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Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Platinum Platinum and palladium are precious metals generally found in ultramafic rocks. The source of platinum and palladium deposits is ultramafic rocks which have enough sulfur to form a sulfide mineral while the magma is still liquid. This sulfide mineral (usually pentlandite, pyr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Sulfide phases only form in ultramafic magmas when the magma reaches sulfur saturation. This is generally thought to be nearly impossible by pure fractional crystallisation, so other processes are usually required in ore genesis models to explain sulfur saturation. These include conta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Sulfide type nickel deposits are formed in essentially the same manner as platinum deposits. Nickel is a chalcophile element which prefers sulfides, so an ultramafic or mafic rock which has a sulfide phase in the magma may form nickel sulfides. The best nickel deposits are formed wher... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Komatiitic nickel-copper sulfide deposits are considered to be formed by a mixture of sulfide segregation, immiscibility, and thermal erosion of sulfidic sediments. The sediments are considered to be necessary to promote sulfur saturation.
Some subvolcanic sills in the Thompson Belt o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Uranium Uranium deposits are usually sourced from radioactive granites, where certain minerals such as monazite are leached during hydrothermal activity or during circulation of groundwater. The uranium is brought into solution by acidic conditions and is deposited when this acidity i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Uranium is also found in nearly all coal at several parts per million, and in all granites. Radon is a common problem during mining of uranium as it is a radioactive gas.
Uranium is also found associated with certain igneous rocks, such as granite and porphyry. The Olympic Dam deposit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Titanium and zirconium Mineral sands are the predominant type of titanium, zirconium, and thorium deposit. They are formed by accumulation of such heavy minerals within beach systems, and are a type of placer deposits. The minerals which contain titanium are ilmenite, rutile, and leuc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Tin, tungsten, and molybdenum These three metals generally form in a certain type of granite, via a similar mechanism to intrusive-related gold and copper. They are considered together because the process of forming these deposits is essentially the same. Skarn type mineralisation rel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Greisen granite is another related tin-molybdenum and topaz mineralisation style.
Rare-earths, niobium, tantalum, lithium The overwhelming majority of rare-earth elements, tantalum, and lithium are found within pegmatite. Ore genesis theories for these ores are wide and varied, but mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Phosphate Phosphate is used in fertilisers. Immense quantities of phosphate rock or phosphorite occur in sedimentary shelf deposits, ranging in age from the Proterozoic to currently forming environments. Phosphate deposits are thought to be sourced from the skeletons of dead sea creat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Phosphate deposits are also formed from alkaline igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites, carbonatites, and associated rock types. The phosphate is, in this case, contained within magmatic apatite, monazite, or other rare-earth phosphates.
Vanadium Due to the presence of vanabins, co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ore genesis-Genesis of common ores-Cosmic origins of rare metals Precious metals such as gold and platinum, but also many other rare and noble metals, largely originated within neutron star collisions - collisions between exceedingly heavy massive and dense remnants of supernovas. In the final moments of the collision,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kōauau-Kōauau-A kōauau is a small flute, ductless and notchless, four to eight inches (ten to twenty centimetres) long, open at both ends and having from three to six fingerholes placed along the pipe. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kōauau-Kōauau-Kōauau resemble flutes the world over both in tone quality and in the range of sounds that can be produced by directing the breath across the sharp edge of the upper aperture. Māori kōauau players were renowned for the power it gave them over the affections of women (notably illustrated by the story of Tū... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental Fluid Mechanics-Environmental Fluid Mechanics-Environmental Fluid Mechanics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on Earth sciences published by Springer Science+Business Media. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environmental Fluid Mechanics-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences GEOBASE INSPEC PASCAL Science Citation Index Expanded ScopusAccording to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.846. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oxford Formation-Oxford Formation-The Oxford Formation is a geologic formation in Ontario, Canada. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-PRKACA-The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKACA gene. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) is a member of the AGC kinase family (prot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Discovery-Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs at the University of Washington discovered PKA in the late 1950s while working through the mechanisms that govern glycogen phosphorylase. They realized that a key metabolic enzyme called phosphorylase kinase was activated by another kinase that was dependent on the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Discovery-Another key event in the history of PKA occurred when Susan Taylor and Janusz Sowadski at the University of California San Diego solved the three dimensional structure of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. It was also realized that inside cells, PKA catalytic subunits are found in complex with regula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Catalytic subunits-PRKACA is found on chromosome 19 in humans. There are two well-described transcripts of this gene, arising from alternative splicing events. The most common form, called Cα1, is expressed throughout human tissue. Another transcript, called Cα2, is found primarily in sperm cells and differs fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Signaling-Inactive PKA holoenzyme exists as a tetramer composed of two regulatory (R) subunits and two catalytic (C) subunits. Biochemical studies demonstrated that there are two types of R subunits. The type I R subunits of which there are two isoforms (RIα, and RIβ) bind the catalytic subunits to create the ty... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Clinical significance-Protein kinase A has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, tumors of the adrenal cortex, and cancer. It has been speculated that abnormally high levels of PKA phosphorylation contributes to heart disease. This affects excitation-contraction coupling, whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Clinical significance-Mutations in the PRKACA gene that promote abnormal enzyme activity have been linked to disease of the adrenal gland. Several mutations in PRKACA have been found in patients with Cushing’s syndrome that result in an increase in the ability of PKA to broadly phosphorylate other proteins. One ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PRKACA-Clinical significance-There is recent and growing interest in fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular basis for this rare form of liver cancer that afflicts young adults is a genetic deletion on chromosome 19. The loss of DNA has been found in a very high percent of patients. The consequence of thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcast-Simulcast (a portmanteau of simultaneous broadcast) is the broadcasting of programmes/programs or events across more than one resolution, bitrate or medium, or more than one service on the same medium, at exactly the same time (that is, simultaneously). For example, Absolute Radio is simulcast on bo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Early radio simulcasts-Before launching stereo radio, experiments were conducted by transmitting left and right channels on different radio channels. The earliest record found was a broadcast by the BBC in 1926 of a Halle Orchestra concert from Manchester, using the wavelengths of the regional stations and Da... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Early radio simulcasts-An early use of the word "simulcast" is from 1925.Between 1990 and 1994 the BBC broadcast a channel of entertainment (Radio 5) which offered a wide range of simulcasts, taking programmes from the BBC World Service and Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4 for simultaneous broadcast. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-Before stereo TV sound transmission was possible, simulcasting on TV and radio was a method of effectively transmitting "stereo" sound to music TV broadcasts. Typically, an FM frequency in the broadcast area for viewers to tune their stereo systems to wou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-With the introduction of commercial FM stations in Australia in July 1980, commercial TV channels began simulcasting some music based programs with the new commercial FM stations and continued to do so into the early 1990s. These were initially rock based... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-In South Africa, the SABC radio station Radio 2000 was established in 1986 to simulcast SABC 1 programming, especially imported American and British television shows, in their original English, before South Africa adopted a stereo standard which allowed s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-The first cable TV concert simulcast was Frank Zappa's Halloween show (31 October 1981), live from NYC's Palladium and shown on MTV with the audio-only portion simulcast over FM's new "Starfleet Radio" network. Engineered by Mark G. Pinske with the UMRK m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-Most stereo-capable video recorders made through the 1980s and early 1990s had a "simulcast" recording mode where they recorded video signals from the built-in TV tuner and audio signals from the VCR's audio line-in connectors. This was to allow one to co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts-In the mid to late 1990s, video game developer Nintendo utilized simulcasting to provide enhanced orchestral scoring and voice-acting for the first ever "integrated radio-games" – its Satellaview video games. Whereas digital game data was broadcast to the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-The term "simulcast" (describing simultaneous radio/television broadcast) was coined in 1948 by a press agent at WCAU-TV, Philadelphia. NBC and CBS had begun broadcasting a few programs both to their established nationwide radio audience and to the much smaller—though steadily-growing—television au... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-During apartheid in South Africa, many foreign programmes on SABC television were dubbed in Afrikaans. The original soundtrack, usually in English, but sometimes in German or Dutch was available on the Radio 2000 service. This could be selected using a button labeled simulcast on many televisions m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-Radio programs have been simulcast on television since the invention thereof however, as of recent, perhaps the most visible example of radio shows on television is The Howard Stern Show, which currently airs on Sirius Satellite Radio as well as Howard TV. Another prominent radio show that was simu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-Following the acquisition of the assets of the professional wrestling promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW) by the rival World Wrestling Federation (WWF), a segment simulcast between their two flagship programs—WCW Monday Nitro on TNT (which was airing its series finale from Panama City) and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-Simulcasting of sporting events In sports, such as American football and baseball, simulcasts are when a single announcer broadcasts play-by-play coverage both over television and radio. The practice was common in the early years of television, but since the 1980s, most teams have used a separate t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-In greyhound racing and horse racing, a simulcast is a broadcast of a greyhound or horse race which allows wagering at two or more sites; the simulcast often involves the transmission of wagering information to a central site, so that all bettors may bet in the same betting pool, as well as the bro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-The regional sports network MASN previously used simulcasts for MLB games played between the Baltimore Orioles and Washington Nationals—regional rivals who share the same market and broadcaster. MASN and MASN2 simulcast a single feed of the games with a "mixed booth" featuring Jim Hunter and Bob Ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-Distribution of channels On cable television systems, analog-digital simulcasting (ADS) means that analog channels are duplicated as digital subchannels. Digital tuners are programmed to use the digital subchannel instead of the analog. This allows for smaller, cheaper cable boxes by eliminating th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-In universities with multiple campuses, simulcasting may be used for a single teacher to teach class to students in two or more locations at the same time, using videoconferencing equipment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Simulcast-Other uses-In many public safety agencies, simulcast refers to the broadcasting of the same transmission on the same frequency from multiple towers either simultaneously, or offset by a fixed number of microseconds. This allows for a larger coverage area without the need for a large number of channels, result... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal of Humanoid Robotics-International Journal of Humanoid Robotics-The International Journal of Humanoid Robotics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the development of intelligent humanoid robots, both theoretical and practical, with an emphasis on future projections. Some areas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal of Humanoid Robotics-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in Compendex, Science Citation Index Expanded, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology, Inspec, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 0.368. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Endpaper-Endpaper-The endpapers or end-papers of a book (also known as the endsheets) are the pages that consist of a double-size sheet folded, with one half pasted against an inside cover (the pastedown), and the other serving as the first free page (the free endpaper or flyleaf). Thus, the front endpapers precede the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Endpaper-Endpaper-Before mass printing in the 20th century, it was common for the endpapers of books to have paper marbling. Sometimes the endpapers are used for maps or other relevant information. They are the traditional place to put bookplates, or an owner's inscription.
There are many styles of endsheets or endpape... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Endpaper-Endpaper-Other styles are designed for use with perfect binders. Combined and Universal Endsheets are loaded into the cover feeder of an automatic perfect binder and attached – instead of the soft cover – automatically, producing a book block reinforced from head to tail. The Folded Tabbed End sheet is collate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Endpaper-Endpaper-There are also many styles of endpapers that are engineered to meet textbook standards and library binding standards, as well as endsheets for conservation and book repair. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isoliquiritigenin-Isoliquiritigenin-Isoliquiritigenin is a phenolic chemical compound found in licorice. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isoliquiritigenin-Metabolism-The enzyme 6'-deoxychalcone synthase uses malonyl-CoA, 4-coumaroyl-CoA, NADPH, and H+ to produce CoA, isoliquiritigenin, CO2, NADP+, and H2O.
The enzyme isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase further transforms isoliquiritigenin into 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isoliquiritigenin-Mechanism of action-Isoliquiritigenin has been found to be a potent (65 times higher affinity than diazepam) GABA-A benzodiapine receptor positive allosteric modulator. It can target miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling pathways, resulting in the inhibition of melanoma growth in vitro. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hover cover-Hover cover-A hover cover is a specialised hovercraft used at major cricket grounds to cover and protect the cricket pitch from inclement weather, particularly showers of rain. The hover cover can be stored close to the edge of the cricket field, and when required can be moved over the pitch within minutes,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hover cover-Hover cover-Usually around 100 ft (30 m) long and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide, sufficient to entirely cover the pitch of 66 ft × 10 ft (20.1 m × 3.0 m), the hover cover has a petrol motor at either end driving fans which generate an air cushion to lift the device, and also provide propulsion which allows the hover c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rose position-Rose position-Rose position is a position in which a patient is placed while undergoing a tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rose position-Position-In this position both the head and neck are extended. This is done by keeping a sand bag under the supine patient's shoulder blade. For a patient with a kyphosis or a stiff neck, the head piece of the table is raised so that the head ring really does support the head. Its contraindicated in patie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rose position-History-This position owes its name to a staff nurse named Rose who suggested this position to the surgeon. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Website defacement-Website defacement-Website defacement is an attack on a website that changes the visual appearance of a website or a web page. These are typically the work of defacers, who break into a web server and replace the hosted website with malware or a website of their own. Defacement is generally meant as ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Website defacement-Common targets-Religious and government sites are regularly targeted by hackers in order to display political or religious beliefs, whilst defacing the views and beliefs of others. Disturbing images and offensive phrases might be displayed in the process, as well as a signature of sorts, to show who ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sleeper Either Class-Sleeper Either Class-A Sleeper Either class (SLE) and Sleeper Either class with Pantry (SLEP) are a type of railway sleeping car used in Great Britain. Some units were later modified for better wheelchair access as Sleeper Either class Disabled (SLED). A smaller number reused in Denmark were classi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sleeper Either Class-Service-Mk3 sleeper vehicles remain in use on the Great Western Railway's Night Riviera from London Paddington to Penzance in Cornwall. All Night Riviera sleeper carriages have been refurbished, and feature keycard locks, new lighting, a wardrobe and under-bed storage. SLED vehicles, with disabled-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sleeper Either Class-Service-Between 1988 and 1998, ten SLE carriages were leased to Danish State Railways (DSB) for use in Denmark. This lease came to an end following the opening of the Great Belt Fixed Link combined bridge and tunnel. During this time, the vehicles were classified as WLABr and each carried a UIC num... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sleeper Either Class-Preservation-Following the withdrawal of many overnight sleeper services in the late-1980s, many Mark 3 SLEP sleeper carriages were obtained by heritage railways in order to provide sleeping accommodation for heritage staff and volunteers. In 2019, some of the former Caledonian Sleeper carriages we... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glycoside hydrolase family 77-Glycoside hydrolase family 77-In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 77 is a family of glycoside hydrolases. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glycoside hydrolase family 77-Glycoside hydrolase family 77-Glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Volcanic plateau-Volcanic plateau-A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity. There are two main types: lava plateaus and pyroclastic plateaus. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Volcanic plateau-Lava plateau-Lava plateaus are formed by highly fluid basaltic lava during numerous successive eruptions through numerous vents without violent explosions (quiet eruptions). These eruptions are quiet because of low viscosity of lava, so that it is very fluid and contains a small amount of trapped gases... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Volcanic plateau-Lava plateau-Earth features numerous subaerial and submarine volcanic plateaus such as the Columbia River Plateau (subaerial) and the vast Ontong Java Plateau (submarine). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Volcanic plateau-Pyroclastic plateau-Pyroclastic plateaus are produced by massive pyroclastic flows. They are underlain by pyroclastic rocks: agglomerates, tephra, volcanic ashes cemented into tuffs, mafic or felsic. Pyroclastic plateaus are also called ignimbrite plateaus.
Examples include Shirasu-Daichi which covers ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Bit plane-A bit plane of a digital discrete signal (such as image or sound) is a set of bits corresponding to a given bit position in each of the binary numbers representing the signal.For example, for 16-bit data representation there are 16 bit planes: the first bit plane contains the set of the most signifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Bit plane-It is possible to see that the first bit plane gives the roughest but the most critical approximation of values of a medium, and the higher the number of the bit plane, the less is its contribution to the final stage. Thus, adding a bit plane gives a better approximation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Bit plane-If a bit on the nth bit plane on an m-bit dataset is set to 1, it contributes a value of 2m−n, otherwise it contributes nothing. Therefore, bit planes can contribute half of the value of the previous bit plane. For example, in the 8-bit value 10110101 (181 in decimal) the bit planes work as follows:... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Bit plane-One method for calculating this is to compare each pixel (X, Y) to three adjacent pixels (X − 1, Y), (X, Y − 1) and (X − 1, Y − 1). If the pixel is the same as at least two of the three adjacent pixels, it is not noise. A noisy bit-plane will have 49% to 51% pixels that are noise. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Applications-Media file formats As an example, in PCM sound encoding the first bit in the sample denotes the sign of the function, or in other words defines the half of the whole amplitude values range, and the last bit defines the precise value. Replacement of more significant bits result in more distortion ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Applications-Bitmap displays Some computers displayed graphics in bit-plane format, most notably PC with EGA graphics card, the Amiga and Atari ST, contrasting with the more common packed format. This allowed certain classes of image manipulation to be performed using bitwise operations (especially by a blitt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Applications-Video motion estimation Some motion estimation algorithms can be performed using bit planes (e.g. after the application of a filter to turn salient edge features into binary values). This can sometimes provide a good enough approximation for correlation operations with minimal computational cost.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Applications-Neural nets Bitplane formats may be used for passing images to Spiking neural networks, or low precision approximations to neural networks/convolutional neural networks. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bit plane-Programs-Many image processing packages can split an image into bit-planes. Open source tools such as Pamarith from Netpbm and Convert from ImageMagick can be used to generate bit-planes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Octorad-Octorad-Octorad is a term coined to describe a style of stadium architecture in the late 1960s. The term suggests eight radiuses, the design incorporating four arcs of a large circle to comprise most of the structure, and four arcs of a smaller circle to round out the corners. It was a variant on the archetypal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Octorad-Octorad-The most prominent examples of the octorad style were San Diego Stadium in San Diego, which opened in 1967 and was demolished in 2021; and Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, which opened in 1971 and was demolished in 2004.
Both stadiums accomplished the goal of providing better sight lines for spectators... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Elsevier-Elsevier (Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet, Cell, the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, Trends, the Current Opinion series, the online citation database... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-History-Elsevier was founded in 1880 and adopted the name and logo from the Dutch publishing house Elzevir that was an inspiration and has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier. The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands; the founder, Lodewijk Elzevir (1542–1617), lived i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Company statistics-During 2018, researchers submitted over 1.8 million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. Editors are generally unpaid volun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Products and services Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and reference works, and cover the health, life, physical, and social sciences.
The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, libra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-ScienceDirect is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: Physical Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Pricing The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average, and many British universities pay more than a million pounds to Elsevier annually. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-For example, in 2004, a resolution by Stanford University's senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editoria... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Mergers and acquisitions RELX Group has been active in mergers and acquisitions. Elsevier has incorporated other businesses that were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce its market power, such as Mendeley (after the closure of 2collab), SSRN... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Shill review offer According to the BBC, in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook Clinical Psychology if they would go on Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble (a large US books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded by stating... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Blocking text mining research Elsevier seeks to regulate text and data mining with private licenses, claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that the publisher holds copyright on output of automated processes. The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Market model-Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production of fossil fuels. Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-"Who's Afraid of Peer Review" In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up by John Bohannon, published in Science, called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" The journal Drug Invention Today accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-Fake journals At a 2009 court case in Australia where Merck & Co. was being sued by a user of Vioxx, the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine, which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewed academic jour... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-Chaos, Solitons & Fractals There was speculation that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Mohamed El Naschie, misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-Plagiarism Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' states that authors should ensure they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of other's work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour. Some Elsevier... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-Scientific racism Angela Saini has criticized the two Elsevier journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences for having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents of scientific racism as Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg; in response to he... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Criticism of academic practices-Manipulation of bibliometrics According to the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (see also Goodhart's law), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics, such as the journal impact factor. The impa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Control of journals-Resignation of editorial boards The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing: In 1999, the entire editorial board of the Journal of Logic Programming resigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier about the pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Elsevier-Control of journals-In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused the European Economic Association to terminate an agreement with Elsevier designating Elsevier's European Economic Review as the official journal of the association. The EEA launched a new journal, the Journal of the European Ec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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