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Solar power forecasting-Short-term solar power forecasting-Short-term forecasting provides predictions up to seven days ahead. Due to the power market regulation in many jurisdictions, intra-day forecasts and day-ahead solar power forecasts are the most important time horizons in this category. Basically all highly acc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Short-term solar power forecasting-Ground based sky observations For intra-day forecasts, local cloud information is acquired by one or several ground-based sky imagers at high frequency (1 minute or less). The combination of these images and local weather measurement information are processed t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Short-term solar power forecasting-Satellite based methods These methods leverage the several geostationary Earth observing weather satellites (such as Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) fleet) to detect, characterise, track and predict the future locations of cloud cover. These satellites make it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Short-term solar power forecasting-Numerical weather prediction Most of the short term forecast approaches use numerical weather prediction models (NWP) that provide an important estimation of the development of weather variables. The models used included the Global Forecast System (GFS) or data... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Short-term solar power forecasting-In order to increase spatial and temporal resolution of these models, other models have been developed which are generally called mesoscale models. Among others, HIRLAM, WRF or MM5. Since these NWP models are highly complex and difficult to run on local compute... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Long-term solar power forecasting-Long-term forecasting usually refers to forecasting techniques applied to time horizons on the order of weeks to years. These time horizons can be relevant for energy producers to negotiate contracts with financial entities or utilities that distribute the gener... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Energetic models-Any output from a model must then be converted to the electric energy that a particular solar PV plant will produce. This step is usually done with statistical approaches that try to correlate the amount of available resource with the metered power output. The main advantage of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Energetic models-On the other hand, there also exist theoretical models that describe how a power plant converts the meteorological resource into electric energy, as described in Alonso et al. The main advantage of this type of models is that when they are fitted, they are really accurate, altho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Energetic models-Hybrid models, finally, are a combination of these two models and they seem to be a promising approach that can outperform each of them individually. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Cabazitaxel-Cabazitaxel, sold under the brand name Jevtana, is a semi-synthetic derivative of a natural taxoid. It is a microtubule inhibitor, and the fourth taxane to be approved as a cancer therapy.Cabazitaxel was developed by Sanofi-Aventis and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Medical uses-Cabazitaxel is indicated in combination with prednisone for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer following docetaxel-based treatment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Mechanism of action-Taxanes enhance microtubule stabilization and inhibit cellular mitosis and division. Moreover, taxanes prevent androgen receptor (AR) signaling by binding cellular microtubules and the microtubule-associated motor protein dynein, thus averting AR nuclear translocation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Clinical trials-In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), overall survival (OS) is markedly enhanced with cabazitaxel versus mitoxantrone after prior docetaxel treatment. FIRSTANA (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01308567) assessed whether cabazitaxel 20 mg/m2 (C20) or 25 m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Clinical trials-In a phase III trial with 755 men for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, median survival was 15.1 months for patients receiving cabazitaxel versus 12.7 months for patients receiving mitoxantrone. Cabazitaxel was associated with more grade 3–4 neutropenia (81.7%) than mito... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cabazitaxel-Pharmacokinetics-Cabazitaxel administration causes a decrease in plasma concentrations showing triphasic kinetics: a mean half life (t1/2) of 2.6 min in the first phase, a mean t1/2 of 1.3 h in the second phase, and a mean t1/2 of 77.3 h in the third phase.
Metabolism Cabazitaxel is basically metabolized in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Social grooming-Social grooming is a behavior in which social animals, including humans, clean or maintain one another's body or appearance. A related term, allogrooming, indicates social grooming between members of the same species. Grooming is a major social activity, and a means by which animals who ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-There are a variety of proposed mechanisms by which social grooming behavior has been hypothesized to increase fitness. These evolutionary advantages may come in the form of health benefits including reduced disease transmission and reduced stress levels, maintaining social struc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Health benefits It is often argued as to whether the overarching importance of social grooming is to boost an organism's health and hygiene or whether the social side of social grooming plays an equally or more important role. Traditionally, it is thought that the primary functio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-On the other hand, it could be argued that the hygienic aspect to allogrooming does not play an as important role as the social aspect to it. Observational studies performed on 44 different primate species suggest that the number of times a species allogrooms, on average, correla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Reinforcing social structure and building relationships Creation and maintenance of social bonds One of the most critical functions of social grooming is to establish social networks and relationships. In many species, individuals form close social connections dubbed "friendships... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Social grooming may also serve to establish and recognize mates or amorous partners. For example, in short-nosed fruit bats, the females initiate grooming with the males just before flight at dusk. The male and his close-knit female harem apply bodily secretions on each other, wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Finally, kin selection is not as important a factor as friendship or mate preference when choosing a grooming mate as previously thought. In the 2018 Phelps et al. captive study on chimpanzees, it was seen that the animals remembered interactions that were 'successful' or 'unsucc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Enforcing hierarchy and social structure In general, social grooming is an activity that is directed up hierarchy, i.e. a lower ranking individual grooms a higher ranking individual in the group. In meerkats, social grooming has been shown to carry the role of maintaining relatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Grooming networks in black crested gibbons have been proven to contribute greater social cohesion and stability. Groups of gibbons with more stable social networks formed grooming networks that were significantly more complex, while groups with low stability networks formed far f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Interchange of favours Grooming is often offered by an individual in exchange for a certain behavioural response or action. Social grooming is critical for vampire bats especially, since it is necessary for them to maintain food-sharing relationships in order to sustain their foo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-In male bonobos, it is suggested that grooming is exchanged in favour of some emotional component because grooming familiar individuals involves larger time differences (i.e. the duration for which each individual grooms the other is not equal) and reduced reciprocity (i.e. likel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Evolutionary advantages-Direct fitness consequences Social grooming relationships have been proven to provide direct fitness benefits to a variety of species. In particular, grooming in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) has been studied extensively, with numerous studies showing an increase in fitness... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Altruism-Altruism, in the biological sense, refers to a behavior performed by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the one performing the behavior. This differs from the philosophical concept of altruism which requires the conscious intention of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Altruism-Hamilton's rule rB>C Developed by W.D. Hamilton, this rule governs the idea that kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness (r) of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient (B) is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor (C).... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Altruism-Use as a commodity It was questioned whether some animals are instead using altruistic behaviors as a market strategy to trade for something desirable. In olive baboons, Papio anubis, it has been found that individuals perform altruistic behaviors as a form of trade in which a behavior is provi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Ontogeny of social grooming-General learning and reciprocation of allogrooming In most cases, allogrooming is an action that is learned from an individual's mother. Infants are groomed by their mothers and mimic these actions on each other and the mother as juveniles. This action is reciprocated on othe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Ontogeny of social grooming-Sex based differences in learning Male and female members of a species may differ in learning how, when and whom to groom. In stump-tailed macaques, infant females mimic their mothers' actions by grooming their mothers more often than their males counterparts do and by groomi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Tool usage-In nearly all instances of social grooming, individuals use their own body parts, such as hands, teeth or tongue, to groom a group member or infant. It is very rare to observe instances of tool usage in social grooming in non-human animals; however, a few such instances have been observed in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Many animals groom each other in the form of stroking, scratching, and massaging. This activity often serves to remove foreign material from the body to promote the communal success of these socially active animals. There exists a wide array of socially grooming animals throughout the ki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Insects In insects, grooming often involves the important role of removing foreign material from the body. The honey bee, for example, engages in social grooming by cleaning body parts that cannot be reached by the receiving bee. The receiving bee extends its wings perpendicular to its b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Bats Recent studies have determined that vampire bats engage in social grooming much more than other types of bats to promote the well-being of the group. Facing higher levels of parasitic infection, vampire bats engage in cleaning one another as well as sharing food via regurgitation. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Primates Primates provide perhaps one of the best examples of mutual grooming due to the intensive research performed regarding their varying lifestyles, and the direct variation of means of social grooming across different species. Among primates, social grooming plays a significant rol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Horses Horses engage in mutual grooming via the formation of 'pair bonds' where parasites and other contaminants on the surface of the body are actively removed. This removal of foreign material is primarily performed in hard-to-reach areas such as the neck via nibbling. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Mutual grooming-Cattle Allogrooming is a behavior commonly seen in many types of cattle, including dairy and beef breeds. The act of social licking can be seen specifically in heifers to initiate social dominance, emphasize companionship and improve hygiene of oneself or others. This behavior seen in co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Social grooming has shown to be correlated with changes in endocrine levels within individuals. Specifically, there is a large correlation between the brain's release of oxytocin and social grooming. Oxytocin is hypothesized to promote prosocial behaviors due to its positive emotional ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Oxytocin Oxytocin is a peptide hormone known to help express social emotions such as altruism, which in turn provides a positive feedback mechanism for social behaviors. For example, studies in vampire bats have shown that intranasal injections of oxytocin have increased the amount of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Beta-endorphins Grooming stimulates the release of beta-endorphin, which is one physiological reason for why grooming appears to be relaxing. Beta-endorphins are found in neurons in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Beta-endorphins are found to be opioid agonists. Opioids are m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Glucocorticoids receptors Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are synthesized in the adrenal cortex and are a part of the group of corticosteroids. Glucocorticoids are involved in immune function, and are a part of the feedback system that reduces inflammation. Further, glucocort... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Studies have also shown that male baboons who participate more in social grooming show lower basal cortisol concentrations.Faecal glucocorticoid (fGCs) is a hormone metabolite associated with stress that is seen to be present in lower levels in female baboons with stronger, well-establ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Endocrine effects-Opioids Endogenous opioids are chemical molecules produced in the brains of organisms and serve to create feelings of relaxation, happiness and pain relief. In primates, laughter and social grooming trigger opioid release in the brain, which is thought to form and maintain social bonds... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Social grooming-Criticism for studies quoted-Above all, the main criticism regarding studies concerning social grooming is that almost all of them focus on primates and a narrow range of species within primates themselves. This, therefore, does not give us a well-rounded idea of what the cognitive or behavioural basis ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Identity (philosophy)-In philosophy, identity (from Latin: identitas, "sameness") is the relation each thing bears only to itself. The notion of identity gives rise to many philosophical problems, including the identity of indiscernibles (if x and y share all their properties, are they one and the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Identity (philosophy)-The philosophical concept of identity is distinct from the better-known notion of identity in use in psychology and the social sciences. The philosophical concept concerns a relation, specifically, a relation that x and y stand in if, and only if they are one and the same thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Metaphysics of identity-Metaphysicians and philosophers of language and mind ask other questions: What does it mean for an object to be the same as itself? If x and y are identical (are the same thing), must they always be identical? Are they necessarily identical? What does it mean for an object ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Metaphysics of identity-Leibniz's ideas have taken root in the philosophy of mathematics, where they have influenced the development of the predicate calculus as Leibniz's law. Mathematicians sometimes distinguish identity from equality. More mundanely, an identity in mathematics may be an equatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Metaphysics of identity-Some philosophers have denied that there is such a relation as identity. Thus Ludwig Wittgenstein writes (Tractatus 5.5301): "That identity is not a relation between objects is obvious." At 5.5303 he elaborates: "Roughly speaking: to say of two things that they are identica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identity (philosophy)-Identity statements-Kind-terms, or sortals give a criterion of identity and non-identity among items of their kind. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Boundary current-Boundary currents are ocean currents with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline, and fall into two distinct categories: western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Eastern boundary currents-Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern side of oceanic basins (adjacent to the western coasts of continents). Subtropical eastern boundary currents flow equatorward, transporting cold water from higher latitudes ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-Western boundary currents may themselves be divided into sub-tropical or low-latitude western boundary currents. Sub-tropical western boundary currents are warm, deep, narrow, and fast-flowing currents that form on the west side of ocean basins due to western intensification. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-Western intensification Western intensification applies to the western arm of an oceanic current, particularly a large gyre in such a basin. The trade winds blow westward in the tropics. The westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This applies a stress to the ocean surface ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-In 1948, Stommel published his key paper in Transactions, American Geophysical Union: "The Westward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents", in which he used a simple, homogeneous, rectangular ocean model to examine the streamlines and surface height contours for an oce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-For a non-rotating state (zero Coriolis parameter) and where that is a constant, ocean circulation has no preference toward intensification/acceleration near the western boundary. The streamlines exhibit a symmetric behavior in all directions, with the height contours demonstr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-Sverdrup balance and physics of western intensification The physics of western intensification can be understood through a mechanism that helps maintain the vortex balance along an ocean gyre. Harald Sverdrup was the first one, preceding Henry Stommel, to attempt to explain th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-Sverdrup introduced a potential vorticity argument to connect the net, interior flow of the oceans to the surface wind stress and the incited planetary vorticity perturbations. For instance, Ekman convergence in the sub-tropics (related to the existence of the trade winds in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boundary current-Western boundary currents-Climate change Observations indicate that the ocean warming over the subtropical western boundary currents is two-to-three times stronger than the global mean surface ocean warming. A study finds that the enhanced warming may be attributed to an intensification and poleward sh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion-Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion-The following article is a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic digestion. In both aerobic and anaerobic systems the growing and reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to survive.In an anaerob... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten-Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten-The Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering pharmacology. It has been published since 1947, originally under the title Medizinische Monatsschrift: Zeitschrift für allgemeine Me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Modern antique-Modern antique-Modern antique (an apparent oxymoron) can have various meanings. Since customs laws and dealers often stipulate an age of at least a hundred years for any item to be legitimately called an antique, the term is sometimes used to describe a collector's item that is technologically obsolete; ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Multi-Environment Real-Time-Multi-Environment Real-Time (MERT), later renamed UNIX Real-Time (UNIX-RT), is a hybrid time-sharing and real-time operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs for use in embedded minicomputers (especially PDP-11s). A version named Duplex Multi Environment... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Kernel and non-kernel processes-One interesting feature that DMERT – UNIX-RTR introduced was the notion of kernel processes. This is connected with its microkernelish architecture roots. In support, there is a separate command (/bin/kpkill) rather than (/bin/kill), that is used to send signa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-File system bits-If one has root on a UNIX-RTR system, they will surely soon find that their ls -l output is a bit different than expected. Namely, there are two completely new bits in the drwxr-xr-x field. They both take place in the first column, and are C (contiguous) and x (extents). Bot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-AT&T, then Lucent, and now Alcatel-Lucent, are the vendor of the SPARC-based and Solaris-OEM package ATT3bem (which lives on Solaris SPARC in /opt/ATT3bem). This is a full 3B21D emulator (known as the 3B21E, the system behind the Very Compact Digital eXchange, or VCD... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-The AT&T/Alcatel-Lucent emulator is not an easy program to get working correctly, even if one manages to have an image from a pulled working 5ESS hard disk 'dd' output file. First, there are quite a few bugs the user must navigate around in the installation process.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-In addition, one of the bugs mentioned in the install process is a broken script to fdisk and image hard disks correctly: certain things need to be written to certain offsets, because the /opt/ATT3bem/bin/3bem process expects, or seems to need, these hard-coded locat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-The emulator runs on SPARCstation-5s and UltraSPARC-60s. It is likely that the 3B21D is emulated faster on a modern SPARC than a 3B21D microcomputer's processor actually runs as measured in MIPS. The most difficult thing about having the emulator is acquiring a DMERT... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-The uname -a output of the Bourne shell running UNIX-RTR (Real-time Reliable) is: Though on 3B20D systems it will print 20 instead of 21, though 3B20Ds are rare, nowadays most non-VCDX 5ESSs are 3B21D hardware, not 3B20D (although they will run the software fine).
Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-UNIX-RTR includes an atomic file swap command (atomsw, manual page below): ATOMSW(1) 5ESS UNIX ATOMSW(1) NAME atomsw - Atomic switch files SYNOPSIS atomsw file1 file2 DESCRIPTION Atomic switch of two files. The contents, permissions, and owners of two files are switc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multi-Environment Real-Time-Lucent emulator and VCDX-RESTRICTIONS Both files must exist. Both files must reside on the same file system. Neither file may be a "special device" (for example, a TTY port).
To enter this command from the craft shell, switching file "/tmp/abc" with file "/tmp/xyz", enter for MML: EXC:ENVIR:... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
World Atlas of Language Structures-World Atlas of Language Structures-The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. It was first published by Oxford University Press as a book with CD-ROM in 200... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MacUser-MacUser-MacUser was a monthly (formerly biweekly) computer magazine published by Dennis Publishing Ltd. and licensed by Felden in the UK. It ceased publication in 2015.In 1985 Felix Dennis’ Dennis Publishing, the creators of MacUser in the UK, licensed the name and “mouse-rating” symbol for MacUser to Ziff-Davi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MacUser-MacUser-The UK magazine was aimed at Mac users in the design sector, and each issue brought the reader up-to-date with news, reviews, ‘Masterclass’ tutorials and technical advice. Masterclasses take the reader through tasks such as photo retouching, design techniques, and creating movies. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MacUser-Staff-As of 2011, notable staff of the magazine included: Editor in Chief - Adam Banks Technical Editor - Keith Martin Contributing Features Editor - Nik Rawlinson Contributing Graphics Editor - Steve Caplin Contributing Products Editor - Kenny Hemphill Contributing Writer - Alan Stonebridge Production editor/s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Infrared window-The infrared atmospheric window refers to a region of the Infrared spectrum where there is relatively little absorption of terrestrial thermal radiation by atmospheric gases. The window plays an important role in the atmospheric greenhouse effect by maintaining the balance between incomi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Mechanisms in the infrared atmospheric window-The principal natural greenhouse gases in order of their importance are water vapor H2O, carbon dioxide CO2, ozone O3, methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N2O. The concentration of the least common of these, N2O, is about 400 ppbV. Other gases which contribute to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Mechanisms in the infrared atmospheric window-Over the Atlas Mountains, interferometrically recorded spectra of outgoing longwave radiation show emission that has arisen from the land surface at a temperature of about 320 K and passed through the atmospheric window, and non-window emission that has aris... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Mechanisms in the infrared atmospheric window-Over Côte d'Ivoire, interferometrically recorded spectra of outgoing longwave radiation show emission that has arisen from the cloud tops at a temperature of about 265 K and passed through the atmospheric window, and non-window emission that has arisen mainl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Importance for life-Without the infrared atmospheric window, the Earth would become much too warm to support life, and possibly so warm that it would lose its water, as Venus did early in Solar System history. Thus, the existence of an atmospheric window is critical to Earth remaining a habitable planet... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Threats-In recent decades, the existence of the infrared atmospheric window has become threatened by the development of highly unreactive gases containing bonds between fluorine and carbon, sulfur or nitrogen. The impact of these compounds was first discovered by Indian–American atmospheric scientist Ve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Threats-The "stretching frequencies" of bonds between fluorine and other light nonmetals are such that strong absorption in the atmospheric window will always be characteristic of compounds containing such bonds, although fluorides of nonmetals other than carbon, nitrogen or sulfur are short-lived due t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Infrared window-Books-Mihalas, D.; Weibel-Mihalas, B. (1984). Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503437-6. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2009-10-17. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Epaulette-Epaulette (; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Flexible metal epaulettes (usually made from brass) are referred to as shoulder scales. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Epaulette-In the French and other armies, epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. It may bear rank or other insignia, and should not be confused with a shoulder mark – also called a shoulder board, rank slide, or slip-on – a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder str... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Etymology-Épaulette (French: [e.po.lɛt]) is a French word meaning "little shoulder" (diminutive of épaule, meaning "shoulder"). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-How to wear-Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or passenten, a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-History-Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Greco-Roman military costumes. However, their direct origin lies in the bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century, which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-History-Apart from that, flexible metal epaulettes were quite popular among certain armies in the 19th century, but were rarely worn on the field. Referred to as shoulder scales, they were e.g. an accoutrement of the US Cavalry, US Infantry and the US Artillery, from 1854 to 1872. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-History-By the early 18th century, epaulettes had become the distinguishing feature of commissioned rank. This led officers of military units still without epaulettes to petition for the right to wear epaulettes to ensure that their status would be recognized. During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequently thro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Modern derivations-Today, epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder board, which is sewn into the shoulder seam and the end buttoned like an epaulette.
From the shoulder board was developed the shoulder mark, a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Modern derivations-Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, attached by shoulder straps integral to the shirts. The rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes: traditionally four for a captain, three for senior firs... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Belgium-In the Belgian army, red epaulettes with white fringes are worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the Royal Escort while fully red ones are worn by the Grenadiers. Trumpeters of the Royal Escort are distinguished by all red epaulettes while officers of the two units wear silver or gold respectively. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-Canada-In the Canadian Armed Forces, epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress, Patrol Dress, and Mess Dress uniforms. Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer's white Naval Service Dress.
After the unification of the Forces, and prior to the issue of the distinctive environ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-France-Until 1914, officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. Other ranks of most branches of the inf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epaulette-France-In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining 19th-century-style full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine. The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a break from 1915 to 1930. In recent years, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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