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Nuclear magnetic resonance-Nuclear magnetic resonance-A key feature of NMR is that the resonant frequency of a particular sample substance is usually directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is this feature that is exploited in imaging techniques; if a sample is placed in a non-uniform ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Nuclear magnetic resonance-The principle of NMR usually involves three sequential steps: The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field B0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by a weak oscillating magnetic field, usually ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Nuclear magnetic resonance-The detection of the NMR signal during or after the RF pulse, due to the voltage induced in a detection coil by precession of the nuclear spins around B0. After an RF pulse, precession usually occurs with the nuclei's intrinsic Larmor frequency and, in itself, does ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR phenomena are also utilized in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-History-Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938, by extending the Stern–Gerlach experiment, and in 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the techniqu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Nuclear spin and magnets All nucleons, that is neutrons and protons, composing any atomic nucleus, have the intrinsic quantum property of spin, an intrinsic angular momentum analogous to the classical angular momentum of a spinning sphere. The overall spin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-A non-zero spin S→ is always associated with a non-zero magnetic dipole moment, μ→ , via the relation where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio. Classically, this corresponds to the proportionality between the angular momentum and the magnetic dipole moment of a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a related technique in which transitions between electronic rather than nuclear spin levels are detected. The basic principles are similar but the instrumentation, data analysis, and detailed theory are significantly differ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Values of spin angular momentum Nuclear spin is an intrinsic angular momentum that is quantized. This means that the magnitude of this angular momentum is quantized (i.e. S can only take on a restricted range of values), and also that the x, y, and z-compo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-The energy difference between the two states is: and this results in a small population bias favoring the lower energy state in thermal equilibrium. With more spins pointing up than down, a net spin magnetization along the magnetic field B0 results. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Precession of the spin magnetization A central concept in NMR is the precession of the spin magnetization around the magnetic field at the nucleus, with the angular frequency where ω=2πν relates to the oscillation frequency ν and B is the magnitude of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Magnetic resonance and radio-frequency pulses A perturbation of nuclear spin orientations from equilibrium will occur only when an oscillating magnetic field is applied whose frequency νrf sufficiently closely matches the Larmor precession frequency νL of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Chemical shielding It might appear from the above that all nuclei of the same nuclide (and hence the same γ) would resonate at exactly the same frequency. This is not the case. The most important perturbation of the NMR frequency for applications of NMR is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Unless the local symmetry of such molecular orbitals is very high (leading to "isotropic" shift), the shielding effect will depend on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the external field (B0). In solid-state NMR spectroscopy, magic angle spin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-Relaxation The process of population relaxation refers to nuclear spins that return to thermodynamic equilibrium in the magnet. This process is also called T1, "spin-lattice" or "longitudinal magnetic" relaxation, where T1 refers to the mean time for an in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance-The precessing nuclei can also fall out of alignment with each other and gradually stop producing a signal. This is called T2 or transverse relaxation. Because of the difference in the actual relaxation mechanisms involved (for example, intermolecular vers... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to the chemical shift of the resonance frequencies of the nuclear spins in the sample. Peak splittings due to J- or dipolar couplin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Continuous-wave (CW) spectroscopy In the first few decades of nuclear magnetic resonance, spectrometers used a technique known as continuous-wave (CW) spectroscopy, where the transverse spin magnetization generated by a weak oscillating magnetic field is recorded as a functio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-As of 1996, CW instruments were still used for routine work because the older instruments were cheaper to maintain and operate, often operating at 60 MHz with correspondingly weaker (non-superconducting) electromagnets cooled with water rather than liquid helium. One radio co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Fourier-transform spectroscopy Most applications of NMR involve full NMR spectra, that is, the intensity of the NMR signal as a function of frequency. Early attempts to acquire the NMR spectrum more efficiently than simple CW methods involved illuminating the target simultane... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Applying such a pulse to a set of nuclear spins simultaneously excites all the single-quantum NMR transitions. In terms of the net magnetization vector, this corresponds to tilting the magnetization vector away from its equilibrium position (aligned along the external magneti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Richard R. Ernst was one of the pioneers of pulsed NMR and won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1991 for his work on Fourier Transform NMR and his development of multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy The use of pulses of different durations, frequencies, or shapes in specifically designed patterns or pulse sequences allows production of a spectrum that contains many different types of information about the molecules in the sample. In mul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-There are many such experiments. In some, fixed time intervals allow (among other things) magnetization transfer between nuclei and, therefore, the detection of the kinds of nuclear–nuclear interactions that allowed for the magnetization transfer. Interactions that can be det... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Although the fundamental concept of 2D-FT NMR was proposed by Jean Jeener from the Free University of Brussels at an international conference, this idea was largely developed by Richard Ernst, who won the 1991 Nobel prize in Chemistry for his work in FT NMR, including multi-d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Solid-state NMR spectroscopy This technique complements X-ray crystallography in that it is frequently applicable to molecules in an amorphous or liquid-crystalline state, whereas crystallography, as the name implies, is performed on molecules in a crystalline phase. In elect... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Professor Raymond Andrew at the University of Nottingham in the UK pioneered the development of high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. He was the first to report the introduction of the MAS (magic angle sample spinning; MASS) technique that allowed him to ach... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Dipolar and J-couplings to nearby 1H nuclei are usually removed by radio-frequency pulses applied at the 1H frequency during signal detection. The concept of cross polarization developed by Sven Hartmann and Erwin Hahn was utilized in transferring magnetization from protons t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Sensitivity Because the intensity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals and, hence, the sensitivity of the technique depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the technique has also advanced over the decades with the development of more powerful magnets. Advances made in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-As noted above, the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals is also dependent on the presence of a magnetically susceptible nuclide and, therefore, either on the natural abundance of such nuclides or on the ability of the experimentalist to artificially enrich the m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Other limitations on sensitivity arise from the quantum-mechanical nature of the phenomenon. For quantum states separated by energy equivalent to radio frequencies, thermal energy from the environment causes the populations of the states to be close to equal. Since incoming r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Saturation of the sample with energy applied at the resonant radiofrequency. This manifests in both CW and pulsed NMR; in the first case (CW) this happens by using too much continuous power that keeps the upper spin levels completely populated; in the second case (pulsed), ea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Non-magnetic effects, such as electric-quadrupole coupling of spin-1 and spin-3/2 nuclei with their local environment, which broaden and weaken absorption peaks. 14N, an abundant spin-1 nucleus, is difficult to study for this reason. High resolution NMR instead probes molecul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-Isotopes Many isotopes of chemical elements can be used for NMR analysis.Commonly used nuclei: 1H, the most commonly used spin-1/2 nucleus in NMR investigation, has been studied using many forms of NMR. Hydrogen is highly abundant, especially in biological systems. It is the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-2H, a spin-1 nucleus commonly utilized as signal-free medium in the form of deuterated solvents during proton NMR, to avoid signal interference from hydrogen-containing solvents in measurement of 1H solutes. Also used in determining the behavior of lipids in lipid membranes a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-3He, is very sensitive to NMR. There is a very low percentage in natural helium, and subsequently has to be purified from 4He. It is used mainly in studies of endohedral fullerenes, where its chemical inertness is beneficial to ascertaining the structure of the entrapping ful... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-13C spin-1/2, is widely used, despite its relative paucity in naturally occurring carbon (approximately 1.1%). It is stable to nuclear decay. Since there is a low percentage in natural carbon, spectrum acquisition on samples which have not been experimentally enriched in 13C ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR spectroscopy-14N, spin-1, medium sensitivity nucleus with wide chemical shift range. Its large quadrupole moment interferes in acquisition of high resolution spectra, limiting usefulness to smaller molecules and functional groups with a high degree of symmetry such as the headgroups of li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-NMR is extensively used in medicine in the form of magnetic resonance imaging. NMR is used in organic chemistry and industrially mainly for analysis of chemicals. The technique is also used to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitor the flow of corrosive fluids ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Medicine The application of nuclear magnetic resonance best known to the general public is magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis and magnetic resonance microscopy in research settings. However, it is also widely used in biochemical studies, notably in NMR spectroscopy ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-These spectroscopic studies are possible because nuclei are surrounded by orbiting electrons, which are charged particles that generate small, local magnetic fields that add to or subtract from the external magnetic field, and so will partially shield the nuclei. The amount of sh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-As one of the two major spectroscopic techniques used in metabolomics, NMR is used to generate metabolic fingerprints from biological fluids to obtain information about disease states or toxic insults. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Chemistry By studying the peaks of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type but which differ only... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-A chemist can determine the identity of a compound by comparing the observed nuclear precession frequencies to known frequencies. Further structural data can be elucidated by observing spin-spin coupling, a process by which the precession frequency of a nucleus can be influenced ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Because the nuclear magnetic resonance timescale is rather slow, compared to other spectroscopic methods, changing the temperature of a T2* experiment can also give information about fast reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement or about structural dynamics, such as ring-flippin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene (often called "buckyballs", composition C60). This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a sphere. The carbon atoms are all in identical environ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Purity determination (w/w NMR) While NMR is primarily used for structural determination, it can also be used for purity determination, provided that the structure and molecular weight of the compound is known. This technique requires the use of an internal standard of known purit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Purity=wstd×n[H]std×MWsplwspl×MWstd×n[H]spl×P Where: wstd: weight of internal standard wspl: weight of sample n[H]std: the integrated area of the peak selected for comparison in the standard, corrected for the number of protons in that functional group n[H]spl: the integrated are... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Segmental and molecular motions In addition to providing static information on molecules by determining their 3D structures, one of the remarkable advantages of NMR over X-ray crystallography is that it can be used to obtain important dynamic information. This is due to the orien... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Data acquisition in the petroleum industry Another use for nuclear magnetic resonance is data acquisition in the petroleum industry for petroleum and natural gas exploration and recovery. Initial research in this domain began in the 1950s, however, the first commercial instrument... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-NMR logging, a subcategory of electromagnetic logging, measures the induced magnet moment of hydrogen nuclei (protons) contained within the fluid-filled pore space of porous media (reservoir rocks). Unlike conventional logging measurements (e.g., acoustic, density, neutron, and r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Flow probes for NMR spectroscopy Recently, real-time applications of NMR in liquid media have been developed using specifically designed flow probes (flow cell assemblies) which can replace standard tube probes. This has enabled techniques that can incorporate the use of high per... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Process control NMR has now entered the arena of real-time process control and process optimization in oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Two different types of NMR analysis are utilized to provide real time analysis of feeds and products in order to control and optimize un... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Earth's field NMR In the Earth's magnetic field, NMR frequencies are in the audio frequency range, or the very low frequency and ultra low frequency bands of the radio frequency spectrum. Earth's field NMR (EFNMR) is typically stimulated by applying a relatively strong dc magneti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-An important feature of EFNMR spectrometry compared with high-field NMR is that some aspects of molecular structure can be observed more clearly at low fields and low frequencies, whereas other aspects observable at high fields are not observable at low fields. This is because: E... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Zero field NMR In zero field NMR all magnetic fields are shielded such that magnetic fields below 1 nT (nanotesla) are achieved and the nuclear precession frequencies of all nuclei are close to zero and indistinguishable. Under those circumstances the observed spectra are no-long... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Applications-Quantum computing NMR quantum computing uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems; in this case, molecules.
Magnetometers Various magnetometers use NMR effects to m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear magnetic resonance-Makers of NMR equipment-Major NMR instrument makers include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Magritek, Oxford Instruments, Voxalytic, Bruker, Spinlock SRL, General Electric, JEOL, Kimble Chase, Philips, Siemens AG, and formerly Agilent Technologies, Inc. (who acquired Varian, Inc.). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glutathionuria-Glutathionuria-Glutathionuria is the presence of glutathione in the urine, and is a rare inborn error of metabolism.The condition has been identified in five patients. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold Lobel bibliography-Arnold Lobel bibliography-Arnold Lobel was a children's author and illustrator. He wrote: A Zoo for Mister Muster, in Lobel's Mister Muster series (1962), Lobel's first self-written and illustrated book A Holiday for Mister Muster]], in Lobel's Mister Muster series (1963) Prince Bertram the Ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold Lobel bibliography-Frog and Toad series-A series of books featuring Frog and Toad Frog and Toad Are Friends (1970) Frog and Toad Together (1972) Frog and Toad All Year (1976) Days with Frog and Toad (1979) The Frogs and Toads All Sang (2009), color by Adrianne Lobel | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold Lobel bibliography-Mouse series-Mouse Tales (1972) Mouse Soup (1977) (Garden State Children's Book Award winner) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold Lobel bibliography-As illustrator-Happy Times with Holiday Rhymes (1958) by Tamar Grand, a coloring and activity book about Jewish holidays My First Book of Prayers (1958) by Edythe Scharfstein, Sol Scharfstein, Ezekiel Schloss The Book of Chanukah Poems, Riddles, Stories, Songs, Things to Do (1959) by Edythe Sc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Individual Computers Catweasel-The Catweasel is a family of enhanced floppy-disk controllers from German company Individual Computers. These controllers are designed to allow more recent computers, such as PCs, to access a wide variety of older or non-native disk formats using standard fl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Principle-The floppy controller chip used in IBM PCs and compatibles was the NEC 765A. As technology progressed, descendants of these machines used what were essentially extensions to this chip. Many other computers, particularly ones from Commodore and early ones from Apple, write disks ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Principle-The Catweasel provides a custom floppy drive interface in addition to any other floppy interfaces the computer is already equipped with. Industry standard floppy drives can be attached to the Catweasel, allowing the host computer to read many standard and custom formats by means... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-The initial version of the Catweasel was introduced in 1996 and has since undergone several revisions. The Catweasel Mk1 and Mk2, for the Commodore Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000, sold out in October 2001. The Mk3 added PCI compatibility and sold out in mid-2004. It was succeeded by t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-Mk1 The original version of the Catweasel was introduced in 1996 for the Amiga computer, and was available in two versions - one for the Amiga 1200 and one for the Amiga 4000. The Amiga 1200 version connected to the machine's clock port; the Amiga 4000 version connected to the ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-ISA A version of the Catweasel controller was developed for use in a standard PC ISA slot as a means of reading custom non-PC floppy formats from MS-DOS. Custom DOS commands are required to use the interface. Official software and drivers are also available for Windows.
Mk2 and M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-Mk3 The Catweasel Mk3 was designed to interface with either a PCI slot, an Amiga Zorro II slot or the clock port of an Amiga 1200. In addition to the low-level access granted to floppy drives, it has a socket for a Commodore 64 SID sound chip, a port for an Amiga 2000 keyboard, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-Mk4 and Mk4plus The Catweasel Mk4 was officially announced on 18 July 2004, with a wide array of new features planned. However, due to manufacturing delays and production backlogs, the Mk4 was not released until early February 2005.This version of the Catweasel makes heavy use of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Individual Computers Catweasel-Versions-Official software and drivers are available for Windows, and unofficial drivers and utilities are available for Linux.The Catweasel Mk4Plus appears to be no longer available. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Avalglucosidase alfa-Avalglucosidase alfa, sold under the brand name Nexviazyme, is an enzyme replacement therapy medication used for the treatment of glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease).The most common side effects include headache, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, joint pain (arthralgia), ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Medical uses-People with Pompe disease have an enzyme deficiency that leads to the accumulation of a complex sugar, called glycogen, in skeletal and heart muscles, which causes muscle weakness and premature death from respiratory or heart failure.Avalglucosidase alfa is indicated for the treatment ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Mechanism of action-Avalglucosidase alfa is composed of the human GAA enzyme that is conjugated with a couple of bis-mannose-6-phosphate (bis-M6P) tetra-mannose glycans. The bis-MGP of avalglucosidase alpha binds to the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor which is located on the skeleta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Pharmacokinetics-The volume of distribution of avalglucosidase alfa was 3.4 L in patients who had Pompe disease of a late onset. The average half-life of avalglucosidase alfa was 1.6 hours, measured in patients with late stage Pompe disease. There is little information available on the metabolism o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Blackbox warnings-Avalglucosidase alfa has a blackbox warning for hypersensitivity, infusion-related reactions, and cardiorespiratory failure. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-History-Avalglucosidase alfa's safety data was obtained from four clinical trials (trial 1/NCT02782741, trial 2/NCT01898364, trial 3/NCT02032524, trial 4/NCT03019406). These trials enrolled 124 participants with late-onset Pompe disease and 22 participants with infantile-onset Pompe disease. The pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Society and culture-Legal status In July 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Nexviadyme, intended for the treatment of glyc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avalglucosidase alfa-Society and culture-Names Avalglucosidase alfa is the international nonproprietary name (INN). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cobbler (software)-Cobbler (software)-Cobbler is a Linux provisioning server that facilitates and automates the network-based system installation of multiple computer operating systems from a central point using services such as DHCP, TFTP, and DNS. It can be configured for PXE, reinstallations, and virtualized guests ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cobbler (software)-Cobbler (software)-The Cobbler project was born at Red Hat and led by Michael DeHaan.Cobbler builds on the Kickstart mechanism and offers installation profiles that can be applied to one or many machines. It also features integration with Yum to aid in machine installs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cobbler (software)-Cobbler (software)-Cobbler has features to dynamically change the information contained in a kickstart template (definition), either by passing variables called ksmeta or by using so-called snippets. An example for a ksmeta variable could be the name of a disk device in the system. This could be inhe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cobbler (software)-Cobbler (software)-Cobbler was originally targeted for RPM-based installs via Kickstart and Anaconda and was previously hosted as part of the Fedora Project.
Since Jan 19, 2011, Cobbler has been packaged for Ubuntu. Since 2012, Canonical Ltd has used Cobbler for test automation of OpenStack on Ubuntu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GCC1-GCC1-GRIP and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GCC1 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GCC1-Function-The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein. It is sensitive to brefeldin A. This encoded protein contains a GRIP domain which is thought to be used in targeting. It may play a role in the organization of trans-Golgi network subcompartment involved with membrane transport. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
GCC1-Interactions-GCC1 has been shown to interact with TRIM29. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Square cupola-Square cupola-In geometry, the square cupola, sometimes called lesser dome, is one of the Johnson solids (J4). It can be obtained as a slice of the rhombicuboctahedron. As in all cupolae, the base polygon has twice as many edges and vertices as the top; in this case the base polygon is an octagon.
A Johns... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Square cupola-Formulae-The following formulae for the circumradius, surface area, volume, and height can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a: 1.39897 a, 11.56048 a2, 1.94281 a3.
0.70711 a | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Square cupola-Related polyhedra and honeycombs-Other convex cupolae Dual polyhedron The dual of the square cupola has 8 triangular and 4 kite faces: Crossed square cupola The crossed square cupola is one of the nonconvex Johnson solid isomorphs, being topologically identical to the convex square cupola. It can be obtai... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Square cupola-Related polyhedra and honeycombs-It may be seen as a cupola with a retrograde square base, so that the squares and triangles connect across the bases in the opposite way to the square cupola, hence intersecting each other.
Honeycombs The square cupola is a component of several nonuniform space-filling lat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-Flue-gas desulfurization-Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of technologies used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants, and from the emissions of other sulfur oxide emitting processes such as waste incineration, petroleum refineries, cement and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-Methods-Since stringent environmental regulations limiting SO2 emissions have been enacted in many countries, SO2 is being removed from flue gases by a variety of methods. Common methods used: Wet scrubbing using a slurry of alkaline sorbent, usually limestone or lime, or seawater to scrub gase... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-History-Methods of removing sulfur dioxide from boiler and furnace exhaust gases have been studied for over 150 years. Early ideas for flue gas desulfurization were established in England around 1850. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-History-With the construction of large-scale power plants in England in the 1920s, the problems associated with large volumes of SO2 from a single site began to concern the public. The SO2 emissions problem did not receive much attention until 1929, when the House of Lords upheld the claim of a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-History-As of June 1973, there were 42 FGD units in operation, 36 in Japan and 6 in the United States, ranging in capacity from 5 MW to 250 MW. As of around 1999 and 2000, FGD units were being used in 27 countries, and there were 678 FGD units operating at a total power plant capacity of about ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-History-FGD on ships The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted guidelines on the approval, installation and use of exhaust gas scrubbers (exhaust gas cleaning systems) on board ships to ensure compliance with the sulphur regulation of MARPOL Annex VI. Flag States must approve su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-Sulfuric acid mist formation-Fossil fuels such as coal and oil can contain a significant amount of sulfur. When fossil fuels are burned, about 95 percent or more of the sulfur is generally converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Such conversion happens under normal conditions of temperature and of o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-Sulfuric acid mist formation-SO2 can further oxidize into sulfur trioxide (SO3) when excess oxygen is present and gas temperatures are sufficiently high. At about 800 °C, formation of SO3 is favored. Another way that SO3 can be formed is through catalysis by metals in the fuel. Such reaction is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flue-gas desulfurization-FGD chemistry-Basic principles Most FGD systems employ two stages: one for fly ash removal and the other for SO2 removal. Attempts have been made to remove both the fly ash and SO2 in one scrubbing vessel. However, these systems experienced severe maintenance problems and low removal efficiency... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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