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IEFBR14-Naming-The "IEF" derives from a convention on mainframe computers that programs supplied by IBM were grouped together by function or creator and that each group shared a three-letter prefix. In OS/360, the first letter was almost always "I", and the programs produced by the Job Management group (including IEFBR... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Naming-As explained below, "BR 14" was the essential function of the program, to simply return to the operating system. This portion of a program name was often mnemonic — for example, IEBUPDTE was the dataset utility (IEB) that applied updates (UPDTE) to source code files, and IEHINITT was the system utility (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Usage-Example JCL would be : To create a Partitioned Data Set: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Implementation-IEFBR14 consisted initially of a single instruction a "Branch to Register" 14. The mnemonic used in the IBM Assembler was BR and hence the name: IEF BR 14. BR 14 is identically equivalent to BCR 15,14 (Branch Always [ mask = 15 = always ] to the address contained in general purpose register 14). ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Implementation-The linkage convention for OS/360 and its descendants requires that a program be invoked with register 14 containing the address to return control to when complete, and register 15 containing the address at which the called program is loaded into memory; at completion, the program loads a return ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Implementation-The original version of the program did not alter register 15 at all as its original application was as a placeholder in certain load modules which were generated during Sysgen (system generation), not as an executable program, per se. Since IEFBR14 was always invoked by the functional equivalent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEFBR14-Implementation-The machine code for the modified program is: SR R15,R15 put zero completion code into register 15 BR R14 branch to the address in register 14 (which is actually an SVC 3 instruction in the Communications Vector Table) The equivalent machine code, eliminating the BR for clarity, is: SR R15,R15 pu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Group Shot-Group Shot-Group Shot is a photo combining program developed by Microsoft Research. Its purpose is to solve the problem of individuals in group photographs that might be doing undesirable things such as looking elsewhere, closing their eyes, not smiling, etc. The principle of Group Shot is that multiple grou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Group Shot-Group Shot-It was announced in Bill Gates' keynote at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show. For a time, the software was available to download for Windows XP users, however it was later removed from the Microsoft Research website, and the project was officially closed. Microsoft Research stated that the beta p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Group Shot-Group Shot-In January 2012, a GroupShot mobile app was released by Macadamia Apps allowing users to create a group image from multiple similar images on their mobile phone. The app is available for download in the iTunes App Store. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Group Shot-Group Shot-In April 2016, DEVART, the Netherlands introduced a mobile app for iPhone called Snaptric that uses a new hi-tech seam technique enabling users to replace faces in a set of group photos with the same background and people. It does not simply replace the face but makes a nice seam through the origi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenylalanine adenylyltransferase-Phenylalanine adenylyltransferase-In enzymology, a phenylalanine adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.54) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-phenylalanine ⇌ diphosphate + N-adenylyl-L-phenylalanineThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and L-phenylalanine, whe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium polysulfide-Sodium polysulfide-Sodium polysulfide is a general term for salts with the formula Na2Sx, where x = 2 to 5. The species Sx2−, called polysulfide anions, include disulfide (S22−), trisulfide (S32−), tetrasulfide (S42−), and pentasulfide (S52−). In principle, but not in practice, the chain lengths coul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium polysulfide-Structure-The polysulfide anions form chains with S---S bond distances around 2 Å in length. The chains adopt skewed conformations. In the solid state, these salts are dense solids with strong association of the sodium cations with the anionic termini of the chains. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium polysulfide-Production and occurrence-Sodium polysulfide can be produced by dissolving sulfur in a solution of sodium sulfide. Alternatively they are produced by the redox reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with sulfur at elevated temperatures. Finally they arise by the reduction of elemental sulfur with sodiu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium polysulfide-Reactions-As exploited in the sodium-sulfur battery, the polysulfides absorb and release reducing equivalents by breaking and making S-S bonds, respectively. An idealized reaction for sodium tetrasulfide is shown: Na2S4 + 2 Na ⇌ 2 Na2S2Alkylation gives organic polysulfides according to the following ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium polysulfide-Reactions-Protonation of these salts gives hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur, as illustrated by the reaction of sodium pentasulfide: Na2S5 + 2 HCl → H2S + 4 S + 2 NaCl | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stone–Wales defect-Stone–Wales defect-A Stone–Wales defect is a crystallographic defect that involves the change of connectivity of two π-bonded carbon atoms, leading to their rotation by 90° with respect to the midpoint of their bond. The reaction commonly involves conversion between a naphthalene-like structure into ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stone–Wales defect-Stone–Wales defect-The reaction occurs on carbon nanotubes, graphene, and similar carbon frameworks, where the four adjacent six-membered rings of a pyrene-like region are changed into two five-membered rings and two seven-membered rings when the bond uniting two of the adjacent rings rotates. In the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stone–Wales defect-History-The defect is named after Anthony Stone and David J. Wales at the University of Cambridge, who described it in a 1986 paper on the isomerization of fullerenes. However, a similar defect was described much earlier by G. J. Dienes in 1952 in a paper on diffusion mechanisms in graphite and later... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stone–Wales defect-Structural effects-The defects have been imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and can be determined using various vibrational spectroscopy techniques.It has been proposed that the coalescence process of fullerenes or carbon nanotubes may occur through a sequ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stone–Wales defect-Chemical details-The activation energy for the simple atomic motion that gives the bond-rotation apparent in a Stone–Wales defects is fairly high—a barrier of several electronvolts. but various processes can create the defects at substantially lower energies than might be expected.The rearrangement c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2002 RN109-2002 RN109-2002 RN109 is a trans-Neptunian object and damocloid on a highly eccentric, cometary-like orbit. It was first observed on 6 September 2002, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The unusual object measu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2002 RN109-Description-2002 RN109 may be a dormant comet that has not been seen outgassing. In the past it may have made closer approaches to the Sun that could have removed most near-surface volatiles. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–1,091 AU once every 12783 years (semi-major axis of 546.7 AU). Its orbit has a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2002 RN109-Description-2002 RN109 belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (TJupiter of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni-Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni-The Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni (Reports on Mathematics and its applications) is an open access peer-reviewed mathematics journal, jointly published by the "Guido Castelnuovo" Department of Mathemat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni-Historical notes-Foundation and the first four series The journal was founded in 1913 as the press organ of the "Seminario Matematico della Facoltà di Scienze della Reale Uninversità di Roma": its first director (Editor in chief) was Vito Volterra, who held this positio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni-Historical notes-The INdAM and its influence The founding of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica in 1939, under the decisive influence of Francesco Severi, had important consequences on the "Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico". On 23 November 1939, during its fir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni-Historical notes-Timeline of Journal series and editors in chief | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Suction pressure-Suction pressure-Suction pressure is also called Diffusion Pressure Deficit. If some solute is dissolved in solvent, its diffusion pressure decreases. The difference between diffusion pressure of pure solvent and solution is called diffusion pressure deficit (DPD). It is a reduction in the diffusion pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Suction pressure-Factors affecting DPD-DPD is directly proportional to the height of the plant, tree or organism.
DPD is governed by two factors i.e. turgor pressure and osmotic pressure. Turgor pressure can be denoted as wall pressure in some cases.
DPD is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution. DP... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Suction pressure-History-The term diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) was coined by B.S. Meyer in 1938. Originally DPD was described as suction pressure by German botanist Otto Renner in 1915. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Suction pressure-Refrigeration-In refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the suction pressure' (also called the low-side pressure) is the intake pressure generated by the system compressor while operating. The suction pressure, along with the suction temperature the wet bulb temperature of the discharge air are us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Sato–Tate conjecture-In mathematics, the Sato–Tate conjecture is a statistical statement about the family of elliptic curves Ep obtained from an elliptic curve E over the rational numbers by reduction modulo almost all prime numbers p. Mikio Sato and John Tate independently posed the conjecture aro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Statement-Let E be an elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers without complex multiplication. For a prime number p, define θp as the solution to the equation cos θp(0≤θp≤π).
Then, for every two real numbers α and β for which 0≤α<β≤π, lim sin sin cos sin cos (β)) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Details-By Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves, the ratio (p+1)−Np2p=ap2p is between -1 and 1. Thus it can be expressed as cos θ for an angle θ; in geometric terms there are two eigenvalues accounting for the remainder and with the denominator as given they are complex conjugate and of absolute valu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Details-This is due to Mikio Sato and John Tate (independently, and around 1960, published somewhat later). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Proof-In 2008, Clozel, Harris, Shepherd-Barron, and Taylor published a proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture for elliptic curves over totally real fields satisfying a certain condition: of having multiplicative reduction at some prime, in a series of three joint papers.Further results are conditional o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Generalisations-There are generalisations, involving the distribution of Frobenius elements in Galois groups involved in the Galois representations on étale cohomology. In particular there is a conjectural theory for curves of genus n > 1.
Under the random matrix model developed by Nick Katz and Pe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Refinements-There are also more refined statements. The Lang–Trotter conjecture (1976) of Serge Lang and Hale Trotter states the asymptotic number of primes p with a given value of ap, the trace of Frobenius that appears in the formula. For the typical case (no complex multiplication, trace ≠ 0) th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sato–Tate conjecture-Refinements-In 1999, Chantal David and Francesco Pappalardi proved an averaged version of the Lang–Trotter conjecture. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Melomics-Melomics (derived from "genomics of melodies") is a computational system for the automatic composition of music (with no human intervention), based on bioinspired algorithms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Technological aspects-Melomics applies an evolutionary approach to music composition, i.e., music pieces are obtained by simulated evolution. These themes compete to better adapt to a proper fitness function, generally grounded on formal and aesthetic criteria. The Melomics system encodes each theme in a genom... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Technological aspects-This technology has been transferred to industry as an academic spin-off, Melomics Media, which has provided and reprogrammed a new computer cluster that created a huge collection of popular music. The results of this evolutionary computation are being stored in Melomics' site, which nowa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Computer clusters-The Melomics computational system includes two computer clusters: Melomics109 and Iamus, dedicated to popular and artistic music, respectively. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Computer clusters-Melomics109 cluster Melomics109 is cluster programmed and integrated in the Melomics system. Its first product is a vast repository of popular music compositions (roughly 1 billion), covering all essential styles. In addition to MP3, all songs are available in editable formats (MIDI); and mus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Computer clusters-It has been argued that, by making such amount of editable, original and royalty-free music accessible to people, Melomics may accelerate the process of commoditization of music, and change the way music is composed and consumed in the future. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Computer clusters-Iamus album In the first stages of the development of the Melomics system, Iamus composed Opus one (on October 15, 2010), arguably the first fragment of professional contemporary classical music ever composed by a computer in its own style, rather than attempting to emulate the style of exist... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Melomics-Applications-Melomics' empathic music has been tested in a number of therapeutic clinical trials, evidencing positive effects in reducing fear of heights, acute stress and pain perception. One of the studies resulted in a reduction of almost two thirds of pain perception in children undergoing a standard Skin ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics-Graphics (from Ancient Greek γραφικός (graphikós) 'pertaining to drawing, painting, writing, etc.') are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone, to inform, illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage, it includes a pictorial representation of data,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics-Examples are photographs, drawings, line art, mathematical graphs, line graphs, charts, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics-Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred. It can also be used for architecture. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created during the Upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-In art, "graphics" is often used to distinguish work in a monotone and made up of lines, as opposed to painting.
Drawing Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool or moving a tool across a surface. In which a tool is always used as if there were no tools it w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Etching Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal, leaving behind roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very thin, burning a line into the plate. The use of the process in prin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices.
Line art Line art is a rather non-specific term sometimes used for any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkn... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Illustration An illustration is a visual representation such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information (such as a newspaper article), traditionally by... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of subject matter and serve a variety of functions, such as: giving faces to characters in a story displaying a number of examples of an item described in an academic textbook (e.g. A Typology) visualizing step-wise sets of instructions in a technical m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Diagrams A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, etc., used to visualize and clarify the topic.
Symbols A symbol, in its basic sense, is a representation of a concept or quantity; i.e., an idea, object, concept, qual... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Photography One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a photographer, in principle, just records a single moment in reality, with seemingly no interpretation. However, a photographer can choose the field of view and angle, and may also use other techniques, such as various ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-The choice of the field of view can have a strong effect, effectively 'censoring out' other parts of the scene, accomplished by cropping them out or simply not including them in the photograph. This even touches on the philosophical question of what reality is. The human brain processes information bas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Engineering drawings An engineering drawing is a type of drawing and is technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items. It is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Computer graphics There are two types of computer graphics: raster graphics, where each pixel is separately defined (as in a digital photograph), and vector graphics, where mathematical formulas are used to draw lines and shapes, which are then interpreted at the viewer's end to produce the graphic. Us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-In 1950, the first computer-driven display was attached to MIT's Whirlwind I computer to generate simple pictures. This was followed by MIT's TX-0 and TX-2, interactive computing which increased interest in computer graphics during the late 1950s. In 1962, Ivan Sutherland invented Sketchpad, an innovat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-In the mid-1960s, large computer graphics research projects were begun at MIT, General Motors, Bell Labs, and Lockheed Corporation. Douglas T. Ross of MIT developed an advanced compiler language for graphics programming. S.A.Coons, also at MIT, and J. C. Ferguson at Boeing, began work in sculptured sur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-3D computer graphics began being used in video games in the 1970s with Spasim for the PLATO system in 1974 and FS1 Flight Simulator in 1979. Atari, Inc.'s Battlezone (1980) exposed 3D graphics to a wide audience. Other wireframe and flat-shaded 3D games appeared throughout the 1980s. Ultima Underworld:... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Computer systems dating from the 1980s and onwards often use a graphical user interface (GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons, and pictures, rather than text. 3D computer graphics and creation tools became more accessible to video game and film developers in the late 1980s with SGI ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in video games, multimedia, and animation. In 1995, Toy Story, the first full-length computer-generated animation film, was released in cinemas. Since then, computer graphics have become more accurate and detailed, due to more advanced computers and better 3... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Another use of computer graphics is screensavers, originally intended to prevent the layout of much-used GUIs from 'burning into' the computer screen. They have since evolved into true pieces of art, their practical purpose obsolete; modern screens are not susceptible to such artifacts. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Web graphics In the 1990s, Internet speeds increased, and Internet browsers capable of viewing images were released, the first being Mosaic. Websites began to use the GIF format to display small graphics, such as banners, advertisements, and navigation buttons, on web pages. Modern web browsers can now... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Modern web graphics can be made with software such as Adobe Photoshop, the GIMP, or Corel Paint Shop Pro. Users of Microsoft Windows have MS Paint, which many find to be lacking in features. This is because MS Paint is a drawing package and not a graphics package. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-History-Numerous platforms and websites have been created to cater to web graphics artists and to host their communities. A growing number of people use create internet forum signatures—generally, appearing after a user's post—and other digital artwork, such as photo manipulations and large graphics. With comp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Uses-Graphics are visual elements often used to point readers and viewers to particular information. They are also used to supplement text in an effort to aid readers in their understanding of a particular concept or make the concept more clear or interesting. Popular magazines, such as Time, Wired and Newswee... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Uses-Business Graphics are commonly used in business and economics to create financial charts and tables. The term business graphics came into use in the late 1970s, when personal computers became capable of drawing graphs and charts instead of using a tabular format. Business graphics can be used to highlight... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Uses-Political The use of graphics for overtly political purposes—cartoons, graffiti, poster art, flag design, etc.—is a centuries-old practice which thrives today in every part of the world. The Northern Irish murals are one such example. A more recent example is Shepard Fairey's 2008 U.S. presidential electi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Uses-Education Graphics are heavily used in textbooks, especially those concerning subjects such as geography, science, and mathematics, in order to illustrate theories and concepts, such as the human anatomy. Diagrams are also used to label photographs and pictures.
Educational animation is an important emerg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics education-The majority of schools, colleges, and universities around the world educate students on the subject of graphic design and art.
The subject is taught in a broad variety of ways, each course teaching its own distinctive balance of craft skills and intellectual response to the client's needs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics education-Some graphics courses prioritize traditional craft skills—drawing, printmaking, and typography—over modern craft skills. Other courses may place an emphasis on teaching digital craft skills. Still, other courses may downplay the crafts entirely, concentrating on training students to generate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Graphics education-The typical pedagogy of a graphic design (or graphic communication, visual communication, graphic arts or any number of synonymous course titles) will be broadly based on the teaching models developed in the Bauhaus school in Germany or Vkhutemas in Russia. The teaching model will tend to ex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics-Noted graphic designers-Aldus Manutius designed the first italic type style which is often used in desktop publishing and graphic design. April Greiman is known for her influential poster design. Paul Rand is well known as a design pioneer for designing many popular corporate logos, including the logo for IBM,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Bowhunting-Bowhunting (or bow hunting) is the practice of hunting game animals by archery. Many indigenous peoples have employed the technique as their primary hunting method for thousands of years, and it has survived into contemporary use for sport and hunting. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Modern history-The last of the Yahi tribe, an indigenous man known as Ishi, came out of hiding in California in 1911. His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them. The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Yo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Equipment-Arrows, bows and sights are commonly of the more modern varieties. However, all effective variations, including crossbows and wooden bows launching wooden arrows with stone points, are used. Arrowheads are chosen to ensure lethality. Broadheads feature blades that jut out from the shaft at an angle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Equipment-Big game hunting requires a draw weight of more than 35 pounds-force (16 kilograms-force). For larger game such as elk or moose, more than 50 lbf (23 kgf) is suggested. Most male American archers can draw a bow rated at 50–60 lbf (23–27 kgf), most women 30–40 lbf (14–18 kgf).Lighter arrows, all els... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Methods of hunting-In contrast to a rifle hunter, who may shoot effectively from ranges in excess of 200 yards (180 m); archers usually restrict shots to 2.3 to 42 yards (2 to 38 m). The distance depends upon individual ability, the target animal, the bow strength, terrain, arrow and weather. The bow hunter ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Methods of hunting-In "stand hunting," the hunter waits for game to come to them, usually near food, water, or known trails. Brush and other natural materials may be placed for cover, or a "ground blind" that looks like a camouflage tent may be used. They usually "pop" up and can be set up from folded in a f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-Bowhunting often has different seasons and restrictions from firearm hunting, and they differ significantly between areas. Legal and cultural approaches specific to the area must be taken into consideration by the hunter. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-Europe Nations including Denmark, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Finland and Bulgaria use bow and arrow hunting as a hunting tool in modern game management. Some European countries, including the United Kingdom, prohibit bowhunting. Bowhunting, like target archery,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-United States and Canada In the United States and Canada, as with other styles of hunting, bowhunting is regulated by individual provinces and states. Regulations often address issues such as which area to hunt in, what time of year (season), and which sex and species of gam... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-New Zealand Organized bow hunting began in New Zealand in 1945. The New Zealand government regulates bowhunting. An annual 3 day field shoot tournament is held every Queen's Birthday Weekend at various locations throughout New Zealand. Bowhunters must have permission to hunt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-There are no special seasons for bowhunters or for hunting with a firearm. There is an active bow hunters' society. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-Australia Bowhunting is practiced in Australia and is not specifically subject to regulation by law. Only non-native species are recognized as game by the Australian Bowhunters Association. However, native species may be killed during government-authorized culls.The states o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Legal and cultural considerations-Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has legally permitted hunting with compound bows since 1989 as an exception, and since 1999 under formal legislation. Minimum arrow weights and bow draws are mandated. Bowhunting is only allowed on private or tribal lands, but not in national parks. Bowhunt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bowhunting-Opposition-Some are deeply opposed to bow hunting in particular, on the grounds of cruelty. The organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals states that "quick kills are rare, and many animals suffer prolonged, painful deaths when hunters severely injure but fail to kill them." Wounding rates A s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ADP-ribosylhydrolase 1-ADP-ribosylhydrolase 1-(ADP-ribosyl)hydrolase 1, also termed [Protein ADP-ribosylarginine] hydrolase and protein-Nω-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine ADP-ribosylhydrolase (EC 3.2.2.19), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADPRH gene. This enzyme is a specific mono(ADP-ribosyl)hydrolase that ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Involutory matrix-Involutory matrix-In mathematics, an involutory matrix is a square matrix that is its own inverse. That is, multiplication by the matrix A is an involution if and only if A2 = I, where I is the n × n identity matrix. Involutory matrices are all square roots of the identity matrix. This is simply a con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Involutory matrix-Examples-The 2 × 2 real matrix (abc−a) is involutory provided that 1. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Involutory matrix-Examples-The Pauli matrices in M(2, C) are involutory: One of the three classes of elementary matrix is involutory, namely the row-interchange elementary matrix. A special case of another class of elementary matrix, that which represents multiplication of a row or column by −1, is also involutory; it ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Involutory matrix-Examples-Some simple examples of involutory matrices are shown below.
where I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix (which is trivially involutory); R is the 3 × 3 identity matrix with a pair of interchanged rows; S is a signature matrix.Any block-diagonal matrices constructed from involutory matrices will als... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Involutory matrix-Symmetry-An involutory matrix which is also symmetric is an orthogonal matrix, and thus represents an isometry (a linear transformation which preserves Euclidean distance). Conversely every orthogonal involutory matrix is symmetric.
As a special case of this, every reflection and 180° rotation matrix ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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