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Negative temperature-Examples-ln (1+2e−β+e−2β)+2e−β+2e−2β(1+2e−β+e−2β)T The resulting values for S, E, and Z all increase with T and never need to enter a negative temperature regime. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-Nuclear spins The previous example is approximately realized by a system of nuclear spins in an external magnetic field. This allows the experiment to be run as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the case of electronic and nuclear spin systems, there are only a fini... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-In the absence of a magnetic field, such a two-spin system would have maximum entropy when half the atoms are in the spin-up state and half are in the spin-down state, and so one would expect to find the system with close to an equal distribution of spins. Upon application of a magnetic fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-Since we started with over half the atoms in the spin-down state, this initially drives the system towards a 50/50 mixture, so the entropy is increasing, corresponding to a positive temperature. However, at some point, more than half of the spins are in the spin-up position. In this case, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-Lasers This phenomenon can also be observed in many lasing systems, wherein a large fraction of the system's atoms (for chemical and gas lasers) or electrons (in semiconductor lasers) are in excited states. This is referred to as a population inversion.
The Hamiltonian for a single mode of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-Motional degrees of freedom Negative temperatures have also been achieved in motional degrees of freedom. Using an optical lattice, upper bounds were placed on the kinetic energy, interaction energy and potential energy of cold potassium-39 atoms. This was done by tuning the interactions o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negative temperature-Examples-Two-dimensional vortex motion The two-dimensional systems of vortices confined to a finite area can form thermal equilibrium states at negative temperature, and indeed negative temperature states were first predicted by Onsager in his analysis of classical point vortices. Onsager's predict... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polytopological space-Polytopological space-In general topology, a polytopological space consists of a set X together with a family {τi}i∈I of topologies on X that is linearly ordered by the inclusion relation ( I is an arbitrary index set). It is usually assumed that the topologies are in non-decreasing order, but ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polytopological space-Polytopological space-Polytopological spaces were introduced in 2008 by the philosopher Thomas Icard for the purpose of defining a topological model of Japaridze's polymodal logic (GLP). They subsequently became an object of study in their own right, specifically in connection with Kuratowski's cl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polytopological space-Definition-An L -topological space (X,τ) is a set X together with a monotone map τ:L→ Top (X) where (L,≤) is a partially ordered set and Top (X) is the set of all possible topologies on X, ordered by inclusion. When the partial order ≤ is a linear order, then (X,τ) is called a polytopologi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Liebermann–Burchard test-Liebermann–Burchard test-The Liebermann–Burchard or acetic anhydride test is used for the detection of cholesterol. The formation of a green or green-blue colour after a few minutes is positive. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Liebermann–Burchard test-Liebermann–Burchard test-Lieberman–Burchard is a reagent used in a colourimetric test to detect cholesterol, which gives a deep green colour. This colour begins as a purplish, pink colour and progresses through to a light green then very dark green colour. The colour is due to the hydroxyl grou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Liebermann–Burchard test-Liebermann–Burchard test-Method: Dissolve one or two crystals of cholesterol in dry chloroform in a dry test tube. Add several drops of acetic anhydride and then 2 drops of concentrated H2SO4 and mix carefully.
After the reaction is finished, the concentration of cholesterol can be measured usi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edupunk-Edupunk-Edupunk is a do it yourself (DIY) attitude to teaching and learning practices. Tom Kuntz described edupunk as "an approach to teaching that avoids mainstream tools like PowerPoint and Blackboard, and instead aims to bring the rebellious attitude and DIY ethos of ’70s bands like The Clash to the classroo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edupunk-Edupunk-The term was first used on May 25, 2008, by Jim Groom in his blog, and covered less than a week later in the Chronicle of Higher Education. Stephen Downes, an online education theorist and an editor for the International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, noted that "the concept ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edupunk-Aspects-Edupunk has risen from an objection to the efforts of government and corporate interests in reframing and bundling emerging technologies into cookie-cutter products with pre-defined application—somewhat similar to traditional punk ideologies.The reaction to corporate influence on education is only one p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edupunk-Examples-An example of edupunk was the University of British Columbia's course "Wikipedia:WikiProject Murder Madness and Mayhem" experiment of creating articles on Wikipedia in spring 2008, "(having) one’s students as partners and peers." A video clip illustrating an edupunk approach, produced by Tony Hirst at ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Edupunk-Examples-A website set up by Australian educators illustrates how edupunk spread, and a presentation by Norm Friesen of Thompson Rivers University identifies a number of possible intellectual precursors for the movement.Hampshire College, Evergreen State College, Marlboro College, New College of Florida, and Wa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Branding iron-A branding iron is used for branding, pressing a heated metal shape against an object or livestock with the intention of leaving an identifying mark. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-History-The history of branding is very much tied to the history of using animals as a commodity. The act of marking livestock with fire-heated marks to identify ownership begins in ancient times with the ancient Egyptians. The process continued throughout the ages, with both Romans and American colonists... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-History-In the Americas these European systems continued with English tradition being used in the New England Colonies and spread outwards with the western expansion of the U.S. The Spanish system evolved from the south with the vaquero tradition in what today is the southwestern United States and norther... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Types of branding irons-Branding Irons come in a variety of styles, designed primarily by their method of heating.
Fire-heated The traditional fire-heated method is still in use today. While they require longer lengths of time to heat, are inconsistent in temperature and all around inferior to more advanc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Types of branding irons-Electric Electric branding irons utilize an electric heating element to heat a branding iron to the desired temperature. Electric branding irons come in many variations from irons designed to brand cattle, irons designed to mark wood and leather and models designed to be placed ins... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Types of branding irons-Propane Propane Branding Irons use a continuous flow of propane to heat the iron head. They are commonly used where electricity is not available. Utilizing the flow of propane, the temperature can be adjusted for varying branding environments.
A commercially built branding iron hea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Types of branding irons-Freeze-branding In stark contrast to traditional hot-iron branding, freeze branding uses an iron that has been chilled with a coolant such as dry ice or liquid nitrogen. Instead of burning a scar into the animal's skin, a freeze brand damages the pigment-producing hair cells, causi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Popular use-Livestock Livestock branding is perhaps the most prevalent use of a branding iron. Modern use includes gas heating, the traditional fire-heated method, an iron heated by electricity (electric cattle branding iron) or an iron super cooled by dry ice (freeze branding iron). Cattle, horses and ot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Branding iron-Popular use-Wood branding Woodworkers will often use Electric or Fire-Heated Branding Irons to leave their maker's mark or company logo. Timber pallets and other timber export packaging is often marked in this way in accordance with ISPM 15 to indicate that the timber has been treated to prevent it carryi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Johnson Bar (locomotive)-On a steam locomotive, the reversing gear is used to control the direction of travel of the locomotive. It also adjusts the cutoff of the steam locomotive. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Reversing lever-This is the most common form of reverser. It is also known as a Johnson bar in the United States. It consists of a long lever mounted parallel to the direction of travel, on the driver’s side of the cab. It has a handle and sprung trigger at the top and is pivoted at the bottom ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Reversing lever-The advantages of this design are that change between forward and reverse gear can be made very quickly (as is needed in, for example, a shunting engine). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Reversing lever-Limitations and drawbacks The reversing lever has a catch mechanism which engages with a series of notches to hold the lever at the desired cut-off position. This means that the operator does not have a full choice of cut-off positions between maximum and mid-gear, but only thos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Reversing lever-Ban in the US The dangers of the traditional Johnson Bar (which grew as locomotive power, weight and operating steam pressures increased through the first half of the 20th century) led to it being banned in the USA by the Interstate Commerce Commission. From 1939 all new-build s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Screw reverser-In the screw reverser mechanism (sometimes called a bacon slicer in the UK), the reversing rod is controlled by a screw and nut, worked by a wheel in the cab. The nut either operates on the reversing rod directly or through a lever, as above. The screw and nut may be cut with a d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Screw reverser-Power reverse gear With larger engines, the linkages involved in controlling cutoff and direction grew progressively heavier and there was a need for power assistance in adjusting them. Steam (later, compressed air) powered reversing gears were developed in the late 19th and earl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Screw reverser-Henszey's reversing gearPatented in 1882, the Henszey's reversing gear illustrates a typical early solution. Henszey's device consists of two pistons mounted on a single piston rod. Both pistons are double-ended. One is a steam piston to move the rod as required. The other, conta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Screw reverser-The Ragonnet power reverserThe Ragonnet power reverse, patented in 1909, was a true feedback controlled servomechanism. The power reverse amplified small motions of the reversing lever made in the locomotive cab with modest force into much larger and more forceful motions of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Screw reverser-Power reverse impetus The development of articulated locomotives was a major impetus to the development of power reverse systems, because these typically had two or even three sets of reverse gear, instead of just one on a simple locomotive. The Baldwin Locomotive Works used the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Johnson Bar (locomotive)-Sources-Allen, Cecil J; (1949); Locomotive Practice and Performance in the Twentieth Century; W. Heffer and Sons Ltd.; Cambridge Bell, A. Morton; (1950); Locomotives : Volume one; Seventh edition; London, Virtue and Company Ltd. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutative logic-Noncommutative logic is an extension of linear logic that combines the commutative connectives of linear logic with the noncommutative multiplicative connectives of the Lambek calculus. Its sequent calculus relies on the structure of order varieties (a family of cyclic orders t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-By extension, the term noncommutative logic is also used by a number of authors to refer to a family of substructural logics in which the exchange rule is inadmissible. The remainder of this article is devoted to a presentation of this acceptance of the term.
The oldest no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-Noncommutative logic is sometimes called ordered logic, since it is possible with most proposed noncommutative logics to impose a total or partial order on the formulae in sequents. However this is not fully general since some noncommutative logics do not support such an o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-The Lambek calculus Joachim Lambek proposed the first noncommutative logic in his 1958 paper Mathematics of Sentence Structure to model the combinatory possibilities of the syntax of natural languages. His calculus has thus become one of the fundamental formalisms of compu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-Cyclic linear logic David N. Yetter proposed a weaker structural rule in place of the exchange rule of linear logic, yielding cyclic linear logic. Sequents of cyclic linear logic form a ring, and so are invariant under rotation, where multipremise rules glue their rings to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-Pomset logic Pomset logic was proposed by Christian Retoré in a semantic formalism with two dual sequential operators existing together with the usual tensor product and par operators of linear logic, the first logic proposed to have both commutative and noncommutative ope... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-BV and NEL Alessio Guglielmi proposed a variation of Retoré's calculus, BV, in which the two noncommutative operations are collapsed onto a single, self-dual, operator, and proposed a novel proof calculus, the calculus of structures to accommodate the calculus. The princip... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Noncommutative logic-Noncommutativity in logic-Lutz Straßburger devised a related system, NEL, also in the calculus of structures in which linear logic with the mix rule appears as a subsystem.
Structads Structads are an approach to the semantics of logic that are based upon generalising the notion of sequent along the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P21 holin family-P21 holin family-The Phage 21 S (P21 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.1) is a member of the Holin Superfamily II.The Bacteriophage P21 Lysis protein S holin (TC# 1.E.1.1.1) is the prototype for class II holins. Lysis S proteins have two transmembrane segments (TMSs), with both the N- and C-termini on the cytopla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A3 coupling reaction-A3 coupling reaction-The A3 coupling (also known as A3 coupling reaction or the aldehyde-alkyne-amine reaction), coined by Prof. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University, is a type of multicomponent reaction involving an aldehyde, an alkyne and an amine which react to give a propargylamine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A3 coupling reaction-A3 coupling reaction-The reaction proceeds via direct dehydrative condensation and requires a metal catalyst, typically based on ruthenium/copper, gold or silver. Chiral catalyst can be used to give an enantioselective reaction, yielding a chiral amine. The solvent can be water. In the catalytic cy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A3 coupling reaction-Decarboxylative A3 reaction-One variation is called the decarboxylative A3 coupling. In this reaction the amine is replaced by an amino acid. The imine can isomerise and the alkyne group is placed at the other available nitrogen alpha position. This reaction requires a copper catalyst. The redox A3... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-The Fei–Ranis model of economic growth is a dualism model in developmental economics or welfare economics that has been developed by John C. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis and can be understood as an extension of the Lewis model. It is also known as the Sur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Basics of the model-One of the biggest drawbacks of the Lewis model was the undermining of the role of agriculture in boosting the growth of the industrial sector. In addition to that, he did not acknowledge that the increase in productivity of labor should take place prior to the lab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Basics of the model-Phase2 :AP>MP After AD, MP begins to rise, and industrial labor rises from zero to a value equal to AD. AP of agricultural labor is shown by BYZ and we see that this curve falls downward after AD. This fall in AP can be attributed to the fact that as agricultural l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Basics of the model-Phase3 MP CIW The amount of labor that is shifted and the time that this shifting takes depends upon: The growth of surplus generated within the agricultural sector, and the growth of industrial capital stock dependent on the growth of industrial profits; The natur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-Fei and Ranis emphasized strongly on the industry-agriculture interdependency and said that a robust connectivity between the two would encourage and speedup development. If agricultural laborers look for industrial employment, and industrialists employ mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-Agricultural sector In (A), land is measured on the vertical axis, and labor on the horizontal axis. Ou and Ov represent two ridge lines, and the production contour lines are depicted by M, M1 and M2. The area enclosed by the ridge lines defines the region... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-Fei and Ranis also built the concept of endowment ratio, which is a measure of the relative availability of the two factors of production. In the figure, if Ot represents agricultural land and tE represents agricultural labor, then the endowment ratio is g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-(B) displays the total physical productivity of labor (TPPL) curve. The curve increases at a decreasing rate, as more units of labor are added to a fixed amount of land. At point N, the curve shapes horizontally and this point N conforms to the point G in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-Industrial sector Like in the agricultural sector, Fei and Ranis assume constant returns to scale in the industrial sector. However, the main factors of production are capital and labor. In the graph (A) right hand side, the production functions have been ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-According to this model, the prime labor supply source of the industrial sector is the agricultural sector, due to redundancy in the agricultural labor force. (B) shows the labor supply curve for the industrial sector S. PP2 represents the straight line pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-MPPL curves corresponding to their respective capital and labor levels have been drawn as Mo, M1, M2 and M3. When capital stock rises from Ko to K1, the marginal physical productivity of labor rises from Mo to M1. When capital stock is Ko, the MPPL curve c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Connectivity between sectors-Kt=Ko+So+Πo Here, Kt gives the total supply of investment funds (given that rural savings are represented by So) Total industrial activity rises due to increase in the total supply of investment funds, leading to increased industrial employment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-Agricultural surplus in general terms can be understood as the produce from agriculture which exceeds the needs of the society for which it is being produced, and may be exported or stored for future use.
Generation of agricultural surplus To understand the format... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-We first derive the average physical productivity of the total agricultural labor force (APPL). Fei and Ranis hypothesize that it is equal to the real wage and this hypothesis is known as the constant institutional wage hypothesis. It is also equal in value to the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-Observe point Y, somewhere to the left of P on the graph. If a section of the redundant agricultural labor force (PQ) is removed from the total agricultural labor force (OP) and absorbed into the industrial sector, then the labor force remaining in the industrial ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-Agricultural surplus as wage fund Agricultural surplus plays a major role as a wage fund. Its importance can be better explained with the help of the graph on the right, which is an integration of the industrial sector graph with an inverted agricultural sector gr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-Before a section of the redundant labor force is absorbed into the industrial sector, the entire labor OA is present in the agricultural sector. Once AG amount of labor force (say) is absorbed, it represented by OG' in the industrial sector, and the labor remainin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-The agricultural surplus JF created is needed for consumption by the same workers who left for the industrial sector. Hence, agriculture successfully provides not only the manpower for production activities elsewhere, but also the wage fund required for the proces... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Agricultural surplus-Significance of agriculture in the Fei–Ranis model The Lewis model is criticised on the grounds that it neglects agriculture. Fei–Ranis model goes a step beyond and states that agriculture has a very major role to play in the expansion of the industrial sector. In... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-The indispensability of labor reallocation-As an underdeveloped country goes through its development process, labor is reallocated from the agricultural to the industrial sector. More the rate of reallocation, faster is the growth of that economy. The economic rationale behind this id... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-The indispensability of labor reallocation-However, Fei and Ranis were quick to mention that the necessity of labor reallocation must be linked more to the need to produce more capital investment goods as opposed to the thought of industrial consumer goods following the discourse of E... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-The indispensability of labor reallocation-Since the growth process will observes a slow-paced increase in the consumer purchasing power, the dualistic economies follow the path of natural austerity, which is characterized by more demand and hence importance of capital good industries... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Growth without development-In the Fei-Ranis model, it is possible that as technological progress takes place and there is a shift to labor-saving production techniques, growth of the economy takes place with increase in profits but no economic development takes place. This can be expl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Growth without development-The graph displays two MPL lines plotted with real wage and MPL on the vertical axis and employment of labor on the horizontal axis. OW denotes the subsistence wage level, which is the minimum wage level at which a worker (and his family) would survive. The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Fei–Ranis model of economic growth has been criticized on multiple grounds, although if the model is accepted, then it will have a significant theoretical and policy implications on the underdeveloped countries' efforts towards development and on the persisting ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Fei and Ranis say, "It has been argued that money is not a simple substitute for physical capital in an aggregate production function. There are reasons to believe that the relationship between money and physical capital could be complementary to one another at ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Fei and Ranis assume that MPPL is zero during the early phases of economic development, which has been criticized by Harry T.Oshima and some others on the grounds that MPPL of labor is zero only if the agricultural population is very large, and if it is very lar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-The transformation curve SAG falls from A, which indicates that more leisure is being used to same units of land. At A, the marginal transformation between food and leisure and MPL = 0 and the indifference curve I0 is also tangent to the transformation curve at ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Consider a case where a laborer shifts from the agricultural to the industrial sector. In that case, the land left behind would be divided between the remaining laborers and as a result, the transformation curve would shift from SAG to RTG. Like at point A, MPL ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Berry and Soligo in their 1968 paper have criticized this model for its MPL=0 assumption, and for the assumption that the transfer of labor from the agricultural sector leaves the output in that sector unchanged in Phase 1. They show that the output changes, and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-3. There is perfect substitutability between food and leisure, and the marginal rate of substitution is constant for all real income levels.
Now if MPL>0 then leisure satiation option becomes invalid, and if MPL=0 then the option of food and leisure as perfect s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-While mentioning the important role of high agricultural productivity and the creation of surplus for economic development, they have failed to mention the need for capital as well. Although it is important to create surplus, it is equally important to maintain ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-The question of whether MPL = 0 is that of an empirical one. The underdeveloped countries mostly exhibit seasonality in food production, which suggests that especially during favorable climatic conditions, say that of harvesting or sowing, MPL would definitely b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Fei and Ranis assume a close model and hence there is no presence of foreign trade in the economy, which is very unrealistic as food or raw materials can not be imported. If we take the example of Japan again, the country imported cheap farm products from other ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-The reluctant expansionary growth in the industrial sector of underdeveloped countries can be attributed to the lagging growth in the productivity of subsistence agriculture. This suggests that increase in surplus becomes more important a determinant as compared... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fei–Ranis model of economic growth-Reactions to the model-Stagnation has not been taken into consideration, and no distinction is made between labor through family and labor through wages. There is also no explanation of the process of self-sustained growth, or of the investment function. There is complete negligence o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Canonical basis-In mathematics, a canonical basis is a basis of an algebraic structure that is canonical in a sense that depends on the precise context: In a coordinate space, and more generally in a free module, it refers to the standard basis defined by the Kronecker delta.
In a polynomial ring, it re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Representation theory-The canonical basis for the irreducible representations of a quantized enveloping algebra of type ADE and also for the plus part of that algebra was introduced by Lusztig by two methods: an algebraic one (using a braid group action and PBW bases) and a topological one (using inter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Representation theory-The definition of the canonical basis was extended to the Kac-Moody setting by Kashiwara (by an algebraic method) and by Lusztig (by a topological method). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Representation theory-There is a general concept underlying these bases: Consider the ring of integral Laurent polynomials := Z[v,v−1] with its two subrings := Z[v±1] and the automorphism ⋅¯ defined by := v−1 A precanonical structure on a free Z -module F consists of A standard basis (ti)i∈I of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Linear algebra-If we are given an n × n matrix A and wish to find a matrix J in Jordan normal form, similar to A , we are interested only in sets of linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. A matrix in Jordan normal form is an "almost diagonal matrix," that is, as close to diagonal as possible.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Linear algebra-Every n × n matrix A possesses n linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. Generalized eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent. If λ is an eigenvalue of A of algebraic multiplicity μ , then A will have μ linearly independent generalized eigen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Linear algebra-Thus, once we have determined that a generalized eigenvector of rank m is in a canonical basis, it follows that the m − 1 vectors xm−1,xm−2,…,x1 that are in the Jordan chain generated by xm are also in the canonical basis.
Computation Let λi be an eigenvalue of A of algebraic multipli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Canonical basis-Linear algebra-x1 is the ordinary eigenvector associated with λ1 . x2,x3 and x4 are generalized eigenvectors associated with λ1 . y1 is the ordinary eigenvector associated with λ2 . y2 is a generalized eigenvector associated with λ2 A matrix J in Jordan normal form, similar to A is obtained as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metiamide-Metiamide-Metiamide is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide. It was an intermediate compound in the development of the successful anti-ulcer drug cimetidine (Tagamet). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metiamide-Development of metiamide from burimamide-After discovering that burimamide is largely inactive at physiological pH, due to the presence of its electron-donating side chain, the following steps were undertaken to stabilize burimamide: addition of a sulfide group close to the imidazole ring, giving thiaburimami... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metiamide-Modification of metiamide to cimetidine-It was determined that the thiourea group was the cause of the agranulocytosis. Therefore, replacement of the thiocarbonyl in the thiourea group was suggested: with urea or guanidine resulted in a compound with much less activity (only 5% of the potency of metiamide) ho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metiamide-Synthesis-Reacting ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate (1) with 2 molar equivalents of formamide (2) gives 4-carboethoxy-5-methylimidazole (3). Reduction of the carboxylic ester (3) with sodium in liquid ammonia via Birch reduction gives the corresponding alcohol (4). Reaction of that with cysteamine (mercaptoethylami... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Firework Code-Firework Code-In the United Kingdom, the Firework Code (sometimes Firework safety code) is the name given to a number of similar sets of guidelines for the safe use of fireworks by the general public.
These include a thirteen-point guideline issued by the British government, a ten-point guide issued by th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VeNom Coding Group-VeNom Coding Group-The VeNom Coding Group is a group of veterinary academics and practitioners from across Britain who have devised a standardized terminology for use in veterinary medicine. These codes are available to academic or research institutes, software manufacturers or veterinary practices a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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