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Alloimmunity-Alloimmunity-Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens. Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens and histocompatibility antigens. In alloimmunity, the body creates anti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Alloimmunity-Alloimmunity is caused by the difference between products of highly polymorphic genes, primarily genes of the major histocompatibility complex, of the donor and graft recipient. These products are recognized by T-lymphocytes and other mononuclear leukocytes which infiltrate the graft and damag... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Types of the rejection-Transfusion reaction Blood transfusion can result in alloantibodies reacting towards the transfused cells, resulting in a transfusion reaction. Even with standard blood compatibility testing, there is a risk of reaction against human blood group systems other than ABO and Rh. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Types of the rejection-Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is similar to a transfusion reaction in that the mother's antibodies cannot tolerate the fetus's antigens, which happens when the immune tolerance of pregnancy is impaired. In many instances the mat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Types of the rejection-Transplant rejection Acute rejection Acute rejection is caused by antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They recognize transplanted tissue because of expression of alloantigens. A transplant is rejected during first several days or weeks after transplantation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Types of the rejection-Hyperacute and accelerated rejection Hyperacute and accelerated rejection is antibody-mediated immune response to the allograft. Recipient's blood already contains circulating antibodies before the transplantation – either IgM or antibodies incurred by previous immunization (e.g. by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Types of the rejection-Chronic rejection Chronic rejection is not yet fully understood, but it is known that it is associated with alloantibody and cytokine production. Endothelium of the blood vessels is being damaged, therefore the graft is not sufficiently supplied with blood and is replaced with fibrou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes along with other mononuclear leukocytes (their exact function regarding the topic is not known) participate in the rejection. B-lymphocytes, NK cells and cytokines also play a role in it. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-Cellular rejection – CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, NK cells Humoral rejection – B-lymphocytes Cytokines B-lymphocytes Humoral (antibody-mediated) type of rejection is caused by recipient's B-lymphocytes which produce alloantibodies against donor MHC class I and II molecules. These al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-Alloimmunity can be also regulated by neonatal B cells.
Cytokines Cytokine microenvironment where CD4+ T-lymphocytes recognize alloantigens significantly influences polarization of the immune response.
CD4+ T-lymphocytes differentiate into Th1 helper cells in the presence of IL-12 (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-NK cells NK cells can also directly target the transplanted tissue. It depends on the balance of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors and on their ligands expressed by the graft. Receptors of KIR (Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor) family bind concrete MHC class I mole... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-Concerning immunosuppressive drugs, the effects on NK cells are milder in comparison to T cells. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-T-lymphocytes Alloantigen recognition Alloantigen on APC surface can be recognized by recipient's T-lymphocytes through two different pathways: Direct allorecognition – occurs when donor's APCs are presenting graft antigens. Recipient's T-lymphocytes can identify either MHC molecule... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-Indirect allorecognition – recipient's APCs infiltrate transplanted tissue, then they process and present, as any other foreign peptides, donor's MHC glycoproteins by MHC class II molecules. Mechanism of indirect allorecognition and therefore the involvement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Mechanisms of rejection-T-lymphocytes must receive costimulatory signal. There are costimulatory molecules on T-cell surface and APCs express their ligands (e.g. molecule CD28, which is on the surface of all naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, can bind ligands CD80 and CD86). Receptor-ligand engagement trig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Graft tolerance-Transplanted tissue is accepted by immunocompetent recipient if it is functional in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs and without histologic signs of rejection. Host can accept another graft from the same donor but reject graft from different donor. Graft acceptance depends on the bal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Graft tolerance-The tolerance could be achieved by elimination of most or all alloreactive T cells and by influencing alloreactive effector-regulatory T-lymphocytes ratio in favor of regulatory cells which could inhibit alloreactive effector cells. Another method would be based on costimulatory signal bloc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alloimmunity-Literature-Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th edition by Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai, Saunders Copyright | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vans challenge-Vans challenge-The Vans challenge is a viral internet challenge that began in March 2019 where people show their Vans shoes landing right-side up after tossing them in the air. The viral sensation reportedly started after a Twitter user shared a video of the occurrence, which was captioned: “Did you know... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nut (climbing)-Nut (climbing)-In rock climbing, a nut (or chock or chockstone) is a metal wedge threaded on a wire that climbers use for protection by wedging it into a crack in the rock. Quickdraws are clipped to the nut wire by the ascending climber and the rope threads through the quickdraw. Nuts come in a variety o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nut (climbing)-Nut (climbing)-Nuts or chockstones are named after natural stones occasionally found wedged into cracks. Climbers eventually realized they could insert their own found pebble into a suitable crack. In an article called "Artificial Aids in Mountaineering" dated Oct-Dec 1956, G Sutton wrote about jammed kn... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nut (climbing)-Nut (climbing)-Nuts are available in different shapes to help the climber find the best fit for a given crack. Curved nuts have a concave face on one side and a convex face on the other. Larger nuts can be placed in either of two aspects (hexes in three aspects) to suit different-width cracks, with eithe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nut (climbing)-Nut (climbing)-Nuts may be generically referred to as wires or stoppers, though "Stopper" is a brand name of a nut made by Black Diamond Equipment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Dental papilla-In embryology and prenatal development, the dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8–10 weeks intra ut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Embryology-Formation of dental papilla occurs in the Cap stage of Odontogenesis. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Embryology-The cap stage The cap stage is the second stage of tooth development and occurs during the ninth or tenth week of prenatal development. Unequal proliferation of the tooth bud forms a three-dimensional cap shape. Overlying this cap structure is the ectomesenchyme, which is attached to the mesod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Embryology-Also during the cap stage is the formation of a depression within the deepest part of each tooth bud of the dental lamina. The dental lamina is a band of epithelial tissue which connects the developing tooth bud to the oral epithelium. The dental lamina eventually disintegrates into small clus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Embryology-Epithelium Layers - Inner is separated from the peripheral cells of the dental papilla by a basement membrane and a cell free zone rich in RNA but do not contain alkaline phosphatase-Outer involved in the maintenance of the shape of the enamel and the environment contain very big nuclei and ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Differentiation-Ectomesenchymal cells will multiply continuously in a localized area such that when the bell stage of development is reached, both the epithelial component and the ectomesenchymal component will seem to have been surrounded by something that presents as a fibrous sac. Therefore, among a c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Differentiation-When all of the individual components of the tooth germ have become developed, the entire cell mass would have appeared to have migrated deeper into the underlying connective tissues. This phenomenon, which will continue throughout the whole life of the teeth, is most possibly due to the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Nerve and Vascular Supply during Early Development-Vascular Supply Clusters of blood vessels are found branching out around the tooth germ in the dental follicle and going into the dental papilla during the cap stage. In the dental papilla the number of blood vessels increase and the matrix deposition wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Nerve and Vascular Supply during Early Development-Nerve Supply During the bud to cap stage of tooth development, the pioneer nerve fibers head towards the developing tooth. The nerve fibers will branch out and create a rich plexus around the tooth germ in that structure as the dental follicle is the cle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Nerve and Vascular Supply during Early Development-Nerve-related signaling molecules, such as Glial cell line-derived growth factor, Neurotrophin and semaphoring are among the few which have been studied during the tooth development process. Of which, the verve-related signaling molecules seems to show a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Odontoblast Differentiation-It is paramount to understand how odontoblast differentiate from ectomesenchymal cells to allow comprehension and explanation of normal development and to be able to affect their recruitment when needed to start repairing the dentin. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dental papilla-Odontoblast Differentiation-Growth factors in the cells of the inner enamel epithelium and expressions of signaling molecules bring about the differentiation of odontoblast through normal development of the dental papilla. Exhibiting a central nucleus and few organelles, the dental papilla cells are smal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Behavioral momentum-Behavioral momentum is a theory in quantitative analysis of behavior and is a behavioral metaphor based on physical momentum. It describes the general relation between resistance to change (persistence of behavior) and the rate of reinforcement obtained in a given situation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Behavioral momentum-B. F. Skinner (1938) proposed that all behavior is based on a fundamental unit of behavior called the discriminated operant. The discriminated operant, also known as the three-term contingency, has three components: an antecedent discriminative stimulus, a response, and a reinfor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Resistance to change-According to behavioral momentum theory, there are two separable factors that independently govern the rate with which a discriminated operant occurs and the persistence of that response in the face of disruptions such as punishment, extinction, or the differential reinforcement... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Resistance to change-Resistance to disruption has been considered a better measure of response strength than a simple measure of response rate.(Nevin, 1974). This is because variations in reinforcement contingencies such as differential-reinforcement-of-high- or low-response-rate schedules can yield... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Resistance to change-According to behavioral momentum theory, the relation between response rate and resistance to change is analogous to the relation between velocity and mass of a moving object, according to Newton's second law of motion (Nevin, Mandell & Atak, 1983). Newton's second law states th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Resistance to change-The findings of Nevin et al. (1990) have been extended across a number of procedures and species including goldfish (Igaki & Sakagami, 2004), rats (Harper, 1999a, 1999b; Shull, Gaynor & Grimes, 2001), pigeons (Podlesnik & Shahan, 2008), and humans (Ahearn, Clark, Gardenier, Chun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Resistance to change-Although behavioral momentum theory is a powerful framework for understanding how a context of reinforcement can affect the persistence of discriminated operant behavior, there are a number of findings that are inconsistent with the theory (see Nevin & Grace, 2000, and accompany... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Preference and resistance to change-As resistance to disruption across stimulus contexts is analogous to the inertial mass of a moving object, behavioral momentum theory also suggests that preference in concurrent-chains procedures for one stimulus context over another is analogous to the gravitatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavioral momentum-Preference and resistance to change-Grace and Nevin (1997) assessed both relative resistance to change in a multiple schedule and preference in a concurrent-chains procedure with pigeons pecking lighted disks for food reinforcement. When the relative rate of reinforcement was manipulated identically... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical Storm Greg-Tropical Storm Greg-The name Greg has been used for eleven tropical cyclones worldwide: eight in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, two in the Australian region, and one in the Western Pacific. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical Storm Greg-Tropical Storm Greg-In the Eastern Pacific: Hurricane Greg (1981) – churned in the open ocean Hurricane Greg (1987) – paralleled the Mexican coast while remaining far offshore Hurricane Greg (1993) – formed from the remnants of Atlantic Tropical Storm Bret Hurricane Greg (1999) – made landfall in Ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PDE8B-PDE8B-High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE8B gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent Yellow 124-Solvent Yellow 124-Solvent Yellow 124 is a yellow azo dye used in European Union as a fuel dye. It is a marker used since August 2002 to distinguish diesel fuel intended for heating from a higher-taxed motor diesel fuel. It is added to fuels not intended for motor vehicles in amounts of 6 mg/L or 7 m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent Yellow 124-Euromarker-Solvent Yellow 124 is a dye with structure similar to Solvent Yellow 56. This dye can be easily hydrolyzed with acids, splitting off the acetal group responsible for its solubility in nonpolar solvents, and yielding a water-soluble form which is easy to extract to water. Like a similar met... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent Yellow 124-Euromarker-Solvent Yellow 124 is intended to be difficult to remove from the fuel in an economical way. The Customs, familiar with various tricks including dual fuel systems with hidden fuel tanks, will take samples from the fuel lines to the engine itself if such equipment is suspected in the car.
A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent Yellow 124-Concerns-The UK government expressed concerns about the possibility of "laundering" the dye out of "illicit" fuel, hampering the detection. Denmark expressed concerns about the dye's toxicity.
Euromarker is intended to be replaced later by newer technology markers, such as biological markers or fuel ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Swfdec-Swfdec-Swfdec is an outdated free and open-source replacement for Adobe Flash Player. It runs on Linux and FreeBSD and is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Its last release was 0.8.4, on December 21, 2008 (2008-12-21) and latest in stable 0.9.2 of 2008-11-11.
Developmen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Swfdec-Technical-Swfdec is a library that can be used to play Flash files. There is a standalone player and a Mozilla plugin that uses the library. Swfdec supports Flash through version 4, and most features of Flash through version 9. The player was routinely updated to support the latest features demanded by video pla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Swfdec-Linux support-Swfdec was chosen in 2007 as the Flash player for Fedora, and it has been ported to DirectFB for embedded use alongside its X11 and GTK+ bindings. It uses the Cairo graphics library for rendering, GStreamer for decoding audio and video, and PulseAudio, OSS, or ALSA for audio playback. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Pullback (category theory)-In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fiber product, fibre product, fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms f : X → Z and g : Y → Z with a common codomain. The pullback is written P ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Pullback (category theory)-The dual concept of the pullback is the pushout. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Universal property-Explicitly, a pullback of the morphisms f and g consists of an object P and two morphisms p1 : P → X and p2 : P → Y for which the diagram commutes. Moreover, the pullback (P, p1, p2) must be universal with respect to this diagram. That is, for any other such triple (Q, q1, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Universal property-This situation is illustrated in the following commutative diagram.
As with all universal constructions, a pullback, if it exists, is unique up to isomorphism. In fact, given two pullbacks (A, a1, a2) and (B, b1, b2) of the same cospan X → Z ← Y, there is a unique isomorphi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Pullback and product-The pullback is similar to the product, but not the same. One may obtain the product by "forgetting" that the morphisms f and g exist, and forgetting that the object Z exists. One is then left with a discrete category containing only the two objects X and Y, and no arrows... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-Commutative rings In the category of commutative rings (with identity), the pullback is called the fibered product. Let A, B, and C be commutative rings (with identity) and α : A → C and β : B → C (identity preserving) ring homomorphisms. Then the pullback of this diagram exists and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-Groups and modules In complete analogy to the example of commutative rings above, one can show that all pullbacks exist in the category of groups and in the category of modules over some fixed ring.
Sets In the category of sets, the pullback of functions f : X → Z and g : Y → Z alway... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-This example motivates another way of characterizing the pullback: as the equalizer of the morphisms f ∘ p1, g ∘ p2 : X × Y → Z where X × Y is the binary product of X and Y and p1 and p2 are the natural projections. This shows that pullbacks exist in any category with binary products... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-Graphs of functions A specific example of a pullback is given by the graph of a function. Suppose that f:X→Y is a function. The graph of f is the set The graph can be reformulated as the pullback of f and the identity function on Y. By definition, this pullback is and this equals Γ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-Preimages and intersections Preimages of sets under functions can be described as pullbacks as follows: Suppose f : A → B, B0 ⊆ B. Let g be the inclusion map B0 ↪ B. Then a pullback of f and g (in Set) is given by the preimage f−1[B0] together with the inclusion of the preimage in A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Examples-Least common multiple Consider the multiplicative monoid of positive integers Z+ as a category with one object. In this category, the pullback of two positive integers m and n is just the pair (LCM(m, n)/m, LCM(m, n)/n), where the numerators are both the least common multiple of m an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Properties-In any category with a terminal object T, the pullback X ×T Y is just the ordinary product X × Y.
Monomorphisms are stable under pullback: if the arrow f in the diagram is monic, then so is the arrow p2. Similarly, if g is monic, then so is p1.
Isomorphisms are also stable, and hen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Properties-In an abelian category all pullbacks exist, and they preserve kernels, in the following sense: if is a pullback diagram, then the induced morphism ker(p2) → ker(f) is an isomorphism, and so is the induced morphism ker(p1) → ker(g). Every pullback diagram thus gives rise to a commut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Properties-Any category with pullbacks and products has equalizers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pullback (category theory)-Weak pullbacks-A weak pullback of a cospan X → Z ← Y is a cone over the cospan that is only weakly universal, that is, the mediating morphism u : Q → P above is not required to be unique. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vaginal artery-Vaginal artery-The vaginal artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the vagina and the base of the bladder. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vaginal artery-Structure-The vaginal artery is usually a branch of the internal iliac artery. Some sources say that the vaginal artery can arise from the uterine artery, but the phrase vaginal branches of uterine artery is the term for blood supply to the vagina coming from the uterine artery.The vaginal artery is freq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vaginal artery-Function-The vaginal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the muscular wall of the vagina, along with the uterine artery and the internal pudendal artery. It also supplies the cervix, along with the uterine artery. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vaginal artery-Other animals-In horses, the vaginal artery may haemorrhage after birth, which can cause death. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
External intercostal muscles-External intercostal muscles-The external intercostal muscles, or external intercostals (Intercostales externi) are eleven in number on both sides. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
External intercostal muscles-Structure-The muscles extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the external intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum.
These muscles work in unison when inhalation occurs. The internal int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
External intercostal muscles-Variations-Continuation with the external oblique or serratus anterior: A supracostalis muscle, from the anterior end of the first rib down to the second, third or fourth ribs occasionally occurs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-EMBnet-The European Molecular Biology network (EMBnet) is an international scientific network and interest group that aims to enhance bioinformatics services by bringing together bioinformatics expertises and capacities. On 2011 EMBnet has 37 nodes spread over 32 countries. The nodes include bioinformatics relat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Operations-The main task of most EMBnet nodes is to provide their national scientific community with access to bioinformatics databanks, specialised software and sufficient computing resources and expertise. EMBnet is also working in the fields of bioinformatics training and software development. Examples of sof... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Operations-Since its creation in 1988, EMBnet has evolved from an informal network of individuals in charge of maintaining biological databases into the only worldwide organization bringing bioinformatics professionals to work together to serve the expanding fields of genetics and molecular biology. Although com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Operations-EMBnet has a tried-and-tested infrastructure to organise training courses, give technical help and help its members effectively interact and respond to the rapidly changing needs of biological research in a way no single institute is able to do.
In 2005 the organization created additional types of nod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Coordination and organization-EMBnet is governed by the Annual General Meetings (AGM), and is coordinated by an executive board (EB) that oversees the activities of three project committees: Education and Training committee (E&T). Educational support includes a series of courses organised in the member countries... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Achievements-EMBnet had the first gopher and World Wide Web servers in biology (CSC BioBox) EMBnet was the first to come up with solutions for daily database updates using Internet (NDT), distributed computing (HASSLE) and efficient database browsing and linking (Sequence Retrieval System, SRS).
The Ping project... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Journal-Starting from 1994 and up to 2009 EMBnet published EMBnet.news. Its primary goal was to bring information and report on the latest news and developments from the network to the user community. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EMBnet-Journal-Established in 2010 as the successor of the EMBnet.news (with volume numbering continuing uninterrupted), EMBnet.journal is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal publishing original research and technical papers in bioinformatics. The journal contains two main sections, one for research articles... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Phenomenology (architecture)-Architectural phenomenology is the discursive and realist attempt to understand and embody the philosophical insights of phenomenology within the discipline of architecture. The phenomenology of architecture is the philosophical study of architecture employing t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Phenomenology (architecture)-Architectural phenomenology emphasizes human experience, background, intention and historical reflection, interpretation, and poetic and ethical considerations in contrast to the anti-historicism of postwar modernism and the pastiche of postmodernism. Much like ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Historical development-Origins Edmund Husserl is credited with founding Phenomenology, as a philosophical approach to understanding experience, in the early 20th Century. The emergence of Phenomenology occurred during a period of extensive transformation referred to as Modernism. During thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Historical development-Early Architectural Studies (1950's-1960's) Architects first started seriously studying phenomenology at Princeton University in the 1950s under the influence of Jean Labatut. In the 1950's, architect Charles W. Moore conducted some of the first phenomenological studi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Historical development-The Essex School (1970's-1980's) In the 1970's, the School of Comparative Studies at the University of Essex, under the direction of Dalibor Vesely and Joseph Rykwert, was a breeding ground for a generation of architectural phenomenologists, including David Leatherbar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Historical development-Contemporary Architectural Phenomenology (2010-present) Recent scholarly activity in architectural phenomenology draws on contemporary phenomenology and philosophy of mind authors Gallagher and Zahavi. Some examples include a 2018 issue of Log with the theme "Disorien... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Themes-Dwelling As a phenomenological perspective on being in society and dwelling within a social world took focus, expanded interest in the urban and social experience became central to the thinking of social philosophers like Alfred Schutz. The phenomenon of dwelling, as explicated in He... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Influence in practice-According to Juhani Pallasmaa, contemporary practitioners of the phenomenology of architecture include architects Daniel Libeskind, Steven Holl, and Peter Zumthor. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phenomenology (architecture)-Notable architects-Notable architects and scholars of architecture associated with architectural phenomenology include: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Histotrophy-Histotrophy-Histotrophy is a form of matrotrophy exhibited by some live-bearing sharks and rays, in which the developing embryo receives additional nutrition from its mother in the form of uterine secretions, known as histotroph (or "uterine milk"). It is one of the three major modes of elasmobranch reprodu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Histotrophy-Histotrophy-There are two categories of histotrophy: In mucoid or limited histotrophy, the developing embryo ingests uterine mucus or histotroph as a supplement to the energy supplies provided by its yolk sac. This form of histotrophy is known to occur in the dogfish sharks (Squaliformes) and the electric r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Histotrophy-Histotrophy-In lipid histotrophy, the developing embryo is supplied with protein and lipid-enriched histotroph through specialized finger-like structures known as trophonemata. The additional nutrition provided by the enriched histotroph allows the embryo to increase in mass from the egg by several orders o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gbcast-Gbcast-Gbcast (also known as group broadcast) is a reliable multicast protocol that provides ordered, fault-tolerant (all-or-none) message delivery in a group of receivers within a network of machines that experience crash failure. The protocol is capable of solving Consensus in a network of unreliable processor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gbcast-History-Introduced in 1985, Gbcast was the first widely deployed reliable multicast protocol to implement state machine replication with dynamically reconfigurable membership. Although this problem had been treated theoretically under various models in prior work, Gbcast innovated by showing that the same multic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gbcast-History-The term state machine replication was first suggested by Leslie Lamport and was widely adopted after publication of a survey paper written by Fred B. Schneider. The model covers any system in which some deterministic object (a state machine) is replicated in such a way that a series of commands can be a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gbcast-History-State machine replication is closely related to the distributed Consensus problem, in which a collection of processes must agree upon some decision outcome, such as the winner of an election. In particular, it can be shown that any solution to the state machine replication problem would also be capable o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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