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Complete Champion-Contents-Somewhat of a sequel to Complete Divine, the book is geared for characters who fight for a cause. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Complete Champion-Publication history-Complete Champion was written by Ed Stark, Chris Thomasson, Rhiannon Louve, Ari Marmell, and Gary Astleford, and was published in May 2007. Cover art was by Eric Polak, with interior art by Steve Argyle, Stephen Belledin, Miguel Coimbra, Thomas Denmark, Eric Deschamps, Wayne Englan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Complete Champion-Publication history-Thomasson defined the use of "champion" in the title to mean a "champion of faith", rather than in the more general sense of the term: "All characters have the potential to be champions; this book is focused on the divine, specifically divine magic and the religions of D&D --the go... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Complete Champion-Reception-Viktor Coble listed the entire Complete series - including Complete Adventurer, Complete Divine, Complete Warrior, Complete Arcane, Complete Champion, and Complete Mage - as #9 on CBR's 2021 "D&D: 10 Best Supplemental Handbooks" list, stating that "These books took a deep dive into specific ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Regummed stamp-In philately, a regummed stamp is any stamp without gum, or without full gum, that has had new gum applied to the back to increase its value.
Unused stamps with full original gum (OG) on the back are worth more than stamps without gum or complete gum, for instance those that have been moun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Regummed stamp-Until the 1970s, it was common for stamps to be mounted using hinges and there was little difference in value between unmounted and previously hinged stamps. Since then, a significant price difference has developed between the two types of stamps and unscrupulous stamp collectors and deale... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Regummed stamp-Regumming may take place just to remove traces of mounting or to disguise more serious faults or repairs, in which case the whole stamp may be given new gum. Regumming to hide repaired faults is not new but regumming to remove traces of mounting is a relatively recent development. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Detecting regummed stamps-Such alterations are often easily detected with the naked eye due to differences in colour or texture between the old and new gum. In addition, a stamp where all or a large part of the gum is fresh may sometimes be detected by placing it in the palm of the hand where warmth will... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Detecting regummed stamps-Another test is to use a magnifying glass to see if gum has gathered on the perforation edges of the stamp. This will not occur with an original gum stamp as the normal method of stamp production is to perforate a whole sheet of stamps after the sheet is first gummed and then pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Regummed stamp-Detecting regummed stamps-If none of the normal tests are definitive then collectors will often obtain an opinion about the stamp's status from an expert, who will examine the stamp and may even analyse it chemically. This is known as having the stamp expertised. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Old-growth forest-An old-growth forest, sometimes synonymous with primary forest, virgin forest, late seral forest, primeval forest, first-growth forest, or mature forest—is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibits unique ecological features, and might... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Old-growth forest-As of 2020, the world has 1.11 billion ha of primary forest remaining. Combined, three countries (Brazil, Canada, and Russia) host more than half (61 percent) of the world's primary forest. The area of primary forest has decreased by 81 million ha since 1990, but the rate of loss mor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Old-growth forests tend to have large trees and standing dead trees, multilayered canopies with gaps that result from the deaths of individual trees, and coarse woody debris on the forest floor.A forest regenerated after a severe disturbance, such as wildfire, insect infestation, or ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Biodiversity Old-growth forests are often biologically diverse, and home to many rare species, threatened species, and endangered species of plants and animals, such as the northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet and fisher, making them ecologically significant. Levels of biodiversity m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Mixed age Some forests in the old-growth stage have a mix of tree ages, due to a distinct regeneration pattern for this stage. New trees regenerate at different times from each other, because each of them has a different spatial location relative to the main canopy, hence each one rece... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Canopy openings Forest canopy gaps are essential in creating and maintaining mixed-age stands. Also, some herbaceous plants only become established in canopy openings, but persist beneath an understory. Openings are a result of tree death due to small impact disturbances such as wind, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Topography The characteristic topography of much old-growth forest consists of pits and mounds. Mounds are caused by decaying fallen trees, and pits (tree throws) by the roots pulled out of the ground when trees fall due to natural causes, including being pushed over by animals. Pits e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Standing snags Standing snags provide food sources and habitat for many types of organisms. In particular, many species of dead-wood predators such as woodpeckers must have standing snags available for feeding. In North America, the spotted owl is well known for needing standing snags ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Decaying ground layer Fallen timber, or coarse woody debris, contributes carbon-rich organic matter directly to the soil, providing a substrate for mosses, fungi, and seedlings, and creating microhabitats by creating relief on the forest floor. In some ecosystems such as the temperate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Characteristics-Soil Intact soils harbor many life forms that rely on them. Intact soils generally have very well-defined horizons, or soil profiles. Different organisms may need certain well-defined soil horizons to live, while many trees need well-structured soils free of disturbance to thrive. Some... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Ecological definitions Stand age definition Stand age can also be used to categorize a forest as old-growth. For any given geographical area, the average time since disturbance until a forest reaches the old growth stage can be determined. This method is useful, because it allows quick and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Forest dynamics definition From a forest dynamics perspective, old-growth forest is in a stage that follows understory reinitiation stage. A review of the stages helps to understand the concept: Stand-replacing: Disturbance hits the forest and kills most of the living trees.
Stand-initiati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Stem-exclusion: Trees grow higher and enlarge their canopy, thus competing for the light with neighbors; light competition mortality kills slow-growing trees and reduces forest density, which allows surviving trees to increase in size. Eventually, the canopies of neighboring trees touch ea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Understory reinitiation: Trees die from low-level mortality, such as windthrow and diseases. Individual canopy gaps start to appear and more light can reach the forest floor. Hence, shade-tolerant species can establish in the understory. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Old-growth: Main canopy trees become older and more of them die, creating even more gaps. Since the gaps appear at different times, the understory trees are at different growth stages. Furthermore, the amount of light that reaches each understory tree depends on its position relative to th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Tree species succession may change tree species' composition once the old-growth stage has been achieved. For example, an old boreal forest may contain some large aspen trees, which may die and be replaced by smaller balsam fir or black spruce. Consequently, the forest will switch back to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Social and cultural definitions Common cultural definitions and common denominators regarding what comprises old-growth forest, and the variables that define, constitute and embody old-growth forests include: The forest habitat possesses relatively mature, old trees; The tree species prese... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Economic definitions In logging terms, old-growth stands are past the economic optimum for harvesting—usually between 80–150 years, depending on the species. Old-growth forests were often given harvesting priority because they had the most commercially valuable timber, they were considered... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Definitions-Other definitions A 2001 scientific symposium in Canada found that defining old growth in a scientifically meaningful, yet policy-relevant, manner presents some basic difficulties, especially if a simple, unambiguous, and rigorous scientific definition is sought. Symposium participants ide... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Importance-Old-growth forests often contain rich communities of plants and animals within the habitat due to the long period of forest stability. These varied and sometimes rare species may depend on the unique environmental conditions created by these forests.
Old-growth forests serve as a reservoir ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Importance-Old-growth forests also store large amounts of carbon above and below the ground (either as humus, or in wet soils as peat). They collectively represent a very significant store of carbon. Destruction of these forests releases this carbon as greenhouse gases, and may increase the risk of gl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Ecosystem services-Old-growth forests provide ecosystem services that may be far more important to society than their use as a source of raw materials. These services include making breathable air, making pure water, carbon storage, regeneration of nutrients, maintenance of soils, pest control by inse... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Climatic impacts-The effects of old-growth forests in relation to global warming have been addressed in various studies and journals. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Climatic impacts-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said in its 2007 report: "In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre, or energy from the forest, will gener... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Logging-According to the World Resources Institute, as of January 2009, only 21% of the original old-growth forests that once existed on Earth are remaining. An estimated one-half of Western Europe's forests were cleared before the Middle Ages, and 90% of the old-growth forests that existed in the con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Management-Increased understanding of forest dynamics in the late 20th century led the scientific community to identify a need to inventory, understand, manage, and conserve representative examples of old-growth forests with their associated characteristics and values. Literature around old growth and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Management-And all seral stages—young, medium and, old—support forest biodiversity. Plants and animals rely on different forest ecosystem stages to meet their habitat needs.In Australia, the Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) attempted to prevent the clearfelling of defined "old-growth forests". This led... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Locations of remaining tracts-In 2006, Greenpeace identified that the world's remaining intact forest landscapes are distributed among the continents as follows: 35% in South America: The Amazon rainforest is mainly located in Brazil, which clears a larger area of forest annually than any other countr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Sources-This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Old-growth forest-Sources-This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anyone for tennis?-Anyone for tennis?-The phrase "Anyone for tennis?" (also given as "Tennis, anyone?") is an English language idiom primarily of the 20th century. The phrase is used to invoke a stereotype of shallow, leisured, upper-class toffs (tennis was, particularly before the widespread advent of public courts in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anyone for tennis?-Usage-A close paraphase of the saying, was used in George Bernard Shaw's 1914 drawing-room comedy Misalliance, in which Johnny Tarleton asks "Anybody on for a game of tennis?" (An 1891 story in the satirical magazine Punch put a generally similar notion in the mouth of a similar type of character: "I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anyone for tennis?-Usage-Though [Bogart's] early parts were as juveniles, he sometimes called them 'Tennis, anyone?' parts and that is why he is given credit for bringing that phrase into the language. He explained juveniles this way: 'The playwright gets five or six characters into a scene and doesn’t know how to get ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carboxy-lyases-Carboxy-lyases-Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon–carbon lyases that add or remove a carboxyl group from organic compounds. These enzymes catalyze the decarboxylation of amino acids, beta-keto acids and alpha-keto acids. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carboxy-lyases-Classification and nomenclature-Carboxy-lyases are categorized under EC number 4.1.1.
Usually, they are named after the substrate whose decarboxylation they catalyze, for example pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carboxy-lyases-Examples-Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase Glutamate decarboxylase Histidine decarboxylase Ornithine decarboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate decarboxylase RuBisCO – the only carboxylase that leads to a net fixation of carbon dioxide Uridine monophosphate synthetase Uroporphyrinogen III d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frisk (confectionery)-Frisk (confectionery)-Frisk is the name of a line of breath mint candies produced by Frisk International and distributed worldwide by Perfetti Van Melle. Frisk mints are small, pellet-like mint candies contained in a metal cartridge. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frisk (confectionery)-History-Frisk was invented in 1986 by a Belgian entrepreneur who, in collaboration with a pharmaceutical company, developed the formula for a particularly strong mint-flavoured candy. Initially, the product was sold exclusively in pharmacies in Belgium, then the market was extended to the Netherla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frisk (confectionery)-In popular culture-In the Japanese television show Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!, comedian Endō Shōzo performs a running gag during their "Absolutely Tasty" cooking segments, in which he uses Frisk candies, hoping to obtain a sponsorship with Frisk by using their product. Instead of enh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mind projection fallacy-Mind projection fallacy-The mind projection fallacy is an informal fallacy first described by physicist and Bayesian philosopher E. T. Jaynes. In a first, "positive" form, it occurs when someone thinks that the way they see the world reflects the way the world really is, going as far as assuming... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mind projection fallacy-Mind projection fallacy-Once one has grasped the idea, one sees the Mind Projection Fallacy everywhere; what we have been taught as deep wisdom, is stripped of its pretensions and seen to be instead a foolish non sequitur. The error occurs in two complementary forms, which we might indicate thus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-All-silica fiber-All-silica fiber, or silica-silica fiber, is an optical fiber whose core and cladding are made of silica glass. The refractive index of the core glass is higher than that of the cladding. These fibers are typically step-index fibers. The cladding of an all-silica fiber should not be co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-The practical application of optical fibers in various optical networks determines the requirements for the technical performance of optical fibers. For short-distance fiber-optic transmission networks, the multi-mode optical fiber is suitable for laser transmission and wider bandwidths, s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) Fiber dispersion is a problem that must be avoided in communication networks, and it is also a problem that needs to be solved in long-distance transmission systems. In general, fiber dispersion includes two parts: material dispersion and waveguide struc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (USF) Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (USF) is dominated by positive material dispersion. After combining with small waveguide dispersion, it produces zero dispersion near 1310 nm. The dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Amplification Fiber Amplification fibers, such as erbium-doped fiber (EDF), thulium-doped fiber (TOF), etc, can be made by doping rare earth elements, in the core layer of silica fiber. Amplifying fiber is highly integrable with traditional quartz fiber and also have many advantages such a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Polarization Maintaining Fiber Polarization-maintaining fiber is initially developed for coherent optical transmission and later has been used in the technical fields of fiber optic sensors such as fiber optic gyroscopes. In recent years, due to the increase in the number of wavelength div... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Single-mode non-stripping optical fiber(SM-NSF) is a new type of optical fiber that still has the NSP polyester layer remaining on the surface of the fiber cladding even after removing the fiber cladding to protect the mechanical properties and high reliability of the optical fiber. SM-NSP... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-silica fiber-Applications-Optical Fiber for Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) Light Transmission One of the current research topics of solid-state lasers and gas lasers is laser oscillation technology in the deep ultraviolet field (250 nm). Deep ultraviolet light has been extremely widely used in the surface treatment of semi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alfred P. Wolf-Alfred P. Wolf-Alfred P. Wolf (February 13, 1923 – December 17, 1998) was an American nuclear and organic chemist. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alfred P. Wolf-Alfred P. Wolf-Wolf was chairman of the Chemistry Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory, research professor in the Department of Psychiatry at New York University a member of the National Academy of Sciences, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine said that his "discoveries were instrumental in the devel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alfred P. Wolf-Alfred P. Wolf-The National Academy of Sciences said that "he pioneered the development of labeling techniques that used the reactions of hot atoms". | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alfred P. Wolf-Notable awards and distinctions-1971 the Nuclear Chemistry Award of the American Chemical Society 1981 the Society of Nuclear Medicine Paul Aebersold Award 1983 an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden.
1988 elected to the National Academy of Science... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alfred P. Wolf-Life and career-1923: born in Manhattan on February 13, 1923 1944: B.A., chemistry, Columbia University 1948: M.A., chemistry, Columbia University 1951: joined the Brookhaven National Laboratory 1952: Ph.D.,chemistry, Columbia University 1957: senior chemist, the Brookhaven National Laboratory 1982: head... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase-Glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase-In enzymology, a glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.157) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate ⇌ CoA + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphateThus, the tw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase-Structural studies-As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2OI5, 2OI6, and 2OI7. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-AFM-IR (atomic force microscope-infrared spectroscopy) or infrared nanospectroscopy is one of a family of techniques that are derived from a combination of two parent instrumental techniques. AFM-IR combines the chemical analysis power of infrared sp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Early history The earliest measurements combining AFM with infrared spectroscopy were performed in 1999 by Hammiche et al. at the University of Lancaster in the United Kingdom, in an EPSRC-funded project led by M Reading and H M Pollock. Separately, Anderson at the Jet Propuls... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Both of these early experiments used a broadband source in conjunction with an interferometer; these techniques could, therefore, be referred to as AFM-FTIR although Hammiche et al. coined the more general term photothermal microspectroscopy or PTMS in their first paper. PTMS ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-The pioneering experiments of Hammiche et al and Anderson had limited spatial resolution due to thermal diffusion - the spreading of heat away from the region where the infrared light was absorbed. The thermal diffusion length (the distance the heat spreads) is inversely propo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-A significant development was the creation by Reading et al. in 2001 of a custom interface that allowed measurements to be made while illuminating the sample from above; this interface focused the infrared beam to a spot of circa 500μm diameter, close to the theoretical maximu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources In the first paper on AFM-based infrared by Hammiche et al., the relevant well-established theoretical considerations were outlined that predict that high spatial resolution can be achieved using rapid modulation frequen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-A key advantage of the use of a tuneable laser source, with a narrow wavelength range, is the ability to rapidly map the locations of specific chemical components on the sample surface. To achieve this, Dazzi's group tuned their free electron laser source to a wavelength corre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-At the University of East Anglia in the UK, as part of an EPSRC-funded project led by M. Reading and S. Meech, Hill and his co-workers followed the earlier work of Reading et al. and Hammiche et al. and measured thermal expansion using an optical configuration that illuminated... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Broadband pulsed laser sources Reading et al. have explored the use of a broadband QCL combined with thermal expansion measurements. Above, the inability of thermal broadband sources to achieve high spatial resolution is discussed (see history). In this case the frequency of m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Commercialization The AFM-IR technique based on a pulsed infrared laser source was commercialized by Anasys Instruments, a company founded by Reading, Hammiche and Pollock in the United Kingdom in 2004; a sister, United States corporation was founded a year later. Anasys Instr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-The initial product required samples to be mounted on infrared-transparent prisms, with the infrared light being directed from below in the manner of Dazzi et al. For best operation, this illumination scheme required thin samples, with optimal thickness of less than 1 μm, prep... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Comparison to related photothermal techniques It is worth noting that the first infrared spectrum obtained by measuring thermal expansion using an AFM was obtained by Hammiche and co-workers without inducing resonant motions in the probe cantilever. In this early example the m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Thermal probe techniques have still not achieved the nanoscale spatial resolution that thermal expansion methods have attained though this is theoretically possible. For this, a robust thermal probe and a high intensity source is needed. Recently, the first images using a QCL ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-History-Although most effort to date has been focused on thermal expansion measurements, this might change. Truly robust thermal probes have recently become available, as have affordable compact QCL's that are tuneable over a broad frequency range. Consequently, it may soon be the cas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Recent improvements and single-molecule sensitivity-The original commercial AFM-IR instruments required most samples to be thicker than 50 nm to achieve sufficient sensitivity. Sensitivity improvements were achieved using specialized cantilever probes with an internal resonator and by... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Recent improvements and single-molecule sensitivity-In its initial development, with samples deposited on transparent prisms and using OPO laser sources, the sensitivity of AFM-IR was limited to a minimal thickness of the sample of circa 50-100 nm as mentioned above. The advent of qua... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Nanoscale chemical imaging and mapping-Nanoscale resolved chemical maps and spectra AFM-IR enables nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, i.e. the ability to obtain infrared absorption spectra from nanoscale regions of a sample. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Nanoscale chemical imaging and mapping-Chemical compositional mapping AFM-IR can also be used to perform chemical imaging or compositional mapping with spatial resolution down to ~10-20 nm, limited only by the radius of the AFM tip. In this case, the tuneable infrared source emits a s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Nanoscale chemical imaging and mapping-Complementary morphological and mechanical mapping The AFM-IR technique can simultaneously provide complementary measurements of the mechanical stiffness and dissipation of a sample surface. When infrared light is absorbed by the sample the resul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Applications-Applications of AFM-IR have include the characterisation of protein, polymers composites, bacteria, cells, biominerals, pharmaceutical sciences, photonics/nanoantennas, fuel cells, fibers, skin, hair, metal organic frameworks, microdroplets, self-assembled monolayers, nan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Applications-Protein science The chemical and structural properties of protein determine their interactions, and thus their functions, in a wide variety of biochemical processes. Since Ruggeri et al. pioneering work on the aggregation pathways of the Josephin domain of ataxin-3, respo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Applications-Life sciences AFM-IR has been used to characterise spectroscopically in detail chromosomes, bacteria and cells with nanoscale resolution. For example in the case of infection of bacteria by viruses (Bacteriophages), and also the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) ves... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)-Applications-Photonic nanoantennas AFM-IR has been used to study the surface plasmon resonance in heavily silicon-doped indium arsenide microparticles. Gold split ring resonators have been studied for use with Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. In this case AFM-IR was ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sepiapterin reductase (L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)-Sepiapterin reductase (L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)-Sepiapterin reductase (L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) (EC 1.1.1.325) is an enzyme with systematic name L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-VS ribozyme-The Varkud satellite (VS) ribozyme is an RNA enzyme that carries out the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Introduction-Varkud satellite (VS) ribozyme is the largest known nucleolytic ribozyme and found to be embedded in VS RNA. VS RNA is a long non-coding RNA exists as a satellite RNA and is found in mitochondria of Varkud-1C and few other strains of Neurospora. VS ribozyme contains features of both catalytic R... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Introduction-VS RNA has a unique primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. The secondary structure of the VS ribozyme consists of six helical domains (Figure 1). Stem loop I forms the substrate domain while stem-loop II-VI forms the catalytic domain. When these 2 domains are synthesized in vitro separatel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-The Origin-VS RNA is transcribed as a multimeric transcript from VS DNA. VS DNA contains a region coding reverse transcriptase necessary for replication of the VS RNA. Once transcribed VS RNA undergoes a site specific cleavage. VS RNA self-cleaves at a specific phosphodiester bond to produce a monomeric and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Structure of the Ribozyme-In the natural state, a VS ribozyme motif contains 154 nucleotides that fold into six helices. Its RNA contains a self-cleavage element which is thought to act in the processing of intermediates made through the process of replication. The H-shaped structure of the ribozyme is orga... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-The Active Site of Ribozyme-The active sites of the ribozyme can be found in the helical junctions, the bulges and the lengths of the critical helices those being III and V. There is one important area found in the internal loop of helix VI called A730, a single base change in this loop would lead to decrea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Possible Catalytic Mechanism-The A730 loop is very important in the catalytic activity of the ribozyme. The ribozyme functions like a docking station where it will dock the substrate into the cleft between helices II and VI to facilitate an interaction between the cleavage site and A730 loop. This interacti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Possible Catalytic Mechanism-The proof that A730 loop is the active site of the VS ribozyme is very evident, and that A756 plays an important role in its activity. The cleavage reaction works by an SN2 reaction mechanism. The nucleophilic attack of the 2’-oxygen on the 3’-phosphate will create a cyclic 2’3’... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Possible Catalytic Mechanism-Another proposed catalytic strategy is the stabilization of a pentavalent phosphate of the reaction transition state. This mechanism would probably involve the formation of hydrogen bonds as seen in the hairpin ribozyme Furthermore, the proximity of active site groups to each ot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VS ribozyme-Catalysts-Very high concentration of bivalent and monovalent cation increase the efficiency of the cleavage reaction. These cations facilitate the base pairing of the ribozyme with the substrate. VS cleavage rate can be accelerated by high cation concentration as well as by increasing RNA concentration. The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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