, and asked "If you saw that drawing (pictogram) on this box (cabinet), what would you do?" The child was asked to identify the "most threatenin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-The child was asked to identify the "second-most threatening" symbol, of the remaining three pictograms, and what was the threat/danger.Of the four symbols, the one children most strongly associated with danger was Pictogram S, Mr. Ouch. While it was not the most successful at conveying to child... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-Our concern is for the safety of children.Our emphasis must be placed on that Pictogram which most consistently and strongly communicates a threat or danger, regardless of whether the child realizes that the threat is electric or not, and also induces safe behavior.
Therefore, we recommend the i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Design process-NEMA standard 260 was the first warning label system developed and standardized by an industry. It went beyond just the Mr. Ouch symbol, incorporating the new symbol as part of complete label design that would include a new header design with the 'international alert symbol', an exclamation mark... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Usage-The intended usage of 'Mr. Ouch' labels, are ground level electrical equipment, often pad-mounted transformers, that are accessible by members of the public, such as those situated in residential neighborhoods, parks, shopping centers, and near schools. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Usage-The Mr. Ouch symbol is copyrighted by the NEMA, to protect the symbol by limiting its use to safety signage and educational purposes. Usage guidance for the signage is specified in NEMA Standards Publication 260-1996, Safety Labels for Pad-Mounted Switchgear and Transformers Sited in Public Areas. The la... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mr. Ouch-Usage-Wisconsin Energies created an educational video for schools, to help children recognize Mr. Ouch. An educational comic book, Mr. Ouch and Electrical Safety, intended to educate children to stay away from equipment marked with the Mr. Ouch label, was also designed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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