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Ellsberg paradox-Ellsberg paradox-In decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox (or Ellsberg's paradox) is a paradox in which people's decisions are inconsistent with subjective expected utility theory. Daniel Ellsberg popularized the paradox in his 1961 paper, "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms". John Maynard Keynes p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Ellsberg paradox-Ellsberg's findings indicate that choices with an underlying level of risk are favored in instances where the likelihood of risk is clear, rather than instances in which the likelihood of risk is unknown. A decision-maker will overwhelmingly favor a choice with a transparent likelihood... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-Ellsberg's experimental research involved two separate thought experiments: the 2-urn 2-color scenario and the 1 urn 3-color scenario.
Two-urns paradox There are two urns each containing 100 balls. It is known that urn A contains 50 red and 50 black, but urn B contains an unknown ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-The following bets are offered to a participant: Bet 1A: get $1 if red is drawn from urn A, $0 otherwise Bet 2A: get $1 if black is drawn from urn A, $0 otherwise Bet 1B: get $1 if red is drawn from urn B, $0 otherwise Bet 2B: get $1 if black is drawn from urn B, $0 otherwise Typi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-One-urn paradox There is one urn containing 90 balls: 30 balls are red, while the remaining 60 balls are either black or yellow in unknown proportions. The balls are well mixed so that each ball is as likely to be drawn as any other. The participants then choose a gambling scenari... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-Utility theory interpretation Utility theory models the choice by assuming that in choosing between these gambles, people assume a probability that the non-red balls are yellow versus black, and then compute the expected utility of the two gambles individually. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-Since the prizes are the same, it follows that the participant will strictly prefer Gamble A to Gamble B if and only if they believe that drawing a red ball is more likely than drawing a black ball (according to expected utility theory). Also, there would be indifference between t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-However, ambiguity aversion would predict that people would strictly prefer Gamble A to Gamble B, and Gamble D to Gamble C.
Ellsberg's findings violate assumptions made within common Expected Utility Theory, with participants strictly preferring Gamble A to Gamble B and Gamble D t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-Numerical demonstration Mathematically, the estimated probabilities of each color ball can be represented as R, Y, and B. If the participant strictly prefers Gamble A to Gamble B, by utility theory, it is presumed this preference is reflected by the expected utilities of the two g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-The generality of the paradox The result holds regardless of the utility function. Indeed, the amount of the payoff is likewise irrelevant. Whichever gamble is selected, the prize for winning it is the same, and the cost of losing it is the same (no cost), so ultimately there are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-In addition, the result holds regardless of risk aversion—all gambles involve risk. By choosing Gamble D, the participant has a 1 in 3 chance of receiving nothing, and by choosing Gamble A, a 2 in 3 chance of receiving nothing. If Gamble A was less risky than Gamble B, it would fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-However, because the exact chances of winning are known for Gambles A and D and not known for Gambles B and C, this can be taken as evidence for some sort of ambiguity aversion, which cannot be accounted for in expected utility theory. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-Possible explanations There have been various attempts to provide decision-theoretic explanations of Ellsberg's observation. Since the probabilistic information available to the decision-maker is incomplete, these attempts sometimes focus on quantifying the non-probabilistic ambig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-One such attempt is based on info-gap decision theory. The agent is told precise probabilities of some outcomes, though the practical meaning of the probability numbers is not entirely clear. For instance, in the gambles discussed above, the probability of a red ball is 30/90, whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Experimental research-In light of the ambiguity in the probabilities of the outcomes, the agent is unable to evaluate a precise expected utility. Consequently, a choice based on maximizing the expected utility is also impossible. The info-gap approach supposes that the agent implicitly formulates info-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Decisions under uncertainty aversion-To describe how an individual would take decisions in a world where uncertainty aversion exists, modifications of the expected utility framework have been proposed. These include: Choquet expected utility: Created by French mathematician Gustave Choquet was a subadd... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Decisions under uncertainty aversion-Maxmin expected utility: Axiomatized by Gilboa and Schmeidler is a widely received alternative to utility maximization, taking into account ambiguity-averse preferences. This model reconciles the notion that intuitive decisions may violate the ambiguity neutrality, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Alternative explanations-Other alternative explanations include the competence hypothesis and the comparative ignorance hypothesis. Both theories attribute the source of the ambiguity aversion to the participant's pre-existing knowledge. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ellsberg paradox-Daniel Ellsberg's 1962 paper, "Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision"-Upon graduating in Economics from Harvard in 1952, Ellsberg left immediately to serve as a US Marine before coming back to Harvard in 1957 to complete his post-graduate studies on decision-making under uncertainty. Ellsberg left his graduate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Rank factorization-In mathematics, given a field F , nonnegative integers m,n , and a matrix A∈Fm×n , a rank decomposition or rank factorization of A is a factorization of A of the form A = CF, where C∈Fm×r and F∈Fr×n , where rank A is the rank of A | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Existence-Every finite-dimensional matrix has a rank decomposition: Let {\textstyle A} be an {\textstyle m\times n} matrix whose column rank is {\textstyle r} . Therefore, there are {\textstyle r} linearly independent columns in {\textstyle A} ; equivalently, the dimension of the column space of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Non-uniqueness-If A = C 1 F 1 {\textstyle A=C_{1}F_{1}} is a rank factorization, taking C 2 = C 1 R {\textstyle C_{2}=C_{1}R} and F 2 = R − 1 F 1 {\textstyle F_{2}=R^{-1}F_{1}} gives another rank factorization for any invertible matrix R {\textstyle R} of compatible dimensions. Conversely, if A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Construction-Rank factorization from reduced row echelon forms In practice, we can construct one specific rank factorization as follows: we can compute {\textstyle B} , the reduced row echelon form of {\textstyle A} . Then {\textstyle C} is obtained by removing from {\textstyle A} all non-pivot c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Construction-Example Consider the matrix A=[1314273915311208]∼[10−20011000010000]=B.
{\textstyle B} is in reduced echelon form.
Then {\textstyle C} is obtained by removing the third column of {\textstyle A} , the only one which is not a pivot column, and {\textstyle F} by getting rid of the last r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Construction-Proof Let {\textstyle P} be an {\textstyle n\times n} permutation matrix such that {\textstyle AP=(C,D)} in block partitioned form, where the columns of {\textstyle C} are the {\textstyle r} pivot columns of {\textstyle A} . Every column of {\textstyle D} is a linear combination o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Construction-Singular value decomposition If F∈{R,C}, then one can also construct a full-rank factorization of {\textstyle A} via a singular value decomposition A=UΣV∗=[U1U2][Σr000][V1∗V2∗]=U1(ΣrV1∗).
Since {\textstyle U_{1}} is a full-column-rank matrix and {\textstyle \Sigma _{r}V_{1}^{*}} is a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Consequences-rank(A) = rank(AT) An immediate consequence of rank factorization is that the rank of A {\textstyle A} is equal to the rank of its transpose A T {\textstyle A^{\textsf {T}}} . Since the columns of A {\textstyle A} are the rows of A T {\textstyle A^{\textsf {T}}} , the column rank of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Consequences-Now, F T {\textstyle F^{\textsf {T}}} is n × r {\textstyle n\times r} , so there are r {\textstyle r} columns in F T {\textstyle F^{\textsf {T}}} and, hence, rank ( A T ) ≤ r = rank ( A ) {\textstyle \operatorname {rank} \left(A^{\textsf {T}}\right)\leq r=\operatorname {rank} \l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Consequences-Now apply the result to A T {\textstyle A^{\textsf {T}}} to obtain the reverse inequality: since ( A T ) T = A {\textstyle \left(A^{\textsf {T}}\right)^{\textsf {T}}=A} , we can write rank ( A ) = rank ( ( A T ) T ) ≤ rank ( A T ) {\textstyle \operatorname {rank} \left(A\right)=... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rank factorization-Consequences-We have, therefore, proved rank ( A T ) ≤ rank ( A ) {\textstyle \operatorname {rank} \left(A^{\textsf {T}}\right)\leq \operatorname {rank} \left(A\right)} and rank ( A ) ≤ rank ( A T ) {\textstyle \operatorname {rank} \left(A\right)\leq \operatorname {rank} \left(A^{\textsf {T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Racal suit-Racal suit-A Racal suit (also known as a Racal space suit) is a protective suit with a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR). It consists of a plastic suit and a battery-operated blower with HEPA filters that supplies filtered air to a positive-pressure hood (also known as a Racal hood). Racal suits were a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Racal suit-Components-The main body of the protective suit consists of a lightweight coverall made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rubber gloves, and rubber boots. Originally, the coverall was in a bright orange color, and the Racal suit was known as an orange suit.The hood is a separate component from the protective suit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Racal suit-Procedures-The main purpose of the AIT was to evacuate a patient from the field to a specialized isolation unit. As part of their procedures, AIT members wore Racal suits while transporting the patients. They were trained to take a bathroom break before suiting up, since the time they would be in the suits c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Racal suit-Similar suits-The Racal suit is similar to other positive pressure personnel suits such as the Chemturion, in that there is an air supply to provide positive pressure to reduce the chance of airborne agents entering the suit. However, several components are different. The positive pressure section for the Ra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Racal suit-In popular culture-Racal suits were used in films such as Outbreak in 1995. The term is also used in literature related to situations with infectious diseases, such as in The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story, Infected, and Executive Orders. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Pancreatic polypeptide-Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain endocrine tumours. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Gene-The PPY gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor. This precursor is cleaved to produce pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic icosapeptide, and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Structure-Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 amino acids. It has a molecular weight about 4200 Da. It has a similar structure to neuropeptide Y. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Synthesis-Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by PP cells (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. These are found predominantly in the head of the pancreas. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Function-Pancreatic polypeptide regulates pancreatic secretion activities by both endocrine and exocrine tissues. It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.
Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycaemia, and is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Function-Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in anorexia nervosa. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents. Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pancreatic polypeptide-Clinical significance-The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours (insulin, glucagon), by Verner-Morrison syndrome, and by gastrinomas. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
8-Mercaptoquinoline-8-Mercaptoquinoline-8-Mercaptoquinoline is the organosulfur compound with the formula C9H7NSH. It is a derivative of the heterocycle quinoline, substituted in the 8-position with a thiol group. The compound is an analog of 8-hydroxyquinoline, a common chelating agent. The compound is a colorless sol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
8-Mercaptoquinoline-Preparation-Quinoline reacts with chlorosulfuric acid to form quinoline-8-sulfonyl chloride, which reacts with triphenylphosphine in toluene to form 8-mercaptoquinoline. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Thermomechanical processing-Thermomechanical processing is a metallurgical process that combines mechanical or plastic deformation process like compression or forging, rolling, etc. with thermal processes like heat-treatment, water quenching, heating and cooling at various rates into a singl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Application in rebar steel-The quenching process produces a high strength bar from inexpensive low carbon steel. The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and simultaneously begins to temper the quenched lay... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Application in rebar steel-Steel billets 130mm² ("pencil ingots") are heated to approximately 1200°C to 1250°C in a reheat furnace. Then, they are progressively rolled to reduce the billets to the final size and shape of reinforcing bar. After the last rolling stand, the billet moves through... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Application in rebar steel-Finally, the slow cooling after quenching automatically tempers the austenitic core to ferrite and pearlite on the cooling bed.
These bars therefore exhibit a variation in microstructure in their cross section, having strong, tough, tempered martensite in the surfa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Application in rebar steel-In contrast, lower grades of rebar are twisted when cold, work hardening them to increase their strength. However, after thermo mechanical treatment (TMT), bars do not need more work hardening. As there is no twisting during TMT, no torsional stress occurs, and so ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thermomechanical processing-Application in rebar steel-After thermomechanical processing, some grades in which TMT Bars can be covered includes Fe: 415 /500 /550/ 600. These are much stronger compared with conventional CTD Bars and give up to 20% more strength to concrete structure with same quantity of steel. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RAM pack-RAM pack-RAM pack, RAMpack, RAM expansion cartridge, RAM expansion unit (REU), memory expansion pak and memory module are some of the most common names given to various self-contained units or cartridges that expand a computer, games console or other device's own internal RAM in a user-friendly manner. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RAM pack-RAM pack-Such units are generally designed to be installable by an end-user with little technical knowledge, often simply by plugging them into an expansion or cartridge slot easily accessible at the rear of the machine (e.g. the Sinclair ZX81 or the VTech Laser 200), or via a user-accessible hatch (e.g. the A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RAM pack-RAM pack-The ZX81 16K RAM expansion gained particular notoriety for the "RAM pack wobble" problem because it was top-heavy and only supported by the edge connector. This could lead to it falling out, crashing the ZX81 and losing any program or data currently in the computer's memory. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RAM pack-RAM pack-Examples of such memory expansions include: Jupiter Ace RAM Pack Sinclair ZX80 RAM pack units (available in 1–3 KB and later 16 KB) Sinclair ZX81 16KB RAM unit, commonly referred to as "RAM Pack" like its predecessor Atari 1064 Memory Module (expanded the Atari 600XL's 16 KB RAM to 64 KB) VIC-20 RAM c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RAM pack-RAM pack-Nintendo 64 "Expansion Pak" expanded the N64's RAM from 4 to 8 MB Nintendo DS and DS Lite "Memory Expansion Pak" was supplied with the DS web browser software and adds 8 MB of RAM | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-Wildflower strip-A wildflower strip is a section of land set aside to grow wildflowers. These may be at the edge of a crop field to mitigate agricultural intensification and monoculture; along road medians and verges; or in parkland or other open spaces such as the Coronation Meadows. Such strips are a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-General characteristics-Wildflower strips, a semi-natural man-made habitat comprising mixtures of native herbaceous species, can be sown on arable field margins to provide multiple ecological, agricultural and conservation benefits. They typically measure 3 – 10 m across and vary in their plant species... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-General characteristics-Early concepts of wildflower strips were first developed in Switzerland in the 1980s, whereupon these ideas became merged under the German name "Buntbrachen" (wildflower strips) and established within Swiss agricultural policy.Wildflower strips can be naturally regenerated on a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-Ecological benefits and conservation value-As well as adding colour and aesthetic appeal to the otherwise homogeneous agricultural landscape, wildflower strips provide food, shelter and overwintering sites for arthropod species that benefit agriculture and ecosystem functionality. The beneficiaries may... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-Economic benefits-Wildflower strips can be highly beneficial to agriculture by attracting pollinating insects and pest-controlling arthropods, thereby potentially improving crop yields. Sowing strips of wildflowers along a given area is usually worthwhile if the resulting increase in natural pollinatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wildflower strip-Effectiveness-Although generally beneficial to wildlife, the success of a wildflower strip, both from an ecological and agricultural perspective, depends on several important factors such as the right plant species composition and the local landscape context in which the strip is created. Ultimately ho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Manifest expression-Manifest expression-A manifest expression is a programming language construct that a compiler can analyse to deduce which values it can take without having to execute the program. This information can enable compiler optimizations, in particular loop nest optimization, and parallelization through da... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Manifest expression-Manifest expression-When all control flow for a loop or condition is regulated by manifest expressions, it is called a manifest loop resp. condition.
Most practical applications of manifest expressions also require the expression to be integral and affine (or stepwise affine) in its variables. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Manifest expression-Definition-A manifest expression is a compile time computable function which depends only on compile-time constants, manifest variable references, and loop counters of loops surrounding the expression.A manifest variable reference is itself defined as a variable reference with a single, unambiguous... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polyglycylation-Polyglycylation-Polyglycylation is a form of posttranslational modification of glutamate residues of the carboxyl-terminal region tubulin in certain microtubules (e.g., axonemal) originally discovered in Paramecium, and later shown in mammalian neurons as well. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-The Samsung Galaxy Note Edge is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled during a Samsung press conference at IFA Berlin on September 3, 2014, alongside its sister, the Galaxy Note 4, it is distinguished by a display that curves across the right side... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-Development and release-At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show, Samsung presented "Youm"—concept prototypes for smartphones that incorporated flexible displays. One prototype had a screen curved along the right edge of the phone, while the other had a screen curved around the bottom of the phone... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-Specifications-Hardware and design The Galaxy Note Edge is similar in design to the Galaxy Note 4 (which is in turn an evolution of the Galaxy Note 3), with a metallic frame and a plastic leather rear cover. The device features either an Exynos 5 Octa 5433(South Korea Version) or Qualcomm Snapd... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-Specifications-Software The Galaxy Note Edge ships with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat" and Samsung's TouchWiz interface and software suite, and is similar to that of the Note 4. The curved edge of the screen is used as a sidebar for various purposes: it can be used to display different panels, includin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge-Variants-CountriesEurope: SM-N915FY Global: SM-N915F Korea: N915K/N915L/N915S Singapore, Australia, Spain: N915G Japan: N915DCarriersAT&T: N915A T-Mobile: N915TThe Note Edge was shipped to Germany after more than 120.000 people voted for it in an online poll conducted by Samsung. A "Premium Edi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Open carry in the United States-In the United States, open carry refers to the practice of visibly carrying a firearm in public places, as distinguished from concealed carry, where firearms cannot be seen by the casual observer. To "carry" in this context indicates that the firearm is ke... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Open carry in the United States-The practice of open carry, where gun owners openly carry firearms while they go about their daily business, has seen an increase in the United States in recent years, and is a hotly debated topic in gun politics. This has been marked by a number of organi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Open carry in the United States-The gun rights community has become supportive of the practice, while gun control groups are generally opposed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Open carry The act of publicly carrying a firearm on one's person in plain sight.
Plain sight Broadly defined as not being hidden from common observation; varies somewhat from state to state. Some states specify that open carry occurs when the weapon is "partially visible," w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Categories of law Today in the United States, the laws vary from state to state regarding open carry of firearms. The categories are defined as follows: Permissive open carry states A state has passed full preemption of all firearms laws, with few exceptions. They do not proh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Permissive open carry with local restriction states A state that generally allows open carry without a license, but additional restrictions may exist on non-license holders such as local restrictions or additional restricted locations or modes of carry. Some states exempt lic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Licensed open carry states A state has passed full preemption of all firearms laws, with few exceptions. They permit open carry of a handgun to all nonprohibited citizens once they have been issued a permit or license. Open carry of a handgun is lawful on foot and in a motor ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Anomalous open carry states Open carry is generally prohibited except either under special circumstances or in unincorporated areas of counties in which population densities are below statutorily-defined thresholds, and local authorities have enacted legislation to allow open... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Terminology-Non-permissive open carry states Open carry of a handgun is not lawful or is lawful only under such a limited set of circumstances that public carry is effectively prohibited. They may include when one is hunting or traveling to/from hunting locations, on property controlled ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Jurisdictions in the United States-In the United States, the laws concerning open carry vary by state and sometimes by municipality. The following chart lists state policies for openly carrying a loaded handgun in public. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-Open carry has never been authoritatively addressed by the United States Supreme Court. The most obvious predicate for a federal right to do so would arise under the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-In the majority opinion in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Justice Antonin Scalia wrote concerning the entirety of the elements of the Second Amendment; "We find that they guarantee the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-Grounds for detention Several courts have ruled that the mere carriage of a firearm, where it is allowable by law, is not reasonable suspicion to detain someone; however, some courts have ruled that simply being armed is grounds for seizure. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-United States Supreme Court In Terry v. Ohio (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that police may stop a person only if they have a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime, and may frisk the suspect for weapons if they have ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-Other federal courts Unless otherwise stated, the following courts ruled that carrying a firearm is not reasonable suspicion to detain someone or being armed is not a justifiable reason to frisk someone: The Third Circuit issued its ruling in United States v. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-State courts Unless otherwise stated, the following courts ruled that carrying a firearm is not reasonable suspicion to detain someone or being armed is not a justifiable reason to frisk someone: The Arizona Supreme Court issued its ruling in State v. Serna (2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Constitutional implications-The Tennessee Supreme Court issued its ruling in State v. Williamson (2012). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-May 2, 1967 openly armed members of the Black Panther Party marched on the California State Capitol in opposition to the then-proposed Mulford Act prohibiting the public carrying of loaded firearms. After the march in the state capitol building, the law was quic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-The legality of open carry of certain firearms in Virginia was reaffirmed after several 2004 incidents in which citizens openly carrying firearms were confronted by local law enforcement. The Virginia law prohibits the open carry, in certain localities, of any s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-In 2008, Clachelle and Kevin Jensen, of Utah, were photographed together openly carrying handguns in the Salt Lake City International Airport near a "no weapons" sign. The photo led to an article in The Salt Lake Tribune about the airport's preempted "no weapons... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-In 2008, Zachary Mead was detained in Richmond County, Georgia by law enforcement for openly carrying a firearm. The weapon was seized. The organization GeorgiaCarry.org filed a lawsuit on behalf of Mead. The court declared that the seizure was a violation of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-In 2008, Brad Krause of West Allis, Wisconsin was arrested by police for alleged disorderly conduct while openly carrying a firearm while planting a tree on his property. A court later acquitted him of the disorderly conduct charge, observing in the process that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On September 11, 2008, Meleanie Hain had a handgun in plain view in a holster at her 5-year-old daughter's soccer game in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, leading the county sheriff Michael DeLeo to revoke her weapons permit; Judge Robert Eby, a gun owner and conce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On April 20, 2009, Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen issued a memorandum to district attorneys stating that open carry was legal and in and of itself does not warrant a charge of disorderly conduct. Milwaukee police chief Ed Flynn instructed his officer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On May 31, 2009, Washington OpenCarry members held an open carry protest picnic at Silverdale's Waterfront Park, a county park. Attendees openly carried handguns in violation of posted regulations prohibiting firearms at the park. Washington state law allows the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-In July 2009, an open carry event organized by OpenCarry.org took place at Pacific Beach, San Diego, California, where citizens carrying unloaded pistols and revolvers were subjected to Section 12031(e) inspections of their firearms on demand by police officers.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On August 11, 2009, William Kostric, a New Hampshire resident, Free State Project participant, and former member of We The People's Arizona Chapter, was seen carrying a loaded handgun openly in a holster while participating in a rally outside a town hall meeting... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On August 16, 2009, "about a dozen" people were noted by police to be openly carrying firearms at a health care rally across the street from a Veterans of Foreign Wars Convention in the Phoenix Convention Center, where President Barack Obama was giving an addres... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-The Starbucks coffee chain has been the target of several boycotts arranged by gun control groups to protest Starbucks' policy of allowing concealed and open carry weapons in stores, if allowed by local laws. A counter buycott was proposed for Valentines Day of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On February 5, 2017, two self admitted open carry political activists, James Craig Baker and Brandon Vreeland, walked into a Dearborn, Michigan police station in order to protest what they felt was unfair profiling from an earlier traffic stop which had resulted... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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