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Toxic cough syrup-History-Riemann Pvt Ltd is under investigation and faces potential disciplinary action from the Indian drug regulator, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation. Despite the ongoing investigation, the company continues its operations and drug manufacturing activities. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Toxic cough syrup-History-Worldwide The World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing the global threat of toxic cough syrups that have caused the deaths of more than 300 children across multiple countries. The WHO is working with six additional countries, bringing the total to 15 countries, to track these dangerous me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator-Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator-The Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MSDTC) service is a component of Microsoft Windows that is responsible for coordinating transactions that span multiple resource managers, such as databases, message queues, and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chandrashekhar S. Jog-Chandrashekhar S. Jog-Chandrashekhar S. Jog is a professor in the department of mechanical engineering at Indian Institute of Science. He works in the areas of Solid mechanics, Continuum mechanics, and Finite element methods. He has authored books on Continuum mechanics, and Fluid mechanics. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Human–animal communication-Human–animal communication is the communication observed between humans and other animals, ranging from non-verbal cues and vocalizations to the use of language. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Human–animal communication-Some human–animal communication may be observed in casual circumstances, such as the interactions between pets and their owners, which can reflect a form of spoken, while not necessarily verbal dialogue. A dog being scolded is able to grasp the message by interpreti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Human–animal communication-One scientific study has found that 30 bird species and 29 mammal species share the same pattern of pitch and speed in basic messages. Therefore, humans and those 59 species can understand each other when they express "aggression, hostility, appeasement, approachabi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Birds-Parrots are able to use words meaningfully in linguistic tasks. In particular, the grey parrot Alex learned one hundred words, and after training used English words to answer questions about color, shapes, size and numbers correctly about 80% of the time.
He also wanted to try to go wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Birds-Most bird species have at least six calls which humans can learn to understand, for situations including danger, distress, hunger, and the presence of food.Pigeons can identify different artists. Pigeons can learn to recognize up to 58 four-letter English words, with an average of 43, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Primates-Chimpanzees can make at least 32 sounds with distinct meanings for humans.Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans have used sign language, physical tokens, keyboards and touch screens to communicate with humans in numerous research studies. The research showed that they understood multi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Primates-Baboons can learn to recognize an average of 139 four-letter English words (maximum of 308), though they were not taught any meanings to associate with the words.Primates have also been trained to use touch screens to tell a researcher their musical preferences. In Toronto, for hundr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Lilly In the 1960s, John C. Lilly sponsored English lessons for one bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The teacher, Margaret Howe Lovatt, lived with the dolphin for 2+1⁄2 months in a house on the shore of the Virgin Islands. The house was partially flooded and allowed them to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Experiments by the research team of Louis Herman, a former collaborator and student of Lilly's, demonstrated that dolphins could understand human communication in whistles and respond with the same whistles.
A female bottlenose dolphin, Phoenix, understood at least 34 whistles. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Whistles created a system of two-way communication. By having separate whistles for object and action, Herman could reorder commands without fresh teaching (take hoop to ball). Successful communication was shown when Herman used new combinations, and the dolphin understood and did w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Herman also studied the crossmodal perceptual ability of dolphins. Dolphins typically perceive their environment through sound waves generated in the melon of their skulls, through a process known as echolocation (similar to that seen in bats, though the mechanism of production is d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Other researchers Batteau (1964, video) developed machines for the US Navy, which translated human voices to higher frequencies for dolphins to hear and translated dolphin voices to lower frequencies for humans to hear. The work continued at least until 1967 when the Navy classified... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Cetaceans-Historical From Roman times to modern Brazil, dolphins have been known to drive fish toward fishermen waiting on shore, and signal to the fishermen when to throw their nets, even when water is too murky for the fishermen to see the arrival of the fish. The dolphins catch unnetted fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-Origins of communication with canines It has been widely theorized that human-animal communication began with the domestication of dogs. Humans began communicating with wolves before the end of the late pleistocene, and the two species eventually created a wide scale symbiotic relationsh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-Humans' relationship with wolves garnered a mutual benefit, obtaining food and protection. Humans likely began attempting to cooperate with wolves through commands, which eventually led to a more familiar species of dogs that we know today. These commands were likely the first instances ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-Dogs communicating to humans In a Scientific American article from May 1884, John Lubbock described experiments teaching a dog to read text commands on cardboard cards.Bonnie Bergin trained dogs to go to specific text on the wall to ask clearly for "water, treat or pet me." Dogs were abl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-Humans communicating to dogs Dogs can be trained to understand hundreds of spoken words, including Chaser (1,022 words), Betsy (340 words), Rico (200 words), and others. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-They can react appropriately when a human uses verbs and nouns in new combinations, such as "fetch ball" or "paw frisbee."Canine researcher Bonnie Bergin trained dogs to obey 20 written commands on flashcards, in Roman or Japanese characters, including 🚫 to keep them away from an area.S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Dogs-Mutual communication Claims of interspecies communication between dogs and humans, with the use of sound buttons, have prompted researchers at the University of California, at San Diego to begin an ongoing research effort (as of June 2021) into potential canine linguistic capabilities. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Felines-Human-Feline communication is dated to at least 9,500-10,000 B.C. according to archeological evidence from the Neolithic village of Shillourokambos on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. Human and cat remains were found buried together along with ceremonial seashells, polished stones,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Other animal training-Humans teach animals specific responses for specific conditions or stimuli. Training may be for purposes such as companionship, detection, protection, research and entertainment. During training humans communicate their wishes with positive or negative reinforcement. Aft... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Other animal training-Molluscs, with totally different brain designs, have been taught to distinguish and respond to symbols (cuttlefish and octopus), and have been taught that food behind a clear barrier cannot be eaten (squid).
A harbor seal, Hoover learned to speak several phrases in under... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Animal communication as entertainment-Though animal communication has always been a topic of public comment and attention, for a period in history it surpassed this and became sensational popular entertainment. From the late 18th century through the mid 19th century, a succession of "learned ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Other Information-There are many evolving and unique ways that humans interact with animals. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Other Information-Human language differs greatly from animal communication in the sense that everything in context-dependent. There have been multiple claims and eventual studies conducted to help highlight the difference in animal communication and human communication being heavily reliant o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Human–animal communication-Other Information-Human communication with animals has been around for centuries and exists all across the world. Indigenous people have relied on their communication skills to speak and coexist with birds, grazers, and hunters. They have been able to share the land with these animals and eve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Fiddlehead-Fiddleheads or fiddlehead greens are the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a vegetable. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Fiddlehead-Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new frond (circinate vernation). As fiddleheads are harvested early in the season before the frond has opened and reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.Fiddleheads from brackens contain a compound associated with bra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Varieties-The fiddleheads of certain ferns are eaten as a cooked leaf vegetable. The most popular of these are: Bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, found worldwide (Toxic if not cooked fully) Ostrich fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris, found in northern regions worldwide, and the central/eastern part of North America... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Sources and harvesting-Available seasonally, fiddleheads are both foraged and commercially harvested in spring. When picking fiddleheads, it is recommended to take only one third the tops per plant/cluster for sustainable harvest. Each plant produces several tops that turn into fronds; repeated over-picking ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-Fiddleheads have been part of traditional diets in much of Northern France since the beginning of the Middle Ages, across Asia, and also among Native Americans for centuries. They are also part of the diet in the Russian Far East where they are often picked in the wild in autumn, preserved in s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-Asian cuisine In Indonesia, young fiddlehead ferns are cooked in a rich coconut sauce spiced with chili pepper, galangal, lemongrass, turmeric leaves and other spices. This dish is called gulai pakis or gulai paku, and originated from the Minangkabau ethnic group of Indonesia.
In the Philippine... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-In East Asia, fiddleheads of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) are eaten as a vegetable, called kogomi (コゴミ) in Japan, gosari (고사리) in Korea, and juécài (蕨菜) in China and Taiwan. In Korea, a typical banchan (small side dish) is gosari-namul (고사리나물), which consists of prepared fernbrake fiddleheads ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-In Japan, bracken fiddleheads are a prized dish, and roasting the fiddleheads is reputed to neutralize any toxins in the vegetable. In Japan, fiddleheads of flowering fern (Osmunda japonica), known as zenmai (薇), as well as those of the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris), known as kogomi ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-Indian cuisine In the Indian subcontinent, it is found in the Himalayan states of North and Northeast India.
In the state of Tripura, it is known as Muikhonchok in the Kokborok language. As part of the Tripuri cuisine; fiddlehead fern is prepared by stir frying as bhaja served as a side dish. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-In Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) it is called Lingad and used for vegetable pickling, In the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh, it is known locally as lingri and is used to make a pickle lingri ka achaar. In the Kangra Valley it is called lungdu in the Kangri dialect and is eaten as vegetable. In Cha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-In Garhwal division of Uttarakhand, it is called languda and eaten as a vegetable.
In Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, it is called niyuro (नियुरो) and is common as a vegetable side dish, often mixed with local cheese. and sometimes pickled.
In Southern regions of West Bengal it is known as Dheki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-In the area of Jammu in Jammu and Kashmir, it's known as kasrod (कसरोड). The most famous Dogra dish is kasrod ka achaar (fiddlehead fern pickle). In Poonch, it is known as 'Kandor'(कंडोर) in local language. In Kishtwar, it is known as ted (टेड) in the local language Kishtwari. It is also cook... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-It is also found in the hills of Kodagu (Coorg). Known as therme thoppu in local language, they are made into a palya and can be had with rice or otti (roti made from cooked rice and rice powder). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-Nepali cuisine In Nepal, it is a seasonal food called niyuro (नियुरो) or niuro (निउरो). There are three varieties of fiddlehead most commonly found in Nepali cuisine, namely सेती निउरो having whitish green stem, काली निउरो having dark purple stem, and ठूलो निउरो having large green stems. It is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-North American cooking Ostrich ferns (Matteuccia struthiopteris), known locally as "fiddleheads", grow wild in wet areas of northeastern North America in spring. The Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, and Penobscot peoples of Eastern Canada and Maine have traditionally harvested fiddleheads, and the vegetable ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-To cook fiddleheads, it is advised to remove the brown papery husk before washing in several changes of cold water, then boil or steam them. Boiling reduces the bitterness and the content of tannins and toxins. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention associated a number of food-borne ill... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Culinary uses-Māori cuisine Māori people have historically eaten young fern shoots called pikopiko, which can refer to several species of New Zealand ferns. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fiddlehead-Constituents-Fiddleheads are low in sodium, but rich in potassium.Many ferns also contain the enzyme thiaminase, which breaks down thiamine. This can lead to beriberi, if consumed in extreme excess.Further, there is some evidence that certain varieties of fiddleheads, e.g. bracken (Pteridium genus), are toxi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Nonlinear optics-Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization density P responds non-linearly to the electric field E of the light. The non-linearity is typically observed only at very high light intens... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-History-The first nonlinear optical effect to be predicted was two-photon absorption, by Maria Goeppert Mayer for her PhD in 1931, but it remained an unexplored theoretical curiosity until 1961 and the almost simultaneous observation of two-photon absorption at Bell Labs and the discovery of second-har... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Nonlinear optical processes-Nonlinear optics explains nonlinear response of properties such as frequency, polarization, phase or path of incident light. These nonlinear interactions give rise to a host of optical phenomena: Frequency-mixing processes Second-harmonic generation (SHG), or frequency doubl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Nonlinear effects fall into two qualitatively different categories, parametric and non-parametric effects. A parametric non-linearity is an interaction in which the quantum state of the nonlinear material is not changed by the interaction with the optical field. As a consequence of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Theory Parametric and "instantaneous" (i.e. material must be lossless and dispersionless through the Kramers–Kronig relations) nonlinear optical phenomena, in which the optical fields are not too large, can be described by a Taylor series expansion of the dielectric polarization de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Wave equation in a nonlinear material Central to the study of electromagnetic waves is the wave equation. Starting with Maxwell's equations in an isotropic space, containing no free charge, it can be shown that NL , where PNL is the nonlinear part of the polarization density, and n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Note that one can normally use the vector identity ∇×(∇×V)=∇(∇⋅V)−∇2V and Gauss's law (assuming no free charges, free =0 ), ∇⋅D=0, to obtain the more familiar wave equation ∇2E−n2c2∂2∂t2E=0.
For a nonlinear medium, Gauss's law does not imply that the identity ∇⋅E=0 is true in gene... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Nonlinearities as a wave-mixing process The nonlinear wave equation is an inhomogeneous differential equation. The general solution comes from the study of ordinary differential equations and can be obtained by the use of a Green's function. Physically one gets the normal electroma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-In general, an n-th order nonlinearity will lead to (n + 1)-wave mixing. As an example, if we consider only a second-order nonlinearity (three-wave mixing), then the polarization P takes the form NL =ε0χ(2)E2(t).
If we assume that E(t) is made up of two components at frequencies ω1... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-The above equation is known as the phase-matching condition. Typically, three-wave mixing is done in a birefringent crystalline material, where the refractive index depends on the polarization and direction of the light that passes through. The polarizations of the fields and the o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Most common nonlinear crystals are negative uniaxial, which means that the e axis has a smaller refractive index than the o axes. In those crystals, type-I and -II phase matching are usually the most suitable schemes. In positive uniaxial crystals, types VII and VIII are more suita... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-One undesirable effect of angle tuning is that the optical frequencies involved do not propagate collinearly with each other. This is due to the fact that the extraordinary wave propagating through a birefringent crystal possesses a Poynting vector that is not parallel to the propa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-Temperature tuning is used when the pump (laser) frequency polarization is orthogonal to the signal and idler frequency polarization. The birefringence in some crystals, in particular lithium niobate is highly temperature-dependent. The crystal temperature is controlled to achieve ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Parametric processes-The other method is quasi-phase-matching. In this method the frequencies involved are not constantly locked in phase with each other, instead the crystal axis is flipped at a regular interval Λ, typically 15 micrometres in length. Hence, these crystals are called periodically poled... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Higher-order frequency mixing-The above holds for χ(2) processes. It can be extended for processes where χ(3) is nonzero, something that is generally true in any medium without any symmetry restrictions; in particular resonantly enhanced sum or difference frequency mixing in gasses is frequently used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Higher-order frequency mixing-The Kerr effect can be described as a χ(3) as well. At high peak powers the Kerr effect can cause filamentation of light in air, in which the light travels without dispersion or divergence in a self-generated waveguide. At even high intensities the Taylor series, which le... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Frequency doubling One of the most commonly used frequency-mixing processes is frequency doubling, or second-harmonic generation. With this technique, the 1064 nm output from Nd:YAG lasers or the 800 nm output from Ti:sapphire lasers can be converted to visible light, with wavelengths of 5... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Practically, frequency doubling is carried out by placing a nonlinear medium in a laser beam. While there are many types of nonlinear media, the most common media are crystals. Commonly used crystals are BBO (β-barium borate), KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate), KTP (potassium titanyl ph... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Optical phase conjugation It is possible, using nonlinear optical processes, to exactly reverse the propagation direction and phase variation of a beam of light. The reversed beam is called a conjugate beam, and thus the technique is known as optical phase conjugation (also called time rev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Principles One can interpret optical phase conjugation as being analogous to a real-time holographic process. In this case, the interacting beams simultaneously interact in a nonlinear optical material to form a dynamic hologram (two of the three input beams), or real-time diffraction patt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Reversal of wavefront means a perfect reversal of photons' linear momentum and angular momentum. The reversal of angular momentum means reversal of both polarization state and orbital angular momentum. Reversal of orbital angular momentum of optical vortex is due to the perfect match of he... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-The most common way of producing optical phase conjugation is to use a four-wave mixing technique, though it is also possible to use processes such as stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Four-wave mixing technique For the four-wave mixing technique, we can describe four beams (j = 1, 2, 3, 4)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Further, it can be shown that for a medium with refractive index n and a beam interaction length l, the electric field amplitude of the conjugate beam is approximated by E4=iωl2ncχ(3)E1E2E3∗, where c is the speed of light. If the pump beams E1 and E2 are plane (counterpropagating) waves, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Note that the constant of proportionality between the signal and conjugate beams can be greater than 1. This is effectively a mirror with a reflection coefficient greater than 100%, producing an amplified reflection. The power for this comes from the two pump beams, which are depleted by t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-The frequency of the conjugate wave can be different from that of the signal wave. If the pump waves are of frequency ω1 = ω2 = ω, and the signal wave is higher in frequency such that ω3 = ω + Δω, then the conjugate wave is of frequency ω4 = ω − Δω. This is known as frequency flipping. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Angular and linear momenta in optical phase conjugation Classical picture In classical Maxwell electrodynamics a phase-conjugating mirror performs reversal of the Poynting vector: out in (r,t), ("in" means incident field, "out" means reflected field) where S(r,t)=ϵ0c2E(r,t)×B(r,t), which i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Example uses-Quantum picture In quantum electrodynamics the photon with energy ℏω also possesses linear momentum P=ℏk and angular momentum, whose projection on propagation axis is Lz=±ℏℓ , where ℓ is topological charge of photon, or winding number, z is propagation axis. The angular momentum proje... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Nonlinear optical pattern formation-Optical fields transmitted through nonlinear Kerr media can also display pattern formation owing to the nonlinear medium amplifying spatial and temporal noise. The effect is referred to as optical modulation instability. This has been observed both in photo-refractiv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Molecular nonlinear optics-The early studies of nonlinear optics and materials focused on the inorganic solids. With the development of nonlinear optics, molecular optical properties were investigated, forming molecular nonlinear optics. The traditional approaches used in the past to enhance nonlineari... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nonlinear optics-Common second-harmonic-generating (SHG) materials-Ordered by pump wavelength: 800 nm: BBO 806 nm: lithium iodate (LiIO3) 860 nm: potassium niobate (KNbO3) 980 nm: KNbO3 1064 nm: monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4, KDP), lithium triborate (LBO) and β-barium borate (BBO) 1300 nm: gallium selenide (GaSe) 131... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tulle gras-Tulle gras-Tulle gras (French, "oily tulle") or tulle gras dressing is a type of bandage commonly used in France, although the term is also used in English. It consists of fabric impregnated with soft paraffin oil (98 parts), balsam of Peru (1 part), and olive oil (1 part), which prevents its sticking to wou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tulle gras-Tulle gras-It is used to make inadine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero element-In mathematics, a zero element is one of several generalizations of the number zero to other algebraic structures. These alternate meanings may or may not reduce to the same thing, depending on the context. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Additive identities-An additive identity is the identity element in an additive group. It corresponds to the element 0 such that for all x in the group, 0 + x = x + 0 = x. Some examples of additive identity include: The zero vector under vector addition: the vector of length 0 and whose components are all ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Absorbing elements-An absorbing element in a multiplicative semigroup or semiring generalises the property 0 ⋅ x = 0. Examples include: The empty set, which is an absorbing element under Cartesian product of sets, since { } × S = { } The zero function or zero map defined by z(x) = 0 under pointwise multipl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero objects-A zero object in a category is both an initial and terminal object (and so an identity under both coproducts and products). For example, the trivial structure (containing only the identity) is a zero object in categories where morphisms must map identities to identities. Specific examples incl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero morphisms-A zero morphism in a category is a generalised absorbing element under function composition: any morphism composed with a zero morphism gives a zero morphism. Specifically, if 0XY : X → Y is the zero morphism among morphisms from X to Y, and f : A → X and g : Y → B are arbitrary morphisms, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero morphisms-If a category has a zero object 0, then there are canonical morphisms X → 0 and 0 → Y, and composing them gives a zero morphism 0XY : X → Y. In the category of groups, for example, zero morphisms are morphisms which always return group identities, thus generalising the function z(x) = 0. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Least elements-A least element in a partially ordered set or lattice may sometimes be called a zero element, and written either as 0 or ⊥. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero module-In mathematics, the zero module is the module consisting of only the additive identity for the module's addition function. In the integers, this identity is zero, which gives the name zero module. That the zero module is in fact a module is simple to show; it is closed under addition and multip... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero ideal-In mathematics, the zero ideal in a ring R is the ideal {0} consisting of only the additive identity (or zero element). The fact that this is an ideal follows directly from the definition. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero matrix-In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, a zero matrix is a matrix with all its entries being zero. It is alternately denoted by the symbol O . Some examples of zero matrices are 01,1=[0],02,2=[0000],02,3=[000000], The set of m × n matrices with entries in a ring K forms a module Km,n . T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero matrix-The zero matrix also represents the linear transformation which sends all vectors to the zero vector. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Zero element-Zero tensor-In mathematics, the zero tensor is a tensor, of any order, all of whose components are zero. The zero tensor of order 1 is sometimes known as the zero vector.
Taking a tensor product of any tensor with any zero tensor results in another zero tensor. Adding the zero tensor is equivalent to the i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CGNS-CGNS-CGNS stands for CFD General Notation System. It is a general, portable, and extensible standard for the storage and retrieval of CFD analysis data. It consists of a collection of conventions, and free and open software implementing those conventions. It is self-descriptive, cross-platform also termed platform... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CGNS-CGNS-The CGNS system consists of two parts: (1) a standard format (known as Standard Interface Data Structure, or SIDS) for recording the data, and (2) software that reads, writes, and modifies data in that format. The format is a conceptual entity established by the documentation; the software is a physical produ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CGNS-CGNS-CGNS is self-describing, allowing an application to interpret the structure and contents of a file without any outside information. CGNS can make use of either two different low-level data formats: an internally developed and supported method called Advanced Data Format (ADF), based on a common file format sy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CGNS-Tools and Guides-In addition to the CGNS library itself, the following tools and guides are available from Github: CGNSTools - Includes ADFVIEWER, a browser and editor for CGNS files Users Guide code - small practical example CGNS programs written in both Fortran and C F77 Examples - example computer programs writ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Back-rank checkmate-Back-rank checkmate-In chess, a back-rank checkmate (also known as a corridor mate) is a checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along the opponent's back rank (that is, the row closest to them) in which the mated king is unable to move up the board because the king is blocked by friendly pieces (usu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Back-rank checkmate-Introduction-Back-rank mates occur quite often in games at fairly low levels. This is because beginners typically fail to anticipate an impending mate on the back rank. At higher levels of play, though the mate itself does not occur very often, play is often affected by the possibility of it—the fac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Back-rank checkmate-Introduction-Back-rank mates are often guarded against by a friendly rook or queen protecting the back rank. However, it may be possible for the attacking side to deflect one of these pieces away from defensive duties. In the example shown to the left, White can play 1.Qxc6 and black cannot reply 1.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Back-rank checkmate-Introduction-Back-rank threats can be guarded against more permanently by moving one of the pawns in front of the king to give the king a flight square (or luft). If it were Black to play in the example to the left, he could counter White's threat with, for example, 1...g6, giving the king a square ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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