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Open carry in the United States-Demonstrations and events-On September 1, 2017 the state of Texas legalized the open carrying of blades longer than 5.5 inches in public.April 30, 2020 hundreds of protesters—many of them carrying guns—descended on the Michigan Capitol to oppose Gov. Gretchen Whitmer's extension of the s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Diversity in state laws-As of 2018, 45 states allowed open carry, but the details vary widely. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Diversity in state laws-Four states, the Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia fully prohibit the open carry of handguns. Twenty-five states permit open carry of a handgun without requiring the citizen to apply for any permit or license. Fifteen states require... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Diversity in state laws-On November 1, 2011, Wisconsin explicitly acknowledged the legality of open carry by amending its disorderly conduct statute (Wis. Stat. 947.01). A new subsection 2 states "Unless other facts and circumstances that indicate a criminal or malicious intent on the pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Federal Gun Free School Zones Act-The Federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 limits where a person may legally carry a firearm by generally prohibiting carry within 1,000 ft of the property line of any K–12 school in the nation, with private property excluded.In a 1995 Supreme Court c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Public opinion-According to joint polls published by CNN and the SSRS Institute: A majority of Americans support stricter gun control law; and 64% of Americans support stricter gun control laws, while 36% oppose it. Besides, 54% of Americans believe that such laws will reduce the number ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open carry in the United States-Public opinion-2023 According to a 2023 Fox News poll found registered voters overwhelmingly supported a wide variety of gun restrictions: 87% said they support requiring criminal background checks for all gun buyers; 81% support raising the age requirement to buy guns to 21; 80% support... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive (HD) is a series of RAM-based solid-state drives invented by Accelerated Logic B.V. (became Accelerated Logic ltd., and is now a German company) employee Pascal Bancsi (for HyperDrive II architecture), who partnered with the British company HyperOs Systems, who manufactu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive I-Originally called 'Accelerator', development began in 1999. It is an IDE device supporting PIO mode 1 transfer, and includes 128 MiB SRAM. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive II-After the SRAM Accelerator, it was switched to SDRAM, and uses 5.25-inch form factor, which allows the company to build Accelerator with capacity of 128 MiB to 4 GiB. It had maximum random access time of 0.15 ms. SDRAM was chosen over flash because of its speed advantage and reliability... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive III-It uses Parallel ATA (PATA) (max 100 MB/s) or Serial ATA (SATA) interface. For the first time, memory capacity could be changed by using memory slots. It uses ECC DDR SDRAM (max 2 GiB per DIMM). Maximum capacity started at 6 DIMM (12 GiB), and was later changed to 8 DIMM (16 GiB).
Non-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive 4-It supports both SATA and PATA interfaces (PATA native), with interface speed up to 133 MB/s. It uses ECC DDR SDRAM (max 2 GiB per DIMM).
Maximum capacity is 8 DIMM (16 GiB, PC1600-PC3200). Memory of different sizes can be mixed, but only if DIMMs of same capacity are used in 1 bank (4 D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive 5-It uses SATA interface with 2x SATA2 interface ports. It uses DDR2 SDRAM (max 8 GiB per DIMM). The manufacturer claimed it had built-in ECC so it no longer required ECC memory, but ECC is performed at the expense of storage capacity if ECC memory is not used. Memory speed is not rated; t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive 5-HyperDrive 5 includes 7.4 V 2400 mAh lithium battery for flash backup, CompactFlash card slot, with external DC adapter for non-volatile storage. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive 5-The drive is rated 175 MB/s read, 145 MB/s write, 40k (later 65k) I/O per second, when using only one of the SATA2 links. The rated speed using the dual SATA2 links is not given by the manufacturer. When using both SATA2 links, the physical drive can be configured as a RAID 0 array with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-HyperDrive 5-HyperDrive 5 is also sold as ACard ANS-9010, outside of the UK.
HyperDrive 5M A cheaper version of the Hyperdrive5, with only one SATA2 port and 6 DDR2 slots, so that memory is limited to 48 GiB. Performance and features are the same as the HyperDrive5 when using only one SATA2 link.
Hyp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HyperOs HyperDrive-Awards-HyperDrive4 (16 GiB) won Custom PCs Crazy But Cool award. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CHMP1A-CHMP1A-Charged multivesicular body protein 1a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHMP1A gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CHMP1A-Function-This gene encodes a member of the CHMP/Chmp family of proteins which are involved in multivesicular body sorting of proteins to the interiors of lysosomes. The initial prediction of the protein sequence encoded by this gene suggested that the encoded protein was a metallopeptidase. The nomenclature has ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CHMP1A-Interactions-CHMP1A has been shown to interact with VPS4A. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-Moviola-A Moviola () is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-History-Iwan Serrurier's original 1917 concept for the Moviola was as a home movie projector to be sold to the general public. The name was derived from the name "Victrola" since Serrurier thought his invention would do for home movie viewing what the Victrola did for home music listening. However, since the ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-History-Many studios quickly adopted the Moviola including Universal Studios, Warner Bros., Charles Chaplin Studios, Buster Keaton Productions, Mary Pickford, Mack Sennett, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The need for portable editing equipment during World War II greatly expanded the market for Moviola's products, as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-History-Iwan Serrurier's son, Mark Serrurier, took over his father's company in 1946. In 1966, Mark sold Moviola Co. to Magnasync Corporation (a subsidiary of Craig Corporation) of North Hollywood for $3 million. Combining the names, the new name was Magnasync/Moviola Corp. President L. S. Wayman instantly orde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-History-Wayman retired in 1981, and Moviola Co. was sold to J&R Film Co., Inc. in 1984.
The Moviola company is still in existence and is located in Hollywood, where part of the facility is located on one of the original Moviola factory floors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-Usage-The Moviola allowed editors to study individual shots in their cutting rooms, thus to determine more precisely where the best cut-point might be. The vertically oriented Moviolas were the standard for film editing in the United States until the 1970s, when horizontal flatbed editor systems became more com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-Usage-Nevertheless, Moviolas continued to be used, albeit to a diminishing extent, into the 21st century. Michael Kahn received an Academy Award nomination for Best Film Editing in 2005 for his work on Steven Spielberg's Munich, which he edited with a Moviola, although by this time almost all editors had switch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Moviola-Awards-Mark Serrurier accepted an Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statue) for himself and his father for the Moviola in 1979.
To MARK SERRURIER for the progressive development of the Moviola from the 1924 invention of his father, Iwan Serrurier, to the present Series 20 sophisticated film editing equipment.
There... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Average crossing number-Average crossing number-In the mathematical subject of knot theory, the average crossing number of a knot is the result of averaging over all directions the number of crossings in a knot diagram of the knot obtained by projection onto the plane orthogonal to the direction. The average crossing n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Average crossing number-Definition-More precisely, if K is a smooth knot, then for almost every unit vector v giving the direction, orthogonal projection onto the plane perpendicular to v gives a knot diagram, and we can compute the crossing number, denoted n(v). The average crossing number is then defined as the integ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Average crossing number-Alternative formulation-A less intuitive but computationally useful definition is an integral similar to the Gauss linking integral.
A derivation analogous to the derivation of the linking integral will be given. Let K be a knot, parameterized by f:S1→R3.
Then define the map from the torus to th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Average crossing number-Alternative formulation-(Technically, one needs to avoid the diagonal: points where s = t .) We want to count the number of times a point (direction) is covered by g. This will count, for a generic direction, the number of crossings in a knot diagram given by projecting along that direction. Usi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phosphosilicate glass-Phosphosilicate glass-Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in getterin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CA/EZTEST-CA/EZTEST-CA-EZTEST was a CICS interactive test/debug software package distributed by Computer Associates and originally called EZTEST/CICS, produced by Capex Corporation of Phoenix, Arizona with assistance from Ken Dakin from England.The product provided source level test and debugging features for computer ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CA/EZTEST-Competition-CA-EZTEST initially competed with three rival products: "Intertest" originally from On-line Software International, based in the United States. In 1991, Computer Associates International, Inc. acquired On-line Software and renamed the product CA-INTERTEST, then stopped selling CA-EZTEST.
OLIVER (C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CA/EZTEST-Early critical role-Between them, these three products provided much needed third-party system software support for IBM's "flagship" teleprocessing product CICS, which survived for more than 20 years as a strategic product without any memory protection of its own. A single "rogue" application program (frequen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CA/EZTEST-Early integrated testing environment-Additionally, the product (and its competitors) provided an integrated testing environment which was not provided by IBM for early versions of CICS and which was only partially satisfied with their later embedded testing tool — "Execution Diagnostic Facility" (EDF), which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CA/EZTEST-Supported operating systems-The following operating systems were supported: IBM MVS IBM XA IBM VSE (except XPEDITER) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Unnoticed Art-Unnoticed Art-Unnoticed Art is the name of an organisation and a series of initiatives relating to a form of performance art that is executed in a non-theatrical context.The term 'Unnoticed Art' was originally mentioned by Dutch artist Frans van Lent as a basic concept for the first Unnoticed Art Festival... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Unnoticed Art-Unnoticed Art-The 'Unnoticed Art' concept was further developed into a blog titled UnnoticedArt.com. The purpose of this blog is to present a wide variety of art works that relate to the artistic attitude of the field of Unnoticed Art.
In addition, TheConceptBank.org was initiated as a follow up from the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Unnoticed Art-Unnoticed Art-The concept of The ParallelShow took place unexpectedly at and around public exhibitions in art venues. It was never announced, no invitations are ever sent. Since the first show, The ParallelShow has also been initiated in nine other locations: 23 October 2015: at the Naturalis Biodiversity... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Unnoticed Art-Unnoticed Art-The ParallelShow book was published from Jap Sam Books, in The Netherlands, in March 2018. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-Nuclear utilization target selection-Nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS) is a hypothesis regarding the use of nuclear weapons often contrasted with mutually assured destruction (MAD). NUTS theory at its most basic level asserts that it is possible for a limited nuclear excha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-Counterforce strikes-A counterforce strike consists of an attack on enemy nuclear weapons meant to destroy them before they can be used. A viable first strike capability would require the ability to launch a 100-percent-effective (or nearly so) counterforce attack. Such an attack is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-Counterforce strikes-Since a limited nuclear war is a viable option for a NUTS theorist, the power to unleash such attacks holds a great deal of appeal. However, establishing such a capability is very expensive. A counterforce weapon requires a much more accurate warhead than a coun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-Limited countervalue strikes-Some NUTS theorists hold that a mutually assured destruction-type deterrent is not credible in cases of a small attack, such as one carried out on a single city, as it is suicidal. In such a case, an overwhelming nuclear response would destroy every enem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-Missile defense-Since NUTS theory assumes the possibility of a winnable nuclear war, the contention of many MAD theorists that missile defense systems should be abandoned as a destabilizing influence is generally not accepted by NUTS theorists. For NUTS theorists, a missile defence ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-NUTS and US nuclear strategy-NUTS theory can be seen in the US adoption of a number of first-strike weapons, such as the Trident II and Minuteman III nuclear missiles, which both have an extremely low circular error probable (CEP) of about 90 meters for the former and 120 meters for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-NUTS and US nuclear strategy-Additionally, the US has proceeded with a number of programs which improve its strategic situation in a nuclear confrontation. The Stealth bomber has the capacity to carry a large number of stealthy cruise missiles, which could be nuclear-tipped, and due... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nuclear utilization target selection-NUTS and US nuclear strategy-Rather than making extensive preparations for battlefield nuclear combat in Central Europe, the Soviet General Staff emphasized conventional military operations and believing that they had an advantage there. "The Soviet military leadership believed that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gazelle (web browser)-Gazelle (web browser)-Gazelle was a research web browser project by Microsoft Research, first announced in early 2009. The central notion of the project was to apply operating system (OS) principles to browser construction. In particular, the browser had a secure kernel, modeled after an OS kernel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Epigenetics of human development-Epigenetics of human development is the study of how epigenetics (hertiable characteristics that do no involve changes in DNA sequence) effects human development. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Epigenetics of human development-Development before birth, including gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and fetal development, is the process of body development from the gametes are formed to eventually combine into a zygote to when the fully developed organism exits the uterus. Epigenetic ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Epigenetics of human development-Epigenetic modifications such as methylation of CpGs (a dinucleotide composed of a 2'-deoxycytosine and a 2' deoxyguanosine) and histone tail modifications allow activation or repression of certain genes within a cell, in order to create cell memory eith... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Definitions-Gene expression refers to the transcription of a gene but the RNA produced does not necessarily have to encode a protein product. Transcription may produce so called noncoding RNA products such as tRNA and regulatory RNA. Repression may refer to the decrease in transcription... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Definitions-DNA methylation in humans and most other mammals refers to the methylation of a CpG. Methylation of these cytosines are common in DNA, and in sufficient numbers can prevent proteins from attaching to the DNA by obscuring the domain binding site's matching DNA to the protein.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Definitions-Histone modifications are modifications made to the amino acid residues in the tails of the histones that either restrict the histone's ability to bind to DNA or boost the histone's ability to bind to DNA. Histone modifications also act as sites for proteins to attach, which... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Definitions-Cis acting elements refer to mechanisms that act on the same chromosome they come from, usually either in the same region from which they were produced or a region very close to this origin region. For example, a long non-coding RNA that is produced at one location silences ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Hox gene regulation-Hox genes are genes in humans that regulate body plan development. Humans have four sets of Hox genes, numbering 39 genes altogether, all of which aid in the differentiation of cells by location. Hox genes are activated early in the development of the embryo, in orde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Hox gene regulation-In Hox genes, long non-coding RNAs allow for communication between different Hox genes and different sets of Hox genes in order to coordinate body plan in the cell. One example of a long non-coding RNA that coordinates between Hox gene sets is HOTAIR, which is an RNA... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Hox gene regulation-Role of PcG and TrxG The PcG and TrxG genes that produce protein complexes responsible for continuing the activation and the repression patterns in the Hox genes initially formed by the maternal factors. PcG genes are responsible for repressing chromatin in Hox clust... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Hox gene regulation-Role of ncRNAs 231 ncRNAs are present in the four Hox gene cassettes. Similarly to the Hox protein-coding genes, the ncRNAs show differential expression according to the cell's location on the anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes. These lncRNAs can act either ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Barr body formation-In female humans, Barr bodies are defined as the condensed and inactivated X-chromosome that is found in every cell of the adult. Because females have two nearly identical X chromosomes, one of them must be silenced so that the expression levels of the genes on the X... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Barr body formation-The role of Xist Inactivation of one of the X chromosomes is initiated by a long non coding RNA called Xist. This lncRNA is expressed on the same chromosome it represses, known as working in cis. Recent research has shown that a repeat element in the RNA of Xist caus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Barr body formation-Random early X-chromosome inactivation In embryonic development, when the zygote is still composed of just a few cells, each cell of the zygote will randomly choose an X-chromosome to condense and silence. From then on, the daughter cells of that cell will always sil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Imprinting-Imprinting is defined as the differential expression of paternal and maternal alleles of a gene, due to epigenetic marks introduced onto the chromosome during the production of egg and sperm. These marks usually lead to differential expression of the specific sets of genes fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Imprinting-Function A single evolutionary purpose of imprinting is still unknown, since the mechanisms and effects seem to be so diverse. One hypothesis states that imprinting occurs in order to carry out the evolutionary goal of the parent, that being the differential partition of reso... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Imprinting-Igf2 and H19 In mammals, imprinted genes are often clustered in the genome, probably because they share transcriptional regulators or regulatory regions that impact the expression of multiple genes. It is easier for a lncRNA to silence multiple genes if they are closer togeth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Imprinting-Igf2r and Airn Airn is an lncRNA used to silence Igf2r and other surrounding genes. In the mechanism to silence Igf2r, the transcription of the lncRNA Airn silences the expression of Igf2r, as opposed to an active repression mechanism. Airn is the antisense gene of Ifg2r, so ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Imprinting-Igf2r regulation The lncRNA Airn is an lncRNA that regulates Igf2r expression. Igf2r is a gene which expresses a receptor for insulin-like growth factor 2, and assists in lysosomal enzyme transport, activation of growth factors, and degradation of insulin-like growth factor 2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of PRC2-PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) is a complex of proteins that repress chromatin by histone methylation and by working to recruit other proteins that help further the repression of chromatin. The structure of this complex and group of mechanisms used by this complex are... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs, are RNA transcripts produced by RNA polymerase II that are not translated but participate in the regulation of gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs are used in various epigenetic processes in development, including the regulation of Hox... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Recruitment by lncRNA Although PRC2 seems to have a very simple mechanism and works on many genes and chromosomes across the genome, it often has very specific binding regions and has been observed to localize to specific genes to cause their repression. Recent research ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Repressive function PRC2 is a multi-protein complex composed of four major subunits (E2H1/2, SUZ12, EED, and RbAp46/48) and three variable subunits (AEBP2, JARID2, and PCLs). The three variable subunits are used for catalysis of enzymatic reactions or binding to specific... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Phosphorylation PRC2 has been shown in many experiments to be necessary for the proper formation of organs, starting with the maintenance of cellular differentiation and silencing of pluripotency genes. The exact mechanism in early embryogenesis that induces cells to dif... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Early cell differentiation Experimentally, PRC2 has been shown to be highly enriched at the Hox genes and near developmental gene regulators, resulting in their methylation. Some time after the second or third cleavage event, PRC2 begins to bind to these developmental ge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Maintenance of chromosome condensation PRC2 is also highly associated with intergenic regions, subtelomeric regions, and long-terminal repeat transposons. PRC2 acts to create heterochromatin in these regions through similar mechanisms to the mechanism used to repress gen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Paraspeckle formation Neat1 is an lncRNA which assists in forming the structure of nuclear structures known as paraspeckles: nuclear bodies which contain RNA-binding proteins. They control gene expression in the nucleus by retaining RNA in the nucleus that would otherwis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of lncRNAs-Neuronal differentiation Evf2 is a lncRNA that acts in forebrain neuronal differentiation during embryonic development. Evf2 is transcribed from an ultraconserved region, or a region that is very highly conserved among most vertebrate species, within the region from Dlx5... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Role of BRD4-Bromodomain protein 4, or BRD4, is a protein which binds to acetylated tails of histones H3 and H4 to aid active gene transcription by decompaction using the bromodomain with the assistance of the acetylated K5 on H4. BRD4 is a member of the BET protein family, which includ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Developmental diseases-Examples of diseases caused by epigenetic dysfunction in development include: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, caused by abnormal methylation in the maternal ICE region, causing Igf2 overexpression. Symptoms include accelerated growth, abnormal growth (hemihyperplasia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Epigenetics of human development-Developmental diseases-There are many diseases that have been closely linked to Hox gene malfunctions, caused by genetic and epigenetic factors such as sequence mutations, overexpression, underexpression, and others. These diseases often involve missing or extra body parts like extra fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Visual system-The visual system comprises the sensory organ (the eye) and parts of the central nervous system (the retina containing photoreceptor cells, the optic nerve, the optic tract and the visual cortex) which gives organisms the sense of sight (the ability to detect and process visible light) as we... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Visual system-This article mostly describes the visual system of mammals, humans in particular, although other animals have similar visual systems (see bird vision, vision in fish, mollusc eye, and reptile vision). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-Mechanical Together, the cornea and lens refract light into a small image and shine it on the retina. The retina transduces this image into electrical pulses using rods and cones. The optic nerve then carries these pulses through the optic canal. Upon reaching the optic chiasm the nerve fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-Neural Most of the optic nerve fibers end in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Before the LGN forwards the pulses to V1 of the visual cortex (primary) it gauges the range of objects and tags every major object with a velocity tag. These tags predict object movement. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-The LGN also sends some fibers to V2 and V3.V1 performs edge-detection to understand spatial organization (initially, 40 milliseconds in, focusing on even small spatial and color changes. Then, 100 milliseconds in, upon receiving the translated LGN, V2, and V3 info, also begins focusing on... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-V3 helps process 'global motion' (direction and speed) of objects. V3 connects to V1 (weak), V2, and the inferior temporal cortex.V4 recognizes simple shapes, and gets input from V1 (strong), V2, V3, LGN, and pulvinar. V5's outputs include V4 and its surrounding area, and eye-movement moto... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-V5's functionality is similar to that of the other V's, however, it integrates local object motion into global motion on a complex level. V6 works in conjunction with V5 on motion analysis. V5 analyzes self-motion, whereas V6 analyzes motion of objects relative to the background. V6's prim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-System overview-The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the region of the hypothalamus that halts production of melatonin (indirectly) at first light. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Functions-Visual categorization A major function of the visual system is to categorize visual objects. It has been shown that humans can per perform categorization in briefly presented images in a fraction of a second. These experiments consisted in asking subjects to categorize images that do or do not c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-The eye, especially the retina The optic nerve The optic chiasma The optic tract The lateral geniculate body The optic radiation The visual cortex The visual association cortex.These are components of the visual pathway also called the optic pathway that can be divided into anterior and posterio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Eye Light entering the eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil (controlled by the iris) and is further refracted by the lens. The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Retina The retina consists of many photoreceptor cells which contain particular protein molecules called opsins. In humans, two types of opsins are involved in conscious vision: rod opsins and cone opsins. (A third type, melanopsin in some retinal ganglion cells (RGC), part of the body clock mec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Rods and cones differ in function. Rods are found primarily in the periphery of the retina and are used to see at low levels of light. Each human eye contains 120 million rods. Cones are found primarily in the center (or fovea) of the retina. There are three types of cones that differ in the wav... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Mechanism of generating visual signals The retina adapts to change in light through the use of the rods. In the dark, the chromophore retinal has a bent shape called cis-retinal (referring to a cis conformation in one of the double bonds). When light interacts with the retinal, it changes confor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Photochemistry The functioning of a camera is often compared with the workings of the eye, mostly since both focus light from external objects in the field of view onto a light-sensitive medium. In the case of the camera, this medium is film or an electronic sensor; in the case of the eye, it is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-In the visual system, retinal, technically called retinene1 or "retinaldehyde", is a light-sensitive molecule found in the rods and cones of the retina. Retinal is the fundamental structure involved in the transduction of light into visual signals, i.e. nerve impulses in the ocular system of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Optic nerve The information about the image via the eye is transmitted to the brain along the optic nerve. Different populations of ganglion cells in the retina send information to the brain through the optic nerve. About 90% of the axons in the optic nerve go to the lateral geniculate nucleus i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-A final population of photosensitive ganglion cells, containing melanopsin for photosensitivity, sends information via the retinohypothalamic tract to the pretectum (pupillary reflex), to several structures involved in the control of circadian rhythms and sleep such as the suprachiasmatic nucleu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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