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Singular they-Cognitive efficiency-A study of whether "singular they" is more "difficult" to understand than gendered pronouns found that "singular they is a cognitively efficient substitute for generic he or she, particularly when the antecedent is nonreferential" (e.g. anybody, a nurse, or a truck driver) rather than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Comparison with other pronouns-The singular and plural use of they can be compared with the pronoun you, which had been both a plural and polite singular, but by the 18th century replaced thou for singular referents. For "you", the singular reflexive pronoun ("yourself") is different from its plural refle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Comparison with other pronouns-Singular "they" has also been compared to nosism (such as the "royal we"), when a single person uses first-person plural in place of first-person singular pronouns. Similar to singular "you", its singular reflexive pronoun ("ourself") is different from the plural reflexive p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Comparison with other pronouns-While the pronoun set derived from it is primarily used for inanimate objects, it is frequently used in an impersonal context when someone's identity is unknown or established on a provisional basis, e.g. "Who is it?" or "With this new haircut, no one knows it is me." It is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-In other languages-In German, some nonbinary people use they/them pronouns as an anglicism, for want of an established German gender-neutral pronoun. they in German comes with verbs in singular ("they ist", i.e. "they is"), since there is no plural they in German. In French some prefer to use iel instead ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Permanganate-A permanganate () is a chemical compound with the manganate(VII) ion, MnO−4, the conjugate base of permanganic acid. Because the manganese atom has a +7 oxidation state, the permanganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidising agent. The ion is a transition metal ion with a tetrahedral structure. Perma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Permanganate-8MnO−4 + 3C2H3Cl3 → 6CO2 + 8MnO2 + H+ + 4H2O + 9Cl−In an acidic solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the pale pink manganese(II) (Mn2+) with an oxidation state of +2.
8 H+ + MnO−4 + 5 e− → Mn2+ + 4 H2OIn a strongly basic or alkaline solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the green mang... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Production-Permanganates can be produced by oxidation of manganese compounds such as manganese chloride or manganese sulfate by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite or lead dioxide: 2 MnCl2 + 5 NaClO + 6 NaOH → 2 NaMnO4 + 9 NaCl + 3 H2O 2 MnSO4 + 5 PbO2 + 3 H2SO4 → 2 HMnO4 + 5 PbSO4 +... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Usage-This is a common and strong disinfectant, used regularly to sanitize baths, toilets, and wash basins, or anything general like that. It is a cheap and extremely effective compound for the task. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Properties-Permanganates(VII) are salts of permanganic acid. They have a deep purple colour, due to a charge transfer transition from oxo ligand p orbitals to empty orbitals derived from manganese(VII) d orbitals. Permanganate(VII) is a strong oxidizer, and similar to perchlorate. It is therefore in common... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Properties-It is a useful reagent, but it is not very selective with organic compounds. Potassium permanganate is used as a disinfectant and water treatment additive in aquaculture.Manganates(VII) are not very stable thermally. For instance, potassium permanganate decomposes at 230 °C to potassium manganat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Properties-In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn(V) species: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Permanganate-Compounds-Ammonium permanganate, NH4MnO4 Barium permanganate, Ba(MnO4)2 Calcium permanganate, Ca(MnO4)2 Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 Sodium permanganate, NaMnO4 Silver permanganate, AgMnO4 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-AnyKode Marilou-anyKode Marilou is a modeling and simulation environment for mobile robots, humanoids, articulated arms and parallel robots operating in real-world conditions that respect the laws of physics. This robotics suite is used in research centers and industry for various projects like humanoid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Scenes modeling-The entities' editor can design the robot's collision model by using any of the static or dynamic objects in the given simulated world. CAD-style editing tools are entirely graphical.
Scenes, dynamics, and robots properties can be changed from a view/document/properties IHM style. Also, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Key features-Graphical handling of robots and environments models (physics parts and 3D models) Modeling helpers, Refactoring tools, several documents and viewpoints Rigid bodies, n-axis constraints and springs Mechanical constraints Surface properties (reflection, shock, friction, incidence, rebound, b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Devices-Marilou includes a complete set of user-modifiable virtual devices. The behavior of these devices may be overridden by the properties of real devices available in robotics. This feature allows the programmer to use a known device's parameters directly. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Devices-This is a list of supported devices types: Embedded robotic components Absolute Compass Actuating cylinders / jack Accelerometers/Gyro-meters/Gyroscope Air pressure forces Bumpers Distance sensors (Ultrasonic, Infra Red and Laser) Motors and servo motors Emitters and receivers Force and Torque s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Robots programming-MODA (Marilou Open Devices Access) is the Marilou generic SDK for handling simulated robots and their embedded devices, such as sensors and actuators. Depending on chosen language, MODA provides libraries (.lib /.a) or .Net assembly (.dll) for accessing simulation over the network. Sy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
AnyKode Marilou-Robots programming-Languages: C / C++, C++ CLI, C#, J#, VB# Compilers: Microsoft Visual Studio suites, DevC++, Borland C++ RAD Studio, G++ for Linux, CodeBlocks MODA is open-source and compatible with Linux (Mac coming soon) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anomalous oxygen-Anomalous oxygen-Anomalous oxygen is hot atomic and singly ionized oxygen believed to be present in Earth's exosphere above 500 km near the poles during their respective summers. This additional component augmenting mainly the hydrogen and helium exosphere is able to explain the unexpectedly high drag ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandalore-Sandalore-Sandalore is a synthetic sandalwood odorant with odor in some ways similar to sandalwood and consequently used in perfumes, emollients, and skin cleaning agents. Sandalore, and the similar brahmanol, have been identified as agonists of the cutaneous olfactory receptor OR2AT4, and found to induce str... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a type of brain inflammation caused by antibodies. Early symptoms may include fever, headache, and feeling tired. This is then typically followed by psychosis which presents with false beliefs (delusions) and seeing or he... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Signs and symptoms-Prior to the development of a symptom complex that is specific to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, people may experience prodromal symptoms, including headaches, flu-like illness, or symptoms similar to an upper respiratory infection. These symptoms may be present for ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Pathophysiology-The condition is mediated by autoantibodies that target NMDA receptors in the brain. These can be produced by cross reactivity with NMDA receptors in teratomas, which contain many cell types, including brain cells, and thus present a window in which a breakdown in immunol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Pathophysiology-Passive access involves the diffusion of antibodies from the blood across a pathologically disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). This cellular filter, separating the central nervous system from the circulatory system, normally prevents larger molecules from entering the br... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Pathophysiology-Intrathecal production (production of antibodies in the intrathecal space) is also a possible mechanism. Dalmau et al. demonstrated that 53 out of 58 patients with the condition had at least partially preserved BBBs, whilst having a high concentration of antibodies in the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Pathophysiology-Antibodies Once the antibodies have entered the CSF, they bind to the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. There are three possible methods in which neuronal damage occurs.
A reduction in the density of NMDA receptors on the post synaptic knob, due to receptor internalizatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Pathophysiology-The recruitment of the complement cascade via the classical pathway (antibody-antigen interaction). Membrane attack complex (MAC) is one of the end products of this cascade and can insert into neurons as a molecular barrel, allowing water to enter. The cell subsequently l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Diagnosis-First and foremost is a high level of clinical suspicion, especially in young adults showing abnormal behavior as well as autonomic instability. Clinical examination may further reveal delusions and hallucinations, which can aid diagnostic efforts.The initial investigation usua... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Diagnosis-Diagnostic criteria for probable and definite anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis have been proposed to facilitate diagnosis at an early stage of the disease and help initiate early treatment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Management-If a person is found to have a tumor, the long-term prognosis is generally better and the chance of relapse is much lower. This is because the tumor can be removed surgically, thus eradicating the source of autoantibodies. In general, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Management-If a tumor is detected, its removal should occur in conjunction with first-line immunotherapy. This involves steroids to suppress the immune system, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis to physically remove autoantibodies. A study of 577 patients showed that over fou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Prognosis-The recovery process from anti-NMDAR encephalitis can take many months. The symptoms may reappear in reverse order: The patient may begin to experience psychosis again, leading many people to falsely believe the patient is not recovering. As the recovery process continues on, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Epidemiology-The estimated number of cases of the disease is 1.5 per million people per year. According to the California Encephalitis Project, the disease has a higher incidence than its individual viral counterparts in patients younger than 30. The largest case series as of 2013 charac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Society and culture-Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is suspected of being an underlying cause of historical accounts of demonic possession.New York Post reporter Susannah Cahalan wrote a book titled Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness about her experience with the disease. This has subseq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-Society and culture-Knut, a polar bear at the Berlin Zoological Garden that died on 19 March 2011, was diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in August 2015. This was the first case discovered in a non-human animal.In Hannibal, Will Graham was affected by NMDA receptor or antibod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase-Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase-Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is responsible for passive transport of carnitine and carnitine-fatty acid complexes and across the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the carnitine shuttle system. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase-Function-Fatty acyl–carnitine can diffuse from the cytosol across the porous outer mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space, but must utilize CACT to cross the nonporous inner mitochondrial membrane and reach the mitochondrial matrix. CACT is a cotransporter, returning one m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase-Clinical significance-A disorder is associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. This disorder disrupts the carnitine shuttle system from moving fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a decrease in fatty acid catabolism. The result is an accumula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase-Model organisms-Model organisms have been used in the study of SLC25A20 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Slc25a20tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antaryamin-Antaryamin-The Antaryamin, in terms of Hindu philosophy, is related to the "inner-self", the "inner-controller" or the "inner-guidance" that exists in a person and itself manifests on an intuitive way to the one manifesting it. It recalls a teacher or a guru that resides within and once it is manifested - fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antaryamin-Hindu contextualization-On the Hindu scriptures, we find the concept of the Antaryamin as the Inner Controller after the building of the elementary concepts regarding a deity or an ego - on a unity way - of which is controlling, somehow to a compared intelligence, the universe and all that is. This intellige... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Vital signs-Vital signs (also known as vitals) are a group of the four to six most crucial medical signs that indicate the status of the body's vital (life-sustaining) functions. These measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Primary vital signs-There are four primary vital signs which are standard in most medical settings: Body temperature Heart rate or Pulse Respiratory rate Blood pressureThe equipment needed is a thermometer, a sphygmomanometer, and a watch. Although a pulse can be taken by hand, a stethoscope may be required... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Primary vital signs-Temperature can be measured from the mouth, rectum, axilla (armpit), ear, or skin. Oral, rectal, and axillary temperature can be measured with either a glass or electronic thermometer. Note that rectal temperature measures approximately 0.5 °C higher than oral temperature, and axillary t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Primary vital signs-Pulse The pulse is the rate at which the heart beats while pumping blood through the arteries, recorded as beats per minute (bpm). It may also be called "heart rate". In addition to providing the heart rate, the pulse should also be evaluated for strength and obvious rhythm abnormalities... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Primary vital signs-Respiratory rate Average respiratory rates vary between ages, but the normal reference range for people age 18 to 65 is 16–20 breaths per minute. The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Primary vital signs-Blood pressure Blood pressure is recorded as two readings: a higher systolic pressure, which occurs during the maximal contraction of the heart, and the lower diastolic or resting pressure. In adults, a normal blood pressure is 120/80, with 120 being the systolic and 80 being the diastol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Other signs-In the U.S., in addition to the above four, many providers are required or encouraged by government technology-in-medicine laws to record the patient's height, weight, and body mass index. In contrast to the traditional vital signs, these measurements are not useful for assessing acute changes i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Other signs-The definition of vital signs may also vary with the setting of the assessment. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), in particular, are taught to measure the vital signs of respiration, pulse, skin, pupils, and blood pressure as "the 5 vital signs" in a non-hospital setting.
Fifth vital signs T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Variations by age-Children and infants have respiratory and heart rates that are faster than those of adults as shown in the following table : | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Monitoring-Monitoring of vital parameters most commonly includes at least blood pressure and heart rate, and preferably also pulse oximetry and respiratory rate. Multimodal monitors that simultaneously measure and display the relevant vital parameters are commonly integrated into the bedside monitors in int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vital signs-Monitoring-While monitoring has traditionally been done by nurses and doctors, a number of companies are developing devices that can be used by consumers themselves. These include Cherish Health, Scanadu and Azoi. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Electromagnetic pulse-An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field, as an electric field, as a magnetic fie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Electromagnetic pulse-The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with the solar storm of August 1859, or the Carrington Event.In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP pulse are designed to disrupt communications equipment, the computers needed to operate modern war... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-General characteristics-An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by: The mode of energy transfer (radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted).
The range or spe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-General characteristics-EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic damped sine wave. Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-General characteristics-In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band damped sine wave response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular pulse trains.
Diff... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Power line surges. These can be up to several kilovolts, enough to damage electronic equipment that is insufficiently protected.Types of military EMP include: Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude nuclear EMP (HEMP), ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.
Lightning Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) ESD eve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel va... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Switching pulses The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However, the many millions of transistors in a modern com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a nuclear explosion. The resulting rapidly changing electric fields and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging curre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-NEMP weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above the Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid-stratosphere, which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include a large low-inductance capacitor bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a mi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Types-The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Effects-Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example, a common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Control-Like any electromagnetic interference, the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made.
Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and hardening or protecting it from harm. Man-made so... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Control-Induced pulse simulation Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique is to use a current clamp in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Control-Threat pulse simulation Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate the actual threat conditions. A small-scal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Control-At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries. The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Safety-High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching a Van de Graaff generator or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-Safety-Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe.According to research from Edd Gent, a 2019 report by the Electric Power Research Institut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electromagnetic pulse-In popular culture-By 1981, a number of articles on electromagnetic pulse in the popular press spread knowledge of the EMP phenomenon into the popular culture. EMP has been subsequently used in a wide variety of fiction and other aspects of popular culture. Popular media often depict EMP effects i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carbocisteine-Carbocisteine-Carbocisteine, also called carbocysteine, is a mucolytic that reduces the viscosity of sputum and so can be used to help relieve the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and bronchiectasis by allowing the sufferer to bring up sputum more easily. Carbocisteine should not ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive oil extraction-Olive oil extraction is the process of extracting the olive oil present in olive drupes. Olive oil is produced in the mesocarp cells, and stored in a particular type of vacuole called a lipo vacuole, i.e., every cell contains a tiny olive oil droplet. Olive oil extraction is th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-People have used olive presses since Greeks first began pressing olives over 5,000 years ago. Roman olive presses survive to the present time, with a notable collection present at Volubilis in Morocco. An olive press works by applying pressure to olive paste to separate the liquid oil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-Olive presses were traditionally built within walled structures. Traditional olive-presses consisted of a large, cylindrical millstone mounted by an upper milling-stone used to grind the olives and their pits into a pulp. Formerly, the upper milling-stone was turned by a beast of burd... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-This basic method is still widely used today, and it is still a valid way of producing high quality olive oil if adequate precautions are taken. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-First the olives are ground into an olive paste using large millstones at a corporate oil mill. The olive paste generally stays under the stones for 30–40 minutes. This has three objectives: Ensure that olives are well ground Allow enough time for the olive drops to join to form the l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-These discs are then put on a hydraulic piston, forming a pile. Pressure is applied on the disks, thus compacting the solid phase of the olive paste and percolating the liquid phases (oil and vegetation water). The applied hydraulic pressure can go to 400 atm. To facilitate separation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-The traditional method is a valid form of producing high-quality olive oil, if after each extraction the discs are properly cleaned from the remains of paste; if not the leftover paste will begin to ferment, thereby producing inconsistencies of flavors (called defects) that will conta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-Grades of olive oil In ancient Palestine and the Levant, three methods were used to produce different grades of olive oil. The finest oil was produced from fully developed and ripe olives harvested solely from the apex of the tree, and lightly pressed, "for what flows from light press... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-Advantages and disadvantages Proper cleaning produces higher-quality oil. Grindstones, while ancient in design, are a suitable way to grind olives, because this method breaks up the drupe's pulp while only slightly touching the nut and the skin. This reduces the release of the oil oxi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Olive presses-Advantages Better grinding of the olives, reducing the release of oil oxidation enzymes Reduced added water, minimizing the washing of polyphenols Pomace with a low content of water easier to manageDisadvantages Difficult to clean Non-continuous process with waiting periods thus expos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-The modern method of olive oil extraction uses an industrial decanter to separate all the phases by centrifugation. In this method the olives are crushed to a fine paste. This can be done by a hammer crusher, disc crusher, depitting machine or knife crusher. This paste is th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-Afterwards the paste is pumped into an industrial decanter where the phases will be separated. Water is added to facilitate the extraction process with the paste.
The decanter is a large capacity horizontal centrifuge rotating approximately 3,000 rpm, the high centrifugal fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-The two phases oil decanter was created as an attempt to solve these problems. Sacrificing part of its extraction capability, it uses less added water thus reducing the phenol washing. The olive paste is separated into two phases: oil and wet pomace. This type of decanter, i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-The two-and-a-half-phase oil decanter is a compromise between the two previous types of decanters. It separates the olive paste into the standard three phases, but has a smaller need for added water and also a smaller vegetation water output. Therefore, the water content of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-Depending on the olives and processing, the Decanter or Tricanter can extract between 85 and 90% of the olive oil in the 1st extraction. The yield from olive oil manufacture can be increased even further with a 2nd extraction. The olive oil yield increases to as much as 96% ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Decanter centrifugation-Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Compact machinery: only one decanter required Continuous and automated Limited labor required Highest percent of oil extraction Vegetable water disposal less of a problem Olive oil from two-phase centrifugation systems contains more ph... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Sinolea method-The Sinolea method to extract oil from the olives was introduced in 1972; in this process, rows of metal discs or plates are dipped into the paste; the oil preferentially wets and sticks to the metal and is removed with scrapers in a continuous process. It is based on the different s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Sinolea method-Sinolea works by continuously introducing several hundreds of steel plaques into the paste thus extracting the olive oil. This process is not completely efficient leaving a large quantity of oil still in the paste, so the remaining paste has to be processed by the standard modern met... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-Sinolea method-Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Higher polyphenol content of oil Low temperature method Automated Low labor Oil/water separation step is not needed Low energy requirementDisadvantages Often must be combined with one of the above methods in order to maximize oil extraction whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Olive oil extraction-First cold pressed – cold extraction-Many oils are marketed as first cold pressed or cold extraction. "Cold" means no heat is added during extraction. "Pressed" means that the olives are crushed in a mill to extract the oil.In the EU, these designations are regulated by Article 5 of Commission Regu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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